1301:
843:
1960:
575:
back to the early 19th century, when each village was home to competing organizations of the Roman
Catholic Church. Both societies draw on English royalty traditions and have a number of positions, including the King, Queen, Prince, Princess and various lower titles like the Chief of Police and nurse. La Rose and La Marguerite meet once weekly except during Lent. At these meetings, which are on Saturday for La Rose and Sunday for La Marguerite, members sing or play instruments and dance. La Marguerite meetings feature the membership in a seated chorus with a leader, the
1174:(CDF) the statutory body given responsibility for preservation and promotion of Saint Lucian culture and arts, to accomplish this goal. In 1979, the first-ever M&C Fine Arts Awards were given by Minvielle & Chastanet Ltd, to Saint Lucian artists as an Independence Gift to the Nation; in the early 2000s, this event was handed over to the newly formed Cultural Development Foundation and is now run as the National Arts Festival. The Folk Research Centre has been a prominent part of Lucian cultural research since 1973, and has also published the journal
1205:
2635:
1284:
Music is a part of the curriculum at public schools in Saint Lucia; it has long been taught in younger grade levels, but was only introduced to secondary education in 1999. Primary education on Saint Lucia, music and other artistic education is commonly used incidentally to teaching other subjects or
616:
The celebrations of both groups differ in that La Rose, the "English" faction, is characterized by noisiness, movement, participation, rhythm and exuberance, while La
Marguerite, the "French" faction, is characterized by melody, discipline and restraint. There is a vibrant tradition of women singing
574:
La Rose and La
Marguerite are rival societies that commemorate the Anglo-French heritage of the island; the factions represent the warring colonial powers, between whose hands Saint Lucia changed fourteen times. La Rose is held on August 30 while La Margurite is held on October 17. The societies date
804:
and drumming. Traditional music for wakes is performed both inside and outside of the deceased's house. The mourners inside the house sing from a repertoire of songs that are in
English and not French Creole, because they are derived from the English-using songs of Lucian churches. The songs include
451:
for more established performers. A successful performance brings respect and prestige for all participants who dance the correct steps which are traditionally said to "demonstrate control over behavior, manner, and skills" and "symbolize... a set of special values linked with a higher social class".
1328:
The Saint Lucia School of Music is an independent institute of music education that has two branches on the island, one in the north and one in the south. It was established in 1987, and has a student body of around four hundred students. The School's professed goal is to provide music education at
1271:
that is a major attraction, and a well-known part of the local music scene. It has been an annual event for fifteen years, and has hosted a variety of jazz stars, in addition to local talent. The 2005 festival was a boost for the local music industry, netting $ 46 million. The
Festival is sponsored
1329:
all levels, to offer community opportunities for musical enrichment, to facilitate the training and professional development of educators, and to establish the school as a musical resource. There is also a notable music
Education Centre operated by a vocal group from the fishing village
809:(gospel songs), and are generally responsorial, led by a male singer with the slow, unsyncopated responses of the chorus in unison. The mourners outside the house traditionally perform drumming and a kind of responsorial song performed in Creole and without accompaniment, called
1640:
1308:
About 70% of schools teach music at the lower secondary level. Many of the schools that do not normally instruct in music may offer volunteer clubs or other more informal opportunities for musical enrichment. Many Lucian schools have formed ensembles, most commonly a
1011:
Some Lucian calypsonians recorded in the 1980s, mostly on 45-RPM discs which remain largely unavailable today. The Lucian music industry is quite small scale, due to the island's small market, its lack of recording studios and record producers, the widespread
882:
is unique among Lucian folk dance in that it is performed by a sole dancer and using only two to four lines of text, which is evocative of the song's atmosphere rather than narrative. The last drummer who knew this tradition died in 1986.
