206:
294:. On the evening of 15 November, Atlácatl Colonel Guillermo Alfredo Benavides Moreno met with officers under his command at the Military College. He informed them that the General Staff considered the recent rebel offensive "critical", to be met with full force, and that all "known subversive elements" were to be eliminated. He had been ordered to eliminate Ellacuría, leaving no witnesses. The officers decided to disguise the operation as a rebel attack, using an AK-47 rifle that had been captured from the FMLN.
323:
734:
505:
634:
took advantage of an initial war context to perpetrate violations of human rights, with the aggravating character of xenophobia. Five of the murdered scholars were
Spanish citizens. The propaganda against them, that prepared the context for the murder, called them leftist neoimperialists from Spain, who were in El Salvador to reinstate colonialism. Those found guilty face sentences that total 2700 years in prison.
418:, said: "I am devastated by these cold-blooded murders, which appear intended to silence human rights activity in El Salvador. I appeal most urgently for an end to the fighting and for a cease-fire ... and ask that those responsible for these murders be brought to justice as swiftly as possible." An editorial in
629:
of El
Salvador). However, this new testimony opened up the investigation into former president Cristiani as well. Evidence made available for journalists included handwritten notes taken during a meeting of the Salvadoran Military High Command at which the massacre was allegedly planned, and both the
434:
to investigate the murders in what came to be known as the
Moakley Commission. Moakley's findings revealed that the murders had been ordered at the highest levels of the Salvadoran military and led to a reduction in military aid by the United States to El Salvador and the creation of a United Nations
306:
were shot and killed by
Private Grimaldi. Fathers Amando López and Moreno were killed by Deputy Sergeant Antonio Ramiro Avalos Vargas. The soldiers later discovered Father Joaquín López y López in the residence and killed him as well. Deputy Sergeant Tomás Zarpate Castillo shot housekeeper Julia Elba
257:
The
Salvadoran army considered the Pastoral Centre of UCA El Salvador to be a "refuge of subversives". Colonel Juan Orlando Zepeda, Vice-Minister for Defence, had publicly accused UCA El Salvador of being the center of operations for FMLN terrorists. Colonel Inocente Montano, Vice-Minister for Public
448:
by a legislature dominated by anti-guerilla and pro-military politicians. It was enacted to promote social and political reconciliation in the aftermath of the civil war, but its support came from the political factions most closely allied with the right-wing armed groups identified by the report as
633:
On 30 May 2011, the court ruled against twenty members of the
Salvadoran military finding them guilty of murder, terrorism, and crimes against humanity. It ordered their immediate arrest. President Cristiaini was not included in the ruling. According to the substantiation of the ruling, the accused
624:
During the course of this judicial process, an unidentified witness confessed to his own participation in the massacre and implicated the High
Command of the Salvadoran Military and Cristiani. Judge Velasco's resolution on the demand initially included investigations on the 14 implicated members of
637:
The ruling of the
Spanish court specifies that the Jesuits were murdered for their efforts to end the Salvadoran civil war peacefully. The planning of the murder started when peace negotiations between the Salvadoran government and the FMLN had broken down in 1988. The leadership of the Salvadoran
245:(FMLN), the guerilla organization that had fought the government for a decade. The murders attracted international attention to the Jesuits' efforts and increased international pressure for a cease-fire, representing one of the key turning points that led toward a negotiated settlement to the war.
