1697:
amanitin-containing mushrooms have a mortality rate of only 10%, whereas those admitted 60 or more hours after ingestion have a 50–90% mortality rate. In the United States, mushroom poisoning kills an average of about 3 people a year. According to
National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual reports published by America's Poison Centers, the average number of deaths occurring over a ten-year period (2012–2020) sits right at 3 a year. In 2012, 4 out of the 7 total deaths that occurred that year, were attributed to a single event where a "housekeeper at a Board and Care Home for elderly dementia patients collected and cooked wild (Amanita) mushrooms into a sauce that she consumed with six residents of the home.". Over 1,300 emergency room visits in the United States were attributed to poisonous mushroom ingestion in 2016, with about 9% of patients experiencing a serious adverse outcome.
710:
901:
1669:
This would suggest that avoidance of toxic mushrooms is a learned behavior. Organisms may avoid toxic mushrooms if they observed other organisms of the same species consume the fungus. Learned behavior is when an organism learns how to behave based on previous experiences. Some researchers believe that if an organism got sick or observed another organism get sick from consuming a poisonous mushroom, then they would know not to continue consuming it for fear of getting sick again.
4730:
418:: For 6–12 hours, there are no symptoms. This is followed by a period of gastrointestinal upset (vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea). This stage is caused primarily by the phallotoxins and typically lasts 24 hours. At the end of this second stage is when severe liver damage begins. The damage may continue for another 2–3 days. Kidney damage can also occur. Some patients will require a liver transplant. Amatoxins are found in some mushrooms in the genus
40:
755:
772:
1683:
evidence to suggest if the odor is a result of the production of the toxin or if it is intended as a warning signal. Additionally, many of the odors are not picked up by humans. This could suggest that there is another characteristic difference between poisonous and non-poisonous mushrooms to avoid predation from larger mammals or that there is another purpose for some mushrooms being poisonous that is not dependent on predators.
1664:, which is an adaptation that warns off predators based on a physical trait of an organism. In this case, the researchers were interested in observing whether the color of a mushroom deters predators. This would suggest that toxic mushrooms are of different colors than non-poisonous ones. The visual cue of some colors should be enough for predators to know not to consume the mushroom. The second possible warning sign is
4754:
4742:
914:
682:
describing what now is known about the different species of fungi that are harmful to humans. It is now thought that of the approximately 100,000 known fungi species found worldwide, about 100 of them are poisonous to humans. However, by far the majority of mushroom poisonings are not fatal, and the majority of fatal poisonings are attributable to the
587:(ALDH), which, in general, causes no harm, unless the person has alcohol in their bloodstream while ALDH is inhibited. This can happen if alcohol is ingested shortly before or up to a few days after eating the mushrooms. In that case, the alcohol cannot be completely metabolized, and the person will experience flushed skin, vomiting,
692:
1653:, survive, and reproduce. Snails and insects are fungivores and many have learned or evolved to avoid eating poisonous mushrooms. However, it is believed that mammals pose a higher threat to mushrooms than fungivores, as larger body sizes mean they are more capable of eating an entire fungus in one sitting.
1678:
chemical traits. The three deadly mushrooms listed above, Amanita, Galerina, and
Lepiota, are all of different colors, consisting of reds, yellows, browns, and whites. A possible theory as to why color is not a factor in determining whether a mushroom is poisonous is the fact that many of its predators are
1072:
is also inedible when raw, but is eaten in Europe after pickling or parboiling. However, after the death of the German mycologist Dr. Julius Schäffer, it was discovered that the mushroom contains a toxin that can stimulate the immune system to attack its red blood cells. This reaction is rare but can
1668:
aposematism, a similar concept, but instead of focusing on color, the odor of the mushroom would be what deters predation. This would again indicate that poisonous mushrooms would emit a different odor than non-poisonous ones. Alternatively, is the ability of organisms to learn from other organisms.
1696:
is high. With some toxins, death can occur in a week or a few days. Although a liver or kidney transplant may save some patients with complete organ failure, in many cases there are no organs available. Patients hospitalized and given aggressive support therapy almost immediately after ingestion of
623:
upon ingestion. The effects of muscimol vary, but nausea and vomiting are common. Confusion, euphoria, or sleepiness are possible. Loss of muscular coordination, sweating, and chills are likely. Some people experience visual distortions, a feeling of strength, or delusions. Symptoms normally appear
151:
Poisonous mushrooms contain a variety of different toxins that can differ markedly in toxicity. Symptoms of mushroom poisoning may vary from gastric upset to organ failure resulting in death. Serious symptoms do not always occur immediately after eating, often not until the toxin attacks the kidney
1672:
An analysis of 245 North
American mushroom species and 265 from Europe, revealed 21.2% of the North American species and 12.1% of the European ones as poisonous. After collecting this information, and using a neural network to classify all of the mushrooms based on color and odor, the researchers
1677:
color and mushrooms containing toxins. The cap is the top, rounded part of a mushroom and comes in different colors. This proposes that the cap color does not act as a warning sign to deter predators, providing no evidence that poisonous mushrooms may not signal their toxicity through visual or
128:
of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species. To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for
1682:
and have poor vision. Therefore, viewing the different colors is difficult, and could result in inaccurate consumption. The study, however, did suggest that poisonous mushrooms do emit a smell that is unpleasant and therefore discourages consumption. Despite this result, there is no definitive
1092:
or "angel's wings". In general, these mushrooms are considered edible. All the victims died of an acute brain disorder, and all had pre-existing kidney disease. The exact cause of the toxicity was not known at this time and the deaths cannot be definitively attributed to mushroom consumption.
681:
New species of fungi are continuing to be discovered, with an estimated number of 800 new species registered annually. This, added to the fact that many investigations have recently reclassified some species of mushrooms from edible to poisonous has made older classifications insufficient at
1710:
Many folk traditions concern the defining features of poisonous mushrooms. However, there are no general identifiers for poisonous mushrooms, so such traditions are unreliable. Guidelines to identify particular mushrooms exist, and will serve only if one knows which mushrooms are toxic.
1691:
Some mushrooms contain less toxic compounds and, therefore, are not severely poisonous. Poisonings by these mushrooms may respond well to treatment. However, certain types of mushrooms contain very potent toxins and are very poisonous; so even if symptoms are treated promptly,
1908:
died in Paris, along with his wife, all but one of his children, their maidservant, and four acquaintances after insisting that certain poisonous mushrooms they had gathered were edible despite the express warning of cooks at two separate restaurants to which he had taken the
1606:, or “ the death cap”, is a type of mushroom named for its substantial amount of amatoxin, which has about 10 mg per mushroom, which is the lethal dose. Amatoxin blocks the replication of DNA, which leads to cell death. This can affect cells that replicate frequently, such as
462:
contain this toxin. People having eaten mushrooms containing orellanine may experience early symptoms as well, because the mushrooms often contain other toxins in addition to orellanine. A related toxin that causes similar symptoms but within 3–6 days has been isolated from
2669:
Calviño, Jesus; Romero, Rafael; Pintos, Elena; Novoa, Daniel; Güimil, Dolores; Cordal, Teresa; Mardaras, Javier; Arcocha, Victor; Lens, XoseM.; Sanchez-Guisande, Domingo (1998). "Voluntary
Ingestion of Cortinarius Mushrooms Leading to Chronic Interstitial Nephritis".
1812:"Poisonous mushrooms have a pointed cap. Edible ones have a flat, rounded cap." – The shape of the mushroom cap does not correlate with presence or absence of mushroom toxins, so this is not a reliable method to distinguish between edible and poisonous species.
