Mullaperiyar Dam - Knowledge

3372: 3364: 663:, a minister of the Ramnad king Muthuramalinga Sethupathy, who gave it up as he found it to be expensive. The location of the dam had first been scouted by Captain J. L. Caldwell, Madras Engineers (abbreviated as M.E.) in 1808 to reconnoitre the feasibility of providing water from the Periyar river to Madurai by a tunnel through the mountains. Caldwell discovered that the excavation needed would be in excess of 100 feet in depth and the project was abandoned with the comment in his report as "decidedly chimerical and unworthy of any further regard". 87: 59: 6155: 976:

situated in a seismically active zone. An earthquake measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale occurred on 7 June 1988 within 20 km of the dam. Subsequently, several tremors have occurred in the area in recent times. These could be reservoir-induced seismicity, requiring further studies according to experts. A 2009 report by IIT Roorkee stated that the dam "was likely to face damage if an earthquake of the magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale struck its vicinity when the water level is at 136 feet".

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Concrete Construction) capping on top of the dam at height above 145 feet, building 10 meter RCC concrete backing structure with 10 feet foundation up to height of 145 feet in downstream face of dam and binding the RCC structure using shear keys and concrete grouting with the old structure and the foundation along the downstream face of dam, building additional drainage galleries in order to measure seepage and additional sluice gates for water evacuation.

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committee formed as per Supreme Court order in 2014 was not functioning properly for the past 6 years, responding to which the Supreme Court ordered Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu to come out with the rule curve immediately or face action. The Supreme Court, which declared the dam as hydrologically and seismically safe previously in 2014, asked Kerala and Tamil Nadu states to act seriously as 'people's lives are at risk' in a U turn.

519:. Although the Periyar River has a total catchment area of 5398 km with 114 km downstream from the dam in Tamil Nadu, the catchment area of the Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus not an inter-State river. On 21 November 2014, the water level hit 142 feet for first time in 35 years. The reservoir again hit the maximum limit of 142 feet on 15 August 2018, following incessant rains in the state of 390: 6193: 6179: 557: 94: 66: 416: 428: 404: 1073:

problematic definition of inter-State river when in its entirety the river goes into the sea within Kerala without passing through any other states. They also raised the complexity of the judgment and disputes that it can raise in other states that have small catchments of other-State rivers and right to claim part of waters.

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Tamil Nadu has insisted on raising the water level in the dam to 142 feet, pointing out crop failures. However, the court has clarified Tamil Nadu is not a riparian state. "In the process the farmers of the erstwhile rain shadow areas in Tamil Nadu who had started a thrice yearly cropping pattern had

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On 18 February 2010, the Supreme Court decided to constitute a five-member empowered committee consisting three judges and two technical experts to inspect and study all the issues of Mullaperiyar Dam and seek a report from it within six months. The Bench in its draft order said Tamil Nadu and Kerala

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104 lakhs, was 173 feet high and 1241 feet in length along the top and enclosed more than 15 thousand million cubic feet of water. Another source states that the dam was constructed of concrete and gives a figure of 152 feet height of the full water level of the reservoir, with impounding capacity of

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In 2014 while passing the final judgement the Supreme Court has laid down criteria for any future construction of new dam downstream and decommissioning of the present Mullaperiyar Dam under the "Way Forward - Towards an amicable solution" or a tunnel solution as suggested by the Empowered Committee

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who were employed in the construction of the coffer-dams and other structures. The greatest challenge was the diversion of the river so that lower portions of the great dam could be built. The temporary embankments and coffer-dams used to restrain the river waters were regularly swept away by floods

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and "surkhi" (burnt brick powder), and faced with rubble. Gravity dams use their weight and the force of gravity to support the reservoir and remain stable. The main dam has a maximum height of 53.6 m (176 ft) and length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft). Its crest is 3.6 m (12 ft)

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In 2014 while passing the final verdict, the Supreme Court constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee to oversee all the aspects of the Mullaperiyar dam. The Supervisory Committee consists of three members headed by member from the Central Water Commission of The Water Resource Ministry who will

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The Kerala Government maintains that this is not true. During the year 1979–80 the gross area cultivated in Periyar command area was 171,307 acres (693.25 km). After the lowering of the level to 136 ft (41 m), the gross irrigated area increased and in 1994–95 it reached 229,718 acres

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told the state Assembly that the State should have the right of construction, ownership, operation and maintenance of the new dam, while giving water to Tamil Nadu on the basis of a clear cut agreement. He also informed the media that former Supreme Court Judge K. T. Thomas will represent Kerala on

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report on threats possessed by ageing dams across the world stated that Mullaperiyar dam situated in a seismically active area has major structural flaws and 3.5 million people are at risk if the 100+ years old dam were to fail. 2 petitions were filed in Supreme Court alleging that the supervisory

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promulgated a new "Dam Safety Act" against increasing the storage level of the dam, which has been challenged by Tamil Nadu on various grounds. The Supreme Court issued notice to Kerala to respond, however did not stay the operation of the Act even as an interim measure. The Court then advised the

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The dam created a reservoir in a remote gorge of the Periyar river situated 3,000 feet above the sea in dense and malarial jungle, and from the northerly arm of this manmade waterbody, the water flowed first through a deep cutting for about a mile and then through a tunnel, 5704 feet in length and

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7.5 lakhs per year as surcharge for the total amount of electricity generated. The validity of this agreement is under dispute between the States of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. As of 2013 the matter is pending before a Division Bench of the Supreme Court. The dispute puts into question the power of the

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The first attempt at damming the Periyaar with an earthen dam in 1850 was given up due to demands for higher wages by the labour citing unhealthy living conditions. The proposal was resubmitted a number of times and in 1862, Captain J. G. Ryves, M.E., carried out a study and submitted proposals in

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Currently, the water from the Periyar (Thekkady) Lake created by the dam, is diverted through the water shed cutting and a tunnel to Forebay Dam near Kumily (Iraichalpalam). From the Forebay dam, hydel pipelines carry the water to the Periyar Power Station in Lower Periyaru. This is used for power

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The judgement emphasized the suggestion of EC to make a second tunnel at about 50 ft from the bottom so that the large quantity of water, otherwise unused below the current tunnel at 106.5 ft, can be used by Tamil Nadu. It was highlighted that in case the dam develops any distress, this

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On 8 March 2010, Tamil Nadu told the Supreme Court that it was not interested in adjudicating the dispute with Kerala before the special "empowered" committee appointed by the apex court for settling the inter-State issue. However, Supreme Court refused to accept Tamil Nadu's request to scrap the

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In May 2014 the Supreme Court of India declared the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2006 as unconstitutional and struck down the law passed by the Kerala Assembly on the Mullaperiyar Dam that said that the water level cannot be increased beyond 136 feet. The court has

707:, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin. On 1 January 1950, Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state. The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the 687:

J C Hannington. This lease was made after 24 years negotiation between the Maharaja and the British. The lease indenture granted full right, power and liberty to the Secretary of State for India to construct make and carry out on the leased land and to use exclusively when constructed, made and

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Strengthening measures adopted by Tamil Nadu PWD from 1979 with the recommendation of Central Water Commission(CWC) include grouting of the old dam with concrete, guniting the upstream face of dam, cable anchoring of the dam's structure with the foundation throughout its length, RCC(Reinforced

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said that immediately after the Supreme Court announced its decision to set up a committee, he had written to Congress president asking the centre to mediate between Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar issue. However, the then Leader of Opposition i.e., the late Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

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Current safety concerns relate to several issues. Since the dam was constructed using stone rubble masonry with lime mortar grouting following prevailing 19th-century construction techniques that have now become archaic, seepage and leaks from the dam have caused concern. Moreover, the dam is

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The Kerala Government states that it does not object to giving water to Tamil Nadu as a shared commodity, their main cause of objection being the dam's safety as it is 126 years old. Increasing the level would add more pressure to be handled by the already leaking dam. They also raised the

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States to settle the matter amicably, and adjourned hearing in order to enable them to do so. The Supreme Court of India termed the act as not unconstitutional. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court constituted a Constitution bench to hear the case considering its wide ramifications.