490:
In May 2017, the Jesuit community in El
Salvador asked the Ministry of Justice and Public Security to commute the sentence of Benavides, who had served four years of his thirty-year sentence. They said that he had admitted and regretted his actions and that he posed no danger. Jose Maria Tojeira,
443:
Nine members of the
Salvadoran military were put on trial. Only Colonel Guillermo Benavides and Lieutenant Yusshy René Mendoza were convicted. The others were either absolved or found guilty on lesser charges. Benavides and Mendoza were sentenced to thirty years in prison. Both were released from
641:
The operation against the Jesuits involved cooperation between several military institutions. It consisted of a psychological campaign to delegitimize the Jesuits in the media, accusing them of conspiracy and cooperation with FMLN; military raids against the university, and the Jesuits' home, in
297:
The soldiers first tried to force their way into the Jesuits' residence, until the priests opened the doors to them. After ordering the priests to lie face-down in the back garden, the soldiers searched the residence. Lieutenant Guerra then gave the order to kill the priests. Fathers Ellacuría,
649:
that one of the twenty Salvadoran military officers indicted in a Spanish court, "Inocente Orlando Montano Morales", a former government vice minister of public safety, was living in Massachusetts for a decade using his real name. He was subsequently charged with immigration fraud and perjury,
422:
catalogued a series of similar crimes that had gone unpunished and warned that "What's different this time is America's horrified impatience". It warned that the U.S. Senate would end U.S. aid if the government of El Salvador "cannot halt and will not punish death squads".
702:
Most of these scholars are also credited for lasting contributions to the fields of philosophy, theology and liberation theology (Ellacuría), psychology (Martin-Baró), and social anthropology/migration studies (Montes). Some of their scholarship has been published by
630:
military's High Command and the country's Executive were probably aware of, if not directly involved in, these planning meetings. Declassified CIA documents later indicated that for many years the CIA knew of the Salvadoran government's plans to murder the Jesuits.
650:
resulting in a plea deal with U.S. authorities, before being extradited to Spain in November 2017 to stand trial for his participation of the assassination of Father Ignacio Ellacuría. On May 9, 2019, the Office of the Prosecutor of the National Court in
384:. He said he had grown accustomed to living with death threats and commented: "We wanted to support dialogue and peace. We were against the war. But we have been considered Communists, Marxists, supporters of the rebels, all that type of thing." When
1418:
409:
The U.S. government, which had long provided military aid to the government, called on President Cristiani to initiate "the fullest inquiry and certainly a rapid one". It condemned the murders "in the strongest possible terms". Senator
209:
Rose Garden at UCA, El Salvador. The place where Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Segundo Montes, Juan Ramón Moreno, Amando López, Joaquín López y López, Elba Ramos y Celina Ramos, were killed on 16 November 1989, by a military
654:
recommended a prison term of 150 years to be served upon Inocente Montano. The trial of Montano Morales began on June 8, 2020. In September 2020, Morales was convicted of the priests' murders and sentenced to 133 years in prison.
671:, Grand Cross with Gold Star, El Salvador's highest civilian award, to the six murdered priests. Funes knew them personally, considered some of them friends, and credited their role in his professional and personal development.
253:
Note: All descriptions of events are taken from the Truth Commission's report and the summary of accusations admitted by the Spanish court against the members of the Salvadoran military who were sentenced for the crime.
266:
had played a pivotal role. Many of the armed forces identified the Jesuit priests with the rebels, because of their special concern for those Salvadorians who were poorest and thus most affected by the war.
310:
The soldiers removed a small suitcase containing photographs, documents, and $ 5,000. They then directed machine gun fire at the façade of the residence, as well as rockets and grenades. They left a
1736:
638:
military were convinced that they could win the war against the FMLN militarily. They interpreted Ignacio Ellacuría's efforts for peace negotiations as an inconvenience that had to be eliminated.
238:. Polaroid photos of the Jesuits' bullet-riddled bodies were on display in the hallway outside the chapel, and a memorial rose garden was planted beside the chapel to commemorate the murders.
1091:
606:
406:
The murders attracted international attention and increased international pressure for a cease-fire. It is recognized as a turning point that led toward a negotiated settlement to the war.
625:
the Salvadoran Military, excluding the former Salvadoran president, but including the Military High Command represented by General (Colonel, at that time) René Emilio Ponce (who then was
1557:
1410:
807:
1765:
1042:
119:
453:, which detailed how Salvadoran military and political figures concealed vital information in order to shield those responsible for the massacre. The report identified
53:
473:
1124:
1448:
522:
1382:
1152:
258:
Security, said that the Jesuits were "fully identified with subversive movements." In negotiations for a peaceful solution to the conflict, Jesuit priest and
287:
1601:
2051:
415:
307:
Ramos and her 16-year-old daughter, Celina Mariceth Ramos; both women were shot again by Private José Alberto Sierra Ascencio, confirming their deaths.
