1387:
337:(Ngan’gi). Green (2003) makes a case that the formal correspondences in core morphological sequences of the finite verbs of the two languages are too similar (in their complexities and their irregularities) to have come about through anything other than shared descent from a common parent language; the two languages make up the
523:
The consonant table uses the orthography used by researchers, as opposed to the one used most often by the community. The orthography used by the speaker community differs from the research orthography in that the community orthography represents dentals and palatals the same way, both ending with an
991:
In
Murrinh-Patha there are four categories which in total make up for 31 pronouns. The categories are: singular, dual, paucal (referring to 3 to 15 individuals) and plural (more than 15). While some of the pronouns stand on their own in the sentence structure, many are embodied in the middle of a
297:
in the region, Murrinh-patha is one of the few
Australian Aboriginal languages whose number of speakers has increased and whose usage has expanded over the past generation. Unlike many indigenous languages (particularly those of eastern Australia), children are actively acquiring the language and
309:
Murrinh-Patha is the most common language used in day-to-day life by
Aboriginal people in Wadeye, and many young people are fluent only in Murrinh-Patha. Aboriginal people who have recently married into Wadeye generally take a few years to acquire the new language. There is a near-total lack of
1000:
Verbs occur in some 38 different conjugations. Each verb is morphologically complex, with the verb root surrounded by prefixes and suffixes identifying subject, object, tense, and mood; these affixes are different in the different conjugations.
289:
For the
Murrinh-Patha speakers, their language is more than a set of rules and a specific grammar. It is very closely tied with or determines for them their land, identity, associations and relation to the surrounding.
333:, based on comparisons of lexical data: at most 11% of its vocabulary is shared with any other language it has been tested against. However, its verbal inflections correspond closely to those of another language,
1332:
Green, I. "The
Genetic Status of Murrinh-patha" in Evans, N., ed. "The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent’s most linguistically complex region".
501:. There are oral obstruents and nasal stops at all points of articulation; however there are no phonemic fricatives. The alveolar and retroflex places of articulation are both articulated in an
979:
The
Murrinh-Patha language displays extensive classifications both of nouns and verbs. Nouns are divided into ten classes or genders along roughly semantic lines, with some exceptions. Each
1185:
527:
The community orthography represents dentals and palatals the same way because they were historically in largely complementary distribution. Dentals typically appear before the back vowels
148:
321:, located 50 km away from Wadeye and not in traditionally Murrinh-Patha-speaking territory. It also spoken by some residents of Daly River and of aboriginal neighborhoods around Darwin.
4052:
1821:
306:. Additionally, Murrinh-Patha is taught in schools and all locals are encouraged to learn it due to the wide range of use and functions of the language locally.
542:, used for fighting and weapons. On the other hand, in the case of nasals, the only word breaking this distributional rule identified by Mansfield is
365:), they have little vocabulary in common, though their grammatical structures are very similar. It is not clear what could explain this discrepancy.
1762:
1814:
535:, and word-finally. There are, however, many exceptions to that rule in the case of plosives, including many borrowings and the non-borrowed
1671:
1736:
1489:
850:
1807:
481:
and unstressed syllables, although word-final vowels are often significantly lengthened. Neighboring consonants likely do affect
1744:
Walsh, M. (1995). "Body parts in
Murrinh-Patha: incorporation, grammar and metaphor". In H. Chappell and W. B. McGregor (ed.).
302:
published in
Murrinh-Patha from 1982–1990. This renders Murrinh-patha one of Australia's few indigenous languages that is not
3729:
894:
971:. The sequencing of morphemes in the verb is highly structured, but the ordering of words in a sentence is largely free.
915:
887:
497:(bilabial, lamino-dental, alveolar, post-alveolar retroflex, palatal and velar), but only a limited range of contrastive
341:
language family. Nonetheless, other than having cognates in their finite-verb morphology and in their words for 'thou' (
3881:
3841:
1770:
Walsh, M. (1997). "Noun classes, nominal classification and generics in
Murrinhpatha". In M. Harvey and N. Reid (ed.).
1757:
Walsh, M. (1996). "Vouns and nerbs: a category squish in
Murrinh-Patha (Northern Australia)". In W. B. McGregor (ed.).
1970:
1928:
1775:
1214:
4057:
4047:
3709:
314:. Only a few can speak or understand it, and medium-term residents of Wadeye generally learn a few words at most.