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to raise the level of the dam to 152 ft (46 m) after strengthening it. Responding to it, Mullaperiyar dam was declared an 'endangered' scheduled dam by the Kerala Government under the disputed Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006.

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by the Central Soil and Materials Research Station on directions from the Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court, the Kerala Government observer opined that "mistakes in the strengthening works carried out by Tamil Nadu" in 1979 damaged the masonry of the dam.

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by its decision by a three-member division bench, allowed for the storage level to be raised to 142 feet (43 m) pending completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions.

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The safety of the dam again rose to public attention in 2021 after the flood situation in Kerala since 2018 and the destruction of Rishiganga hydroelectric project & Tapovan dam in Uttarakhand following a glacier burst killing nearly 200 people. A

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The Empowered Committee headed by the former Chief Justice of India A.S. Anand, in its findings concluded that the dam is "structurally, hydrologically safe, and Tamil Nadu can raise the water level from 136 to 142 feet after carrying out repairs."

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The Periyar project, as it was then known, was widely considered well into the 20th century as "one of the most extraordinary feats of engineering ever performed by man". A large amount of manual labour was involved and worker mortality from

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In May 1887, construction of the dam began. As per "The Military Engineer in India" Vol II by Sandes (1935), the dam was constructed from limestone and "surkhi" (burnt brick powder and a mixture of sugar and calcium oxide ) at a cost of

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which killed up to 15,000 people, safety concerns of the aging Mullaperiyar dam and alleged leaks and cracks in the structure were raised by the Kerala Government. A study conducted by The Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS),

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1867 for another earthwork dam, 62 feet high. The matter was debated by the Madras Government and the matter further delayed by the terrible famine of 1876–77. Finally, in 1882, the construction of the dam was approved and Major

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in Thekkady is located around the dam's reservoir. The dam is built at the confluence of Mullayar and Periyar rivers. The dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar, but is operated and maintained by the neighbouring state of

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report about ageing large dams around the world, Mullaperiyar was said to be "situated in a seismically active area with significant structural flaws and poses risk to 3.5 million people if the 100+ years old dam were to fail".

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To assist the three member supervisory committee, a five-member sub-supervisory committee was formed comprising two officials from both the respective States and a member from the Central Water Commission acting as the head.

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on its left and an auxiliary dam (or "baby dam") to the right. Its reservoir can withhold 443,230,000 m (359,332 acre⋅ft) of water, of which 299,130,000 m (242,509 acre⋅ft) is active (live) storage.

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and into a natural ravine and so onto the Vaigai River which has been partly built up for a length of 86 miles, finally discharging 2000 cusecs of water for the arid rain shadow regions of present-day

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carried out, all such irrigation works and other works ancillary thereto. The agreement gave 8000 acres of land for the reservoir and another 100 acres to construct the dam. The tax for each acre was

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ruled that Tamil Nadu can increase the water level to 142 feet and constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee in order to take care of the affairs relating to maintenance of the Mullaperiyar Dam.

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Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma, and the British Secretary of State for India for Periyar Irrigation Works. The lease agreement was signed by Dewan of Travancore V Ram Iyengar and State Secretary of

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could provide. The dam created the Periyar Thekkady reservoir, from which water was diverted eastwards via a tunnel to augment the small flow of the Vaigai River. The Vaigai was dammed by the

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generation (180 MW capacity) in the Periyar Power Station. From the Periyar Power Station, the water is let out into Vairavanar river and then to Suruliyar and from Suruliyar to Vaigai Dam.

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would have the option to nominate a member each, who could be either a retired judge or a technical expert. The five-member committee will be headed by former Chief Justice of India

3927: 3161: 2714:"Singh, H.N., Raghavan, V., & Raju, G.K. (1992). On relation between seismicity and tectonic features of Idukki region, Southwestern India. Geofizika, Vol. 9, 1992, pp. 109–122" 2659: 1423: 3952: 1881: 1693: 1455: 960:). On the orders of the CWC, the Tamil Nadu government lowered the storage level from 152 feet to 142.2 feet then to 136 feet, conducted safety repairs and strengthened the dam. 4955: 1180: 3932: 3887: 1099:(EC). The second tunnel can bring down the water level considerably in the dam and it is as good as decommissioning the dam without hindering supply of water to Tamil Nadu. 735:

federal government of India to make valid orders respecting Indian States, in this case regarding a watershed and dam within one state that is used exclusively in another.

711:. The Kerala state government announced that the earlier agreement which had been signed between British Raj and Travancore agreement was invalid and needed to be renewed. 2886: 1650: 2302: 829:, the dam might never have been finished". 483 people died of diseases during the construction of this dam and were buried on-site in a cemetery just north of the dam. 327: 3184: 3937: 3892: 1903: 1215: 3408: 3303: 2031: 659:

The unique idea of harnessing the westward flowing water of the Periyar river and diverting it to the eastward flowing Vaigai river was first explored in 1789 by

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12 per kiloWatt per hour. Tamil Nadu uses the water and the land, and the Tamil Nadu government has been paying to the Kerala government for the past 50 years

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decision to form the empowered committee. The Supreme Court also criticized the Union Government on its reluctance in funding the empowered committee.

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Krishnan, J. R., and Ray J. G.,2008. Investigation on the hydrobiology and water quality parameters of Periyar Lake, Thekkady, Western Ghats, Kerala.

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Tension rose again when Tamil Nadu opened 10 shutters of the dam after midnight without giving proper warning, causing floods along the banks of the

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tunnel will help in evacuation of storage faster and better. It was also pointed out that the costs will be meagre compared to building a new dam.

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objected to the TN Government move. She said that this would give advantage to Kerala in the issue. Meanwhile, Kerala Water Resources Minister

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in 2005 was estimated at 1100, however Periyar suffers greatly from poaching of elephant being the worst affected of South Indian sanctuaries.

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Civil engineers' pocket book: a reference-book for engineers, contractors, and students, containing rules, data, methods, formulas and tables

3723: 2004: 1129:. It was the 4th time in a month that Tamil Nadu has opened the shutters of the dam after 10 pm. This resulted in Chief Minister of Kerala, 6120: 3048: 2792: 2628: 2185: 2156: 1602: 1280: 3151: 3138: 2984: 2930: 2649: 4225: 4187: 931:. According to a report by the Kerala Forest Research Institute, the protected area surrounding the dam and reservoir is classified as a 1873: 1685: 1526: 1459: 3787: 2067: 1377: 2908: 2854: 1562: 1172: 139: 6231: 3872: 3767: 1785: 2560: 1628: 6612: 5626: 4248: 3999: 3989: 3882: 2720: 1851: 6632: 6240: 4960: 3780: 3692: 3090: 2504: 2444: 1520: 5596: 4136: 3122: 1911: 1222: 5918: 5621: 4141: 3852: 3762: 3214: 1147: 58: 3499:"'Act seriously, people's lives will be at risk', SC raps Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar dam maximum water level" 86: 4166: 4156: 4004: 3847: 3295: 2041: 833: 778: 668: 510:). It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation, and a length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft). The 503: 3742: 1133:

sending a letter to his Tamil Nadu counterpart to open shutters of dam only at daytime that too with proper warnings.

