2584:
2666:
3754:
2855:
2921:) which suggested that every Jew would necessarily play a role in the mending of the world required for redemption. The spread of ignorance among their coreligionists thus threatened to undo the proper order of things. It was with this in mind that these Ottoman rabbis--all capable of publishing in the more highly esteemed
2404:
have described it as "prose literature that presents to a wide public views, ideas, and ways of life in order to shape the everyday behavior, thought, and beliefs of this public." Musar literature traditionally depicts the nature of moral and spiritual perfection in a methodical way. It is "divided
2925:
language of their religious tradition--chose to write in their vernacular instead. While they democratized rabbinic knowledge by translating it for the masses, these "vernacular rabbis" (to use
Matthias Lehmann's term) also attempted to instill in their audiences the sense that their texts required
2405:
according to the component parts of the ideal righteous way of life; the material is treated methodically – analyzing, explaining, and demonstrating how to achieve each moral virtue (usually treated in a separate chapter or section) in the author's ethical system."
3062:, beginning in the 19th century, encouraged the organized study of medieval Musar literature to an unprecedented degree, while also producing its own Musar literature. Significant Musar writings were produced by leaders of the movement such as Rabbis
2442:
is commonly regarded as a musar classic in its own right and is arguably the first true "musar sefer." In fact, the Hebrew word musar (מוסר, discipline) being the title of this genre stems from the word's extensive use in the book of
Mishlei.
3260:: "His activity of forty years is perhaps historical; and since it began, according to a trustworthy tradition (Shab. 15a), one hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem, it must have covered the period 30 B.C.E. -10 C.E."
2879:
commented that he could not find a superfluous word in the first seven chapters of the work, and stated that he would have traveled to meet the author and learn from his ways if he'd still been alive.
2902:
Beginning in the eighteenth century, a number of
Ottoman rabbis had undertaken the task of fighting the ignorance they believed was plaguing their communities by producing works of Jewish ethics (
3406:
1025:
3423:
2463:
2888:
1603:
2555:
Medieval works of Musar literature were composed by a range of rabbis and others, including rationalist philosophers and adherents of
Kabbalistic mysticism.
2543:
in the
Mishnah. Pirkei Avot is unique in that it is the only tractate of the Mishnah dealing solely with ethical and moral principles; there is little or no
1258:
953:
3094:
1145:
2353:
117:
2481:
who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. Hillel accepted him as a candidate for
1140:
2685:
taught about the nature of virtue and vice without recourse to
Aristotelian or other philosophical concepts. Classic works of this sort include
2397:
1388:
2784:, Germany, which was concerned with promoting Jewish piety and morality. The most famous work of Musar literature produced by this school was
2761:
3098:
1642:
2926:
the mediation of individuals with religious training. Thus, they explained that common people should gather together to read their books in
627:
590:
1566:
3451:
1589:
939:
2875:
in the 18th century. Mesillat
Yesharim is perhaps the most important work of Musar literature of the post-medieval period. The
2346:
1516:
1451:
1333:
3292:"Judaism 101 - Rabbi Eliezer Papo: Pele Yoetz - Duties of the Heart - A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts - OU.ORG"
3186:
637:
3371:
1075:
3653:
3145:(noted for his writing on humility). Schnur's writing show how gender matters in discussions of forgiveness as a virtue.
1343:
1160:
1150:
390:
3291:
2498:
1739:
1689:
1654:
1348:
1213:
1080:
2493:
What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn.
2339:
1431:
1393:
1368:
1288:
1273:
1120:
1060:
1015:
2755:
which focuses on various categories of just and wicked people and their punishments in the world to come; and Rabbi
2380:
which describes virtues and vices and the path towards character improvement. This literature gives the name to the
2458:
You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD.
1724:
1706:
1612:
1506:
1358:
1353:
1278:
1243:
1110:
2846:
Literature in the genre of Musar literature continued to be written by modern Jews from a variety of backgrounds.