1644:
438:
has declined in popularity; it had come to be seen as a symbol of colonialism around the time of independence, and was shunned as old-fashioned and out-of-date. More recently, some aspects of Lucian society have come to promote the
2081:
1119:
799:
are held on the first and eighth night after a person has died, in contrast to other
Caribbean islands, which hold their wakes on the first and ninth days. Wakes often include music, such as the singing of
244:
is performed as an informal, social event that provide the chance for
Lucians to show off their verbal skills, and communicate their comedic, social and political commentaries without offending people.
2379:
2061:
988:
to appease Eshu at the end of the ceremony, the display of tools made of iron and steel to honor Ogun, and smooth stones to represent Shango, who also receives a ceremonially cleansed sacrificial ram.
747:
are performed in a game in which the singers, seated at a long table, take turns singing a new song each time their turn comes. Those who lasted the entire evening won prizes, often a bottle of rum.
996:
Lucian popular music can be traced back to the 1940s, when calypso became a part of the island's musical culture. Calypso is a lyrical
Trinidadian genre, related to several styles found through the
681:. The latter two traditions are nearly extinct in modern Saint Lucia. The masquerade was a celebration held near holidays like Easter and New Year's Day, which included an orchestra consisting of a
216:
is a more informal form of Lucian folk music, and is performed at dances, wakes and other social events; performers improvise comedic and often biting or lyrics. Music also plays a role in the
102:
has long been a part of Lucian public education in the primary school age groups. More recently, it has been introduced to older students, many of whom now participate in String
Orchestras,
1322:
2384:
2066:
1171:
1244:
1024:, which play a variety of popular music; since 1989, St Lucian radio stations have played an increasing number of programs about Lucian culture and in the local Creole tongue.
447:
are unlike other Lucian dances in that they must be memorized and choreographed, with only slight room for personal interpretation and improvisation. Learners act as a sort of
2374:
2056:
1000:. Music scholar Jocelyne Guilbault has called calypso the primary way modern Lucians "express social commentary". Along with calypso, Lucia has also imported the Trinidadian
2741:
1318:
111:
763:
tradition is a form of Creole song and couple dance, performed one couple with a leader and chorus. They are performed in several contexts, most notably in funeral wakes.
2614:
84:
industry is only nascent. There are few recording opportunities, though live music and radio remain a vital part of Lucian culture. Popular music from abroad, especially
1261:
2129:
2104:
367:) are based around a leader who uses his own flourishes on a choreographed dance and improvises witty lyrics, while the audience participates in the performance.
2442:
253:
performance is considered good if the audience participates enthusiastically by clapping, responding to the leader and singing and dancing. Some Lucians avoid
1234:
1325:
also sponsors a number of festivals and musical special events, both for the benefit of all students and the enrichment of the musically-gifted among them.
1079:
In 1969, three Saint Lucians (Eric Brandford, Primrose Bledman and Charles Cadet) collected numerous folk songs for a presentation at the 1969 Expo in
1285:
for special occasions. About 40% of the island's schools engage in general music education, while others spent more time on general group singing or
1056:
426:. It is performed primarily at private parties which are organized by a host in a private home or rented hall, with musicians paid by the host.
2698:
1122:
on local culture and the loosening of restrictions from the powerful Roman Catholic Church on non-Christian cultural elements. Since 1973, the
1114:
In the time leading up to independence from the United Kingdom in 1979, Saint Lucia underwent a profound political and cultural awakening and
2163:
1129:
which seeks to "promote research into St. Lucian culture" and to "explore and clarify the role of culture in the development of our people".
2565:
1239:
1606:
2715:
2472:
1551:
Anthony, A. B. Patrick (1986). "Folk Research and Development: The Institutional Background to the Folk Research Center, St. Lucia". In
1159:
released a song "Pressure boom" in 2007 which blended the two genres and became very popular throughout the English speaking Caribbean.