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After several failed attempts to renew the agreement in 1958, 1960, and 1969, the agreement was renewed in 1970 when

2364: 1320: 6637: 4692: 4363: 4014: 2392: 6617: 6074: 5581: 4687: 4218: 3857: 3737: 1352: 856:, is located around the dam's reservoir, the 26 km (10 sq mi) Periyar lake. 62 different kinds of 2681: 2594:"Exclusive: Mullaperiyar dam was strengthened thrice and it's stronger than a new dam, says Justice K.T. Thomas" 1718: 671:, M.E., placed in charge to prepare a revised project and estimate which was approved in 1884 by his superiors. 6627: 4253: 4161: 3968: 3069: 1934: 6094: 6034: 4940: 4340: 3877: 3842: 3708: 2126: 1821: 1487: 6224: 6183: 4728: 4657: 4350: 4345: 4131: 3867: 3837: 3832: 1036:

The control and safety of the dam and the validity and fairness of the lease agreement have been points of

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districts. Initially the dam waters were used only for the irrigation of 68,558 ha (169,411 acres).

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5 per year. The lease provided the British the rights over "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its

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Earlier known as the Periyar Dam as it was basically meant to dam the Periyar river, the present name

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and also reached in an agreement to divert water eastwards to the Madras Presidency area (present-day

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was high. It was claimed that had it not been for "the medicinal effects of the native spirit called

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act as the chairman of the Supervisory Committee and two other members from the respective states.

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was Kerala Chief Minister. According to the renewed agreement, the tax per acre was increased to

3040: 2784: 2620: 2177: 2148: 1594: 6130: 5998: 5853: 5591: 5586: 5020: 4677: 3656: 2994: 2940: 1057: 3555:"Idukki residents take out protest march as Tamil Nadu opens Mullaperiyar dam without warning" 2747:"Investigations of June 7, 1988 earthquake of magnitude 4.5 near Idukki Dam in Southern India" 2650:"The Hindu, 22 November 2011, 'Tamilnadu seepage data wrong: says Mullaperiyar cell chairman'" 6622: 6602: 6089: 6044: 5706: 5389: 5359: 5344: 4713: 4682: 4606: 3652:(Mullaperiyar Dam and the Future of Kerala: An Enquiry, (Mal.). Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books. 2494: 1510: 1483:

Water insecurity, institutions, and livelihood dynamics: a study in Plachimada, Kerala, India

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have been recorded in Periyar, including many threatened ones. Periyar is a highly protected

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30, and for the electricity generated in Lower Camp using Mullaperiyar water, the charge was

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Cross section of Mullaiperiyar dam After the completion of concrete backing by Tamil Nadu PWD

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and rains. Due to the coffer dam failures, the British stopped funding the project. Officer

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wide while the base has a width of 42.2 m (138 ft). It consists of a main dam,

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Ramakrishnan, Uma; Santosh, J. A.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Sukumar, R. (25 January 1998).

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The construction involved the use of troops from the 1st and 4th battalions of the

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to go into all issues relating to the dam's safety and the storage level.

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On 29 October 1886, a lease indenture for 999 years was made between the

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10.56 thousand million cubic feet along with a total estimated cost of

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above two-years of age as of January 2017 in the reserve. Declared an

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Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation & Research Centre

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In 2012, it was announced that a memorial dedicated to dam engineer

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raised funds by selling his wife's jewelry to continue the work. In

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which was in dire need of a greater supply of water than the small

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The Kerala Irrigation And Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006

1713: 1711: 1397:. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. Archived from 6209: 5540: 5530: 5525: 5495: 5465: 5430: 5263: 5207: 5187: 4652: 4581: 4521: 4394: 3395:"State Of Tamil Nadu vs State Of Kerala & Anr on 7 May, 2014" 2745:

Rastogi, B. K.; Chadha, R. K.; Sarma, C. S. P. (1 October 1995).

2036: 1481: 912: 822: 782: 601: 577: 460: 3240:"Centre to decide on supervisory committee for Mullaperiyar dam" 3152:"Mullaperiyar dam row: Clashes at Kerala-Tamil Nadu border post" 3010:"Mullaperiyar dam structurally & hydrologically safe: Panel" 2091:"Supreme Court to reexamine validity of Mullaperiyar lease deed" 1260:(2nd (corrected) ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 859 4586: 4501: 4299: 3677:(Mullaperiyar Dam: Some Disclosures, Mal.). Kottayam: DC Books. 1708: 924: 857: 826: 773: 520: 475: 471: 210: 127: 3047:. Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai, India: Kasturi & Sons Ltd. 1771:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. pp. 28–29. 556: 502:

of Kerala, India. It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by

5237: 4571: 4481: 3650:

Mullaperiyar Anakkettum Kerlathinte Bhaviyum: Anweshana Rekha

3621:. Second Edition. Thrissur: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad. 2901:"Jayalalithaa criticises Karunanidhi over Mullaperiyar issue" 900: 884: 794: 593: 479: 117: 2492: 1595:"No part of Mullaperiyar catchment is in TN: CWRDM Director" 1040:. Supreme court judgment came on 27 February 2006, allowing 5025: 3684:

Contested Knowledge: Science, Media and Democracy in Kerala

3668:

The Mullaperiyar Water War: The Dam that Divided Two States

3633:

The Mullaperiyar Water War: The Dam That Divided Two States

2365:"Rare moments of Indian tiger family caught on camera trap" 2307: 1815: 1512:

Advances in Fish and Wildlife Ecology and Biology, Volume 4

915:. Four species of primates are found at Periyar – the rare 880: 564:

The Periyar river which flows westward of Kerala in to the

3743:

Full text of Expert Committee Report on Mullai Periyar Dam

3141:. The Hindu. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011. 2621:"'Serious damage' to masonry of Mullaperiyar dam detected" 2400:

Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India

1173:"Mullaperiyar Dam turns 125 | Kochi News - Times of India" 1094:

Proposal for construction of a new dam and other proposals

328:

Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited

285:

3,454.62 cubic metres per second (4,518 cu yd/s)

3327:"'TN should go in for second tunnel in Mullaperiyar dam'" 2074:, vol. 23 – Issue 05, Chennai, India, archived from 908: 306:

299,130,000 m (242,509 acre⋅ft) (10.56 tmc ft)

298:

443,230,000 m (359,332 acre⋅ft) (15.65 tmc ft)

2815:"IIT, Roorkee report on Mullaperiyar says dam not safe" 1990: 1988: 1986: 967:

During a 2011 scanning of the Mullaperiyar dam using a

789:

later through another cutting on the other side of the

592:

to provide a source for irrigating large tracts around

548:, at the confluence of which the dam is located below. 4193:

Indian states ranking by households having electricity

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Mullaperiyar Dam: Keralam Neridunna Durantha Bheeshani

3139:

Mullaperiyar: apex court issues notice to Government

2267: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 3185:"SC allows TN to increase Mullaperiyaru water level" 1983: 3657:

The Mullaperiyar Dam: Risking Media, Mediating Risk

1935:"More Water to Vaigai, Safety for Mullaperiyar Dam" 956:. The dam was also inspected by the chairman, CWC ( 4147:Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation 3619:Mullaperiyar Imbroglio: Inter-State River Problems 3215:"Kerala demands safety review of Mullaperiyar dam" 2744: 1741: 980:Justice A.S. Anand Committee (Empowered Committee) 730:2.5 lakhs as tax per year for the whole land and 6589: 2123:Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India 3943:Ennore SEZ Super Critical Thermal Power Project 3469:"Come out with rule curve for Mullaperiyar: SC" 3365:"Is Mullaiperiyaru the second tunnel solution?" 2993:. Chennai, India. 30 March 2010. Archived from 2065: 2061: 2059: 1816:Ministry of Water Resources (2 December 2011). 1006:the expert panel constituted by Supreme Court. 5627:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum, Kollam 3913:Pillaiperumalnallur Combined Cycle Power Plant 3129:. Expert-eyes.org. Retrieved 25 November 2011. 2939:. Chennai, India. 4 March 2010. Archived from 2113: 2111: 482:and 200km north east of state capital city of 6225: 4219: 3788: 2525: 2523: 6121:Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre 3529:"SC to Kerala, TN on Mullaperiyar dam issue" 2335:"35 tigers at Periyar Tiger Reserve: Survey" 2199: 2141: 2056: 1680: 1678: 1627:. India: IIT Roorkee. 2012. pp. 17–22. 1038:dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states 4188:States of India by installed power capacity 2618: 2421: 2387: 2385: 2108: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1961:"Pennycuik on the Diversion of the Periyar" 1102: 568:was diverted eastwards to flow towards the 6232: 6218: 4226: 4212: 3795: 3781: 3182: 3038: 3007: 2844: 2612: 2520: 2170: 1997:"A dam steeped in history and controversy" 1547:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 43: 3873:Cuddalore IL&FS Thermal Power Station 3675:Mullaperiyar Dam: Chila Velippeduthalukal 3266:"Sub-committee inspects Mullaperiyar dam" 2931:"K.T. Thomas to be on Mullaperiyar panel" 2032:"Mullaperiyar dam: An engineering marvel" 1958: 1952: 1780: 1778: 1675: 1319:. Supreme Courth of India. pp. 1–2. 1278: 3923:Valantharavai Combined Cycle Power Plant 3144: 3088: 2529: 2382: 2268:Suhrith Parthasarathy (12 August 2013). 2261: 2229: 2178:"Mullaperiyar: Ministers to visit Delhi" 2019: 1384: 1080: 1027: 992:The then late Tamil Nadu Chief Minister 742: 623: 555: 93: 65: 3898:Thirumakottai Gas Turbine Power Station 2499:. World Bank Publications. p. 86. 2089:Service, Express News (5 August 2024). 2088: 1643: 1502: 1308: 1306: 1240: 1049:to go back to the bi-annual cropping." 14: 6590: 4249:Kerala Tourism Development Corporation 4000:Bhavani Kattalai Hydroelectric Project 3883:Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station 3324: 3032: 2295: 2237:"Enact law declaring dam pact illegal" 1932: 1844:"Lower Periyar Hydro Electric Project" 1811: 1809: 1807: 1775: 1769:The Military Engineer in India, Vol II 1766: 1663:from the original on 11 September 2019 1631:from the original on 21 September 2013 1529:from the original on 18 September 2023 1376:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 654: 6213: 4961:International Film Festival of Kerala 4233: 4207: 3776: 3758:Seismic Stability of Mullaperiyar Dam 3748:The Hindu Periyar dam is 11 years old 3670:. New Delhi: Rupa Publications India. 3635:. New Delhi: Rupa Publications India. 2795:from the original on 22 November 2011 2561:"The case for a new Mullaperiyar dam" 2493:World Bank. Environment Dept (1991). 2217:from the original on 25 November 2011 2188:from the original on 28 November 2011 2159:from the original on 27 November 2011 1933:Thomas, Mathew A. (1 December 2014). 1587: 1474: 1448: 1326:from the original on 16 December 2011 1017: 478:. It is situated 150km south east of 454: 73:Location of Mullaperiyar Dam in India 5597:Kerala Science and Technology Museum 4137:Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency 3565:from the original on 23 January 2022 3509:from the original on 26 October 2021 3479:from the original on 28 October 2021 3375:from the original on 18 January 2022 3345:from the original on 18 January 2022 3246:from the original on 6 February 2022 3164:from the original on 7 December 2011 3051:from the original on 2 December 2011 2965:from the original on 3 December 2013 2911:from the original on 3 December 2013 2907:. Chennai, India. 22 February 2010. 2662:from the original on 2 December 2013 2486: 2450:from the original on 17 January 2016 2184:, Chennai, India, 25 November 2011, 2066:R. Krishnakumar (11–24 March 2006), 2007:from the original on 1 December 2011 1884:from the original on 18 January 2017 1729:from the original on 7 December 2022 1617: 1605:from the original on 10 January 2012 1555: 1508: 1416: 1392:"Medium River Basins Of The Country" 1303: 1291:from the original on 3 December 2013 1253: 1111: 540:is derived by blending the names of 243:365.85 m (1,200 ft) (main) 6178: 5919:Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram 5622:Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum 4142:Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation 4075:Suruliyar Hydroelectric Power Plant 3918:Karuppur Combined Cycle Power Plant 3853:North Chennai Thermal Power Station 3419:from the original on 27 August 2023 3041:"State is unprepared for disasters" 2845:Venkatesan, J. (17 February 2010). 2694:from the original on 8 January 2012 2631:from the original on 7 January 2012 2496:Environmental assessment sourcebook 2345:from the original on 8 January 2017 2315:from the original on 9 January 2012 2283:from the original on 4 January 2014 1995:T, Ramakrishnan (29 October 2011). 1959:Pennycuik, John (26 January 1897). 1904:"Lower Periyar Power House PH01243" 1804: 1651:"The Mullaperiyar touches 142 feet" 1490:from the original on 3 January 2016 1195: 1148:Interstate River Water Disputes Act 872:on 2 April 2002, the population of 24: 6239: 4167:Power System Operation Corporation 4157:Nuclear Power Corporation of India 4060:Parsons Valley Hydro Power Station 3908:Valuthur Gas Turbine Power Station 3903:Kuttalam Gas Turbine Power Station 3848:Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station 3661:Journal of Creative Communications 3611: 2885:. 21 February 2010. Archived from 2857:from the original on 18 March 2013 2726:from the original on 26 April 2012 2542:from the original on 12 March 2012 2462: 2245:. 30 November 2011. Archived from 2040:. 26 November 2011. Archived from 1216:"National Register for Large Dams" 836:would be erected at the dam site. 25: 6649: 6080:Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary 3702: 2823:, 28 October 2009, archived from 1994: 1719:"Ageing dams pose growing threat" 1696:from the original on 20 July 2023 1183:from the original on 7 April 2022 879:Other mammals found here include 839: 636:made with concrete prepared from 6191: 6177: 6166: 6165: 6154: 6153: 4693:Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race 4364:Trivandrum International Airport 4080:Pykara Hydroelectric Power Plant 4005:Lower Mettur Barrage Power House 3628:(Mal.). Kottayam: Papyrus Books. 3595:from the original on 4 July 2023 3535:from the original on 4 July 2023 3531:. News Minute. 25 October 2021. 3306:from the original on 9 June 2023 3020:from the original on 6 June 2023 3008:Venkatesan, J. (25 April 2012). 2961:. Chennai, India. 8 March 2010. 1854:from the original on 29 May 2018 1820:. Govt. of India. Archived from 1436:from the original on 6 July 2022 426: 414: 402: 388: 381: 374: 92: 85: 64: 57: 6075:Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 5582:Archaeological Museum, Thrissur 3928:Samalpatti Diesel Power Station 3858:Tuticorin Thermal Power Station 3753:Mullaperiyar Dam Break Analysis 3577: 3547: 3521: 3491: 3461: 3449:from the original on 9 May 2023 3431: 3401: 3387: 3357: 3318: 3288: 3276:from the original on 6 May 2022 3258: 3232: 3207: 3195:from the original on 8 May 2014 3176: 3132: 3113: 3082: 3039:Roy Mathew (30 November 2011). 