1862:
569:
487:
found the Amnesty Law unconstitutional, citing international human rights law. Benavides returned to prison a few weeks later to serve his sentence.
1476:
1931:
762:
541:
151:
2091:
704:
46:
548:
394:
of San Francisco objected to the use of that characterization "without qualification or nuance". He offered the paper the words of Archbishop
2066:
1532:
242:
1204:
555:
227:
1423:
1234:
818:
646:
39:
2036:
2031:
537:
458:
1177:
858:
2056:
2046:
484:
1803:
2096:
2021:
1899:
1855:
948:
Pugh, Jeffrey (1 January 2009). "The Structure of Negotiation: Lessons from El Salvador for Contemporary Conflict Resolution".
17:
1786:
871:
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head of UCA's Human Rights Institute, called him a "scapegoat" for those who ordered the murders and who remained unpunished.
2101:
2081:
1119:
602:
107:
1685:
477:
90:
1350:
897:
710:
The murders have inspired activism in the United States against U.S. imperialism from intellectuals such as Noam Chomsky.
449:
responsible for most wartime violations of human rights. The trial's outcome was confirmed by the report presented by the
2016:
476:, UCA's former rector, continued to work with the UCA's Institute of Human Rights, founded by Segundo Montes, to use the
466:
1737:"Salvadoran Archbishop Announces the Canonization Process of a "Large Group of Martyrs" from the Salvadoran Civil War"
1943:
1848:
1266:
668:
588:
562:
102:
1893:
1871:
987:
450:
193:
1925:
923:
146:
1504:
2071:
1611:
526:
480:, to bypass the Salvadoran Amnesty Law of 1993 and expose the role of higher military officers in the murders.
1011:
398:: "When I feed the hungry, they call me a saint. When I ask why they have no food, they call me a Communist."
2011:
613:
and 14 members of the Salvadoran military, alleging their direct responsibility for the 1989 massacre. Judge
469:. It said he "altered statements in order to conceal the responsibility of senior officers for the murder."
2086:
2076:
2006:
698:
community in Morazán, settled by repatriated refugees, the subject of Segundo Montes' research and activism
129:
85:
2061:
1606:
1299:
1659:
1505:"La Fiscalía pide 150 años de cárcel para un coronel salvadoreño implicado en el asesinato de Ellacuría"
1411:"Sumario 97/10. Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid. Firma, Eloy Velasco Núñez"
808:"Sumario 97/10. Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid. Firma, Eloy Velasco Núñez"
679:
112:
1037:
695:
642:
order to map and plan the operation; and finally the massacre, perpetrated by the Atlácatl Battalion.
2026:
188:
1322:
719:
241:
The Jesuits were advocates of a negotiated settlement between the government of El Salvador and the
344:
299:
2041:
515:
124:
1961:
1602:"Yo voy a conducir el Estado y no vamos a construir socialismo - Entrevista con Mauricio Funes"
618:
171:
1712:"The Crucifixion of El Salvador, by Noam Chomsky (Excerpted from What Uncle Sam Really Wants)"
1212:
1064:
781:
1919:
747:
205:
141:
326:
Rose Garden at UCA, El Salvador. The place where the victims were killed on 16 November 1989
271:
1955:
1910:
1244:
752:
314:
cardboard sign that read "FMLN executed those who informed on it. Victory or death, FMLN".
279:
215:
166:
63:
334:
263:
8:
1949:
1355:
377:
161:
1984:
1937:
739:
395:
386:
347:, S.J., vice-rector of the university and a leading expert on Salvadoran public opinion
226:
and two others, the caretaker's wife and daughter, at their residence on the campus of
156:
1809:
1764:
965:
961:
610:
445:
283:
259:
1575:
390:
described the murdered priests as "leftist intellectuals" in March 1991, Archbishop
1453:
1327:
1267:"Presentan demanda en España contra el ex presidente salvadoreño Alfredo Cristiani"
1239:
957:
707:
and others, but much of their material still remains uncategorized or unpublished.