2751:
2746:
2435:
1465:
1044:
165:
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of cassettes, and the general unavailability of funding for musical ventures. Saint Lucia is home to several radio stations including
903:
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2578:
2522:
2409:
2284:
2091:
1924:
1156:
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rhythms. Kélé rituals also include singing and dance, as well as feasting, praying to Ogun and the other gods, the smashing of the
1063:
and in the promotion of Saint Lucian traditional culture and music. Saint Lucian folk dance and theater includes flower dances,
114:. The Ministry of Education sponsors a variety of festivals and other special events. The island is also home to the prestigious
1515:
Guilbault, Jocelyne (1984). "Musical Events in the Lives of the People of St. Lucia". Ph.D dissertation. University of Michigan.
661:
and other music performed for entertainment, Saint Lucia is also home to styles used only for specific occasions. These include
2808:
110:
bands and other musical enrichment opportunities. There is also a well-known government assisted non-profit music school, the
2913:
2428:
2404:
2086:
946:
has been underground for much of its history, and was only accepted by the Lucian Roman Catholic Church in the early 1960s.
162:). The banjo and cuatro are regarded as particularly important in Saint Lucian culture, especially the small, four-stringed
1641:"Address by Hon. Philip J. Pierre to the Regional Workshop on the Music Industry in the OECS, Bay Gardens Hotel, St. Lucia"
1193:), held since 1987. The island's music industry remains little-known internationally and of small economic importance. The
942:
rituals involve contacting one's ancestors to ask for protection, especially "good crops, good health, and good fortune".
1111:. By the end of the 1980s, music and other aspects of Lucian culture was an integral part of the Lucian education system.
249:
includes both songs for men and women, both of which can be singers, though most Lucian folk instrumentalists are male. A
2334:
2001:
206:
is increasingly viewed as a national symbol. It is a highly stylized and formalized dance that derives from the European
1201:
to promote the regional music industry through intellectual property law and sponsoring festivals and other activities.
324:
are purely vocal styles with no accompaniment, nor any traditional dance; the other two are typically accompanied by a
72:. Music is an integral part of Lucian folk holidays and celebrations, as well as the good-natured rivalry between the
2941:
2857:
2156:
1564:
1442:
1333:; this Centre provides music education opportunities for gifted and underprivileged children from across the island.
2923:
2834:
2761:
2558:
1692:
2886:
2786:
2670:
2224:
1844:
2766:
2708:
2512:
2274:
1914:
1273:
1238:, an international organization. Lucian activities are run by the Folk Research Centre in conjunction with the
159:
3036:
2685:
2660:
2624:
2016:
1290:
1021:
220:
tradition of two rival societies that compete in celebration and form a fundamental part of Lucian culture.
2703:
2527:
2467:
2451:
2289:
2184:
2149:
1934:
1779:
1744:
1178:, devoted to Lucian calypso, since 1990. The island's calypso traditions are also celebrated at the annual
997:
1431:
Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
3004:
2966:
2946:
2903:
2867:
2551:
2532:
2339:
2006:
1321:
to form the National Youth Choir, String Orchestra and Secondary Schools Wind Ensemble. The governmental
1123:
64:
show lyricism, and rhythmic complexity. The most important of the Afro-Lucian Creole folk dances is the
2852:
2781:
2665:
2294:
1939:
469:
1118:
which drew on the rise of the black consciousness movement of the United States, the influence of the
2793:
1268:
1208:
1194:
569:
217:
115:
73:
815:. These songs often related to the death of the deceased, and may deal with the cause of death, the
2908:
2872:
2839:
2756:
2643:
2609:
2109:
2798:
2776:
2771:
2729:
2655:
2394:
2071:
1737:
878:, a person descended from Africans who came to the island in the middle of the 19th century. The
77:
1434:
1426:
2990:
2933:
2862:
2822:
2619:
2586:
2389:
2121:
2114:
2051:
2021:
1614:
1533:
257:
altogether because of its sexually raunchy lyricism and atmosphere; nevertheless, elements of
2918:
2847:
2399:
2076:
728:
percussion sticks are struck against a bamboo or wooden stick rather than the rim of a drum.
560:, is especially popular and is the only closed couple dance which originated in Saint Lucia.