448:: This toxin generally causes no symptoms for 3–20 days after ingestion. Typically around day 11, the process of kidney failure begins, and is usually symptomatic by day 20. These symptoms can include pain in the area of the kidneys, thirst, vomiting,
1621:
Mushrooms have also been found to have evolved toxicity independently from each other. Researchers have found that different mushroom species share the same type of amatoxin called amanitin. They specifically looked at three of the deadliest species,
1113:
or unusual reactions to fungi can also occur. Some are probably due to allergy, others to some other kind of sensitivity. It is not uncommon for a person to experience gastrointestinal upset associated with one particular mushroom species or genus.
751:. In this case, the victim had some limited experience in identifying mushrooms, but did not take the time to correctly identify these particular mushrooms until after he began to experience symptoms of mushroom poisoning.
1778:"All mushrooms are safe if cooked/parboiled/dried/pickled/etc." – While it is true that some otherwise-inedible species can be rendered safe by special preparation, many toxic species cannot be made toxin-free. Many
3698:
3683:
829:
A few poisonings are the result of misidentification while attempting to collect hallucinogenic mushrooms for recreational use. In 1981, one fatality and two hospitalizations occurred following consumption of
815:
A majority of mushroom poisonings, in general, are the result of small children, especially toddlers in the "grazing" stage, ingesting mushrooms found on the lawn. While this can happen with any mushroom,
877:
It is natural that accidental ingestion of hallucinogenic species also occurs, but is rarely harmful when ingested in small quantities. Cases of serious toxicity have been reported in small children.
808:
s at this stage are difficult to distinguish from puffballs. Foragers are encouraged to always cut the fruiting bodies of suspected puffballs in half, as this will reveal the outline of a developing
2285:
Veronika
Pelizzari; Elisabeth Feifel; Manuela M. Rohrmoser; Gerhard Gstraunthaler; Meinhard Moser (July 1994). "Partial Purification and Characterization of a Toxic Component of Amanita smithiana".
1645:
Mushroom toxins have appeared and disappeared many times throughout their evolutionary history. Many scientists believe that the toxins evolved in mushrooms are used to deter predation, either from
553:. It causes severe gastrointestinal irritation, leading to vomiting and diarrhea. In some cases, liver failure has been reported. It can also cause red blood cells to break down, leading to
1642:. Once assimilated, it can then be passed down to an offspring. The researchers also concluded that there is “an unknown ancestral fungal donor,” that allowed for horizontal gene transfer.
485:
of the nerves and muscles. Symptoms include sweating, salivation, tears, blurred vision, palpitations, and, in high doses, respiratory failure. Muscarine is found in mushrooms of the genus
2341:"IA #25-02 – 9/19/96, REVISION OF IMPORT ALERT #25-02, "**DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION** OF MOREL MUSHROOMS DUE TO ADULTERATION AND SUBSTITUTION", ATTACHMENT A – 2 February 2006"
1942:
Department of Rocket and Space
Systems at RSC Energia (Russia's leading spacecraft manufacturer), became suddenly seriously ill and subsequently died after eating inedible mushrooms.
1935:. The woman who cooked the meal, Erin Patterson, was charged with murder in November 2023. Patterson has pleaded not guilty and the Supreme court will hear her case on 23 May, 2024.
1618:. It can also cause the loss of muscle contraction and liver failure. Despite the severe and dangerous symptoms, amatoxin poisoning is treatable given quick, professional care.
1064:. These poisonings may be due to orellanine, but the onset of symptoms occurs in 4 to 11 hours, which is much quicker than the 3 to 20 days normally associated with orellanine.
163:(sometimes requiring hospitalization), but usually no long-term damage. However, there are a number of recognized mushroom toxins with specific, and sometimes deadly, effects:
4794:
4697:
1258:
is possible. Muscimol intoxication is often considered unpleasant and undesirable, however, and as such has seen little recreational use compared to the unrelated
409:
The period between ingestion and the onset of symptoms varies dramatically between toxins, some taking days to show symptoms identifiable as mushroom poisoning.
3117:
155:
The most common consequence of mushroom poisoning is simply gastrointestinal upset. Most "poisonous" mushrooms contain gastrointestinal irritants that cause
1979:
Wright AV, Niskanen A, Pyysalo H, Korpela H (1981). "Amelioration of toxic effects of ethylidene gyromitrin (false morel poison) with pyridoxine chloride".
1312:
2588:
2868:
1102:, which grows on rye, is sometimes ground up with rye, unnoticed, and later consumed. This can cause devastating, even fatal effects, which is called
4122:
2813:
3809:
2387:
1803:"Poisonous mushrooms will turn rice red when boiled." – A number of Laotian refugees were hospitalized after eating mushrooms (probably toxic
2015:
1638:, a scientific process that determines the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome, closely related mushrooms obtained genetic information via
1871:
mushroom. However, this story first appeared some two centuries after the events, and it is debatable whether
Claudius was murdered at all.
652:, similar to mannitol, which causes no harm in most people but causes gastrointestinal irritation in some. It is found in small amounts in
2842:
1660:, or observable characteristics, may co-occur with toxicity, and therefore act as a warning signal. The first potential warning sign is
4668:
2864:
595:, weakness, apprehension, confusion, palpitations, and sometimes trouble to breathe. Coprine is found mainly in mushrooms of the genus
3566:
1316:. Symptoms of intense gastrointestinal upset appear after 20 minutes to 4 hours, caused by an unidentified gastrointestinal irritant.
2619:; R. Andrew Sewell (December 2005). "Hallucinogenic botanicals of America: A growing need for focused drug education and research".
3187:"2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report"
2340:
1722:, usually bright-red to orange or yellow, is narcotic and hallucinogenic, although no human deaths have been reported. The deadly
2225:
Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H (April 1983). "Chemotherapy of
Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin".
497:, although it is now known that the main effect of this mushroom is caused by ibotenic acid. Muscarine can also be found in some
1383:(tiger tricholoma) – gastrointestinal upset due to an unidentified toxin, begins in 15 minutes to 2 hours and lasts 4 to 6 days.
3756:
3747:
3737:
2817:
745:
can be mistaken for other species, as well, in particular when immature. On at least one occasion they have been mistaken for
3582:
3418:
2730:
2116:
2029:
124:
as an edible species. The most common reason for this misidentification is a close resemblance in terms of color and general
3314:
972:. Even true morels, if eaten raw, will cause gastrointestinal upset. Typically, morels are thoroughly cooked before eating.
3802:
1751:"Insects/animals will avoid toxic mushrooms." – Fungi that are harmless to invertebrates can still be toxic to humans; the
1407:(sulfur tuft) – usually causes gastrointestinal upset, but the toxins fasciculol E and F could lead to paralysis and death.
3269:"Health Care Utilization and Outcomes Associated with Accidental Poisonous Mushroom Ingestions — United States, 2016–2018"
3049:"Explaining Dioscorides' "Double Difference": Why Are Some Mushrooms Poisonous, and Do They Signal Their Unprofitability?"
932:
spp., "Jack-o-lantern mushrooms", are another cause of sometimes significant toxicity. They are sometimes mistaken for
1226:
The following species may cause great discomfort, sometimes requiring hospitalization, but are not considered deadly.
4239:
3596:
3443:
3356:
2767:
1912:
978:, although referred to as "thimble morels" or "early morels" by some, have caused toxic effects in some individuals.