3001: 2977: 2947: 2923: 2893: 2869: 2838: 2807: 2777: 2738: 2706: 2674: 2642: 2619:Mathew, Roy (7 December 2011), 2586: 2553: 2357: 2327: 2082: 1926: 1896: 1866: 1836: 738: 4254:Department of Tourism (Kerala) 4162:PowerGrid Corporation of India 3969:Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant 3953:Udangudi Thermal Power Project 1767:Sandes, Lt Col E.W.C. (1935). 1338: 1272: 1165: 13: 1: 6613:Inter-state disputes in India 6095:Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary 6035:Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary 4956:India International Boat Show 4941:Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur 4341:Calicut International Airport 4045:Kadambari Hydro Power Station 3878:GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant 3843:Neyveli Thermal Power Station 3763:Photograph of the dam in 1900 3681:Varughese, Shiju Sam (2017). 3648:Mangathil, Sasidharan. 2008. 3624:Anilkumar, A.V. (ed.). 2011. 3325:Sundar, S. (21 August 2018). 3183:Venkatesan, J. (7 May 2014). 3120:Kerala Government's arguments 3091:"The Mullaperiyaru imbroglio" 2877:"DMK against SC panel on dam" 2270:"Water Wars in India's South" 1279:ET Bureau (2 December 2011). 1158: 938: 572:to provide water to the arid 311:Maximum water depth 27:Dam in Kerala, southern India 6633:1895 establishments in India 5572:8 Point Gallery Cafe, Kollam 4729:Nedumala caves, Piralimattam 4688:President's Trophy Boat Race 4658:Champakulam Moolam Boat Race 4351:Kannur International Airport 4346:Cochin International Airport 4132:Tamil Nadu Electricity Board 4070:Solaiyar Hydro Power Station 3868:Vallur Thermal Power Station 3838:Mettur Thermal Power Station 3833:Ennore Thermal Power Station 3768:Mullaperiyar Dam in Pictures 531: 474:district of Indian state of 7: 6126:Parassinikkadavu Snake Park 6055:Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary 6020:Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary 4183:Electricity sector in India 4152:Neyveli Lignite Corporation 4096:Kamuthi Solar Power Project 4065:Periyar Hydro Power Station 4050:Kodayar Hydro Power Station 3995:Kateri hydroelectric system 3974:Madras Atomic Power Station 3948:Uppur Thermal Power Project 3933:Narimanam Gas Power Station 3888:Thirumakottai Power Station 3709:Ministry of Water Resources 3687:. Oxford University Press. 3673:Thomas, Justice K.T. 2012. 3089:Gopinath, ER (April 2006). 2751:Pure and Applied Geophysics 2125:. p. 1. Archived from 1563:"The Mullaperiyar Conflict" 1254:Frye, Albert Irvin (1918). 1136: 661:Pradani Muthirulappa Pillai 560:View of the dam around 1899 314:43.281 m (142 ft) 10: 6654: 6105:Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary 6085:Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary 6050:Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary 6025:Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary 5787:Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace 5137:St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri 5041:Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela 4507:Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram 4310:Temple Festivals of Kerala 4040:Aliyar Hydro Power Station 4010:Mettur Hydro Power Station 3863:NTPL Thermal Power Station 3631:Damodaran, Pradeep. 2014. 2393:"Note on Project Elephant" 1965:Minutes of the Proceedings 1021: 649: 632:The Mullaperiyar Dam is a 551: 235:53.66 m (176 ft) 6247: 6149: 6113: 6065:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 6060:Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary 6015:Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary 6007: 5836: 5800: 5782:Shakthan Thampuran Palace 5687:Hill Palace, Tripunithura 5649: 5564: 5403: 5332: 5251: 5160: 5064: 5031:Onathallu or Avittathallu 4981:Kerala Adventure Carnival 4926:Aluva Sivarathri festival 4908: 4742: 4706: 4673:Kandassankadavu Boat Race 4640: 4464: 4408: 4372: 4333: 4267: 4241: 4175: 4124: 4104: 4088: 3982: 3961: 3825: 3818: 2119:"Mulla Periyar Dam issue" 2068:"Verdict on Mullaperiyar" 1818:"Mulla Periyar Dam issue" 1723:United Nations University 1153:Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row 1024:Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row 969:remotely operated vehicle 709:States Reorganisation Act 619: 359: 347: 333: 323: 318: 310: 302: 294: 289: 281: 273: 263: 259:42.2 m (138 ft) 255: 247: 239: 231: 221: 209: 204: 194: 186: 178: 170: 133: 123: 113: 101:Mullaperiyar Dam (Kerala) 51: 42: 37: 6100:Thattekad Bird Sanctuary 6040:Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary 6030:Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary 5924:Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad 5899:Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls 5087:Chandragiri Fort, Kerala 5046:Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram 5001:Kottankulangara Festival 4936:Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku 4315:Tourist Resorts (Kerala) 3893:Kuttalam Power Stations 3726:25 November 2011 at the 3666:Pradeep Damodaran 2014. 3655:Pillai, Meena T. 2012. ' 3075:16 December 2011 at the 1509:Kaul, Bansi Lal (2012). 1179:. TNN. 10 October 2020. 1103:New dam vs second tunnel 958:Central Water Commission 854:Protected area of Kerala 696:, for an annual rent of 674: 456:[mulːɐpːeɾijɐːr] 232:Height (foundation) 6638:Dams in Idukki district 5949:Panieli Poru waterfalls 5641:Wayanad Heritage Museum 4663:Indira Gandhi Boat Race 4627:Kadalundi Nagaram beach 4456:Thovarimala Ezhuthupara 3990:Maravakandy Power House 3938:Sarkarpathy Power House 3714:1 December 2011 at the 3219:www.manoramayearbook.in 361:Installed capacity 251:3.6 m (12 ft) 179:Construction began 6618:Dams completed in 1895 6131:Thiruvananthapuram Zoo 5999:Vazhvanthol waterfalls 5854:Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls 5592:Indo-Portuguese Museum 5587:Indian Business Museum 5021:Nenmara Vallanghy Vela 4678:Nehru Trophy Boat Race 4653:Biyyam Kayal Boat Race 2532:"Two states and a dam" 2402:. 2008. Archived from 2095:The New Indian Express 1939:The New Indian Express 1058:Supreme Court of India 1033: 1032:Mullaperiyar reservoir 748: 681:Maharaja of Travancore 629: 561: 282:Spillway capacity 6628:Dams in Western Ghats 6090:Periyar Tiger Reserve 6045:Kurinjimala Sanctuary 5929:Meenvallam Waterfalls 5889:Kozhippara Waterfalls 5707:Kodungallur Kovilakam 4714:Chovvanur burial cave 4683:Payippadu Vallam Kali 4607:Thirumullavaram Beach 4602:Paravur Thekkumbhagam 4290:Jatayu Earth’s Center 3617:Achyuthan, A. 2012 . 1515:. India. p. 29. 1081:Supervisory Committee 1031: 1022:Further information: 933:biodiversity hot spot 846:Periyar National Park 747:Periyar National Park 746: 627: 559: 512:Periyar National Park 211:Type of dam 6008:Wildlife sanctuaries 5989:Thoovanam Waterfalls 5964:Perunthenaruvi Falls 5864:Ayyapanov Waterfalls 5697:Karimpuzha Kovilakam 5233:Balathiruthi Islands 5016:Kalpathi Ratholsavam 5011:Nalukulangara Pooram 4734:Vizhinjam rock caves 4724:Kottukal cave temple 4567:Padinjarekkara beach 4557:Muzhappilangad Beach 4409:Archaeological sites 4275:Chinese fishing nets 4268:Informative articles 3125:17 July 2007 at the 2791:. 21 November 2011. 2213:. 23 November 2011. 2155:, 23 November 2011, 2072:the Hindu, Frontline 1625:"Dam Break Analysis" 903:(Indian wild dogs), 334:Commission date 303:Active capacity 155:9.52861°N 77.14417°E 5969:Siruvani Waterfalls 5954:Pattathippara Falls 5934:Oliyarik Waterfalls 5747:Mattancherry Palace 5737:Lakshmipuram Palace 5727:Krishnapuram Palace 5692:Kanakakkunnu Palace 5607:Lockhart Tea Museum 5476:Ilaveezha Poonchira 4966:Kadavallur Anyonyam 4880:Thanneermukkom Bund 4698:Triprayar Boat Race 4421:Ariyannur Umbrellas 4112:Muppandal Wind Farm 3638:George, M.V. 2011. 3160:. 6 December 2011. 2889:on 5 November 2013. 2044:on 29 November 2011 1575:on 15 December 2011 1432:. 9 February 2012. 