1581:
3013:
2971:
2951:
2898:
2680:
2604:
2594:
2369:
2229:
2189:
2046:
1854:
1789:
1317:
band (20%) or combo group (20%). The public education field has also collaborated with the
1126:
1104:
20:
is home to many vibrant oral and folk traditions and is based on elements derived from the
914:, in modern Saint Lucia claims to have the religious authority to perform and pass on the
708:, which accompanies the sawing of wood. The vocals are performed by a lead singer and two
8:
2956:
2634:
2599:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2209:
2041:
2036:
2031:
1968:
1829:
735:, which are rarely performed in recent years. Their traditional context, however, is the
678:
617:
factional songs related to this rivalry. Traditions common to both factions include the
459:
139:
49:
2482:
2344:
2011:
2349:
2264:
2239:
2026:
1949:
1894:
1864:
1784:
1220:
121:
2487:
2477:
2462:
2314:
2249:
2219:
2194:
1981:
1929:
1904:
1879:
1839:
1824:
1794:
1560:
1520:
1438:
1300:
1294:
1013:
759:
709:
305:
2492:
2329:
2324:
2254:
2234:
1996:
1991:
1944:
1884:
1859:
1849:
1804:
1096:
866:
in the southwest area of Saint Lucia were known for a unique song-dance called the
811:
2269:
2259:
2204:
2199:
1899:
1889:
1869:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1552:
1310:
1108:
1064:
1017:
796:
356:
233:
99:
21:
1170:
The government has seen value in promoting a music industry, and has formed the
842:
52:
are iconic Lucian folk instruments, especially a four-stringed banjo called the
2420:
2319:
2244:
1986:
1874:
1819:
1048:
694:
458:
music is provided by an ensemble consisting of a four-stringed instrument, the
29:
1162:
This style of bouyon is mostly, but not exclusively, produced in Saint Lucia.
3030:
2214:
1909:
1834:
1355:
1115:
1100:
1092:
1040:
1032:
1028:
666:
313:
103:
89:
81:
304:). These forms are united by their use of the Creole language, their use of
1490:
1330:
1144:
690:
388:
289:
1667:
2675:
2574:
2141:
1152:
1138:
1071:
festival; various kinds of music are associated with these celebrations.
968:), which play four different rhythms at specified moments; these are the
545:
352:
85:
1729:
1700:
2543:
1253:
1204:
1148:
1005:
816:
689:
and a bamboo flute. This same ensemble also traditionally performs for
586:
448:
93:
232:) is a form of rural Lucian folk music associated with beach parties,
1973:
1257:
1188:
1088:
1036:
1001:
907:
894:
740:
662:
464:
423:
207:
153:
33:
1665:
1252:). Lucian law protects the owners of intellectual property, such as
2690:
1959:
1761:
1725:
Website containing current information about the music of St. Lucia
1314:
1272:
by a number of corporations and groups, perhaps most significantly
1212:
985:
855:
674:
495:
107:
1151:. In recent years Bouyon soca has become popular in the island of
610:
1080:
1052:
863:
819:
or events surrounding the death. Mourners also dance to both the
670:
594:
541:
414:
201:
67:
1185:
1179:
644:
638:
632:
626:
604:
598:
580:
579:, standing, while La Rose meetings include instruments like the
523:
485:
211:
199:
189:
183:
177:
171:
163:
151:
119:
65:
59:
53:
1084:
927:
911:
499:
477:
195:
147:
135:
25:
224:
1286:
931:
859:
622:
549:
481:
308:
singing between a leader and a chorus, with the exception of
143:
45:
41:
37:
1218:
The most important festival in modern Lucian culture is the
720:
duo. Both instruments are played in an atypical manner. The
1198:
923:
801:
431:
355:
to enact scenes from a story, or sometimes just the ribald
261:
have entered mainstream Lucian culture, such as the use of
724:
drum is played on the ground rather than upright, and the
1107:. Auguste later introduced folk music into Saint Lucian
422:
is a Lucian Creole folk dance derived from the European
399:
styles, occurring, for example, every four beats in the
332:
percussion sticks, which provides a rhythm for dancers.