3925:
3769:
2749:
2705:
2031:
1830:
1698:
517:
189:
3834:
3796:
2004:
1711:
1660:
1631:
442:
1518:
493:
Murrinh-Patha has a "long and flat" array of consonants like most Australian Aboriginal phonologies, with six
3920:
3907:
3787:
1144:/ compiled by Chester S Street with the assistance of Gregory Panpawa Mollingin (1983) is available online.
3685:
3157:
2510:
2088:
1650:
860:
162:
1365:
Street, C. and Mollinjin G.P. The phonology of Murinbata. Work Papers of SIL-AAB, Series A, Volume 5. 1981
543:
539:
532:
528:
3915:
3821:
3744:
3660:
3379:
2834:
1388:
Australian Aboriginal languages: consonant-salient phonologies and the "place-of-articulation imperative"
638:
419:
334:
3886:
3723:
2712:
2656:
1843:
1746:
The Grammar of Inalienability: A Typological Perspective on Body Part Terms and the Part-Whole Relation
930:
631:
617:
524:'h,' while the research orthography uses 'j' ('y' for nasals) to end palatals and 'h' to end dentals.
462:
213:
3734:
658:
1390:. In Speech production: Models, phonetic processes and techniques, New York: Psychology Press, 2006.
3758:
3573:
2390:
2290:
2270:
2230:
2117:
2102:
1980:
1905:
696:
648:
536:
428:
212:. It is believed to be the most widely spoken Australian Aboriginal language not belonging to the
4006:
3366:
3181:
2956:
2569:
1975:
813:
689:
675:
624:
498:
338:
79:
1799:
3343:
3310:
3277:
3005:
2541:
2410:
2094:
1867:
968:
797:
757:
716:
494:
3930:
1472:
4018:
2485:
2478:
2466:
2321:
2297:
944:
844:
750:
733:
706:
510:
209:
2862:
1519:"Sentence planning and production in Murrinhpatha, an Australian 'free word order' language"
4000:
3875:
3752:
3699:
3543:
3479:
3333:
3328:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3054:
2844:
2435:
1939:
1933:
950:
777:
682:
557:
520:, however it is worth noting that voicing contrasts are restricted in their distribution.
478:
311:
303:
204:, as well as several other peoples whose languages are extinct or nearly so, including the
201:
48:
1688:. In Waters, Bruce (ed.), Australian phonologies: collected papers: SIL. pp. 183–244.
8:
3958:
3717:
3693:
3649:
3578:
3512:
3502:
3318:
3264:
3241:
3127:
2999:
2984:
2962:
2905:
2888:
2599:
2576:
2327:
2241:
2067:
1965:
1888:
1877:
1872:
1834:
1727:
Walsh, M. (1976). "Ergative, locative and instrumental case inflections: Murinjpata". In
1485:
1181:
767:
589:
369:
154:
967:
Murrinh-Patha is a head-marking language with a complex verb generally considered to be
3668:
3526:
3474:
3461:
3424:
3272:
3231:
3210:
3074:
2989:
2857:
2823:
2792:
2781:
2718:
2700:
2672:
2548:
2334:
2257:
2213:
2073:
2060:
1911:
1161:
740:
584:
574:
197:
34:
2532:
140:
3850:
3763:
3634:
3614:
3558:
3532:
3520:
3489:
3434:
3351:
3236:
3194:
3060:
3033:
3020:
2940:
2803:
2763:
2732:
2727:
2661:
2651:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2342:
2264:
2206:
2140:
2108:
2080:
1946:
1749:
1656:
1625:
1514:
1442:
876:
599:
567:
506:
1558:
1270:
3828:
3805:
3609:
3447:
3442:
3419:
3411:
3401:
3393:
3323:
3166:
3143:
3089:
3038:
3024:
2967:
2867:
2852:
2786:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2585:
2447:
2423:
2396:
2250:
2171:
2164:
1715:
1533:
1454:
833:
827:
594:
562:
502:
330:
205:
52:
1789:
1607:
3940:
3674:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3497:
3171:
2994:
2935:
2929:
2817:
2811:
2771:
2592:
2562:
2555:
2459:
2403:
2304:
2221:
2180:
2128:
2055:
2050:
2037:
2023:
1919:
1882:
1018:
727:
579:
71:
1141:
298:
there is a language dictionary and grammar, and there have been portions of the
167:
3953:
3948:
3563:
3255:
3215:
3122:
3094:
2899:
2893:
2883:
2681:
2666:
2503:
2198:
2010:
1728:
1673:
Polysynthetic sociolinguistics: The language and culture of Murrinh-Patha youth
97:
1458:
1445:(October 2010). "Verbal morphology in Murrinh-Patha: evidence for templates".