1003:N. K. Premachandran 917:lion-tailed macaque 705:Indian Independence 655:Feasibility studies 295:Total capacity 151: / 5984:Thusharagiri Falls 5944:Paloor Kotta Falls 5909:Manalar Waterfalls 5904:Lakkom Water Falls 5884:Kollam Kolli Falls 5859:Athirappilly Falls 5823:Thunchan Samarakam 5801:Ancient residences 5757:Nilambur Kovilakam 5752:Merry Lodge Palace 5602:Kerala Soil Museum 5056:Uthralikavu Pooram 4931:Arattupuzha Pooram 4850:Peruvaripallam Dam 4750:Banasura Sagar Dam 4648:Aranmula Boat Race 4597:Snehatheeram Beach 4592:Shankumugham Beach 4441:Kudakkallu Parambu 4325:Wildlife of Kerala 4055:Kundah Power House 3559:New Indian Express 3101:on 13 January 2007 2882:The Times of India 2853:. Chennai, India. 2820:The Times of India 2763:10.1007/BF00879487 2567:. 2 January 2012. 2341:. 6 January 2017. 2311:. 8 January 2012. 2277:The New York Times 2273:(blog "India Ink") 2242:The Times of India 2078:on 25 January 2013 2003:. Chennai, India. 1792:on 5 December 2010 1656:The Times of India 1462:on 20 October 2014 1429:The Times of India 1404:on 19 January 2012 1358:on 10 January 2020 1177:The Times of India 1053:(929.64 km). 1034: 1018:Interstate dispute 950:Thiruvananthapuram 807:Sivaganga District 749: 630: 562: 274:Spillway type 248:Width (crest) 104:Show map of Kerala 6608:Dam controversies 6585: 6584: 6207: 6206: 5914:Marmala waterfall 5828:Varikkasseri Mana 5712:Kollengode Palace 5702:Kilimanoor Palace 5672:British Residency 5662:Aranmula Kottaram 5612:Munnar Tea Museum 5299:Sasthamcotta Lake 5243:Willingdon Island 5183:Islands of Kollam 4951:Ilanjithara Melam 4845:Peringalkuthu Dam 4668:Kallada Boat Race 4622:Vadakara Sandbank 4577:Payyambalam Beach 4360: 4295:Kerala backwaters 4280:God's Own Country 4259:Gandhi Seva Sadan 4235:Tourism in Kerala 4201: 4200: 4120: 4119: 4015:Moyar Power House 3738:CESS Study Report 3694:978-0-19-946912-3 3300:indiatogether.org 2827:on 11 August 2011 2536:Business Standard 2530:Standard (2011), 2506:978-0-8213-1845-4 2249:on 3 January 2013 2129:on 28 August 2011 1971:(Part 2): 140–163 1874:"KSEB Generation" 1824:on 28 August 2011 1522:978-81-7035-517-5 1112:2021 developments 1066:Kerala Government 945:Morvi Dam failure 799:Dindigul District 582:Madras Presidency 369: 368: 256:Width (base) 205:Dam and spillways 187:Opening date 160:9.52861; 77.14417 76:Show map of India 16:(Redirected from 6645: 6277:Bhoothathankettu 6234: 6227: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6198:India portal 6196: 6195: 6194: 6181: 6180: 6169: 6168: 6157: 6156: 5974:Soochipara Falls 5879:Dhoni Waterfalls 5818:Poonthanam Illam 5813:Olappamanna Mana 5808:Azhvanchery Mana 5777:Puthen Kovilakam 5762:Paliam Kovilakam 5168:Dharmadam Island 5147:Tellicherry Fort 5117:Overbury's Folly 5077:Anchuthengu Fort 5036:Peruvanam Pooram 4996:Kottakkal pooram 4890:Thunakkadavu Dam 4830:Parambikulam Dam 4820:Mullaperiyar Dam 4785:Kanjirapuzha Dam 4755:Bhoothathankettu 4497:Fort Kochi beach 4426:Cheraman Parambu 4358: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4205: 4204: 3823: 3822: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3698: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3302:. 12 June 2014. 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3272:. 25 June 2020. 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3242:. 18 June 2014. 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3097:. Archived from 3086: 3080: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2997:on 3 April 2010. 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2943:on 9 March 2010. 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2449: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2409:on 12 March 2012 2408: 2397: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2369:Asianet Newsable 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2028: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1992: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1914:on 20 April 2018 1910:. Archived from 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1813: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1786:"Dams in Kerala" 1782: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1682: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1458:. Archived from 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1403: 1396: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1351:. Archived from 1350: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1318: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1251: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1227: 1220: 1212: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1169: 1131:Pinarayi Vijayan 874:Indian elephants 870:elephant reserve 803:Madurai District 772:carpenters from 760: 755: 733: 729: 725: 721: 699: 691: 458: 453: 448:Mullaperiyar Dam 441: 435: 430: 429: 423: 418: 417: 411: 406: 405: 399: 392: 391: 385: 378: 166: 165: 163: 162: 161: 156: 152: 149: 148: 147: 144: 105: 96: 95: 89: 77: 68: 67: 61: 47: 38:Mullaperiyar Dam 35: 34: 21: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6598:Periyar (river) 6588: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6542:Upper Moozhiyar 6517:R. A. Headworks 6243: 6238: 6208: 6203: 6192: 6190: 6145: 6109: 6003: 5994:Vazhachal Falls 5894:Kudamutti Falls 5844:Adyanpara Falls 5832: 5796: 5792:Thevally Palace 5767:Pandalam Palace 5722:Koyikkal Palace 5677:Cheena Kottaram 5667:Bolgatty Palace 5645: 5560: 5521:Pandallur hills 5501:Meenuliyan Para 5491:Kunnathoor Padi 5399: 5328: 5247: 5173:Ezhumanthuruthu 5156: 5142:St. Angelo Fort 5132:Pallipuram Fort 5092:Cranganore Fort 5060: 5051:Thrissur Pooram 5006:Machad Mamangam 4946:Gandharvanpattu 4904: 4780:Kakki Reservoir 4738: 4702: 4636: 4572:Paravanna beach 4552:Mundakkal Beach 4542:Meenkunnu Beach 4527:Kozhikode Beach 4487:Chavakkad Beach 4472:Alappuzha Beach 4460: 4404: 4373:Amusement parks 4368: 4329: 4263: 4237: 4232: 4202: 4197: 4171: 4116: 4100: 4084: 3978: 3957: 3814: 3801: 3728:Wayback Machine 3716:Wayback Machine 3705: 3695: 3680: 3614: 3612:Further reading 3609: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3589:The News Minute 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3443:The News Minute 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3127:Wayback Machine 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3083: 3077:Wayback Machine 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3006: 3002: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2528: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2437:Current Science 2432: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2087: 2083: 2064: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1993: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1814: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1765: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1659:. India. 2014. 1649: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1601:. India. 2012. 