1031:
in various styles, but is most closely associated with
1724:
1559:. Vienna: Ferdinand Berger and Söhne. pp. 37–56.
1550:
1557:
Research in Ethnography and Ethnohistory of St. Lucia
134:
A typical Saint Lucian folk band is based around the
704:
The most widespread form of Lucian work song is the
1514:
1424:
502:. A kwadril consists of five separate dances: the
347:, is mostly part of the funeral wake tradition. A
1120:Caribbean Ecumenical Consultation for Development
1057:Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire
3028:
2450:
1638:
1304:Location of the Education Centre at Anse La Raye
1466:"National Report on Arts Education in St Lucia"
1353:
952:rituals are accompanied by the drumming of the
902:is an Afro-Lucian religious tradition from the
1228:) held annually on October 28 since 1983. The
2559:
2436:
2157:
1745:
1297:program was instituted for primary students.
846:Location of Laborie, a village known for the
2082:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1240:National Research and Development Foundation
787:is the only form which is not responsorial.
563:
430:are held throughout the year, except during
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1091:. Two major folk groups emerged; they were
652:
2566:
2552:
2443:
2429:
2171:
2164:
2150:
1752:
1738:
1666:St Lucia Hotel & Tourism Association.
1165:
1759:
1634:
1632:
1546:
1544:
1342:
2573:
1485:
1483:
1451:
1373:
1299:
1203:
841:
1336:
3029:
1629:
1541:
1055:(known simply as "Sesenne") was named
1027:Modern Saint Lucia has produced a few
874:was only performed for the death of a
371:includes four traditional dances. The
2547:
2424:
2145:
1733:
1480:
1256:, through the Copyright Act of 1995;
267:saying the opposite of what is meant
1607:"Development of Music in St. Lucia"
1035:. Popular Lucian musicians include
395:is a musical movement found in all
13:
2752:Diplomatic missions of Saint Lucia
2747:Diplomatic missions in Saint Lucia
2473:Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles
1639:Philip J. Pierre (July 26, 2001).
240:dances and full moon gatherings.
80:on Saint Lucia, and the country's
14:
3048:
1718:
1293:ensemble performance. In 2003, a
1143:Bouyon soca typically blends old
934:, and is similar to the Nigerian
2633:
2523:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2285:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1958:
1925:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1356:"Musical Traditions of St Lucia"
1074:
991:
790:
536:). The musicians may also use a
1685:
1659:
1172:Cultural Development Foundation
1053:Marie Selipha Sesenne Descartes
922:is based around three deities,
649:are also performed by La Rose.
625:, Marches and the duple rhythm
443:as a symbol of Lucian culture.
176:. Saint Lucian dances include
1599:
1574:
1508:
1132:
910:region. Only one family, from
731:Lucian drinking songs are the
1:
2625:West Indies Associated States
1022:Radio Caribbean International
129:
2452:Music of the Lesser Antilles
2410:United States Virgin Islands
1425:Guilbault, Jocelyne (1999).
1279:
697:and vocal serenades, called
406:
7:
1697:Saint Lucia School of Music
1555:; Karl R. Wernhart (eds.).