2638:(the ethical work, not to be confused with the many other unrelated works of the same name), published anonymously
2242:
2141:
1696:
1679:
1632:
1531:
1441:
1378:
1328:
1308:
1303:
1223:
1197:
1172:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1010:
1005:
2777:
2776:(literally "the Pious of Germany") was a Jewish movement in the 12th century and 13th century founded by Rabbi
2681:
Musar literature came as a reaction to philosophical literature, and tried to show that the Torah and standard
2486:
1715:
1701:
1669:
1649:
1617:
1561:
1536:
1511:
1491:
1481:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1398:
1313:
1298:
1218:
1177:
1130:
1125:
1045:
990:
3496:
2136:
1674:
1659:
1622:
1584:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1526:
1521:
1501:
1486:
1471:
1446:
1412:
1383:
1283:
1268:
1192:
1182:
1100:
1070:
995:
981:
3444:
1744:
1664:
1627:
1551:
1496:
1363:
1338:
1263:
1238:
1228:
1167:
1090:
1085:
1065:
1055:
1035:
1020:
913:
617:
381:
376:
1734:
1729:
1684:
1637:
1323:
1293:
1253:
1248:
1105:
411:
3776:
3040:
of the
Hasidic movement, is regarded by some as a classic of Musar literature. Many of the writings of
2208:
2053:
1761:
1155:
351:
341:
77:
2989:
3126:
2815:
2737:
2322:
2015:
1866:
1807:
698:
3257:
2433:
3424:
From
Principles to Rules and from Musar to Halakhah - The Hafetz Hayims Rulings on Libel and Gossip
2988:(Moral Accounting) in 1809, based in part on the ethical program described in the autobiography of
2938:
Among the most popular works of Musar literature produced in
Ottoman society was Elijah ha-Kohen's
2025:
2005:
1115:
595:
136:
3786:
3757:
3572:
3547:
3437:
2166:
2156:
2121:
2000:
1990:
1773:
944:
886:
720:
399:
356:
71:
3781:
3673:
3567:
3562:
2835:
2285:
2020:
1934:
1000:
552:
171:
141:
3344:
3658:
3013:
2977:
2969:
2482:
2176:
2171:
2116:
1904:
819:
547:
534:
429:
146:
2910:(also known as Ladino). This development was inspired in part by a particular strain within
3557:
2872:
2690:
2247:
2199:
1939:
1797:
610:
475:
464:
422:
3004:
movement were tracts collecting and instructing mystical-ethical practices. These include
8:
3613:
3506:
3071:
2682:
2591:
2300:
1995:
673:
540:
443:
436:
366:
254:
129:
3516:
3410:
3041:
3017:
2773:
2568:
2429:
2384:, in 19th century Lithuania, but this article considers such literature more broadly.
