298:– which they had been driven out of by the Uzbeks. Beyond the internal administrative agendas, the Mughals always kept it a priority to expand the western frontier of the empire in the sentiment of reconquista. Secondly, Central Asian trade provided the Mughals with warhorses, without which not only the military forces would be incapacitated, but could also potentially spark tribal revolts and foreign invasions. Kandahar in particular was at the crossroads of a number of major commercial trade routes in Central Asia. The two cities were thus the subject of deep strategic concern.
164:
103:
234:
910:
407:, Khan of Bukhara, had entered into an alliance with Shah Abbas and in May 1652, he dispatched 10,000 troops to Kabul in May to harass the Mughal supply lines. Though not strong enough to lift the siege, the Uzbeks endangered a Mughal convoy of 2,000 who were escorting one and a half million silver coins to the besieger's army at Kandahar. After two months of fighting Persian resistance and the growing activities of the Uzbeks, Aurangzeb was forced to abandon the campaign.
381:, he laid siege to Kandahar on 28 December and easily captured it after a brief siege on 22 February 1649. The disaster of the Balkh campaign had gravely weakened the Mughals' position on the frontier. The short duration of the Kandahar siege – two months – stands testament to the vulnerability of the Mughals in Afghanistan. The Mughals attempted to retake the city in 1651 but the arrival of winter forced them to suspend the siege.
119:
427:
equivalent of the Indian local grain-carriers, the
Banjaras. There was also very little scope for foraging with the constant raids from Uzbek troops and resident tribal groups. The ferocity of the Afghan winter further added to these woes. Winter months meant a severe severance of transport across the Hindu Kush, something which was instrumental in the failure of several Mughal campaigns against the Safavids in Central Asia.
155:
146:
137:
94:
293:
were under Mughal control. It was considered vital for the Mughal Empire that the twin 'gateway-cities' to
Hindustan, i.e. Kabul and Kandahar, be brought under Mughal rule, for two primary reasons. Firstly, the Mughal Empire in India was often viewed by them as a painfully small compensation for the
422:
The tribes of the region of the Hindu Kush were often rebellious and had to be constantly pacified, disciplined, or eliminated. Their raids of Mughal supply lines and advance parties were disastrous for the army. At times these groups of fighters were independent, and at other times, they worked in
423:
coordination with the Uzbeks. Acquiring cash for the army was intensely difficult due to the differences in the monetary infrastructures between Mughal India and
Afghanistan, hence the army was forced to lug bullion and cash across the steep passes and narrow defiles of the Hindu Kush mountains.
426:
Further, the terrain and climate of the Hindu Kush and beyond is infamously debilitating. Neither raiding areas nor acquiring land revenue from the conquered areas was by any means extravagantly rewarding to the soldiers, due to the moderate agricultural production of the area. There was no
414:, with a large army and two of the heaviest artillery pieces of the empire, but after a five-month siege the Mughals couldn't manage to starve the city, and the attempt to breach their walls by cannon fire also failed. The Mughals finally gave up all attempts to recover Kandahar.
403:, the feudal Rajput levies and the local Afghans, to recapture it, but although he defeated the Safavids outside the city he was unable to take it. His artillery train proved unable for the task. Aurangzeb attempted to take the fortress city again in 1652.
341:, had marched on Kandahar and negotiated the surrender from the Persian commander, Ali Mardan Khan. He expected the Persians to attempt to regain the city soon and so he ordered that the wall be repaired rapidly while a large Mughal army based in
317:
as the commander-in-chief. This was done in support of Nazr
Muhammad and his son, Abd al-Aziz, against the Toqai-Timurid ruler of Balkh. However, Nazr Muhammad and Abd al-Aziz betrayed the Mughals after the end of the campaign, and fled to
610:
365:
and captured the city. Though victorious in the field, the
Mughals were unable to secure the conquered territories and Shah Jahan was forced to recall his armies from Badakhshan.
813:
404:
338:
225:
and other strategic cities that controlled the region. The
Mughals attempted to regain the city, but their efforts were proven unsuccessful.