516:
The presence of voicing distinctions in Murrinh-Patha is highly unusual among
4041:
3995:
3967:
3639:
3469:
3356:
3104:
3099:
2191:
2152:
2043:
482:
401:
294:
368:
Similarly, although differing in vocabulary, Murrinh-Patha and the moribund
3568:
1719:
1204:
474:
104:
1537:
200:, where it is the dominant language of the community. It is spoken by the
124:
3990:
1583:
1581:
1323:. Unpublished PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, 1990.
413:
396:
4012:
1209:
980:
454:
406:
269:
There are three similar dialects of the Murrinh-Patha language, namely
1475:. Unpublished PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1976. p. 276
3963:
3856:
1186:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
909:
788:
436:
254:
133:
117:
38:
3973:
3892:
1275:
3814:
1829:
606:
318:
1695:
An Introduction to the Language and Culture of the Murrinh-Patha
509:, and the velar and bilabial consonants form a natural class of
1513:
1184:
Murrinh-patha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
193:
30:
983:
is associated with particles which must agree with the class.
2775:
1129:
299:
1793:
1490:"Grammar Changes How We See, an Australian Language Shows"
473:
These vowel phonemes are usually pronounced . There is no
4053:
Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory
1413:
1411:
360:
348:
1759:
Studies in Kimberley Languages in Honour of Howard Coate
954:/ can commonly be realized as voiced fricative sounds .
1684:
Street, Chester S.; Mollinjin, Gregory Panpawa (1981).
1517:; Garrido Rodriguez, Gabriela; Kidd, Evan (June 2022).
1606:
Street, Chester S; Mollingin, Gregory Panpawa (1983).
1408:
1398:
1396:
1009:
Murrinh Patha only has words for numbers up to five.
1582:
Street, Chester; Mollingin, Gregory Panpawa (1983),
1271:"Murrinh-Patha language, alphabet and pronunciation"
1655:. Toronto, ON: Random House Canada. pp. 1–44.
1114:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
385:The vowel system is very simple, with four vowels.
354:
342:
1393:
192:spoken by over 2,000 people, most of whom live in
248:
183:
4039:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
531:, while palatals appear before the front vowels
505:way, the dental and palatal consonants are both
477:, and little difference in vowel length between
1708:The Murinypata language of north-west Australia
1683:
1652:Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages
1605:
1473:The Murinypata language of north-west Australia
1772:Nominal Classification in Aboriginal Australia
1733:Grammatical categories in Australian languages
1815:
1190:
485:, but word position and stress seem not to.
1336:, 552. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2003.
317:Murrinh-Patha is also the main language of
1822:
1808:
1737:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
1551:
1441:
1423:
1326:
1705:
1669:
1608:"Dictionary : English/Murrinh-Patha"
1484:
1429:
1417:
1402:
1374:
1307:
1295:
257:name for the language and its speakers.
1585:Dictionary : English/Murrinh-Patha
329:Murrinh-Patha was once thought to be a
4040:
1692:
1679:(PhD). Australian National University.
1175:
1803:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1726:
1648:
1257:
1245:
554:
182:, literally 'language-good'), called
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
13:
1368:
14:
4069:
1783:
1776:John Benjamins Publishing Company
1345:Note that Ngan’gityemerri has no
1228:
1142:Dictionary: English/Murrinh-Patha
1123:
949:
943:
929:
914:
893:
886:
859:
849:
843:
812:
796:
776:
766:
756:
749:
739:
732:
715:
705:
695:
688:
681:
674:
657:
647:
637:
630:
623:
616:
461:
441:
427:
418:
372:language share syntax structure.
324:
261:literally means 'language-good'.
1559:"Murrinhpatha Phrasebook - Home"
1162:"SBS Australian Census Explorer"
310:acquisition of Murrinh-Patha by
3926:South Australian Pidgin English
1699:Summer Institute of Linguistics
1599:
1575:
1507:
1478:
1465:
1435:
1380:
1359:
1339:
1217:from the original on 2014-01-14
518:Australian Aboriginal languages
1712:Australian National University
1313:
1301:
1289:
1263:
1251:
1154:
1004:
190:Australian Aboriginal language
16:Language of northern Australia
1:
3921:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1670:Mansfield, John (June 2014).