2151:
2101:
2048:
2043:
1957:
1827:
1095:
924:
683:
603:
457:
23:
3741:
3705:
3663:
3603:
3511:
3501:
3486:
3182:
3078:. The movement established musar learning as a regular part of the curriculum in the
3067:
2964:
In Europe, significant contributions to Musar literature were made by leaders of the
2868:
2863:
2606:
2598:
2560:
2502:
2393:
2295:
2237:
2217:
2034:
1594:
1233:
693:
564:
494:
371:
284:
151:
3270:
2396:
describes it as "Jewish literature that discusses virtue and character." Professors
3648:
3526:
3281:
Matthias B. Lehmann, Ladino rabbinic literature and Ottoman Sephardic culture, 6, 9
3114:
3005:
2911:
2825:
2722:
2678:
2670:
2611:
2564:
2470:
2265:
2146:
2106:
2070:
1768:
1318:
829:
585:
489:
404:
294:
86:
3417:
3295:
2583:
2559:
has argued that medieval Musar literature reflects four different approaches: the
3618:
3552:
3491:
3481:
3375:
3176:
3142:
3079:
3075:
3063:
2930:, or study sessions, always with the guidance of someone trained in the study of
2820:
2756:
2227:
2186:
2181:
2161:
2083:
2077:
2010:
1962:
1802:
1783:
934:
663:
575:
558:
102:
3368:
3668:
3521:
3460:
3138:
3059:
3053:
2943:
2892:
2674:-The Ways of the Righteous, anonymous author. First Hebrew edition, Prague 1581
2381:
2327:
2126:
1981:
1861:
1840:
1817:
1812:
1790:
1778:
1373:
854:
788:
753:
731:
668:
506:
484:
346:
325:
301:
67:
49:
3770:
3710:
3643:
3232:
3134:
3009:
2907:
2830:
2806:
2789:
2716:
2701:
2626:
2616:
2409:
2275:
2270:
1476:
1403:
929:
778:
773:
768:
758:
736:
688:
450:
289:
194:
156:
107:
3638:
3608:
3598:
3593:
3577:
3531:
3355:
22, 2 (2019): 228-276; Shai Afsai, "The Sage, the Prince & the Rabbi,"
3339:
3130:
2953:
2305:
2131:
1972:
1967:
1925:
1878:
972:
839:
824:
783:
748:
361:
203:
3110:
2801:
2645:
2572:
2509:
2451:
2290:
2232:
1897:
803:
798:
793:
763:
2473:(c. 110 BCE – 10 CE) used this verse as a most important message of the
2392:
Musar literature is often described as "ethical literature." Professor
3033:
2948:
2931:
2876:
2781:
2748:
2744:
2665:
2649:
2630:
2556:
2478:
2401:
2377:
1948:
962:
891:
849:
678:
658:
217:
124:
44:
3085:
world, acting as a bulwark against contemporary forces of secularism.
3037:
2895:
2891:, summarizing the work of Matthias B. Lehmann on Musar literature in
2527:
ethical Musar literature. Because of its contents, it is also called
2111:
2096:
1186:
1134:
896:
844:
834:
515:
511:
501:
416:
176:
3328:
David Sorkin, The transformation of German Jewry, 1780-1840, page 46
3109:
Musar literature has been composed by Conservative rabbis including
864:
3720:
3715:
2965:
2918:
2915:
2854:
2521:
2417:
2370:
2280:
1890:
1822:
653:
161:
112:
3429:
3082:
3021:
3001:
2981:
2653:
2544:
2540:
2517:
2439:
2413:
2256:
2222:
2091:
1885:
874:
869:
741:
632:
527:
523:
519:
268:
263:
240:
222:
97:
92:
82:
60:
35:
3390:
Musar movement: Its history, leading personalities and doctrines
3239:; Union of American Hebrew Congregations, New York 1981; pp.892.
3725:
3340:
Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands
3120:
2922:
2747:
but whose Musar writings did not bear a kabbalistic character:
2532:
2524:
2513:
2450:
is the earliest known text of the positive form of the famous "
2447:
2373:
1916:
1911:
1871:
1856:
967:
859:
279:
245:
231:
166:
3093:
Musar literature has been composed by Reform rabbis including
2768:
2474:
879:
308:
212:
181:
3027:
3016:, a seventeen-point program on how to be a good Jew. Rabbi
31:
3104:
2408:
Musar literature can be distinguished from other forms of
3223:
ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 6.
2795:
3343:(Brown Judaic Studies, 2020), pp. 50-167; Shai Afsai, "
2432:
originated, and along with it came the highly didactic
2956:(1785–1826) was another exemplary work of this genre.