1941:
1259:
2011:
1244:
824:
Kinra, Rajeev (2015). "King of Delhi, King of the World: Chandar Bhan's
Perspective on Shah Jahan, the Mughal Court, and the Realm".
779:
899:
1849:
1194:
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446:
803:
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1403:
2016:
1976:
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441:
769:
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1249:
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1741:
1413:
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to capture
Kandahar. Subsequently, conflicts emerged in the region during the reign of another Mughal emperor,
176:
1834:
826:
Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan
Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary
1981:
1778:
1057:
544:
507:
2006:
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1448:
892:
1966:
1961:
1956:
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1946:
1648:
1630:
1418:
909:
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and it appeared that they would attack
Kandahar next. In 1646, Shah Jahan, assisted by Kamran Khanand
1668:
1367:
1362:
1209:
1077:
1062:
326:, and cost the Mughal empire 20 million rupees along with the recently acquired Balkh and Badakshan.
853:
698:
583:
1762:
1357:
1332:
1272:
1239:
1184:
390:
1696:
1640:
1469:
1337:
1327:
1219:
266:, is known to have gained the support of Shah Tahmasp, in return for his permission to allow the
30:
1991:
1986:
1673:
1625:
1277:
885:
2001:
1996:
1772:
1726:
1688:
373:
On 4 April 1648, encouraged by the Mughal reversal in Badakhshan, Shah Abbas II marched from
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8:
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678:
1915:
1736:
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1711:
1678:
1556:
1484:
1423:
1377:
1372:
1342:
1297:
814:"Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700, by Jos Gommans"
799:
765:
744:
723:
589:
548:
473:
345:
protected the area. In 1646, when no Persian attack came, the Emperor sent his son,
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1706:
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1009:
969:
949:
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The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)
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210:
97:
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1819:
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1149:
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1109:
469:
War and State-Building in Afghanistan: Historical and Modern Perspectives
411:
378:
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53:
1920:
1885:
1865:
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1004:
954:
719:
The Bukharans:a dynastic, diplomatic, and commercial history, 1550–1702
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depicting Persians surrendering keys to the city to Kilij Khan in 1638
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1721:
1605:
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64:
669:
Kinra, Rajeev (2015). "Secretarial Arts and Mughal Governance".
322:. The subsequent Balkh campaign in 1647 against them was led by
1531:
780:"KANDAHAR iv. From The Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era"
358:
154:
145:
136:
93:
1095:
939:
929:
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In February 1646, Shah Jahan dispatched an army of 60,000 to
286:
671:
A Mirror for Munshīs: Secretarial Arts and Mughal Governance
1516:
861:
van Leeuwen, Richard (2017). "Gods, Demons, and Kings".
254:
had territorial claims over Kandahar since the reign of
863:
Narratives of Kingship in Eurasian Empires, 1300-1800
581:
828:. University of California Press. pp. 95–158.
673:. University of California Press. pp. 60–94.
417:
608:
221:, the Safavid army captured the fortress city of
1933:
502:
500:
498:
893:
626:
624:
622:
538:
740:Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals
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465:
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638:
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619:
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395:Shah Jahan sent Aurangzeb and the vizier
217:. While the Mughals were at war with the
1093:
743:. Vol. II. Har-Anand Publications.
523:
377:with an army of 40,000. After capturing
232:
796:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6
736:
633:
16:Conflict within present-day Afghanistan
1934:
715:
647:
561:
447:Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire
399:with 50,000 soldiers, composed of the
277:Since 1638, when the Kurdish turncoat
881:
823:
668:
664:
662:
384:
77:Kandahar falls again to the Safavids.
798:. Cambridge University Press. 1986.
757:
585:A Military History of Medieval India
486:
1942:Battles involving the Mughal Empire
213:empires in the territory of modern
13:
659:
14:
2028:
539:Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014).
2012:Wars involving the Mughal Empire
908:
294:loss of their ancient capital –
240:, a miniature painting from the
162:
153:
144:
135:
117:
101:
92:
1205:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
418:Role of environment and climate
203:Mughal–Safavid war of 1649–1653
1742:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
1200:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)
1195:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)
602:
582:Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003).