1593: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1523: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1346:"Archived copy" 1344: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1252: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1228:on 21 July 2011 1225: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1139: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1083: 1026: 1020: 999:J. Jayalalithaa 982: 943:After the 1979 941: 842: 766:Madras Pioneers 758: 753: 741: 731: 727: 723: 719: 716:C Achutha Menon 703:In 1947, after 697: 694:catchment basin 689: 677: 669:John Pennycuick 657: 652: 622: 554: 534: 504:John Pennycuick 500:Idukki District 451: 445: 444: 443: 442: 438: 436: 433: 431: 427: 424: 421: 419: 415: 412: 409: 407: 403: 400: 397: 395: 393: 389: 386: 379: 355:1 x 35 MW 354: 353:3 x 42 MW 342: 340: 338: 190:10 October 1895 159: 157: 153: 150: 145: 142: 140: 138: 137: 109: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 99: 98: 97: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 69: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6651: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6487:Peruvaripallam 6484: 6482:Peruvannamuzhi 6479: 6477:Perunthenaruvi 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6272:Banasura sagar 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6241:Dams in Kerala 6237: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6187: 6175: 6163: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5959:Perunthenaruvi 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5939:Palaruvi Falls 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5772:Punnathurkotta 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5742:Maipady Palace 5739: 5734: 5732:Kuthira Malika 5729: 5724: 5719: 5717:Kowdiar Palace 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5682:Halcyon Castle 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5657:Arakkal Palace 5653: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5577:Arakkal Museum 5574: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5481:Illickal Kallu 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Chekkunnu Mala 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5426:Ambukuthi mala 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5309:Vellayani Lake 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Padinjarechira 5281: 5276: 5271: 5269:Enamakkal Lake 5266: 5261: 5259:Ashtamudi Lake 5255: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4810:Mattupetty Dam 4807: 4802: 4797: 4795:Malampuzha Dam 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:Idamalayar Dam 4767: 4762: 4760:Cheruthoni Dam 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4617:Thottada Beach 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547:Munakkal Beach 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4477:Azheekal beach 4474: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Flora Fantasia 4382: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356:Kollam Airport 4353: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4285:Chundan Vallam 4282: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4176:Related topics 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4020:Perunchani Dam 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3820: 3819:Power stations 3816: 3815: 3804:Power stations 3800: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3718: 3704: 3703:External links 3701: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3663:7(1–2): 31–52. 3653: 3646: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3576: 3546: 3520: 3490: 3460: 3430: 3400: 3386: 3356: 3317: 3287: 3257: 3231: 3206: 3175: 3143: 3131: 3112: 3081: 3062: 3031: 3000: 2976: 2946: 2922: 2892: 2868: 2837: 2806: 2776: 2737: 2705: 2673: 2641: 2611: 2585: 2552: 2519: 2505: 2485: 2461: 2443:(2): 110–113. 2420: 2381: 2356: 2339:Times of India 2326: 2294: 2260: 2228: 2198: 2169: 2140: 2107: 2081: 2055: 2018: 1982: 1951: 1925: 1895: 1865: 1835: 1803: 1774: 1740: 1707: 1674: 1642: 1616: 1586: 1554: 1521: 1501: 1473: 1447: 1415: 1383: 1337: 1302: 1285:Economic Times 1271: 1239: 1194: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1082: 1079: 1019: 1016: 994:M. Karunanidhi 981: 978: 940: 937: 929:bonnet macaque 921:Nilgiri langur 891:(horse deer), 841: 840:Protected area 838: 811:Ramanathapuram 740: 737: 676: 673: 656: 653: 651: 648: 621: 618: 610:Ramanathapuram 553: 550: 542:Mullayar River 533: 530: 488:Cardamom Hills 437: 432: 425: 420: 413: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 372: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 335: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 316: 315: 312: 308: 307: 304: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 207: 206: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 100: 91: 90: 84: 83: 82: 81: 72: 63: 62: 56: 55: 54: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6650: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532:Thoonakkadavu 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6512:Ranni-Perinad 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472:Peringalkuthu 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6200: 6199: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:Aripara Falls 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5617:Napier Museum 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Kodikuthimala 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Cheriyam hill 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451:Banasura Hill 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Arimbra hills 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Ambanad Hills 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5223:Valiyaparamba 5221: 5219: 5218:Ramanthuruthu 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198:Munroe Island 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:Palakkad Fort 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102:Fort Emmanuel 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4991:Kollam Pooram 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4800:Malankara Dam 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Karapuzha Dam 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719:Edakkal Caves 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4632:Varkala Beach 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562:Muziris beach 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242:Organisations 4240: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125:Organizations 4123: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Papanasam Dam 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983:Hydroelectric 3981: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808:organizations 3805: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3721:Surkhi Mortar 3719: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2600:. 11 May 2014 2599: 2595: 2589: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2471: 2465: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2264: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2128: 2124: 2121:. New Delhi: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1853: 1849: 1848:Power Advisor 1845: 1839: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1646: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1571: 1564: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1379: 1373: 1354: 1347: 1341: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1259: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1224: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127:Periyar River 1123: 1120: 1109: 1100: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064:However, the 1062: 1059: 1056:In 2006, the 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1030: 1025: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 995: 990: 988: 977: 973: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 954:Richter scale 951: 946: 936: 934: 930: 926: 923:, the common 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 864:and hosts 35 863: 862:tiger reserve 859: 855: 851: 847: 837: 835: 830: 828: 824: 818: 816: 813:districts of 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 786: 784: 780: 775: 771: 767: 762: 745: 736: 717: 712: 710: 706: 701: 695: 686: 682: 672: 670: 664: 662: 647: 644: 639: 635: 626: 617: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:Bay of Bengal 567: 558: 549: 547: 546:Periyar River 543: 539: 529: 526: 522: 518: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 492:Western Ghats 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468:Periyar River 465: 462: 457: 449: 440: 384: 377: 364: 362: 358: 352: 350: 346: 339:Unit 2: 1959 336: 332: 329: 326: 322: 319:Power Station 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 227: 226:Periyar River 224: 220: 217: 214: 212: 208: 203: 200: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 