1491:"Sweet Sounds of St. Lucia"
1319:Saint Lucia School of Music
1124:non-government organization
375:is a couple dance, and the
118:and the Creole celebration
112:Saint Lucia School of Music
76:societies. There is little
58:. Celebratory songs called
10:
3053:
1586:St. Lucia Government House
1571:cited in Guilbault, pp 450
1147:rhythms from the 90s' and
1136:
892:
567:
412:
2984:
2932:
2894:
2885:
2830:
2821:
2737:
2728:
2651:
2642:
2631:
2585:
2458:
2385:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2303:
2177:
2100:
2067:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1967:
1956:
1768:
1672:Saint Lucia Tourist Guide
1269:Saint Lucia Jazz Festival
1262:Hewanorra Musical Society
1250:St. Lucia Creole Movement
1209:Saint Lucia Jazz Festival
1195:government of Saint Lucia
739:celebration, held during
570:La Rose and La Marguerite
564:La Rose and La Marguerite
218:La Rose and La Marguerite
116:Saint Lucia Jazz Festival
74:La Rose and La Marguerite
2610:British Windward Islands
2405:Turks and Caicos Islands
2087:Turks and Caicos Islands
1354:Campbell, David (1997).
1260:are administered by the
1245:Mouvman Kwéyòl Sent Lisi
1226:International Creole Day
653:Other traditional styles
2699:amphibians and reptiles
2172:Music of North America
1313:(30% of schools), or a
1186:
1180:
1166:Government and industry
886:
750:
645:
639:
633:
627:
605:
599:
581:
524:
486:
212:
200:
190:
184:
178:
172:
164:
152:
120:
78:Western classical music
66:
60:
54:
2620:West Indies Federation
2335:British Virgin Islands
2002:British Virgin Islands
1433:. Routledge. pp.
1305:
1215:
1155:. Saint Lucian artist
1047:, Disturbing Joan and
851:
603:(rattles), guitar and
328:drum or sometimes the
2513:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2275:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1915:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1647:on September 27, 2007
1323:Ministry of Education
1303:
1207:
845:
194:(a derivative of the
3037:Music of Saint Lucia
2919:People from St Lucia
2716:World Heritage Sites
2595:Atlantic slave trade
1582:"' Birthday Honours"
1337:References and notes
1232:is sponsored by the
1197:has worked with the
1127:Folk Research Centre
1105:The Hewanorra Voices
998:Antillean music area
272:Musical elements of
18:music of Saint Lucia
2600:Battle of St. Lucia
2528:Trinidad and Tobago
2468:Antigua and Barbuda
2290:Trinidad and Tobago
2185:Antigua and Barbuda
2092:U.S. Virgin Islands
1935:Trinidad and Tobago
1780:Antigua and Barbuda
1495:Sounds of St. Lucia
712:, accompanied by a
460:cuatro (instrument)
2858:Telecommunications
2656:Districts/Quarters
2615:Colonial Governors
2225:Dominican Republic
1845:Dominican Republic
1668:"15 Years of Jazz"
1538:cited in Guilbault
1360:Musical Traditions
1306:
1216:
1083:and then again at
1059:for her work as a
852:
710:responding singers
701:in Lucian Creole.
556:, also called the
32:, dances like the
3022:
3021:
2980:
2979:
2881:
2880:
2817:
2816:
2804:Political parties
2787:Governors-General
2762:Foreign relations
2724:
2723:
2541:
2540:
2418:
2417:
2307:other territories
2139:
2138:
1528:Missing or empty
1468:. August 26, 2005
1029:popular musicians
312:, and the use of
306:call-and-response
296:(sung songs) and
96:, is widespread.
3044:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2892:
2891:
2843:
2828:
2827:
2735:
2734:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2445:
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2017:Falkland Islands
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1617:on June 16, 2005
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2868:Trade unions
2742:Constitution
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2400:Sint Maarten
2380:Saint Martin
2279:
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2077:Sint Maarten
2062:Saint Martin
1969:Dependencies
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1705:. Retrieved
1701:the original
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1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
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351:leader uses
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
301:
297:
293:
290:storytelling
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
229:
223:
222:
173:skroud banjo
133:
98:
88:styles like
26:rhythmically
17:
15:
2782:Royal tours
2676:Mount Gimie
2575:Saint Lucia
2518:Saint Lucia
2370:Puerto Rico
2280:Saint Lucia
2230:El Salvador
2047:Puerto Rico
1974:territories
1920:Saint Lucia
1855:El Salvador
1254:songwriters
1153:Saint Lucia
1139:Bouyon soca
1133:Bouyon soca
1065:masquerades
1014:bootlegging
958:mother drum
938:festival.