1642:
962:
488:
3296:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
1349:and so would expect to have
1135:
375:
214:Pama-Nyungan language family
7:
3916:Port Jackson Pidgin English
3278:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
1024:
986:
293:Because of its role as the
264:
10:
4074:
3055:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
1774:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:
1686:The phonology of Murinbata
1630:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1334:Studies in Language Change
1067:'the dog is barking at me'
1064:ku were dirranngingarlbarl
957:
3983:
3939:
3906:
3866:
3804:
3795:
3782:
3743:
3708:
3684:
3659:
3648:
3627:
3587:
3551:
3542:
3511:
3488:
3460:
3433:
3410:
3392:
3365:
3342:
3309:
3286:
3263:
3254:
3224:
3203:
3190:
3180:
3156:
3136:
3116:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
3115:
3082:
3073:
3047:
3019:
2977:
2949:
2922:
2915:
2876:
2843:
2833:
2802:
2762:
2745:
2690:
2644:
2611:
2531:
2524:
2498:
2479:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
2422:
2362:
2355:
2314:
2283:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
2282:
2240:
2127:
2022:
2000:
1993:
1958:
1898:
1860:
1853:
1842:
1794:Dalylanguages.org website
1459:10.1007/s11525-010-9184-z
1353:where its relatives have
1012:
908:
826:
787:
726:
605:
566:
561:
556:
380:
284:
161:
147:
131:
115:
110:
94:
68:
58:
44:
26:
21:
3352:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
2826:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
1761:. Munich and Newcastle:
1147:
1059:'how much for the food?'
1056:thangkunuma mi kanhi-yu?
995:
974:
219:
188:by the Jaminjung, is an
64:2,081 (2021 census)
4058:Polysynthetic languages
4048:Southern Daly languages
3195:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
1929:Central New South Wales
1748:. Berlin and New York:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
499:manners of articulation
361:
355:
349:
343:
249:
184:
3675:Southwestern Tasmanian
3669:Northwestern Tasmanian
2959:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
2789:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
1720:10.25911/5d78d8be956e6
1693:Street, C. S. (1987).
495:places of articulation
3273:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
3265:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
3256:Daly River Sprachbund
2486:Bulloo River (Galali)
2005:Western Torres Strait
1831:Australian Aboriginal
1538:10.1353/lan.2022.0008
1128:Murrinh-patha uses a
511:peripheral consonants
3876:Torres Strait Creole
3788:Aboriginal Englishes
3552:Western (Nyulnyulic)
2448:Arabana–Wangkangurru
1920:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
1649:Abley, Mark (2003).
1486:Kenneally, Christine
312:European Australians
227:can also be spelled
202:Murrinh-Patha people
3813:Roper River Kriol (
3764:Southeast Tasmanian
3653:family-level groups
1899:New South Wales P–N
1778:. pp. 255–292.
1765:. pp. 227–252.
1752:. pp. 327–380.
1739:. pp. 405–408.
1494:Scientific American
1488:(1 November 2023).
551:
390:
3730:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
3694:Northern Tasmanian
2916:Gunwinyguan proper
2750:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
2613:Ngarna/Warluwarric
2363:Arandic–Thura–Yura
2187:Guwa–Yanda ?
1706:Walsh, M. (1976).
1515:Nordlinger, Rachel
1443:Nordlinger, Rachel
1017:Murrinh Patha has
899:⟨rl⟩
855:⟨rr⟩
818:⟨dh⟩
782:⟨ny⟩
772:⟨nh⟩
762:⟨rn⟩
745:⟨ng⟩
721:⟨dj⟩
711:⟨dh⟩
701:⟨rd⟩
663:⟨tj⟩
653:⟨th⟩
643:⟨rt⟩
549:
388:
198:Northern Territory
35:Northern Territory
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
3902:
3901:
3851:Mornington Island
3827:Kimberley Kriol (
3778:
3777:
3724:Tyerrernotepanner
3623:
3622:
3456:
3455:
3388:
3387:
3250:
3249:
3152:
3151:
3083:Central (Warrkbi)
3069:
3068:
3015:
3014:
2835:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2758:
2757:
2741:
2740:
2706:Kanyara–Mantharta
2520:
2519:
2431:Northern (Palku)
2351:
2350:
2165:Bidyara–Gungabula
1989:
1988:
1750:Mouton de Gruyter
1612:Territory Stories
1048:ngarra da ngurran
940:
939:
935:⟨y⟩
865:⟨r⟩
802:⟨g⟩
471:
470:
173:
172:
4065:
3882:Cape York Creole
3840:Westside Kriol (
3806:Australian Kriol
3802:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3657:
3656:
3588:Eastern (Dyukun)
3549:
3548:
3408:
3407:
3261:
3260:
3204:Limilngan–Wulna?