2531:. The teachings of Pirkei Avot appear in the Mishnaic
3113:(noted for her writing on curiosity and courage) and
2660:
3349:
Thought and Practice: a Chronicle of Misapprehension
3088:
1895:
1876:
299:
3047:
3271:http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=26171
3178:Modern Musar: Contested Virtues in Jewish Thought
2578:
3768:
2477:for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a
3378:, Mussar Institute website, accessed 11-22-2010
2858:Mesilat Yesharim (Path of the Just): cover page
2743:Similar works were produced by rabbis who were
3418:Duties of the Heart - free english translation
3387:
3044:have also been described as Musar literature.
2539:, the second-to-last tractate in the order of
3445:
2644:("The Eight Chapters"):, the introduction to
2347:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3121:Musar literature by Reconstructionist rabbis
2959:
2590:-The Improvement of the Moral Qualities, by
2550:
3226:
2995:
2882:
2804:mystical works of Musar literature include
2769:Medieval Ashkenazi-Hasidic Musar literature
591:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3452:
3438:
2976:(Book of Virtues) in approximately 1786.
2871:is a Musar text published in Amsterdam by
2841:
2516:teachings and maxims of the Rabbis of the
2354:
2340:
3208:
3141:(noted for her writing on humility), and
3097:, noted for her writing on humility, and
2694:by Rabbi Yehiel ben Yekutiel Anav of Rome
2423:
3174:
3133:(noted for her writing on forgiveness),
3101:, noted for her writing on forgiveness.
3028:Mitnagdic and Yeshivish Musar literature
2853:
2664:
2582:
3105:Musar literature by Conservative rabbis
2709:by Israel Al-Nakawa b. Joseph of Toledo
16:Jewish ethical works emphasizing virtue
3769:
3137:(noted for her writing on curiosity),
3125:Musar literature has been composed by
3117:(noted for her writing on curiosity).
3433:
2796:Medieval Kabbalistic Musar literature
3392:(new ed.). Feldheim Publishers.
3237:The Torah — A Modern Commentary
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
2849:
3654:Yeshivas Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka)
3242:
2700:(The Gates of Repentance) by Rabbi
2594:, Hebrew version 1167. 1869 edition
13:
3459:
2661:Standard Rabbinic Musar literature
14:
3798:
3400:
3345:Benjamin Franklin’s Influence on
3315:Shmuel Feiner, David Jan Sorkin,
3219:Joseph Dan, "Ethical Literature"
3155:
3089:Musar literature by Reform rabbis
382:Historical population comparisons
3753:
3752:
3317:New perspectives on the Haskalah
3181:. University of Nebraska Press.
3048:Literature by the Musar movement
1026:Democratic Republic of the Congo
940:Historical population by country
3381:
3362:
3331:
3322:
3309:
3284:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3201:Isaiah Tishby and Joseph Dan,
3195:
3175:Claussen, Geoffrey D. (2022).
3000:One form of literature in the
2579:Philosophical Musar literature
2434:ethics in the Torah and Tanach
1:
3248:New JPS Hebrew/English Tanakh
3148:
3024:classic of Musar literature.
2387:
597:Christianity and Judaism
2780:(Rabbi Yehuda HeChassid) of
7:
3407:Musar and Jewish Ethics pdf
3258:Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel
1896:
1877:
1604:Latin America and Caribbean
300:
10:
3803:
3359:64, 3 (2011): 101-109,128.
3353:Review of Rabbinic Judaism
3051:
3032:The "Musar letter" of the
2972:wrote a Musar text titled
2861:
2499:Shabbath folio:31a
2209:Jewish political movements
1906:Conversion to Judaism
3750:
3734:
3698:
3682:
3631:
3586:
3540:
3474:
3467:
2960:Haskalah Musar literature
2816:Moses ben Jacob Cordovero
2738:Rebecca bat Meir Tiktiner
2730:), by an anonymous author
2728:The Ways of the Righteous
2551:Medieval Musar literature
612:Hinduism and Judaism
3036:, an ethical will by an
3020:'s Sefer ha-Middot is a
2996:Hasidic Musar literature
2883:Ottoman Musar literature
2812:The Palm Tree of Deborah
2601:works of Musar include:
2512:is a compilation of the
438:Temple in Jerusalem
131:Bar and bat mitzvah
3573:Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg
3548:Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler
3388:Rabbi Dov Katz (1996).