164: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 88: 60: 50: 46: 41: 36: 32:Dam in Kerala 30: 19: 6623:Masonry dams 6603:Gravity dams 6562:Vellathooval 6497:Parambikulam 6437:Narakakkanam 6422:Mullaperiyar 6421: 6342:Kanjirapuzha 6189: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6136:Thrissur Zoo 6070:Pathiramanal 5979:Thommankuthu 5869:Charpa Falls 5511:Nelliampathi 5471:Elivai Malai 5461:Chembra Peak 5436:Anginda peak 5416:Agastya Mala 5350:Kovilthottam 5314:Vadakkechira 5294:Pookode Lake 5289:Paravur Lake 5279:Oranju Poika 5178:Gundu Island 5152:William Fort 5127:Paloor Kotta 5107:Hosdurg Fort 5072:Arikady Fort 4986:Keralotsavam 4885:Thenmala Dam 4875:Siruvani Dam 4870:Sholayar Dam 4865:Pothundi Dam 4835:Pazhassi Dam 4819: 4815:Meenkara Dam 4805:Mangalam Dam 4765:Chimmony Dam 4537:Marari Beach 4517:Kollam Beach 4492:Cherai Beach 4436:Kandanissery 4380:Fantasy Park 4064: 4035:Servalar dam 3683: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3649: 3639: 3632: 3626:Mullaperiyar 3625: 3618: 3599:18 September 3597:. Retrieved 3588: 3579: 3569:18 September 3567:. Retrieved 3558: 3549: 3539:18 September 3537:. Retrieved 3523: 3513:18 September 3511:. Retrieved 3502: 3493: 3483:18 September 3481:. Retrieved 3472: 3463: 3453:18 September 3451:. Retrieved 3442: 3433: 3423:18 September 3421:. Retrieved 3412: 3403: 3389: 3377:. Retrieved 3368: 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3330: 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3299: 3290: 3280:18 September 3278:. Retrieved 3269: 3260: 3250:18 September 3248:. Retrieved 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3218: 3209: 3197:. Retrieved 3188: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3155: 3146: 3134: 3115: 3103:. Retrieved 3099:the original 3094: 3084: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3044: 3034: 3024:18 September 3022:. Retrieved 3013: 3003: 2995:the original 2988: 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2958: 2949: 2941:the original 2934: 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2904: 2895: 2887:the original 2880: 2871: 2859:. Retrieved 2850: 2840: 2829:, retrieved 2825:the original 2818: 2809: 2797:. Retrieved 2788: 2779: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2728:. Retrieved 2708: 2696:. Retrieved 2685: 2676: 2664:. Retrieved 2653: 2644: 2633:, retrieved 2624: 2614: 2602:. Retrieved 2597: 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2564: 2555: 2544:, retrieved 2535: 2510:. Retrieved 2495: 2488: 2476:. Retrieved 2464: 2452:. Retrieved 2440: 2436: 2423: 2411:. Retrieved 2404:the original 2399: 2372:. Retrieved 2368: 2359: 2347:. Retrieved 2338: 2329: 2317:. Retrieved 2306: 2297: 2285:. Retrieved 2276: 2263: 2251:. Retrieved 2247:the original 2240: 2231: 2219:. Retrieved 2210: 2201: 2190:, retrieved 2181: 2172: 2161:, retrieved 2152: 2143: 2131:. Retrieved 2127:the original 2098:. Retrieved 2094: 2084: 2076:the original 2071: 2046:. Retrieved 2042:the original 2035: 2009:. Retrieved 2000: 1973:. Retrieved 1968: 1964: 1954: 1942:. Retrieved 1938: 1928: 1916:. Retrieved 1912:the original 1907: 1898: 1886:. Retrieved 1877: 1868: 1856:. Retrieved 1847: 1838: 1826:. Retrieved 1822:the original 1794:. Retrieved 1790:the original 1768: 1733:18 September 1731:. Retrieved 1722: 1700:18 September 1698:. Retrieved 1689: 1665:. Retrieved 1654: 1645: 1633:. Retrieved 1619: 1607:. Retrieved 1598: 1589: 1577:. Retrieved 1570:the original 1557: 1533:22 September 1531:. Retrieved 1511: 1504: 1492:. Retrieved 1482: 1476: 1464:. Retrieved 1460:the original 1450: 1440:18 September 1438:. Retrieved 1427: 1418: 1406:. Retrieved 1399:the original 1386: 1360:. Retrieved 1353:the original 1340: 1328:. Retrieved 1293:. Retrieved 1284: 1274: 1262:. Retrieved 1256: 1230:. Retrieved 1223:the original 1185:. Retrieved 1176: 1167: 1124: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1035: 1012: 1008: 991: 983: 974: 966: 962: 942: 893:barking deer 878: 843: 831: 819: 787: 763: 761:84.71 lakh. 750: 739:Construction 713: 702: 685:Madras State 678: 665: 658: 631: 614: 586:Vaigai River 563: 538:Mullaperiyar 537: 535: 523:. In a 2021 447: 446: 422:Mullaperiyar 341:Unit 3:1959 337:Unit 1:1958 29: 18:Mullaperiyar 6457:Parakkadavu 6427:Mullakkanam 6367:Kallarkutty 6352:Kochu Pamba 6257:Anayirangal 6184:WikiProject 5874:Cheeyappara 5632:Teak Museum 5556:Vellarimala 5536:Urakam Hill 5516:Paithalmala 5333:Lighthouses 5319:Vanchikulam 5304:Veeranpuzha 5264:Biyyam Lake 5228:Vallarpadam 5213:Pulinkunnoo 5193:Kuruvadweep 4900:Walayar Dam 4895:Vazhani Dam 4860:Poomala Dam 4855:Ponmudi Dam 4612:Tanur beach 4532:Mappila Bay 4482:Bekal beach 4416:Anchuthengu 4390:Kottakkunnu 4320:Vallam kali 2757:: 109–122. 2730:30 November 2666:30 November 2598:India Today 2478:27 November 2221:25 November 2192:25 November 2163:25 November 2133:30 November 2011:27 November 1796:30 November 1667:22 November 1330:30 November 1264:30 November 1232:30 November 987:A. S. Anand 768:as well as 634:gravity dam 574:rain shadow 566:Arabian Sea 464:gravity dam 343:Unit 4:1965 324:Operator(s) 195:Operator(s) 174:Operational 158: / 134:Coordinates 6592:Categories 6402:Mattupetty 6392:Malampuzha 6317:Idamalayar 6292:Cheruthoni 6262:Aruvikkara 5837:Waterfalls 5551:Vavul Mala 5546:Vagavurrai 5360:Manakkodam 5345:Tangasseri 5274:Mananchira 5112:Nedumkotta 5082:Bekal Fort 4971:Kanyarkali 4916:Aanayoottu 4840:Peechi Dam 4825:Neyyar Dam 4775:Idukki Dam 4641:Boat races 4512:Kappkadavu 4451:Tangasseri 4431:Kadavallur 4030:Vaigai Dam 3812:Tamil Nadu 3733:Case Study 3379:18 January 3349:18 January 3310:18 January 3168:6 December 3055:6 December 2831:9 December 2799:2 December 2698:8 December 2635:9 December 2546:9 December 2512:10 January 2374:16 January 2349:16 January 2253:6 December 2048:6 December 1918:16 January 1908:India-WRIS 1888:16 January 1858:16 January 1828:6 December 1690:The Scroll 1408:10 January 1295:6 December 1159:References 1143:Idukki Dam 1042:Tamil Nadu 939:Dam safety 927:, and the 897:mouse deer 834:Pennycuick 815:Tamil Nadu 779:Pennycuick 770:Portuguese 606:Sivagangai 590:Vaigai Dam 576:region of 517:Tamil Nadu 508:Tamil Nadu 484:Trivandrum 199:Tamil Nadu 6567:Veluthodu 6432:Moozhiyar 6412:Meenar -2 6407:Meenar -1 6397:Malankara 6347:Karapuzha 6302:Erattayar 6287:Chenkulam 6282:Chulliyar 6160:Templates 5446:Attappadi 5404:Mountains 5390:Kozhikode 5355:Alappuzha 5340:Vizhinjam 5097:East Fort 4909:Festivals 4359:(Defunct) 4305:Puli Kali 3473:The Hindu 3339:0971-751X 3331:The Hindu 3270:The Hindu 3189:The Hindu 3095:Hard News 3045:the Hindu 3014:The Hindu 2990:The Hindu 2959:The Hindu 2936:The Hindu 2905:The Hindu 2851:The Hindu 2789:The Hindu 2771:0033-4553 2687:The Hindu 2655:The Hindu 2625:The Hindu 2573:0971-751X 2565:The Hindu 2454:9 January 2413:9 January 2319:9 January 2287:12 August 2211:The Hindu 2182:the Hindu 2153:the Hindu 2001:The Hindu 1975:9 January 1635:10 August 1609:10 August 1599:The Hindu 1579:10 August 1543:cite book 1494:11 August 1119:UNU-INWEH 791:watershed 638:limestone 532:Etymology 525:UNU-INWEH 290:Reservoir 265:Spillways 146:77°8′39″E 143:9°31′43″N 6572:Viripara 6537:Thenmala 6527:Siruvani 6522:Sholayar 6507:Pothundi 6462:Pazhassi 6417:Meenkara 6387:Mangalam 6357:Kulamavu 6332:Kakkayam 6297:Chimmini 6252:Anathode 6172:Category 5636:Nilambur 5506:Mukurthi 5411:Aathanad 5370:Azhikode 5324:Vembanad 5203:Parumala 4976:Karivela 4921:Aaraattu 4446:Pattanam 4400:Wonderla 4334:Airports 3724:Archived 3712:Archived 3593:Archived 3563:Archived 3533:Archived 3507:Archived 3477:Archived 3447:Archived 3417:Archived 3373:Archived 3369:Dinamani 3343:Archived 3304:Archived 3274:Archived 3244:Archived 3224:7 August 3193:Archived 3162:Archived 3123:Archived 3073:Archived 3049:Archived 3018:Archived 2963:Archived 2909:Archived 2855:Archived 2793:Archived 2721:Archived 2692:Archived 2660:Archived 2629:archived 2627:: 2011, 2604:7 August 2578:7 August 2540:archived 2445:Archived 2343:Archived 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