3188:
3187:
3080:
3079:
2920:
2919:
2841:
2840:
2529:
2528:
2360:
2359:
2291:Guugu Yimidihirr
1998:
1997:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1740:
1723:
1702:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1666:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1523:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1201:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1051:'I'm going home'
1050:
1042:
1034:
953:
947:
936:
933:
918:
900:
897:
890:
879:
866:
863:
856:
853:
847:
836:
819:
816:
803:
800:
783:
780:
773:
770:
763:
760:
753:
746:
743:
736:
722:
719:
712:
709:
702:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
661:
654:
651:
644:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
552:
548:
545:
541:
534:
530:
465:
445:
431:
422:
391:
387:
364:
358:
352:
346:
331:language isolate
252:
187:
157:
143:
127:
120:
100:
74:
19:
18:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4027:
3979:
3941:Mixed languages
3935:
3931:Pidgin Ngarluma
3898:
3868:
3862:
3820:Bamyili Kriol (
3786:
3784:
3783:New Indigenous
3774:
3759:Little Swanport
3739:
3726:(North Midland)
3704:
3680:
3677:(Toogee) ?
3652:
3644:
3619:
3583:
3574:Djabirr-Djabirr
3538:
3507:
3484:
3452:
3429:
3406:
3384:
3380:Ngan’gityemerri
3361:
3338:
3305:
3282:
3246:
3220:
3199:
3176:
3148:
3132:
3111:
3065:
3043:
3011:
3008:(Enindhilyagwa)
2973:
2945:
2911:
2872:
2829:
2814:(Garrwa, north)
2798:
2754:
2737:
2686:
2640:
2607:
2516:
2494:
2418:
2347:
2310:
2278:
2236:
2123:
2118:Flinders Island
2089:Southwest Paman
2018:
1985:
1954:
1894:
1846:
1838:
1828:
1786:
1676:
1663:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1440:
1436:
1430:Mansfield (2014
1428:
1424:
1418:Mansfield (2014
1416:
1409:
1403:Mansfield (2014
1401:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1375:Mansfield (2014
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1321:Ngan’gityemerri
1318:
1314:
1308:Mansfield (2014
1306:
1302:
1296:Mansfield (2014
1294:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1205:"Murrinh-Patha"
1203:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1027:
1019:free word order
1015:
1007:
998:
989:
977:
965:
960:
942:Voiced sounds /
934:
898:
875:
864:
854:
832:
817:
801:
781:
771:
761:
744:
720:
710:
700:
669:
662:
652:
642:
611:
537:noun classifier
491:
383:
378:
335:Ngan’gityemerri
327:
287:
267:
222:
153:
139:
123:
116:
101:
96:
90:
75:
72:Language family
70:
61:
60:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4024:Murdi Language
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3954:Gurindji Kriol
3951:
3949:Light Warlpiri
3945:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3887:Lockhart River
3884:
3879:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3842:Victoria River
3838:
3832:
3829:Fitzroy Valley
3825:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3785:languages and
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3720:(Northeastern)
3714:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3334:Marramaninjsji
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3158:Marrku–Wurrugu
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3048:Other isolates
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2820:(Wanji, south)
2815:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2691:South-West P–N
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2645:Desert Nyungic
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2563:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:Lower Burdekin
2261:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2231:Lower Burdekin
2228:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2103:Southern Paman
2100:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:Mbarrumbathama
2077:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2032:Northern Paman
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:External links
1782:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1729:R. M. W. Dixon
1724:
1710:(PhD thesis).
1703:
1690:
1681:
1667:
1661:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1598:
1588:, Wadeye Press
1574:
1550:
1532:(2): 187–220.
1506:
1477:
1464:
1453:(2): 321–341.