3203:Mivhar sifrut ha-mussar
2842:Modern Musar literature
2588:Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh
2464:Leviticus 19:18
400:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3674:Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim
3568:Nosson Meir Wachtfogel
3563:Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz
3269:Julia Phillips Cohen,
3221:Encyclopaedia Judaica,
3205:(Jerusalem, 1970), 12.
3012:") and Tzetl Koton by
2936:
2859:
2836:Tzvi Hirsch Kaidanover
2675:
2595:
2561:philosophical approach
2547:found in Pirkei Avot.
2520:period. It is part of
2507:
2468:
2424:Early Musar literature
3659:Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)
3587:Contemporary thinkers
3014:Elimelech of Lizhensk
3008:("Testament of Rabbi
2978:Menachem Mendel Lefin
2970:Naphtali Hirz Wessely
2900:
2857:
2786:The Book of the Pious
2668:
2586:
2529:Ethics of the Fathers
2491:
2483:conversion to Judaism
2456:
1146:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1141:Republic of the Congo
535:Second Temple Judaism
406:Kingdom of Judah
377:Modern historiography
3558:Yechezkel Levenstein
2984:wrote a text titled
2889:Julia Phillips Cohen
2873:Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
2652:' commentary to the
2446:An example from the
2248:World Agudath Israel
1389:United Arab Emirates
476:Second Temple period
466:Babylonian captivity
3507:Yosef Yozel Horwitz
3072:Yosef Yozel Horwitz
2942:first published in
2683:rabbinic literature
2592:Solomon Ibn Gabirol
2565:rabbinic approaches
2489:, briefed the man:
2412:literature such as
541:Hellenistic Judaism
119:Land of Israel
78:Principles of faith
3517:Reuven Dov Dessler
3497:Nosson Tzvi Finkel
3411:Yeshiva University
3374:2012-07-20 at the
3095:Ruth Abusch-Magder
3042:Yisrael Meir Kagan
3018:Nachman of Breslov
2986:Cheshbon Ha-Nefesh
2860:
2774:Chassidei Ashkenaz
2676:
2596:
2569:Chassidei Ashkenaz
2567:; the approach of
2430:ethical monotheism
2102:Jewish Koine Greek
1644:Dominican Republic
925:Judaism by country
604:Jews and Christmas
459:Assyrian captivity
3777:Jewish literature
3764:
3763:
3742:Mashgiach ruchani
3706:Jewish meditation
3664:Kelm Talmud Torah
3627:
3626:
3604:Geoffrey Claussen
3512:Yeruchom Levovitz
3502:Naftali Amsterdam
3487:Simcha Zissel Ziv
3188:978-0-8276-1888-6
3129:rabbis including
3127:Reconstructionist
3068:Simcha Zissel Ziv
3010:Yisroel Baal Shem
2990:Benjamin Franklin
2869:Mesillat Yesharim
2864:Mesillat Yesharim
2850:Mesillat Yesharim
2691:Ma'alot ha-Middot
2607:Chovot ha-Levavot
2503:Babylonian Talmud
2394:Geoffrey Claussen
2364:
2363:
2313:
2312:
2061:
2060:
1808:Reconstructionist
1752:
1751:
904:
903:
711:
710:
548:Jewish–Roman wars
496:Hasmonean dynasty
412:Kingdom of Israel
316:
315:
3794:
3756:
3755:
3690:Musar literature
3649:Novardok Yeshiva
3527:Moshe Rosenstain
3482:Yisroel Salanter
3472:
3471:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3422:Benjamin Brown,
3413:Student Magazine
3394:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3369:"The Mussar Way"
3366:
3360:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:. Archived from
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3172:
3115:Danya Ruttenberg
3006:Tzavaat HaRivash
2912:Jewish mysticism
2826:Eliyahu de Vidas
2753:Sha'ar ha-Gemul,
2723:Orchot Tzaddikim
2713:Menorat ha-Ma'or
2707:Menorat ha-Ma'or
2698:Shaarei Teshuvah
2671:Orchot Tzaddikim
2612:Bahya ibn Paquda
2505:
2485:but, drawing on
2471:Hillel the Elder
2466:
2367:Musar literature
2356:
2349:
2342:
2205:
2204:
2086:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1846:
1845:
1793:
1740:New Zealand
1692:
1655:El Salvador
1645:
1577:Northern America
1569:
1163:
919:
918:
830:Crimean Karaites
726:
725:
704:
702:
623:
621:
613:
607:
598:
586:Rabbinic Judaism
567:
561:
555:
543:
531:
497:
490:Maccabean Revolt
467:
460:
454:
446:
439:
433:
425:
407:
331:
330:
305:
200:
199:
132:
120:
19:
18:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3746:
3730:
3694:
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3582:
3553:Gershon Liebman
3541:Postwar leaders
3536:
3492:Yitzchak Blazer
3463:
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3376:Wayback Machine
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2771:
2757:Bahya ben Asher
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2642:Shemona Perakim
2581:
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1963:Yiddish theatre
1905:
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3054:Musar movement
3052:Main article:
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1079:
1077:
1076:Guinea-Bissau
1074:
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959:
958:
955:
952:
951:
946:
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933:
931:
930:Lists of Jews
928:
926:
923:
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921:
920:
915:
910:
909:
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895:
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734:
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730:
729:
728:
727:
722:
717:
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705:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:The Holocaust
687:
685:
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680:
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333:
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327:
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321:
310:
307:
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290:Mishneh Torah
288:
286:
283:
281:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
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73:
69:
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
51:
50:Who is a Jew?
48:
46:
43:
42:
41:
40:
37:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3689:
3639:Kovno Kollel
3609:Alan Morinis
3599:Ira F. Stone
3594:Yechiel Perr
3578:Shlomo Wolbe
3532:Naftoli Trop
3409:
3389:
3383:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3286:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3202:
3197:
3177:
3131:Susan Schnur
3124:
3108:
3092:
3057:
3031:
2999:
2985:
2973:
2963:
2954:Eliezer Papo
2947:
2939:
2937:
2927:
2903:
2901:
2886:
2867:
2845:
2829:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2785:
2772:
2762:Kad ha-Kemah
2760:
2752:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2689:
2677:
2669:
2641:
2635:
2622:
2618:Hilchot Deot
2617:
2605:
2597:
2587:
2554:
2536:
2528:
2508:
2492:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2438:
2428:In Judaism,
2427:
2420:literature.
2407:
2391:
2366:
2365:
2306:Post-Zionism
2177:Judeo-Berber
2172:Judeo-Arabic
2132:Judeo-Gascon
1879:Pidyon haben
1798:Conservative
1344:Saudi Arabia
1162:South Africa
1151:Sierra Leone
973:Israeli Jews
887:Mosaic Arabs
840:Kaifeng Jews
701:Arab–Israeli
674:Emancipation
553:Great Revolt
362:Anti-Judaism
357:Antisemitism
352:Name "Judea"
147:Baal teshuva
3614:David Jaffe
3357:Philalethes
3111:Amy Eilberg
3099:Karyn Kedar
3058:The modern
2802:Kabbalistic
2800:Explicitly
2717:Isaac Aboab
2646:Pirkei Avot
2573:Kabbalistic
2510:Pirkei Avot
2452:Golden Rule
2301:Revisionist
2291:Neo-Zionism
1898:Zeved habat
1691:Puerto Rico
1517:Netherlands
1349:South Korea
1334:Philippines
1214:Afghanistan
1081:Ivory Coast
855:Crypto-Jews
820:Bnei Anusim
799:Bene Israel
764:Beta Israel
721:Communities
628:Middle Ages
367:Persecution
142:Bereavement
3771:Categories
3302:2011-01-06
3149:References
3080:Lithuanian
3034:Vilna Gaon
2949:Pele Yoetz
2946:in 1748.