745:Chanté abwè
733:chanté abwè
706:chanté siay
679:masquerades
546:schottische
534:grande rond
525:lanmen dwèt
345:chanté kont
263:lang dévivé
86:Trinidadian
2842:(currency)
2794:Parliament
2508:Montserrat
2503:Martinique
2498:Guadeloupe
2365:Montserrat
2360:Martinique
2355:Guadeloupe
2210:Costa Rica
2042:Montserrat
2037:Martinique
2032:Guadeloupe
1830:Costa Rica
1693:"About Us"
1621:August 28,
1591:August 28,
1530:|url=
1500:August 28,
1258:copyrights
1149:soca music
1061:chantwelle
966:child drum
962:tanbou ich
960:) and the
918:rituals.
817:last words
773:bélè matjé
691:cockfights
663:work songs
637:) dance.
587:tambourine
449:apprentice
445:Quadrilles
349:jwé chanté
341:jwé chanté
318:Jwé chanté
294:jwé chanté
130:Folk music
2909:Education
2873:Transport
2853:Hospitals
2835:Companies
2757:Elections
2691:Volcanoes
2644:Geography
2350:Greenland
2265:Nicaragua
2240:Guatemala
2115:Caribbean
2027:Greenland
1950:Venezuela
1895:Nicaragua
1865:Guatemala
1785:Argentina
1770:Sovereign
1707:March 11,
1677:March 11,
1651:March 11,
1472:March 11,
1280:Education
1189:symposium
1181:kaiposium
1089:Carifesta
1069:Papa Djab
1037:Tru Tones
1002:steelband
908:Babonneau
880:koutoumba
872:koutoumba
868:koutoumba
850:tradition
848:koutoumba
769:bélè anlè
741:Christmas
675:serenades
582:tanbouwen
441:quadrille
424:quadrille
420:Quadrille
408:Flazdrill
397:jwé dansé
369:Jwé dansé
365:game song
353:pantomime
298:jwé dansé
282:game song
208:quadrille
154:chak-chak
34:quadrille
3031:Category
3014:Category
2967:Olympics
2924:Religion
2799:Politics
2777:Monarchy
2772:Military
2730:Politics
2579:articles
2488:Dominica
2478:Barbados
2463:Anguilla
2315:Anguilla
2250:Honduras
2220:Dominica
2195:Barbados
1982:Anguilla
1930:Suriname
1905:Paraguay
1880:Honduras
1840:Dominica
1825:Colombia
1795:Barbados
1762:Americas
1521:cite web
1315:steelpan
1291:recorder
1242:and the
1213:Castries
1095:(led by
1087:'s 1973
1067:and the
1045:Prolifik
986:calabash
856:La Grace
781:bélè atè
779:and the
687:chakchak
646:lakonmèt
600:chakchak
593:(wooden
577:chantwèl
554:lakonmèt
538:lakonmèt
530:gwan won
496:mandolin
492:bwa pòyé
465:chakchak
428:Kwadrils
387:are all
385:jwé pòté
276:include
166:bwa poye
108:steelpan
55:bwa poye
2991:Outline
2952:Cuisine
2934:Culture
2887:Society
2863:Tourism
2840:Dollar
2823:Economy
2709:mammals
2695:Fauna:
2671:Islands
2666:Beaches
2587:History
2493:Grenada
2483:Curaçao
2345:Curaçao
2330:Bonaire
2325:Bermuda
2255:Jamaica
2235:Grenada
2190:Bahamas
2012:Curaçao
1997:Bonaire
1992:Bermuda
1945:Uruguay
1885:Jamaica
1860:Grenada
1850:Ecuador
1805:Bolivia
1790:Bahamas
1435:942–951
1157:Ricky T
1081:Grenada
864:Laborie
807:sankeys
743:time.