626:
1129:
1825:
1689:
1294:
688:
the Ignacio Martín-Baró Fund for Mental Health and Human Rights at Boston College
372:
All but Celina Ramos were employees of UCA El Salvador. Another Jesuit resident,
275:
219:
1769:
757:
1558:"'Justice prevailed:' Salvadoran ex-colonel gets 133 years for priest slayings"
1323:"El ex presidente Cristiani sabía que iban a atentar contra el padre Ellacuría"
1069:
664:
454:
411:
350:
303:
609:, filed a lawsuit in a Spanish court, against the former Salvadoran president
322:
2000:
969:
391:
1477:"Former El Salvador colonel extradited to Spain over 1989 murder of Jesuits"
722:
of El Salvador announced plans to seek the canonization of the UCA martyrs.
1840:
1481:
1360:
614:
231:
80:
1153:"Salvadoran Court Overturns Wartime Amnesty, Paving Way for Prosecutions"
431:
373:
235:
1886:
1271:
529: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
462:
311:
31:
1387:
1096:
1383:"Procesados 20 cargos militares de El Salvador por matar a Ellacuría"
427:
1633:
504:
1711:
1178:"Coronel Benavides vuelve a prisión por asesinato de los Jesuitas"
645:
In August 2011, it was discovered by a human rights organization,
1509:
674:
Several academic chairs and research centers are named for them:
381:
338:
223:
1092:"Dimisión en el juicio salvadoreño por el asesinato de jesuitas"
621:. Neither the Jesuits not the UCA were parties to this lawsuit.
1295:"Ex militar implicado en asesinato jesuitas confiesa en España"
651:
291:
1533:"Spain begins trial for killings of 5 Jesuits in El Salvador"
1419:
Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid
815:
Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid
691:
the Ignacio Martín-Baró prizes at the University of Chicago
685:
a similar chair at Universidad Carlos III in Madrid, Spain.
444:
prison on 1 April 1993 following passage of the Salvadoran
1065:"Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador, pg. 47"
845:
Systematic Theology: Perspectives from Liberation Theology
843:
Sobrino, Jon; Ellacuría, Ignacio, eds. (1996). "Preface".
782:
1993 Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador
1235:"Audiencia Nacional de España investigará a 14 militares"
278:
implicated in some of the most infamous incidents of the
1576:"Mártires jesuitas reciben Orden José Matías Delgado"
729:
859:"6 Priests Killed in a Campus Raid in San Salvador"
663:On the 20th anniversary of the massacre, President
617:admitted this lawsuit in 2009, on the basis of the
438:
1351:"Declassified Docs Shed Light on Jesuits' Murders"
1151:Malkin, Elizabeth; Palumbo, Gene (14 July 2016).
353:, S.J., dean of the department of social sciences
1998:
1120:"Jesuitas esperan justicia a 17 años de masacre"
842:
763:1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador
1827:UCA - XXI aniversario de los mártires de la UCA
1766:Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"
1043:Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"
872:"Salvador Jesuit Is Undeterred By Killing of 6"
1128:(in Spanish). 16 November 2006. Archived from
1856:
1243:(in Spanish). 13 January 2009. Archived from
1150:
981:
979:
601:In 2008, two human rights organizations, the
494:
286:battalion created in 1980 at the U.S. Army's
47:
1870:
457:, a lawyer and politician who later led the
27:Massacre of civilians by Salvadoran soldiers
1932:Murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador
898:"Salvadoran Army Vows to Press Jesuit Case"
368:Celina Ramos, her sixteen-year-old daughter
2052:Roman Catholic missionaries in El Salvador
1863:
1849:
1788:En Portada - Ellacuría, crimen sin castigo
976:
54:
40:
1422:(in Spanish). 31 May 2011. Archived from
1205:"Piden conmutar pena a coronel Benavides"
869:
817:(in Spanish). 31 May 2011. Archived from
647:The Center for Justice and Accountability
589:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
985:
538:"1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador"
321:
204:
61:
14:
1999:
1823:
1801:
1784:
1202:
988:"Killing of Priests Denounced by U.S."