575:
532:
459:
442:Mughal-Safavid War (1622–1623)
401:Barha Sayyids of Muzaffarnagar
177:Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)
1:
588:. Vision Books. p. 664.
349:, to invade Uzbek-controlled
228:
44:28 December 1648 – 1653
545:Austrian Academy of Sciences
7:
1972:Wars involving Safavid Iran
1250:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
430:
10:
2033:
2017:1650s in the Mughal Empire
1977:Wars involving Afghanistan
1649:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
709:
609:Adolf Simon Waley (1975).
508:"Z-Library single sign on"
472:. Bloomsbury. p. 67.
388:
1858:
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1750:
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1669:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
1639:
1598:
1589:
1462:
1391:
1258:
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1038:
920:
865:. Brill. pp. 52–77.
357:, another son, routed an
353:. In the following year,
238:The Surrender of Kandahar
129:
85:
36:
28:
23:
1240:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1185:Mughal conquest of Malwa
758:Kohn, George C. (2007).
737:Chandra, Satish (2005).
452:
410:In 1653 Shah Jahan sent
391:Three sieges of Kandahar
281:handed Kandahar over to
1215:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
764:. Infobase Publishing.
716:Burton, Audrey (1997).
329:In 1639, the armies of
205:was fought between the
871:10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2gc.7
834:10.1525/j.ctt1ffjn5h.7
782:. Encyclopædia Iranica
722:. Palgrave Macmillan.
679:10.1525/j.ctt1ffjn5h.6
529:Cambridge 1986, p. 299
368:
247:
130:Commanders and leaders
1727:Tomb of Salim Chishti
1210:Ahom–Mughal conflicts
960:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
236:
1689:Tombs and mausoleums
630:Chandra 2005, p. 228
520:Chandra 2005, p. 226
466:Kaushik Roy (2014).
1982:History of Kandahar
1654:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
1220:Mughal–Maratha wars
656:Burton 1997, p. 266
331:Shah Safi of Persia
258:. The overthrow of
31:Mughal–Persian Wars
2007:Invasions by India
1906:Nizam of Hyderabad
1180:Mughal-Rajput wars
1000:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
965:Muhammad Azam Shah
761:Dictionary of wars
612:A Pageant of India
385:Sieges of Kandahar
248:
107:Khanate of Bukhara
24:Mughal–Safavid war
1967:Conflicts in 1653
1962:Conflicts in 1652
1957:Conflicts in 1651
1952:Conflicts in 1650
1947:Conflicts in 1649
1929:
1928:
1916:Kingdom of Mysore
1850:Foreign relations
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1787:
1737:Tomb of Nur Jahan
1732:Tomb of Aurangzeb
1679:Wazir Khan Mosque
1599:Forts and palaces
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1584:
1557:Guru Gobind Singh
1485:Bayazid of Sylhet
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1167:
1068:Foreign relations
805:978-0-521-20094-3
644:Kohn 2007, p. 338
492:Kinra 2015, p.157
361:force outside of
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81:
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1859:Successor states
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1707:Gardens of Babur
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1901:Nawabs of Awadh
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1835:Persian Mughals
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1768:Achabal Gardens
1746:
1717:Jahangir's Tomb
1702:Bibi Ka Maqbara
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1664:Badshahi Mosque
1635:
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1547:Khushal Khattak
1522:Maharana Pratap
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1387:
1368:Thanesar (1710)
1363:Thanesar (1567)
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1034:
1030:Bahadur Shah II
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615:. p. 368.