1434:
1422:
1407:
1392:
1379:
1367:
1358:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1262:
1250:
1227:
1189:
1174:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1124:Writing system
1122:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
985:
976:
973:
964:
961:
959:
956:
938:
937:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
891:
884:
882:
880:
872:
871:
869:
867:
857:
841:
839:
837:
830:
824:
823:
821:
809:
807:
805:
793:
791:
785:
784:
774:
764:
754:
747:
737:
730:
724:
723:
713:
703:
693:
686:
679:
672:
666:
665:
655:
645:
635:
628:
621:
614:
609:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
490:
487:
469:
468:
466:
459:
457:
451:
450:
448:
446:
439:
433:
432:
425:
423:
416:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
382:
379:
377:
374:
353:) and 'this' (
326:
325:Classification
323:
286:
283:
271:Murrinhdiminin
266:
263:
221:
218:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
137:
129:
128:
121:
113:
112:
111:Language codes
108:
107:
102:
98:Writing system
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
78:
76:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
46:
42:
41:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4070:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Nunga English
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:Tennant Creek
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:Northeastern
3865:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:(Paredarerme)
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Murrinh-patha
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3367:Southern Daly
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3288:Northern Daly
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:Darwin Region
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:Bininj Kunwok
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:Djambarrpuyŋu
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
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2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2488:
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2476:
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2469:
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2411:Adnyamathanha
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2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:Margany–Gunya
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
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2126:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2095:Kuuk Thayorre
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
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2075:
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2027:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Gumbaynggiric
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
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1927:
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1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:Victorian P–N
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1790:Murrinh-patha
1788:
1787:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:Lincom Europa
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
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1721:
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1587:
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1564:
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1234:
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1198:
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1143:
1133:
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1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1002:
993:
984:
982:
972:
970:
969:polysynthetic
955:
952:
946:
932:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
917:
913:
911:
907:
904:
902:
896:
892:
889:
885:
883:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
868:
862:
858:
852:
846:
842:
840:
838:
835:
831:
829:
825:
822:
815:
810:
808:
806:
799:
794:
792:
790:
786:
779:
775:
769:
765:
759:
755:
752:
748:
742:
738:
735:
731:
729:
725:
718:
714:
708:
704:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
668:
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660:
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646:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
622:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
564:
559:
553:
547:
546:'brand new'.
538:
525:
521:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
483:vowel quality
480:
476:
467:
464:
460:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
426:
424:
421:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:
386:
373:
371:
366:
363:
357:
351:
345:
340:
339:Southern Daly
336:
332:
322:
320:
315:
313:
307:
305:
301:
296:
295:lingua franca
291:
282:
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
259:Murrinh-patha
256:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Murrinh-Patha
230:
229:Murrinh Patha
226:
225:Murrinh-patha
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
181:
177:
176:Murrinh-patha
169:
168:Murrinh-patha
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
135:
130:
126:
122:
119:
114:
109:
106:
103:
99:
93:
87:
86:Murrinh-patha
84:
83:
81:
80:Southern Daly
77:
73:
67:
63:
57:
54:
50:
49:Murrinh-Patha
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
22:Murrinh-patha
20:
3847:Barkly Kriol
3770:Bruny Island
3710:Northeastern
3696:(Tommeginne)
3480:Gajirrawoong
3374:
3344:Eastern Daly
3311:Western Daly
3006:Anindilyakwa
2717:
2713:Kartu–Nhanda
2671:
2657:Ngumpin–Yapa
2620:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2509:
2502:
2484:
2477:
2467:Yandruwandha
2465:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2381:
2374:
2333:
2326:
2303:
2298:Kuku Yalanji
2296:
2289:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2220:
2212:
2197:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2116:
2107:
2093:
2079:
2072:
2061:Umbindhamuic
2051:Middle Paman
2036:
2009:
1971:Bandjalangic
1945:
1938:
1918:
1910:
1887:
1868:Lower Murray
1854:Southeastern
1844:Pama–Nyungan
1771:
1758:
1745:
1735:. Canberra:
1732:
1707:
1694:
1685:
1672:
1651:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1601:
1592:16 September
1590:, retrieved
1584:
1577:
1566:. Retrieved
1563:langwidj.org
1562:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1529:
1525:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1480:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1425:
1386:Butcher, A.
1382:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1280:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1253:
1219:. Retrieved
1208:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1156:
1139:
1127:
1016:
1008:
999:
990:
978:
966:
941:
526:
522:
515:
492:
475:vowel length
472:
384:
367:
328:
316:
308:
292:
288:
279:Murrinhpatha
278:
274:
270:
268:
258:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
210:Marri-Djabin
180:Murrinhpatha
179:
175:
174:
132:
85:
53:Murrinh-Kura
3991:Neo-Nyungar
3964:Wumpurrarni
3959:Modern Tiwi
3878:(Yumplatok)
3700:Port Sorell
3671:(Peerapper)
3329:Marrithiyel
3324:Merranunggu
3319:Marri Ngarr
3095:Garig–Ilgar
2774:(register:
2600:Ganhalpuyŋu
2542:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
2436:Pitta-Pitta
2322:Kalkatungic
1959:North Coast
1940:Barranbinja
1543:29 November
1499:29 November
1319:Reid, N.J.