895:
2092:November 1989 events in North America
1844:
986:Sciolino, Elaine (17 November 1989).
921:
603:Center for Justice and Accountability
35:
1449:"War crime suspect found in Everett"
947:
870:Steinfels, Peter (3 December 1989).
607:Spanish Association for Human Rights
527:adding citations to reliable sources
498:
478:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
2067:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
1580:XX Aniversario - Mártires de la UCA
786:UN Truth Commission for El Salvador
472:The Jesuits in El Salvador, led by
330:Those murdered in the attack were:
24:
1926:Massacre at Óscar Romero's funeral
1359:. 27 November 2009. Archived from
896:Krauss, Clifford (14 March 1991).
718:On August 6, 2023, the Archbishop
416:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
365:Elba Ramos, their housekeeper, and
25:
2113:
1968:Murders of Jesuits in El Salvador
1758:
847:. London: SCM Press. p. vii.
678:the "Ignacio Ellacuría" chair at
962:10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00209.x
922:Quinn, John R. (31 March 1991).
732:
503:
451:Truth Commission for El Salvador
439:Legal proceedings in El Salvador
2037:Catholic martyrs of El Salvador
2032:Martyred Roman Catholic priests
1729:
1704:
1678:
1652:
1626:
1594:
1568:
1550:
1525:
1497:
1469:
1441:
1403:
1375:
1343:
1315:
1287:
1259:
1227:
1203:García, Enrique (30 May 2017).
1196:
1170:
1144:
1112:
1084:
1057:
1030:
1004:
514:needs additional citations for
2057:People murdered in El Salvador
2047:Assassinated Salvadoran people
1275:(in Spanish). 16 November 2006
1184:(in Spanish). 3 September 2016
1046:(in Spanish), 16 November 2009
941:
915:
889:
863:
857:New York Times, 17 Nov. 1989,
851:
836:
800:
774:
658:
619:principle of universal justice
376:, was delivering a lecture on
230:(known as UCA El Salvador) in
13:
1:
2097:1989 murders in North America
2022:Mass shootings in El Salvador
1100:(in Spanish). 10 January 1991
768:
335:Ignacio Ellacuría Beascoechea
2102:1980s murders in El Salvador
2082:20th century in San Salvador
1688:(in Spanish). Archived from
1666:(in Spanish). 8 October 2007
1610:(in Spanish). Archived from
1211:(in Spanish). Archived from
713:
669:Order of José Matías Delgado
485:Supreme Court of El Salvador
290:, which was then located in
7:
1741:Ignatian Solidarity Network
1660:"Cátedra Ignacio Ellacuría"
1634:"Cátedra Ignacio Ellacuría"
725:
401:
359:Joaquín López y López, S.J.
228:Central American University
10:
2118:
2017:1989 crimes in El Salvador
1638:Universidad Iberoamericana
680:Universidad Iberoamericana
495:Legal proceedings in Spain
459:Christian Democratic Party
341:, rector of the university
317:
1977:
1909:
1878:
1391:(in Spanish). 31 May 2011
1331:(in Spanish). 5 July 2010
1303:(in Spanish). 5 July 2010
430:appointed Representative
282:, were a rapid-response,
248:
73:
1900:Cathedral Slope massacre
1872:Massacres in El Salvador
924:"Loyola in El Salvador"
356:Juan Ramón Moreno, S.J.
274:, an elite unit of the
218:, on 16 November 1989,
1805:IDHUCA - Caso Jesuitas
1785:tve.es (24 May 2009),
1664:Universidad Carlos III
720:José Luis Escobar Alas
327:
288:School of the Americas
211:
18:Murder of UCA scholars
2072:Crime in San Salvador
1920:Sumpul River massacre
748:Los Horcones massacre
325:
208:
2012:Salvadoran Civil War
1956:El Calabozo massacre
1564:. 11 September 2020.