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2002:1653 in Asia
1997:1649 in Asia
1869:
1777:
1773:Shahi Bridge
1697:Akbar's Tomb
1659:Chawk Mosque
1631:Sheesh Mahal
1616:Lalbagh Fort
1591:Architecture
1577:Hector Munro
1552:Josiah Child
1502:Ibrahim Lodi
1495:Pratapaditya
1480:Khwaja Usman
1278:Bhuchar Mori
1199:
1094:
1015:Shah Alam II
980:Farrukhsiyar
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784:. Retrieved
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256:Shah Tahmasp
249:
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237:
219:Janid Uzbeks
202:
200:
124:Jaipur State
111:
91:
86:Belligerents
18:
1891:Sikh Empire
1870:interrupted
1611:Lahore Fort
1562:Henry Every
1527:Malik Ambar
1470:Baro-Bhuyan
1463:Adversaries
1449:Ranthambore
1404:Chittorgarh
1225:Child's war
1051:family tree
695:|work=
412:Dara Shikoh
347:Murad Baksh
315:Murad Baksh
243:Padshahnama
215:Afghanistan
193:Dara Shikoh
189:Murad Baksh
181:Jai Singh I
150:Mehrāb Khan
72:Territorial
54:Afghanistan
1936:Categories
1921:Rohilkhand
1866:Sur Empire
1572:Nader Shah
1507:Rana Sanga
1419:Daulatabad
1303:Haldighati
1235:Bengal war
1073:Government
1005:Alamgir II
955:Shah Jahan
786:13 October
405:Abdul Aziz
351:Badakhshan
283:Shah Jahan
229:Background
173:Shah Jahan
159:Autar Khan
1722:Taj Mahal
1606:Agra Fort
1567:Bajirao I
1490:Musa Khan
1444:Purandhar
1348:Raj Mahal
1323:Najafgarh
1173:Conflicts
1140:Hyderabad
1096:Provinces
852:ignored (
842:cite book
697:ignored (
687:cite book
355:Aurangzeb
333:captured
324:Aurangzeb
307:Badakshan
296:Samarkand
185:Aurangzeb
1911:Carnatic
1830:Painting
1825:Language
1793:See also
1621:Red Fort
1475:Isa Khan
1439:Kandahar
1424:Golconda
1353:Samugarh
1288:Chanderi
1078:Military
1025:Akbar II
950:Shahryar
945:Jahangir
922:Emperors
431:See also
291:Kandahar
272:Jahangir
268:Safavids
252:Safavids
223:Kandahar
141:Abbas II
49:Location
29:Part of
1845:Weapons
1820:Gardens
1815:Fashion
1810:Culture
1805:Cuisine
1641:Mosques
1537:Shivaji
1454:Sambhal
1429:Hooghly
1399:Bijapur
1373:Tukaroi
1358:Sirhind
1343:Plassey
1260:Battles
1130:Gujarat
1058:Economy
1046:Dynasty
935:Humayun
710:Sources
572:Iranica
375:Isfahan
320:Isfahan
285:, both
260:Humayun
211:Safavid
74:changes
67:victory
65:Safavid
1751:Others
1532:Gokula
1392:Sieges
1383:Bhulua
1318:Khanwa
1313:Khajwa
1308:Karnal
1298:Ghagra
1293:Chausa
1155:Multan
1145:Lahore
1120:Bengal
869:
832:
802:
768:
747:
726:
677:
592:
551:
476:
335:Bamyan
262:, the
207:Mughal
61:Result
1840:Tribe
1434:Jinji
1414:Daman
1409:Delhi
1378:Bakla
1283:Buxar
1150:Malwa
1135:Delhi
1125:Berar
1115:Awadh
1110:Ajmer
940:Akbar
930:Babur
867:JSTOR
830:JSTOR
817:(PDF)
675:JSTOR
453:Notes
363:Balkh
359:Uzbek
343:Kabul
311:Balkh
303:Kabul
287:Kabul
1886:Jats
1779:more
1517:Hemu
1268:Agra
1160:Sira
1105:Agra
1063:Flag
854:help
800:ISBN
788:2011
766:ISBN
745:ISBN
724:ISBN
699:help
590:ISBN
549:ISBN
474:ISBN
379:Bost
309:and
289:and
250:The
209:and
201:The
41:Date
1800:Art
369:War
1938::
846::
844:}}
840:{{
691::
689:}}
685:{{
661:^
649:^
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1868:(
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482:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