1258:Abley (2003
1246:Abley (2003
1084:nankungitha
1078:nanku-nitha
1040:nanthi thay
1005:Arithmetics
550:Consonants
275:Murrinhkura
4042:Categories
3835:Daly River
3766:(Nuenonne)
3753:Oyster Bay
3718:Pyemmairre
3579:Nimanburru
3544:Nyulnyulan
3523:(Northern)
3503:Gooniyandi
3242:Bugurnidja
3225:Umbugarlic
3128:Manangkari
3000:Nunggubuyu
2985:Rembarrnga
2970:(Ngalkbun)
2963:Kunbarlang
2906:Mangarrayi
2889:Warndarang
2845:Maningrida
2391:Thura–Yura
2328:Kalkatungu
1981:Waka–Kabic
1934:Wiradhuric
1906:Yuin–Kuric
1889:Bungandidj
1697:. Darwin:
1662:0679311017
1643:References
1617:2024-09-15
1568:2023-07-26
1471:Walsh, M.
1447:Morphology
1282:2023-07-26
1221:2023-07-26
1210:Ethnologue
1167:12 October
1102:nankungime
981:noun class
963:Morphology
558:Peripheral
489:Consonants
370:Marringarr
304:endangered
4019:Cherbourg
3966:English (
3857:Kowanyama
3650:Tasmanian
3535:(Western)
3529:(Eastern)
3527:Ngarinyin
3513:Worrorran
3475:Miriwoong
3425:Jaminjung
3232:Umbugarla
3211:Limilngan
3021:Yangmanic
2990:Ngalakgan
2863:Ndjébbana
2858:Gurr-goni
2824:Gunindiri
2793:Mingginda
2782:Kayardild
2719:Yinggarda
2673:Warumungu
2577:Gupapuyŋu
2549:Ritharrŋu
2511:Paakantyi
2335:Yalarnnga
2258:Warrgamay
2242:Dyirbalic
2214:Dharumbal
2160:Southern
2136:Northern
2074:Umbuygamu
2068:Lamalamic
1966:Durubalic
1912:Dhanggati
1878:Gippsland
1873:Yotayotic
1847:subgroups
1837:languages
1835:Tasmanian
1420::136–138)
1377::133–134)
1136:Resources
1116:ku yagurr
1096:nankuneme
910:Semivowel
789:Fricative
612:voiceless
590:Retroflex
376:Phonology
255:Jaminjung
241:Murinbata
237:Murinbada
134:Glottolog
118:ISO 639-3
45:Ethnicity
39:Australia
3974:Alyawarr
3893:Napranum
3686:Northern
3635:Giimbiyu
3628:isolates
3615:Ngumbarl
3559:Nyulnyul
3533:Worrorra
3521:Wunambal
3462:Jarrakan
3301:Tyerraty
3237:Ngurmbur
3137:Southern
3075:Iwaidjan
3061:Gaagudju
3034:Wardaman
2941:Uwinymil
2932:(Djauan)
2795:(Minkin)
2701:Ngayarda
2697:Pilbara
2628:Southern
2474:Eastern
2455:Central
2443:Western
2383:Kaytetye
2376:Arrernte
2265:Nyawaygi
2209: ?
2148:Eastern
2141:Warrongo
2109:Mbabaram
2056:Umpilaic
1994:Northern
1947:Muruwari
1626:cite web
1526:Language
1276:Omniglot
1215:Archived
1132:script.
1119:'lizard'
1035:'person'
1025:Examples
987:Pronouns
585:Alveolar
575:Bilabial
544:/prenɲu/
479:stressed
265:Dialects
141:murr1258
3976:English
3908:Pidgins
3869:creoles
3822:Barunga
3815:Ngukurr
3797:Creoles
3745:Eastern
3661:Western
3610:Nyigina
3490:Bunuban
3448:Wambaya
3443:Ngarnka
3435:Ngurlun
3420:Nungali
3402:Jingulu
3184: ?
3167:Wurrugu
3160: ?
3144:Amurdag
3090:Iwaidja
3057: ?
3039:Wagiman
3025:Wagiman
3002:(Wubuy)
2978:Eastern
2968:Dalabon
2950:Central
2923:Western
2908: ?
2902: ?
2896: ?
2868:Nakkara
2853:Burarra
2837: ?
2804:Garrwan
2787:Yukulta
2764:Tangkic
2728:Mirning
2722: ?