4758:
4553:
1138:
3769:
3795:
4371:
4366:
2893:
Suzuki, Kumiko; Fujimoto, Haruhiro; Yamazaki, Mikio (1983). "The toxic principles of
Naematoloma fasciculare".
1835:
are poisonous both raw and cooked and can lead to strong gastrointestinal symptoms, and other species like the
4638:
4376:
4064:
2872:
1134:
3185:
Mowry, James B; Spyker, Daniel A; Cantilena Jr., Louis R; Bailey, J Elise; Ford, Marsha (23 December 2013).
2948:
4194:
2284:
1860:, may have died of mushroom poisoning around ~479 BCE, though this claim has not been universally accepted.
897:), has been more commonly associated with severe gastrointestinal upset than its better-known counterpart.
3640:"Top Russian rocket scientist dies from 'mushroom poisoning' in latest suspicious demise in Putin's state"
4746:
4361:
1513:
628:, the "Alice in Wonderland" mushroom, is known for the hallucinatory experiences caused by muscimol, but
3135:
1096:
However, mushroom poisoning is not always due to mistaken identity. For example, the highly toxic ergot
4480:
4099:
3268:
1880:
1857:
1551:
1251:
3508:
1581:(the scaly chanterelle) – causes gastric upset in many people, although some eat it without problems.
4633:
4139:
4127:
4069:
1894:
1453:
664:
120:
Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a
2150:
1827:
species in particular, in most parts of the world, there are no known deadly varieties of the genus
1809:
species) deemed safe by this folklore rule and this misconception cost at least one person her life.
1473:(known as poison pie or fairy cakes) – causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
1025:-like compound that is harmless unless ingested within a few days of ingesting alcohol. It inhibits
4784:
4628:
4549:
4351:
3713:
3588:
2019:
1639:
1469:
1286:
1045:
818:
636:
also contain the same compound. While normally self-limiting, fatalities have been associated with
4678:
4299:
4209:
4013:
1958:
1901:
temperature scale, died in Danzig on 14 August 1701 from accidentally eating poisonous mushrooms.
1635:
1447:
1088:
2108:
2101:
399:
Affects the vascular system and can lead to loss of limbs and/or cardiac arrest. Found in genus
4023:
3639:
3348:
3078:
Mier, Norman; Canete, Sandrine; Klaebe, Alain; Chavant, Louise; Fournier, Didier (March 1996).
1981:
1615:
1026:
584:
336:
98:
3391:
3242:
440:
has been shown to protect the liver from amanita toxins and promote regrowth of damaged cells.
4346:
4249:
4229:
2137:
1932:
1744:
1519:
1507:
1441:
1435:
1399:
866:
3567:
The
Slightly Different Temperature Scale. Wetterdienst.de (in German). Retrieved 1 June 2023
3340:
3048:
4591:
4204:
4189:
4005:
3372:
2783:
Chodorowski Z, Waldman W, Sein Anand J (2002). "Acute poisoning with Tricholoma equestre".
1952:
1886:
1533:
1527:
1423:
1344:
1306:
1220:
1118:
729:
125:
110:
3752:
2985:"Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushrooms"
1931:
mushrooms. Three of the four guests subsequently died and one survived, later receiving a
1649:
or mammals. If mushrooms are consumed, it can negatively affect their ability to disperse
1598:
that cause different types of harm. The most common toxin that causes severe poisoning is
8:
4789:
4734:
4673:
4397:
4356:
4163:
4116:
4059:
3884:
3858:
3743:
3702:
2713:
2552:
2518:
2370:
2320:
2268:
2050:
1831:, which reduces the risks associated with misidentification. However, mushrooms like the
1387:
1379:
1373:
1259:
1075:
1010:, but this may not render the mushroom entirely safe, resulting in its being called the "
1002:
905:
723:
A majority of these cases are due to mistaken identity. This is a common occurrence with
530:
490:
254:
146:
2177:"An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin"
2160:
Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas – a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians
640:, and consumption of a large number of any of these mushrooms is likely to be dangerous.
4450:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4234:
4094:
3909:
3764:
Provides information on the toxicity of mushrooms in your area, symptoms and first aid.
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2494:
2469:
2445:
2420:
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2250:
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2158:
1994:
1928:
1836:
1792:
1569:
1501:
1429:
1411:
1365:
1359:
1327:
1270:
1168:
1098:
1068:
953:
879:
852:
species are both small, brown, and sticky, and can be found growing together. However,
832:
684:
603:
511:
94:
62:
48:
3707:
3612:
3079:
709:
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4199:
4132:
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4028:
3995:
3932:
3899:
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3592:
3549:
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3414:
3352:
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3209:
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3016:
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2636:
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2450:
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2199:
2176:
2112:
2025:
1674:
1577:
1523:– cause vomiting and diarrhea in most people, although some people seem to be immune.
1487:
1333:
1300:
1060:
669:
465:
453:
225:. Causes kidney failure within three weeks after ingestion. Principal toxin in genus
188:
Causes often fatal liver damage 1–3 days after ingestion. The principal toxin in the
57:
4262:
3787:
3221:
2821:
2254:
2211:
1037:—flushing, headache, nausea, palpitations, and, in severe cases, trouble breathing.
4257:
4219:
4214:
4149:
4042:
3937:
3539:
3480:
3472:
3280:
3201:
3091:
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3006:
2996:
2902:
2699:
2679:
2628:
2489:
2481:
2440:
2432:
2294:
2234:
2191:
1990:
1738:
1723:
1557:
1231:
1190:
1152:
1055:
does not, but it is best to avoid mixing alcohol with other members of this genus.
1051:
885:
747:
715:
653:
437:
348:
310:
2734:
533:(MMH). It affects multiple body systems. It blocks the important neurotransmitter
137:
and mushrooms containing such toxins will not be rendered safe to eat by cooking.
4436:
4224:
4144:
3942:
3924:
3718:
3318:
3205:
2014:
1924:
1905:
1832:
1783:
1539:
1477:
1255:
1247:
1079:
was widely considered edible and good, until it was connected with rare cases of
946:. They contain toxins known as illudins, which causes gastrointestinal symptoms.
616:
243:
134:
2516:
1748:, etc.) are brightly colored, whereas most poisonous species are brown or white.
565:. A gyromitrin-like compound has also been identified in mushrooms of the genus
4643:
4616:
4539:
4506:
4441:
4181:
3947:
3894:
3476:
3392:"Amphon Tuckey died after eating death cap mushrooms picked at botanic gardens"
2238:
1875:
1853:
1693:
1665:
1602:, found in various mushroom species that cause the most fatalities every year.
1493:
1416:
1392:
1080:
974:
900:
734:
414:
3692:
2632:
2436:
1561:– reported to be poisonous. Arora reports that all yellow- or purple-staining
4778:
4511:
4402:
4324:
4172:
3957:
3914:
3830:
2960:
2820:. North American Mycological Association Toxicology Committee. Archived from
1243:
1182:
1117:
Some mushrooms might concentrate toxins from their growth substrate, such as
1110:
993:
890:
826:
causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous.
691:
649:
611:
343:
297:
218:
4018:
3160:
3001:
2391:
1787:
180:
4527:
4341:
3732:
3553:
3494:
3294:
3213:
3020:
2796:
2640:
2616:
2519:"Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning – Northern California, January 1997"
2503:
2485:
2454:
2203:
1843:, proper caution is, therefore, advised in determining the correct species.