2932:Jewish law
2877:Vilna Gaon
2782:Regensburg
2749:Nahmanides
2745:Kabbalists
2650:Maimonides
2631:Maimonides
2575:approach.
2571:; and the
2557:Joseph Dan
2479:ger toshav
2402:Joseph Dan
2388:Definition
2378:literature
2286:Maximalism
2238:Secularism
2218:Autonomism
2035:Literature
1828:Humanistic
1432:Azerbaijan
1394:Uzbekistan
1369:Tajikistan
1289:Kyrgyzstan
1274:Kazakhstan
1121:Mozambique
1096:Madagascar
1016:Cape Verde
968:New Yishuv
963:Old Yishuv
914:Population
892:Subbotniks
850:Samaritans
789:Romanyotim
732:Ashkenazim
679:Old Yishuv
659:Sabbateans
646:Modern era
638:Golden Age
565:Bar Kokhba
285:Beit Yosef
152:Philosophy
3699:Practices
3319:, page 49
2952:by Rabbi
2898:society:
2896:Sephardic
2296:Religious
2152:Zarphatic
2142:Bukharian
2112:Judeo-Tat
2097:Yeshivish
2071:Languages
2026:Sephardic
2016:Israelite
2006:Ethiopian
1996:Ashkenazi
1935:Religious
1725:Australia
1707:Venezuela
1613:Argentina
1595:Greenland
1507:Lithuania
1359:Sri Lanka
1354:Singapore
1279:Kurdistan
1244:Indonesia
1234:Hong Kong
1187:Abayudaya
1111:Mauritius
845:Igbo Jews
835:Krymchaks
754:Sephardim
622:relations
516:Sadducees
512:Pharisees
502:Sanhedrin
417:Jerusalem
177:Synagogue
45:Etymology
3758:Category
3721:Teshuvah
3716:Tzedakah
3632:Yeshivot
3372:Archived
3038:opponent
2966:Haskalah
2928:meldados
2919:Kabbalah
2916:Lurianic
2679:Rabbinic
2533:tractate
2522:didactic
2518:Mishnaic
2496:—
2461:—
2418:halakhic
2376:ethical
2371:didactic
2323:Category
2281:Kahanism
2228:Feminism
2200:Politics
2084:Biblical
2054:American
2001:Bukharan
1991:American
1891:Shidduch
1867:Clothing
1823:Haymanot
1769:Orthodox
1697:Suriname
1680:Paraguay
1633:Colombia
1532:Portugal
1442:Bulgaria
1379:Thailand
1329:Pakistan
1309:Mongolia
1304:Malaysia
1224:Cambodia
1198:Zimbabwe
1173:Tanzania
1051:Eswatini
1041:Ethiopia
1031:Djibouti
1011:Cameroon
1006:Botswana
935:Diaspora
897:Noahides
870:Marranos
794:Cochinim
779:Bukharim
769:Gruzinim
759:Teimanim
749:Mizrahim
737:Galician
703:conflict
664:Hasidism
654:Haskalah
559:Diaspora
430:timeline
342:Timeline
255:Rabbinic
162:Kabbalah
137:Marriage
113:Tzedakah
103:Holidays
61:Religion
24:a series
22:Part of
3083:Yeshiva
3022:Hasidic
3002:Hasidic
2982:Satanov
2893:Ottoman
2654:Mishnah
2545:halacha
2541:Nezikin
2514:ethical
2440:Mishlei
2414:aggadic
2266:General
2257:Zionism
2233:Leftism
2223:Bundism
2147:Knaanic
2107:Yevanic
2092:Yiddish
2049:Yiddish
2044:Israeli
2021:Mizrahi
2011:Israeli
1982:Cuisine