1125:Radio La Primerísima
523:improve this article
467:Legislative Assembly
280:Salvadoran Civil War
222:soldiers killed six
216:Salvadoran Civil War
65:Salvadoran Civil War
2087:Jesuit missionaries
2077:Liberation theology
2007:Mass murder in 1989
1950:Santa Rita massacre
1944:Santa Cruz massacre
1356:Inter Press Service
950:Negotiation Journal
378:liberation theology
345:Ignacio Martín-Baró
300:Ignacio Martín-Baró
130:Lolotique shootdown
2062:Salvadoran Jesuits
1985:Mejicanos massacre
1938:El Mozote massacre
1771:Mártires de la UCA
1686:"Martín-Baró Fund"
1485:. 29 November 2017
1429:on 9 February 2012
1363:on 3 December 2010
1215:on 14 January 2020
1157:The New York Times
1018:. 18 November 1989
1016:The New York Times
991:The New York Times
928:The New York Times
902:The New York Times
876:The New York Times
824:on 9 February 2012
740:El Salvador portal
483:In July 2016, the
474:José María Tojeira
420:The New York Times
387:The New York Times
362:Amando López, S.J.
328:
272:Atlácatl Battalion
262:of the university
212:
91:Political tensions
1994:
1993:
1962:Zona Rosa attacks
611:Alfredo Cristiani
599:
598:
591:
573:
284:counterinsurgency
264:Ignacio Ellacuría
202:
201:
125:Offensive of 1989
120:Offensive of 1982
108:Offensive of 1981
86:1972 coup attempt
16:(Redirected from
2109:
2027:Society of Jesus
1894:Student massacre
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1812:on 9 August 2011
1808:, archived from
1798:
1797:
1795:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1753:
1752:
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1748:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
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1708:
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1701:
1699:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1614:on 23 March 2012
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
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1547:
1545:
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1518:
1501:
1495:
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1473:
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1462:
1457:. 17 August 2011
1454:The Boston Globe
1445:
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1415:
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1291:
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1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1247:on 1 August 2013
1240:Diario Co Latino
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
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1200:
1194:
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1189:
1182:Diario Co Latino
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882:
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861:
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848:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
823:
812:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
778:
742:
737:
736:
735:
627:chief of defence
594:
587:
583:
580:
574:
572:
531:
507:
499:
194:Truth Commission
147:Romero's funeral
113:Ilopango Airport
103:1979 coup d'état
68:
66:
56:
49:
42:
33:
32:
21:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
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1810:the original
1804:
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1770:
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1740:
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1716:chomsky.info
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1513:. 9 May 2019
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1482:The Guardian
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1424:the original
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819:the original
814:
802:
790:. Retrieved
785:
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758:Óscar Romero
717:
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705:UCA Editores
701:
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667:awarded the
662:
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615:Eloy Velasco
600:
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521:Please help
516:verification
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1913:(1979–1992)
1777:13 February
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753:Luis Parada
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374:Jon Sobrino
236:El Salvador
214:During the
167:El Calabozo
2001:Categories
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1272:La Jornada
1219:14 January
792:21 October
769:References
549:newspapers
312:false flag
162:Santa Rita
1911:Civil war
1747:16 August
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1012:"Opinion"
970:1571-9979
714:Sainthood
682:in Mexico
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1251:25 April
1209:El Mundo
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1077:25 April
1050:25 April
726:See also
605:and the
402:Reaction
210:platoon.
1607:El Faro
1562:Reuters
1510:El Pais
1388:El País
1300:El Faro
1097:El País
563:scholar
465:of the
382:Bangkok
318:Victims
224:Jesuits
177:Jesuits
76:Prelude
1987:(2010)
1970:(1989)
1964:(1985)
1958:(1982)
1952:(1982)
1946:(1981)
1940:(1981)
1934:(1980)
1928:(1980)
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828:31 May
652:Madrid
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463:member
302:, and
292:Panama
260:rector
249:Events
142:Sumpul
1517:9 May
1427:(PDF)
1414:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
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570:JSTOR
556:books
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1491:2017
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1221:2020
1190:2017
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1024:2017
998:2017
966:ISSN
935:2017
909:2017
883:2017
830:2011
794:2013
694:the
542:news
339:S.J.
958:doi
525:by
380:in
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