1733:
1679:
985:
942:
3103:
2914:
2691:
2568:
2534:
2246:
4607:
4571:
4532:
4518:
4445:
4417:
3876:
2949:"These Mushrooms Borrowed the Same Deadly Toxin From a Mysterious Source"
2592:
2096:
1661:
1544:
1391:(man-on-horseback) – until recently thought edible and good, can lead to
1298:(pinkgills) – some species are highly poisonous, such as livid entoloma (
1199:
1086:
In the fall of 2004, thirteen deaths were associated with consumption of
933:
918:
727:
in particular, due to its resemblance to the Asian paddy-straw mushroom,
458:
305:
197:
3904:
2906:
1839:
require thorough cooking to break down toxins. As with another mushroom
1594:
Many different species of mushrooms are poisonous and contain differing
16:
Harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom
4663:
4561:
4523:
4460:
4424:
4389:
4051:
2306:
1719:
1240:
1073:
occur even after safely eating the mushroom for many years. Similarly,
1022:
1007:
989:
928:
871:
580:
525:
482:
444:
391:
378:
339:
272:
210:
66:
39:
3675:
3544:
3527:
2683:
2195:
949:
Bioluminescent species are generally inedible and often mildly toxic.
936:. Both are bright-orange and fruit at the same time of year, although
4683:
4623:
4576:
4485:
4472:
4429:
4412:
4336:
3987:
3952:
3820:
3047:
Sheratt, Thomas; Wilkinson, David; Bain, Roderick (October 6, 2005).
2718:
2375:
2325:
2273:
2055:
1920:
1916:
1868:
1823:
are, in general, safe to eat." – It is true that, unlike a number of
1813:
1779:
1752:
1657:
1646:
1543:– these and other peppery-tasting milk-caps are pickled and eaten in
1353:
1338:
1263:
1254:
of the mushroom, rendering it relatively non-toxic, though death via
1144:
996:, gastrointestinal toxicity, and destruction of the blood cells. The
980:
962:
958:
857:
838:
754:
592:
505:
477:
264:
234:
189:
121:
82:
78:
3267:
Gold JA; Kiernan E; Yeh M; Jackson BR; Benedict K (March 12, 2021).
2298:
1769:"Poisonous mushrooms taste bad." – People who have eaten the deadly
864:
species. Another case reports kidney failure following ingestion of
780:, an edible puffball mushroom, which closely resembles the immature
288:
Causes illness when consumed with alcohol. Principal toxin in genus
4581:
4566:
4499:
4489:
4407:
4081:
3825:
3738:
Poisonous mushrooms: microscopic identification in cooked specimens
3064:
2843:"How to tell the difference between poisonous and edible mushrooms"
2470:"The optimal management of mushroom poisoning remains undetermined"
1864:
1728:
1627:
1599:
1294:
1236:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1103:
1039:
1034:
894:
844:
793:
776:
771:
644:
620:
597:
588:
554:
550:
542:
449:
365:
327:
247:
222:
205:
Causes extreme gastrointestinal upset. Found in various mushrooms.
160:
156:
130:
90:
86:
3525:
1938:
In August 2023, Professor Vitaly Melnikov, 77, who had headed the
988:", are deadly poisonous if eaten raw. They contain a toxin called
4702:
4611:
4328:
3973:
2550:
1820:
1805:
1797:
1771:
1631:
1623:
1603:
1415:(brown roll-rim) – once thought edible, but now found to destroy
1321:
1208:
1177:
1030:
1018:
759:
741:
696:
658:
575:
517:
499:
428:
280:
52:
accounts for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide.
4701:
is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
3526:
Evans, N; Hamilton, A; Bello-Villalba, M. J; Bingham, C (2012).
1775:
and survived have reported that the mushrooms tasted quite good.
822:
is often implicated due to its preference for growing in lawns.
4698:
4494:
4455:
3843:
3687:
3613:"Australia mushroom deaths: Memorial for couple draws hundreds"
3266:
3080:"Insecticidal properties of mushroom and toadstool carpophores"
1939:
1763:
1607:
1573:– causes indigestion in many people, although some seem immune.
1482:
969:
558:
546:
538:
114:
3528:"Irreversible renal damage from accidental mushroom poisoning"
3184:
2517:
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (June 1997).
1547:, but are indigestible or poisonous unless correctly prepared.
1485:, causes rapid vomiting. Other Russulas with a peppery taste (
913:
601:, although similar effects have been noted after ingestion of
4712:
4708:
3867:
1756:
1650:
1611:
1595:
1122:
997:
567:
432:. Overall, mortality is between 10 and 15 percent. Recently,
106:
102:
2782:
2018:; Kathleen A. Delaney; Louis Ling; Timothy Erickson (2001).
1978:
1961:(including non-deadly species that are nevertheless harmful)
940:
grows on wood and has true gills rather than the veins of a
909:, a poisonous mushroom sometimes mistaken for a chanterelle.
1898:
1011:
534:
263:
Causes brain damage, seizures, gastrointestinal upset, and
3436:
Persephone's Quest: Entheogens and the Origins of Religion
1786:
and so are not broken down during cooking; in particular,
2928:
Patowary, B.S. (2010). "Mushroom Poisoning-an overview".
2392:"Theory for why "edible" mushrooms make some people sick"
2224:
2175:
Saller R, Brignoli R, Melzer J, Meier R (February 2008).
2174:
1766:." – None of the known mushroom toxins react with silver.
2668:
624:
after 30 minutes to 2 hours and last for several hours.
3761:
3077:
2615:
2892:
1718:"Poisonous mushrooms are brightly colored." – Indeed,
1033:. Thus, the symptoms of toxicity are similar to being
579:: Coprine is metabolized to a chemical that resembles
386:
Causes gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, nausea.
3817:
1726:, in contrast, is an unremarkable white. The deadly
1290:(greengills) – causes intense gastrointestinal upset.
3733:
Poisonous American Mushrooms – AmericanMushrooms.com
3665:
3046:
1058:
Recently, poisonings have also been associated with
3243:"Foraging Fatality Statistics 2016 (Please Share)"
2553:"Mushroom Poisoning among Laotian Refugees – 1981"
2551:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (June 4, 1982).
2157:
2100:
804:s still entirely encased in their universal veil.
3136:"Plant and Mushroom Poisoning Statistics Summary"
1465:as edible, but Arora lists it as "to be avoided".
4795:Toxic effect of noxious substances eaten as food
4776:
3770:"What We Don't Know About Slugs & Mushrooms"
3458:
1714:Examples of erroneous folklore "rules" include:
1673:concluded that there was no correlation between
1461:has been implicated in a death. Many books list
1274:(panther mushroom) – contains similar toxins as
3584:In the Company of Mushrooms: A Biologist's Tale
3338:
2869:"FUNGAL TOXINS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"
1867:is said to have been murdered by being fed the
3768:Maunder, John E; Voitk, Andrus (Summer 2010).
3762:American Association of Poison Control Centers
1816:, for instance, has a rounded cap when mature.
1457:– gastrointestinal irritation. Of these, only
1278:, but is associated with more fatalities than
4171:
3803:
3459:Marmion, V.J.; Wiedemann, T.E.J. (May 2002).
2757:
2421:"Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature"
2293:(4). Mycological Society of America: 555–60.
2107:. California, USA: Ten Speed Press. pp.
2045:
2043:
2041:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
968:Toxicities can also occur with collection of
883:, while containing the same hallucinogens as
267:. Metabolic poison. Principal toxin in genus
3767:
2930:Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal
2886:
2753:
2751:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2335:
2333:
1755:, for instance, is often infested by insect
733:. Both are light-colored and covered with a
3343:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World
2808:
2806:
2662:
2609:
2581:
2380:
1884:) was poisoned (but survived) after eating
1585:is sometimes confused with the chanterelle.