2676: ?
2662:Ngumpin
2652:Marrngu
2622:Yanyuwa
2525:Western
2489: ?
2397:Wirangu
2370:Arandic
2356:Central
2273: ?
2251:Dyirbal
2233: ?
2225: ?
2217: ?
2207:Kingkel
2184: ?
1923: ?
1915: ?
1792:at the
1731:(ed.).
1260::18–19)
958:Grammar
877:lateral
607:Plosive
600:Palatal
568:Laminal
507:laminal
402:Central
389:Vowels
319:Palumpa
253:is the
206:Mati Ke
196:in the
149:AIATSIS
4013:Woorie
4001:Yarrie
3984:Others
3895:Creole
3889:Creole
3859:Creole
3853:Creole
3735:Norman
3605:Warrwa
3600:Dyugun
3595:Yawuru
3498:Bunuba
3412:Yirram
3394:Mirndi
3172:Marrgu
2995:Ngandi
2930:Jawoyn
2877:Marran
2818:Waanyi
2812:Garawa
2772:Lardil
2733:Nyunga
2632:Ngarru
2593:Djinba
2586:Djinaŋ
2460:Diyari
2424:Karnic
2404:Kaurna
2305:Yidiny
2222:Bayali
2181:Bindal
2038:Uradhi
1659:
1248::1–44)
1072:nhinhi
1043:'tree'
1013:Syntax
992:verb.
834:rhotic
828:Liquid
670:voiced
595:Dental
563:Apical
503:apical
381:Vowels
350:nyinyi
344:nhinhi
285:Status
277:, and
250:Garama
245:Garama
243:, and
194:Wadeye
185:Garama
31:Wadeye
27:Region
4003:Lingo
3837:Kriol
3564:Bardi
3216:Wulna
3123:Maung
3105:Ilgar
3100:Garig
2936:Waray
2900:Alawa
2894:Yugul
2884:Marra
2776:Damin
2635:Thawa
2556:Nhaŋu
2533:Yolŋu
2504:Yarli
2199:Yanda
2129:Maric
2024:Paman
1883:Kulin
1677:(PDF)
1522:(PDF)
1432::143)
1405::148)
1148:Notes
1130:Latin
1111:'you'
1108:nanki
1090:nanku
1032:kardu
996:Verbs
975:Nouns
728:Nasal
580:Velar
533:/i,ɛ/
529:/a,u/
414:Close
397:Front
362:kinyi
356:kanhi
300:Bible
220:Names
105:Latin
4021:Talk
4015:Talk
4009:Talk
4007:Palm
3640:Tiwi
3569:Jawi
3470:Kija
3357:Kamu
2682:Wati
2667:Yapa
2343:Mayi
2315:Gulf
2192:Guwa
2153:Biri
1833:and
1657:ISBN
1632:link
1594:2024
1545:2023
1501:2023
1310::92)
1298::91)
1169:2022
1140:The
540:/cu/
455:Open
407:Back
359:and
347:and
208:and
178:(or
2044:Wik
1716:doi
1534:doi
1455:doi
1355:nh.
1347:nh,
437:Mid
163:ELP
125:mwf
4044::
1714:.
1628:}}
1624:{{
1610:.
1561:.
1530:98
1528:.
1524:.
1492:.
1451:20
1449:.
1410:^
1395:^
1351:ny
1273:.
1230:^
1213:.
1207:.
1192:^
1182:N3
1105:,
1099:,
1093:,
1087:,
1081:,
1075:,
1021:.
948:,
945:d̪
820:)
804:)
768:n̪
707:d̪
649:t̪
513:.
281:.
247:.
239:,
235:,
231:,
216:.
155:N3
82:?
51:,
37:,
33:,
3970:)
3844:)
3831:)
3824:)
3817:)
3027:?
3023:–
2778:)
1823:e
1816:t
1809:v
1796:.
1722:.
1718::
1701:.
1665:.
1634:)
1620:.
1571:.
1547:.
1536::
1503:.
1461:.
1457::
1285:.
1224:.
1171:.
951:ɡ
931:j
916:w
895:ɭ
888:l
861:ɻ
851:ɾ
848:~
845:r
814:ð
811:(
798:ɣ
795:(
778:ɲ
758:ɳ
751:n
741:ŋ
734:m
717:ɟ
697:ɖ
690:d
683:g
676:b
659:c
639:ʈ
632:t
625:k
618:p
463:a
443:ɛ
429:u
420:i
273:,
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