1958:Ancient
1940:Secular
1886:Kashrut
1862:Wedding
1849:Customs
1841:Culture
1818:Science
1813:Renewal
1803:Karaite
1784:Hasidic
1716:Oceania
1702:Uruguay
1670:Jamaica
1650:Ecuador
1618:Bolivia
1562:Ukraine
1537:Romania
1512:Moldova
1492:Hungary
1482:Germany
1477:Georgia
1467:Finland
1462:Estonia
1457:Denmark
1452:Czechia
1437:Belarus
1427:Austria
1422:Armenia
1399:Vietnam
1314:Myanmar
1299:Lebanon
1219:Bahrain
1178:Tunisia
1156:Somalia
1131:Nigeria
1126:Namibia
1116:Morocco
1046:Eritrea
991:Algeria
875:Neofiti
784:Italkim
774:Juhurim
684:Zionism
633:Khazars
528:Sicarii
524:Zealots
520:Essenes
507:Schisms
372:Leaders
334:General
326:History
269:Tosefta
264:Midrash
241:Mishnah
223:Ketuvim
218:Nevi'im
167:Customs
98:Shabbat
93:Halakha
85: (
83:Mitzvot
70: (
36:Judaism
3726:Niggun
3468:People
3347:Mussar
3185:
3074:, and
2944:Ladino
2923:Hebrew
2828:, and
2525:Jewish
2448:Tanakh
2374:Jewish
2328:Portal
2187:Domari
2117:Shassi
2078:Hebrew
1973:Humour
1917:Hiloni
1912:Aliyah
1872:Niddah
1857:Minyan
1792:Reform
1779:Haredi
1774:Modern
1675:Mexico
1660:Guyana
1623:Brazil
1585:Canada
1557:Sweden
1547:Serbia
1542:Russia
1527:Poland
1522:Norway
1502:Latvia
1487:Greece
1472:France
1447:Cyprus
1413:Europe
1384:Turkey
1374:Taiwan
1284:Kuwait
1269:Jordan
1259:Israel
1193:Zambia
1183:Uganda
1101:Malawi
1071:Guinea
1061:Gambia
996:Angola
982:Africa
865:Dönmeh
860:Anusim
804:Berber
742:Litvak
694:Israel
600:
537:
451:Second
419:
280:Targum
246:Gemara
232:Talmud
204:Tanakh
157:Ethics
108:Prayer
3735:Terms
3683:Books
2906:) in
2904:musar
2814:) by
2475:Torah
2276:Labor
2271:Green
1968:Dance
1926:Music
1745:Palau
1665:Haiti
1628:Chile
1552:Spain
1497:Italy
1404:Yemen
1364:Syria
1339:Qatar
1319:Nepal
1264:Japan
1239:India
1229:China
1168:Sudan
1091:Libya
1086:Kenya
1066:Ghana
1056:Gabon
1036:Egypt
1021:Benin
880:Xueta
825:Lemba
444:First
309:Zohar
213:Torah
195:Texts
182:Rabbi
172:Rites
72:names
3183:ISBN
2537:Avot
2400:and
1735:Guam
1730:Fiji
1685:Peru
1638:Cuba
1324:Oman
1294:Laos
1254:Iraq
1249:Iran
1206:Asia
1135:Igbo
1106:Mali
125:Brit
34:and
32:Jews
3351:,"
2980:of
2834:by
2824:by
2792:).
2759:'s
2736:by
2715:by
2648:in
2629:by
2625:of
2621:in
2610:by
2535:of
2454:":
2369:is
1949:Art
295:Tur
87:613
3773::
3235:,
3210:^
3157:^
3070:,
3066:,
2992:.
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551:(
544:)
539:(
530:)
510:(
453:)
442:(
432:)
421:(
89:)
74:)
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