812:should it be present within the structure.
3810:
3796:
3577:
3315:"California Poison Action Line: Mushrooms"
2706:
2647:
2546:
2544:
2461:
2278:
2132:Benjamin DR. "Amatoxin syndrome": 198–214.
2038:
2001:
1686:
246:. Found in various mushrooms. Antidote is
38:
3543:
3484:
3284:
3110:
3010:
3000:
2946:
2776:
2748:
2587:
2493:
2444:
2358:
2330:
2164:. New York: WH Freeman and Company. 1995.
2125:
1972:
1235:(fly agaric) – Contains the psychoactive
271:. Antidote is large doses of intravenous
152:or liver, sometimes days or weeks later.
3053:The University of Chicago Press Journals
2927:
2803:
2467:
2386:
2261:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
1790:, the poison produced by the death cap (
957:, which is occasionally mistaken for an
912:
899:
770:
753:
708:
690:
561:. It is found in mushrooms of the genus
456:. A few species in the very large genus
422:, but are also found in some species of
3740:from medical mycologist R.C. Summerbell
3411:Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms
3408:
3402:
3260:
2541:
2510:
2168:
2131:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
1923:were taken to hospital after consuming
1732:are brown. Some choice edible species (
1143:Of the most lethal mushrooms, five—the
1029:, an enzyme required for breaking down
545:, muscle cramps, loss of coordination,
4777:
3757:North American Mycological Association
3748:North American Mycological Association
3433:
3427:
2895:Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2857:
2818:"Mushroom Poisonings Reported in 2004"
2418:
2218:
1913:July 2023 Leongatha mushroom poisoning
1700:
1419:with regular or long-term consumption.
1128:
860:, the same poison found in the deadly
529:: Stomach acids convert gyromitrin to
3791:
3637:
3389:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2978:
2976:
2863:
2095:
140:
4741:
3438:. privately published. p. 131.
2812:
2762:. Wolfe Publishing. pp. 126–9.
2723:
2313:
2060:
2024:. USA: WB Saunders. pp. ch115.
4753:
2982:
2947:Greenwood, Veronique (2022-05-09).
2593:"I survived the "Destroying Angel""
1219:. Deadly species are listed in the
13:
3373:"Woman died of mushroom poisoning"
3027:
2973:
2419:Graeme, Kimberlie A. (June 2014).
1995:10.1111/j.1745-4565.1981.tb00422.x
1705:
14:
4806:
3661:
2760:A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi
2401:. Puget Sound Mycological Society
2343:. FDA. 2006-02-02. Archived from
961:or other edible species contains
4752:
4740:
4729:
4728:
3753:Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry
3413:. Random House, Inc. p. 1.
2714:Disulfiramlike Mushroom Toxicity
2371:Hallucinogenic Mushroom Toxicity
1847:
1266:by the native people of Siberia.
1262:, though it has been used as an
1139:List of poisonous fungus species
701:, immature, possibly poisonous,
373:Causes diarrhea in some people.
3631:
3605:
3571:
3560:
3519:
3509:"Delicious or deadly? You pick"
3501:
3452:
3383:
3365:
3332:
3307:
3235:
3178:
3153:
3128:
3071:
2940:
2921:
2835:
2412:
1856:(known as The Buddha), by some
1215:also contain lethal amounts of
557:, kidney failure, and signs of
3638:Quinn, Chay (31 August 2023).
2731:"Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes"
2672:American Journal of Nephrology
656:, and considerable amounts in
129:cooking. Some toxins, such as
1:
2425:Journal of Medical Toxicology
1965:
1893:The parents of the physicist
1762:"Poisonous mushrooms blacken
1135:List of deadly fungus species
469:and some other related toxic
3744:Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes
3206:10.3109/15563650.2013.863906
3096:10.1016/0031-9422(95)00773-3
2758:Bresinsky A, Besl H (1990).
2733:. NAMA. 2003. Archived from
2523:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2269:Orellanine Mushroom Toxicity
1927:suspected to have contained
1589:
926:Although usually not fatal,
767:, one deadly and one edible.
7:
3390:Pitel, Laura (2010-03-19).
2051:Gyromitra Mushroom Toxicity
1946:
1800:, is not denatured by heat.
1514:Agaricus praeclaresquamosus
1395:after repeated consumption.
763:, two examples of immature
481:: Muscarine stimulates the
105:in about 10 days. Mushroom
10:
4811:
4481:Arthropod bites and stings
4100:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
3477:10.1177/014107680209500515
2656:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
2468:Gussow L (November 2000).
2239:10.1177/096032718300200203
1552:Lactarius vinaceorufescens
1497:) will likely do the same.
1132:
144:
4724:
4696:
4692:
4656:
4600:
4548:
4471:
4387:
4323:
4316:
4275:
4248:
4240:Tricyclic antidepressants
4180:
4162:
4108:
4080:
4050:
4041:
4004:
3986:
3966:
3923:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3839:
3755:(North America) from the
3669:
3279:(10). USA: CDC: 337–341.
2983:Luo, Hong (May 9, 2022).
2845:. Wildfood UK. 2014-04-29
2654:"Death due to Galerina".
2633:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.005
2437:10.1007/s13181-013-0355-2
1955:(for lethal species only)
1895:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
1454:Rubroboletus pulcherrimus
1014:of the Finnish cuisine".
676:
665:Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
491:jack o' Lantern mushrooms
56:
46:
37:
29:
24:
3589:Harvard University Press
3347:. Timber Press. p.
3339:Ian Robert Hall (2003).
3165:America's Poison Centers
1874:The best-selling author
1640:horizontal gene transfer
1470:Hebeloma crustuliniforme
1287:Chlorophyllum molybdites
1046:Coprinopsis atramentaria
1017:A more unusual toxin is
870:, a mushroom containing
819:Chlorophyllum molybdites
4679:List of types of poison
4235:Serotonergic substances
3461:"The death of Claudius"
3434:Wasson, Gordon (1986).
3002:10.1073/pnas.2201113119
2563:(21). USA: CDC: 287–8.
1959:List of poisonous fungi
1687:Prognosis and treatment
1448:Neoboletus luridiformis
1405:Naematoloma fasciculare
1089:Pleurocybella porrigens
792:, David Arora cautions
509:species, in particular
3967:Other non-toxic metals
3409:Stamets, Paul (2000).
3124:. FDA. 9 January 2008.
2486:10.1136/ewjm.173.5.317
2184:Forsch Komplementärmed
2145:Cite journal requires
1982:Journal of Food Safety
1616:central nervous system
1614:, and eventually, the
1256:respiratory depression
1175:)—belong to the genus
1027:aldehyde dehydrogenase
923:
910:
796:-hunters to beware of
785:
768:
720:
706:
585:aldehyde dehydrogenase
493:. It is also found in
4347:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
2103:Mushrooms Demystified
1782:are not particularly
1745:Laetiporus sulphureus
1520:Agaricus xanthodermus
1508:Agaricus californicus
1442:Chalciporus piperatus
1436:Rubroboletus legaliae
1400:Hypholoma fasciculare
1203:. Several species of
1197:)—are from the genus
916:
903:
867:Cortinarius orellanus
790:Mushrooms Demystified
774:
757:
712:
694:
515:, and some red-pored
346:. Principal toxin in
308:. Principal toxin in
111:secondary metabolites
97:can vary from slight
1953:List of deadly fungi
1887:Cortinarius rubellus
1796:) and others of the
1534:Lactarius torminosus
1528:Lactifluus piperatus
1463:N. luridiformis
1459:R. pulcherrimus
1424:Rubroboletus satanas
1369:– contain muscarine.