699:séwinal
640:Kwadril
611:scraper
595:trumpet
542:mazurka
520:avantwa
472:called
456:Kwadril
436:kwadril
415:kwadril
403:dance.
202:kwadril
191:comette
179:moulala
90:calypso
68:kwadril
2972:Sports
2942:Anthem
2848:Health
2686:Rivers
2681:Pitons
2661:Cities
2577:
2270:Panama
2260:Mexico
2205:Canada
2200:Belize
1900:Panama
1890:Mexico
1870:Guyana
1815:Canada
1810:Brazil
1800:Belize
1772:states
1563:
1441:
1365:May 7,
1295:string
1187:kaiso
1099:) and
1085:Guyana
978:koudou
940:Kélé's
928:Shango
912:Resina
870:. The
783:. The
634:maynan
558:mazouk
552:; the
532:(also
528:) and
518:(also
500:guitar
487:skroud
478:violin
393:blòtjé
391:. The
381:yonbòt
322:listwa
310:listwa
286:listwa
196:minuet
160:rattle
148:guitar
140:cuatro
136:fiddle
50:cuatro
44:. The
28:, and
2998:Index
2962:Music
2899:Crime
2704:birds
2320:Aruba
2245:Haiti
1987:Aruba
1875:Haiti
1820:Chile
1289:, or
1287:choir
904:Djiné
876:djiné
860:Piaye
833:tibwa
821:débòt
802:hymns
797:wakes
737:wibòt
726:tibwa
718:tibwa
628:manpa
623:waltz
619:Omans
550:polka
482:banjo
470:bones
401:débòt
377:débòt
335:Sung
330:tibwa
265:, or
238:débòt
234:wakes
170:, or
144:banjo
46:banjo
42:waltz
38:polka
2957:Flag
2390:Saba
2215:Cuba
2052:Saba
1972:and
1910:Peru
1835:Cuba
1709:2007
1679:2007
1653:2007
1623:2005
1593:2005
1561:ISBN
1534:help
1502:2005
1474:2007
1439:ISBN
1367:2006
1199:OECS
1020:and
1006:soca
1004:and
982:kèré
980:and
970:adan
950:Kélé
944:Kélé
936:Ogun
932:Ogun
930:and
924:Eshu
920:Kélé
916:kélé
900:Kélé
895:Kélé
888:Kélé
862:and
835:and
825:bélè
823:and
812:kont
765:Bélè
760:bélè
757:The
752:Bèlè
716:and
677:and
673:and
643:and
631:(or
606:gwaj
591:baha
498:and
476:, a
432:Lent
383:and
373:solo
320:and
230:play
188:and
185:faci
150:and
94:soca
92:and
48:and
40:and
16:The
1274:BET
1211:in
1184:(a
1103:'s
1051:.
974:èrè
831:or
659:jwé
613:).
597:),
589:),
548:or
544:),
522:or
494:),
361:gém
343:or
337:jwé
316:.
292:),
284:),
278:gém
274:jwé
259:jwé
255:jwé
251:jwé
247:Jwé
242:Jwé
225:Jwé
213:Jwé
158:(a
61:jwé
3033::
1695:.
1670:.
1631:^
1609:.
1584:.
1543:^
1525::
1523:}}
1519:{{
1493:.
1482:^
1453:^
1437:.
1429:.
1375:^
1358:.
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1276:.
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1043:,
1039:,
976:,
972:,
926:,
858:,
839:.
837:ka
829:zo
775:,
771:,
722:ka
714:ka
693:,
685:,
669:,
665:,
514:,
510:,
506:,
490:,
480:,
474:zo
468:,
379:,
339:,
326:ka
269:.
236:,
210:.
182:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
126:.
106:,
36:,
2567:e
2560:t
2553:v
2444:e
2437:t
2430:v
2165:e
2158:t
2151:v
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1711:.
1681:.
1655:.
1625:.
1595:.
1569:.
1536:)
1532:(
1504:.
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1447:.
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