1345:Inosperma erubescens
1307:Entoloma rhodopolium
1221:List of deadly fungi
1119:Chicken of the Woods
730:Volvariella volvacea
483:muscarinic receptors
438:blessed milk thistle
33:Mycetism, mycetismus
4717:foodborne illnesses
4674:Lists of poisonings
4357:Shellfish poisoning
4065:Aluminium phosphide
3591:. pp. 15, 18.
3579:Schaechter, Moselio
3515:. 2 September 2008.
3194:Clinical Toxicology
2995:(20): e2201113119.
2907:10.1248/cpb.31.2176
2658:. 28 December 1981.
2627:(5). USA: 519–526.
2021:Clinical Toxicology
1881:The Horse Whisperer
1701:Society and culture
1565:are "best avoided".
1483:as its name implies
1388:Tricholoma equestre
1380:Tricholoma tigrinum
1374:Tricholoma pardinum
1357:species, including
1260:psilocybin mushroom
1250:into muscimol upon
1181:, and two more—the
1129:Poisonous mushrooms
1076:Tricholoma equestre
1049:, contain coprine.
1043:species, including
1003:Gyromitra esculenta
713:Edible shaggy mane
531:monomethylhydrazine
332:Potentially deadly
302:Potentially deadly
255:Monomethylhydrazine
239:Potentially deadly
147:Category:Mycotoxins
81:resulting from the
4669:EPA list of hazard
4451:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
4195:Anticholinesterase
2953:The New York Times
2589:Eschelman, Richard
1897:, who created the
1854:Siddhartha Gautama
1793:Amanita phalloides
1570:Ramaria gelatinosa
1502:Agaricus hondensis
1430:Suillellus luridus
1427:(Devil's bolete),
1412:Paxillus involutus
1328:Inocybe fastigiata
1313:Entoloma nidorosum
1271:Amanita pantherina
1099:Claviceps purpurea
1069:Paxillus involutus
992:, which can cause
954:Clitocybe dealbata
924:
911:
880:Amanita pantherina
833:Galerina marginata
800:"eggs", which are
786:
769:
721:
707:
685:Amanita phalloides
604:Clitocybe clavipes
512:Clitocybe dealbata
141:Signs and symptoms
75:Mushroom poisoning
63:Emergency medicine
49:Amanita phalloides
25:Mushroom poisoning
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4652:
4651:
4634:Poisonous animals
4312:
4311:
4277:Vitamin poisoning
4271:
4270:
4158:
4157:
4037:
4036:
3982:
3981:
3728:
3727:
3545:10.1136/bmj.e5262
3420:978-1-58008-175-7
3118:"Mushroom Toxins"
2684:10.1159/000013410
2321:Mushroom Toxicity
2196:10.1159/000113648
2118:978-0-89815-169-5
2031:978-0-7216-5485-0
1915:− Four people in
1784:sensitive to heat
1636:genome sequencing
1578:Gomphus floccosus
1488:Russula silvicola
1481:(the sickener) –
1348:has caused death.
1334:Inocybe geophylla
1301:Entoloma sinuatum
1153:destroying angels
1061:Amanita smithiana
836:, mistaken for a
670:false chanterelle
466:Amanita smithiana
407:
406:
72:
71:
19:Medical condition
4802:
4756:
4755:
4744:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4705:, which is rare.
4694:
4693:
4629:Venomous animals
4321:
4320:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4070:Organophosphates
4048:
4047:
3925:Dietary minerals
3873:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3619:. 31 August 2023
3609:
3603:
3602:
3575:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3317:. Archived from
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3288:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3161:"ANNUAL REPORTS"
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3122:FDA Bad Bug Book
3114:
3108:
3107:
3090:(5): 1293–1299.
3075:
3069:
3068:
3044:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2901:(6): 2176–2178.
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2395:(PDF newsletter)
2384:
2378:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2282:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2106:
2093:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1976:
1933:liver transplant
1739:Amanita caesarea
1724:destroying angel
1558:Lactarius uvidus
1325:species such as
1246:. Ibotenic acid
1232:Amanita muscaria
1052:Coprinus comatus
886:Amanita muscaria
748:Coprinus comatus
716:Coprinus comatus
654:oyster mushrooms
434:Silybum marianum
349:Amanita muscaria
311:Amanita muscaria
166:
165:
113:produced by the
99:gastrointestinal
42:
22:
21:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4785:Poisonous fungi
4775:
4774:
4773:
4764:
4720:
4706:
4688:
4648:
4596:
4544:
4467:
4383:
4308:
4303:
4267:
4244:
4210:Benzodiazepines
4154:
4140:Carbon monoxide
4128:Ethylene glycol
4104:
4076:
4033:
4000:
3978:
3962:
3919:
3853:
3835:
3816:
3772:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3678:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3561:
3524:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3076:
3072:
3045:
3028:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2945:
2941:
2926:
2922:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2811:
2804:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2711:
2707:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2549:
2542:
2515:
2511:
2466:
2462:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2299:10.2307/3760749
2283:
2279:
2266:
2262:
2223:
2219:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2094:
2061:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2013:
2002:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1949:
1925:beef Wellington
1906:Johann Schobert
1850:
1708:
1706:Folk traditions
1703:
1689:
1592:
1540:Lactarius rufus
1478:Russula emetica
1417:red blood cells
1169:fool's mushroom
1141:
1131:
959:oyster mushroom
679:
244:SLUDGE syndrome
149:
143:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4644:Mycotoxicology
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4604:
4602:
4601:Related topics
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4540:Tick paralysis
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4507:Scorpion venom
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4394:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4250:Cardiovascular
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4173:Drug overdoses
4166:
4164:Pharmaceutical
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3765:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3710:
3695:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:Classification
3663:
3662:External links
3660:
3657:
3656:
3630:
3604:
3597:
3570:
3559:
3518:
3500:
3451:
3444:
3426:
3419:
3401:
3382:
3364:
3357:
3331:
3306:
3259:
3247:Eat The Planet
3234:
3177:
3152:
3140:Eat The Planet
3127:
3109:
3084:Phytochemistry
3070:
3065:10.1086/497399
3059:(6): 767–775.
3026:
2972:
2939:
2920:
2885:
2867:(2005-04-24).
2856:
2834:
2802:
2791:(4–5): 386–7.
2775:
2768:
2747:
2722:
2705:
2678:(6): 565–569.
2661:
2646:
2608:
2580:
2540:
2529:(22): 489–92.
2509:
2460:
2431:(2): 173–189.
2411:
2379:
2357:
2329:
2312:
2277:
2260:
2217:
2167:
2147:|journal=
2124:
2117:
2059:
2037:
2030:
2000:
1989:(3): 199–203.
1970:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1910:
1902:
1891:
1876:Nicholas Evans
1872:
1863:Roman Emperor
1861:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1833:Devil's bolete
1817:
1810:
1801:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1749:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1688:
1685:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1566:
1548:
1524:
1498:
1494:Russula mairei
1474:
1466:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1393:rhabdomyolysis
1384:
1370:
1349:
1341:
1317:
1291:
1283:
1267:
1248:decarboxylates
1161:A. bisporigera
1130:
1127:
1081:rhabdomyolysis
975:Verpa bohemica
906:Jack-O-Lantern
788:The author of
735:universal veil
678:
675:
674:
673:
641:
617:Decarboxylates
608:
583:. It inhibits
572:
522:
489:, notably the
474:
441:
415:Alpha-Amanitin
405:
404:
397:
394:
388:
387:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
368:
362:
361:
344:hallucinations
333:
330:
324:
323:
303:
300:
294:
293:
286:
283:
277:
276:
275:hydrochloride
261:
258:
251:
250:
240:
237:
231:
230:
216:
213:
207:
206:
203:
200:
194:
193:
186:
183:
177:
176:
173:
170:
142:
139:
122:toxic mushroom
101:discomfort to
70:
69:
60:
54:
53:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4807:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4761:
4760:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:Miscellaneous
4655:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Deadly fungus
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4512:Charybdotoxin
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Batrachotoxin
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4300:Megavitamin-B
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Sulfuric acid
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3600:
3598:9780674445550
3594:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3445:0-300-05266-9
3441:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3379:. 2010-03-18.
3378:
3374:
3368:
3360:
3358:0-88192-586-1
3354:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3321:on 2008-02-10
3320:
3316:
3310:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2875:on 2008-07-19
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2844:
2838:
2824:on 2008-07-04
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:Beug, Michael
2809:
2807:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2769:0-7234-1576-5
2765:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2737:on 2008-03-29
2736:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:Life Sciences
2618:
2617:Halpern, John
2612:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2388:Lindgren, Jan
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:on 2008-04-16
2346:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:(2): 183–95.
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2139:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:The composer
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:Notable cases
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:fungal toxins
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1698:
1695:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:ibotenic acid
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:fool's webcap
1188:
1184:
1183:deadly webcap
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:), the three
1150:
1149:A. phalloides
1146:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1111:idiosyncratic
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1084:
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1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
994:neurotoxicity
991:
987:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
947:
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939:
935:
931:
930:
921:
920:
915:
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907:
902:
898:
896:
892:
891:ibotenic acid
888:
887:
882:
881:
875:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
840:
835:
834:
827:
825:
824:C. molybdites
821:
820:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
783:
779:
778:
773:
766:
762:
761:
756:
752:
750:
749:
744:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
725:A. phalloides
718:
717:
711:
704:
700:
698:
693:
689:
687:
686:
671:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
651:
650:sugar alcohol
647:
646:
642:
639:
638:A. pantherina
635:
631:
630:A. pantherina
627:
622:
618:
614:
613:
612:Ibotenic acid
609:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:, leading to
536:
532:
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527:
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514:
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508:
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501:
496:
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372:
369:
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364:
363:
359:
355:
354:A. pantherina
351:
350:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
317:
316:A. pantherina
313:
312:
307:
304:
301:
299:
298:Ibotenic acid
296:
295:
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89:that contain
88:
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61:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4586:
4528:Latrodectism
4519:spider venom
4342:Haff disease
4263:Dipyridamole
4205:Barbiturates
4115:
3877:Toxic metals
3780:
3776:
3712:
3697:
3682:
3649:15 September
3647:. Retrieved
3643:
3633:
3623:15 September
3621:. Retrieved
3616:
3607:
3583:
3573:
3562:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3513:Scotsman.com
3512:
3503:
3471:(5): 260–1.
3468:
3464:
3454:
3435:
3429:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3385:
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3367:
3342:
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:the original
3309:
3298:. Retrieved
3276:
3272:
3262:
3251:. Retrieved
3249:. 2018-01-04
3246:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3200:(10): 1211.
3197:
3193:
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3164:
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3142:. 2018-01-04
3139:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3056:
3052:
2992:
2988:
2964:. Retrieved
2952:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:the original
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2837:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:the original
2788:
2784:
2778:
2759:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:the original
2725:
2712:
2708:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2583:
2572:. Retrieved
2560:
2556:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2480:(5): 317–8.
2477:
2474:West. J. Med
2473:
2463:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:Spore Prints
2398:
2390:(May 2003).
2382:
2369:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2319:
2315:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2267:
2263:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2187:
2183:
2170:
2159:
2138:cite journal
2127:
2102:
2097:Arora, David
2049:
2020:
2016:Ford, Marsha
1986:
1980:
1974:
1885:
1879:
1840:
1837:lurid bolete
1828:
1824:
1804:
1791:
1770:
1743:
1737:
1734:chanterelles
1727:
1713:
1709:
1690:
1671:
1655:
1644:
1620:
1593:
1583:G. floccosus
1582:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1230:
1225:
1198:
1195:C. orellanus
1194:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1116:
1108:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1016:
1001:
986:false morels
979:
973:
967:
952:
951:
948:
943:Cantharellus
941:
937:
934:chanterelles
927:
925:
917:
904:
884:
878:
876:
865:
861:
853:
849:
843:
837:
831:
828:
823:
817:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
789:
787:
781:
775:
764:
758:
746:
740:
739:
737:when young.
728:
724:
722:
714:
702:
695:
683:
680:
663:
662:species and
657:
643:
637:
633:
629:
625:
610:
602:
596:
574:
566:
562:
524:
516:
510:
504:
503:species and
498:
494:
486:
476:
470:
464:
457:
443:
433:
427:
423:
419:
413:
408:
400:
357:
353:
347:
319:
315:
309:
289:
268:
226:
219:Redox cycler
154:
150:
135:thermostable
119:
93:substances.
74:
73:
47:
4759:WikiProject
4572:Fish toxins
4533:Loxoscelism
4446:Snake venom
4418:Physalaemin
4390:vertebrates
4230:Paracetamol
3783:(3): 36–44.
3465:J R Soc Med
2227:Hum Toxicol
2190:(1): 9–20.
1662:aposematism
1545:Scandinavia
1366:C. dealbata
1360:C. rivulosa
1351:Some white
1280:A. muscaria
1276:A. muscaria
1200:Cortinarius
1189:), and the
1187:C. rubellus
1167:), and the
1121:growing on
919:Chanterelle
626:A. muscaria
495:A. muscaria
459:Cortinarius
383:Non-lethal
370:Non-lethal
306:Excitotoxin
285:Non-lethal
227:Cortinarius
221:similar to
202:Non-lethal
198:Phallotoxin
30:Other names
4790:Mycotoxins
4779:Categories
4707:including
4664:Antibiotic
4592:Strychnine
4562:Cinchonism
4524:Latrotoxin
4473:Arthropods
4461:Batroxobin
4372:Neurotoxic
4367:Diarrhetic
4317:Biological
4060:Pesticides
4052:Phosphorus
3988:Metalloids
3325:2008-02-18
3300:2021-06-05
3253:2021-05-11
3171:2023-06-07
3146:2023-06-07
2966:2024-04-25
2879:2008-08-13
2849:15 October
2828:2008-08-04
2741:2008-08-13
2602:2008-08-04
2574:2008-08-04
2405:2008-08-05
2351:2008-08-04
1966:References
1909:mushrooms.
1899:Fahrenheit
1788:α-Amanitin
1720:fly agaric
1658:phenotypes
1647:fungivores
1634:. Through
1241:neurotoxin
1165:A. ocreata
1133:See also:
1023:disulfiram
1008:parboiling
990:gyromitrin
938:Omphalotus
929:Omphalotus
872:orellanine
719:mushrooms.
705:mushrooms.
688:mushroom.
634:A. gemmata
581:disulfiram
526:Gyromitrin
487:Omphalotus
445:Orellanine
392:Ergotamine
379:Bolesatine
358:A. gemmata
340:depression
320:A. gemmata
273:pyridoxine
211:Orellanine
181:α-Amanitin
145:See also:
126:morphology
67:toxicology
4684:Pollution
4624:Cnidocyte
4577:Lathyrism
4490:Bee venom
4486:Bee sting
4430:Coturnism
4413:Bufotenin
4398:Amphibian
4377:Paralytic
4352:Scombroid
4337:Ciguatera
4295:Vitamin E
4290:Vitamin D
4285:Vitamin A
4006:Nonmetals
3953:Manganese
3885:Beryllium
3859:Inorganic
3821:Poisoning
3746:from the
3538:: e5262.
3398:. London.
3396:The Times
2961:0362-4331
2865:Gover, DW
2719:eMedicine
2598:. Cornell
2376:eMedicine
2326:eMedicine
2287:Mycologia
2274:eMedicine
2056:eMedicine
1929:death cap
1921:Australia
1917:Leongatha
1869:death cap
1814:Death cap
1753:death cap
1729:Galerinas
1694:mortality
1680:nocturnal
1666:olfactory
1590:Evolution
1563:Lactarius
1354:Clitocybe
1339:muscarine
1264:entheogen
1217:amatoxins
1157:A. virosa
1145:death cap
1109:Cases of
1035:hung over
981:Gyromitra
963:muscarine
922:, edible.
858:amatoxins
856:contains
850:Psilocybe
842:species.
839:Psilocybe
593:dizziness
563:Gyromitra
549:, and/or
506:Clitocybe
478:Muscarine
401:Claviceps
269:Gyromitra
265:hemolysis
235:Muscarine
190:death cap
172:Toxicity
131:amatoxins
87:mushrooms
83:ingestion
79:poisoning
58:Specialty
4735:Category
4587:Mushroom
4567:Ergotism
4552: /
4526: /
4500:Melittin
4488: /
4444: /
4408:Bombesin
4327: /
4304:syndrome
4133:Methanol
4095:Nicotine
4082:Nitrogen
4029:Fluoride
4024:Chlorine
4019:Selenium
3933:Chromium
3910:Thallium
3831:Overdose
3826:Toxicity
3581:(1998).
3554:22885396
3495:11983773
3377:BBC News
3295:33705365
3222:43129572
3214:24359283
3021:35533275
2816:(2004).
2797:12184017
2785:Prz. Lek
2641:16188280
2591:(2006).
2504:11069865
2455:24573533
2255:19805371
2212:23468345
2204:18334810
2099:(1986).
1947:See also
1865:Claudius
1858:accounts
1772:Amanitas
1628:Galerina
1600:amatoxin
1337:contain
1295:Entoloma
1239:and the
1237:muscimol
1213:Conocybe
1205:Galerina
1173:A. verna
1104:ergotism
1040:Coprinus
1000:consume
895:muscimol
854:Galerina
845:Galerina
794:puffball
782:Amanitas
777:Puffball
765:Amanitas
760:Amanitas
742:Amanitas
645:Arabitol
621:muscimol
598:Coprinus
589:headache
555:jaundice
551:seizures
543:delirium
450:headache
424:Galerina
366:Arabitol
328:Muscimol
290:Coprinus
248:atropine
223:paraquat
175:Effects
161:diarrhea
157:vomiting
95:Symptoms
4747:Commons
4703:argyria
4612:Stinger
4582:Locoism
4362:Amnesic
4329:Seafood
4258:Digoxin
4225:Opioids
4220:Lithium
4215:Cocaine
4200:Aspirin
4190:Alcohol
4182:Nervous
4150:Toluene
4123:Ethanol
4117:alcohol
4090:Cyanide
4043:Organic
3996:Arsenic
3900:Mercury
3890:Cadmium
3849:History
3719:D009145
3486:1279685
3286:7951822
3104:8729458
3012:9171917
2915:6685576
2700:2175833
2692:9845839
2569:6808348
2535:9194398
2495:1071150
2446:4057534
2307:3760749
2247:6862461
1829:Boletus
1825:Amanita
1821:Boletes
1806:Russula
1632:Lepiota
1624:Amanita
1608:kidneys
1604:Amanita
1322:Inocybe
1209:Lepiota
1178:Amanita
1125:trees.
1031:alcohol
1019:coprine
984:spp., "
889:(e.g.,
862:Amanita
810:Amanita
806:Amanita
802:Amanita
798:Amanita
703:Amanita
697:Amanita
659:Suillus
576:Coprine
547:tremors
518:Boletes
500:Inocybe
471:Amanita
454:fatigue
429:Lepiota
420:Amanita
396:Deadly
335:Causes
281:Coprine
260:Deadly
242:Causes
215:Deadly
185:Deadly
4713:toxins
4709:venoms
4699:Silver
4550:Plants
4495:Apamin
4456:Ancrod
4442:Snakes
4437:Mammal
4388:Other
4145:Oxygen
3974:Silver
3943:Copper
3938:Cobalt
3905:Nickel
3868:Metals
3844:Poison
3595:
3552:
3493:
3483:
3442:
3417:
3355:
3293:
3283:
3227:7 June
3220:
3212:
3167:. 2022
3102:
3019:
3009:
2959:
2913:
2795:
2766:
2698:
2690:
2639:
2596:(blog)
2567:
2533:
2502:
2492:
2453:
2443:
2305:
2253:
2245:
2210:
2202:
2115:
2028:
1940:Moscow
1841:genera
1764:silver
1757:larvae
1651:spores
1630:, and
1612:livers
1596:toxins
1310:, and
1252:curing
1211:, and
1163:, and
1006:after
970:morels
677:Causes
668:(the "
559:anemia
539:stupor
452:, and
356:, and
318:, and
257:(MMH)
169:Toxin
133:, are
115:fungus
107:toxins
4617:plant
4554:Fungi
4425:Birds
3777:Fungi
3773:(PDF)
3708:988.1
3693:T62.0
3218:S2CID
3190:(PDF)
2696:S2CID
2303:JSTOR
2251:S2CID
2208:S2CID
2180:(PDF)
1798:genus
1656:Some
1319:Many
998:Finns
619:into
568:Verpa
103:death
91:toxic
4610:and
4608:Bite
4325:Fish
3958:Zinc
3948:Iron
3895:Lead
3714:MeSH
3703:9-CM
3651:2023
3625:2023
3593:ISBN
3550:PMID
3491:PMID
3440:ISBN
3415:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3291:PMID
3273:MMWR
3229:2023
3210:PMID
3100:PMID
3017:PMID
2989:PNAS
2957:ISSN
2936:(2).
2911:PMID
2851:2018
2793:PMID
2764:ISBN
2688:PMID
2637:PMID
2565:PMID
2557:MMWR
2531:PMID
2500:PMID
2451:PMID
2243:PMID
2200:PMID
2155:in:
2151:help
2113:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1363:and
1331:and
1137:and
1021:, a
1012:fugu
893:and
848:and
699:spp.
648:: A
632:and
535:GABA
426:and
342:and
159:and
109:are
4109:CHO
3915:Tin
3699:ICD
3684:ICD
3644:LBC
3617:BBC
3540:doi
3536:345
3532:BMJ
3481:PMC
3473:doi
3349:103
3281:PMC
3202:doi
3092:doi
3061:doi
3057:166
3007:PMC
2997:doi
2993:119
2903:doi
2717:at
2680:doi
2629:doi
2490:PMC
2482:doi
2478:173
2441:PMC
2433:doi
2374:at
2324:at
2295:doi
2272:at
2235:doi
2192:doi
2109:679
2054:at
1991:doi
1675:cap
1304:),
1123:yew
672:").
436:or
337:CNS
85:of
77:is
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