642:
2919:
853:, who determined the prayer times using mathematical astronomy. Unlike the muezzin who were typically chosen for their piety and beautiful voice, the qualification of the muwaqqit required special knowledge in astronomy. Historian Sonja Brentjes speculates that the muwaqqit might have evolved from a specialised muezzin, and that there might not have been a clear delineation between the two offices. Some celebrated muwaqqits, including
2908:
42:
861:, were known to have once been muezzins, and many individuals held both offices simultaneously. Today, with the production of electronic devices and authoritative timetables, a muezzin in a mosque can broadcast the call to prayer by consulting a table or a clock without requiring the specialised skill of a
806:
The professional muezzin is chosen for his good character, voice and skills to serve at the mosque. Muezzins are typically men. The muezzin is not considered a , for cleaning the toilets and the place where people wash their hands, face and feet when they perform the
1476:
2668:
2550:
1918:
1481:
888:
and the muezzin will use a microphone, or a recording is played, allowing the call to prayer to be heard at great distances without climbing the minaret.
2535:
2634:
1407:
2565:
2639:
2555:
2656:
2619:
2540:
2560:
1508:
628:
2570:
2527:
1438:
1365:
854:
77:
1424:
1034:
2422:
2376:
2036:
2030:
1396:
2293:
2149:
1684:
1580:
1259:
928:
man, who could not see down into the inner courtyards of the citizens' houses and thus could not violate privacy.
2777:
2593:
2842:
2400:
2298:
1283:
2210:
1969:
1704:
1237:
822:, the "purification" of ablution) before offering the prayer. When calling to prayer, the muezzin faces the
2953:
2762:
2739:
2359:
2215:
2205:
2111:
1822:
942:
2864:
2729:
2545:
2313:
2106:
1541:
847:
but then spread into other parts of the
Islamic world, major mosques might employ a related officer, the
873:
The call of the muezzin is considered an art form, reflected in the melodious chanting of the adhan. In
2624:
2507:
2024:
1501:
1017:
621:
2704:
2405:
2234:
1930:
1710:
1673:
1415:
924:
After minarets became customary at mosques, the office of muezzin in cities was sometimes given to a
2859:
2588:
2412:
2185:
1723:
844:
2722:
1596:
1354:, and the Teachers of Various Astronomical Disciplines in Mamluk Cities in the Fifteenth Century"
977:
885:
457:
17:
1750:
1101:"The Idea of Female Muezzins and Imams in Islam a Challenge to the Pakistani Patriarchal Forces"
49:(c. 580–640 CE), the first muezzin in the Islamic tradition, who is seen standing on top of the
2874:
2803:
2772:
2712:
1694:
1689:
1607:
794:
763:
592:
2943:
1477:"Cairo to use computerised call to prayer after complaints over tuneless muezzin", 13 Aug 2010
1376:
1345:
2820:
2798:
1617:
1494:
1312:
1296:
614:
2487:
2394:
2339:
1466:, by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Gloria Lotha, Deepti Mahajan and Amy Tikkanen
251:
8:
2717:
2598:
2492:
2308:
1805:
1602:
1021:
326:
2879:
2793:
2644:
2580:
2388:
2364:
2041:
2019:
1979:
1869:
1782:
1733:
1699:
1590:
646:
785:
347:
2854:
2849:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2417:
2303:
2255:
2098:
2009:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1573:
1434:
1392:
1361:
1308:
1279:
1100:
1057:
1030:
911:
597:
2948:
2884:
2869:
2629:
2334:
2056:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1959:
1765:
1668:
1640:
1528:
1271:
660:
2810:
2517:
2462:
2262:
1948:
1908:
1859:
1811:
1585:
947:
937:
901:
789:
776:
758:
699:
557:
402:
46:
2922:
2649:
2502:
2344:
2046:
1419:
1411:
1002:
921:
and is considered to have been the first mu'azzin, chosen by
Muhammad himself.
723:
65:
1153:
2937:
2825:
2662:
2512:
2051:
2014:
1989:
1874:
858:
572:
437:
427:
417:
997:
2912:
2837:
2497:
2349:
2227:
1943:
1847:
1835:
1549:
1459:
1130:
1081:
971:
532:
492:
472:
256:
236:
768:
641:
2474:
1964:
1903:
1830:
1717:
884:
in order to be heard by those around the mosque. Now, mosques often have
727:
715:
711:
542:
397:
35:
2767:
1864:
1839:
1388:
880:
Historically, a muezzin would have recited the call to prayer atop the
719:
587:
552:
31:
2482:
1913:
1728:
925:
827:
507:
422:
412:
387:
342:
276:
271:
221:
186:
1482:"Muslim preachers given call-to-prayer singing lessons", 11 May 2010
2815:
2321:
2179:
2131:
1925:
1879:
1843:
1568:
914:
897:
877:
there is an annual competition to find the country's best muezzin.
849:
602:
527:
512:
407:
126:
121:
116:
111:
27:
Person appointed at a mosque to lead and recite the call to prayer
2830:
2436:
2124:
2004:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1626:
906:
881:
735:
582:
487:
467:
382:
316:
306:
261:
226:
141:
136:
131:
106:
1356:. In Emilia Calvo; Mercè Comes; Roser Puig; Mònica Rius (eds.).
2354:
2328:
2287:
2248:
2165:
2078:
1999:
1854:
1800:
1795:
1562:
1486:
874:
823:
812:
731:
675:
562:
522:
502:
482:
462:
447:
377:
367:
362:
357:
352:
321:
311:
301:
296:
291:
246:
211:
201:
151:
96:
738:. The muezzin plays an important role in ensuring an accurate
2603:
2428:
2382:
2370:
2172:
2158:
2117:
1790:
1647:
1633:
1554:
1517:
965:
959:
918:
896:
The institution of the muezzin has existed since the time of
836:
831:
743:
739:
707:
577:
567:
547:
537:
477:
452:
432:
392:
372:
281:
266:
241:
231:
216:
206:
196:
191:
171:
156:
146:
69:
54:
50:
706:) is the person who proclaims the call to the daily prayer (
2269:
2241:
2191:
2138:
2083:
1654:
1206:
808:
681:
517:
497:
442:
286:
181:
101:
86:
1299:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print.
687:
669:
161:
41:
1194:
1182:
1170:
649:
muezzin performing the adhan indoor with a microphone.
690:
684:
968:, the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin
1218:
678:
663:
1158:
2935:
1131:"Muezzin | Definition & Facts | Britannica"
1358:A Shared Legacy: Islamic Science East and West
1098:
886:loudspeakers mounted on the top of the minaret
1502:
801:
798:"to call". Thus, it means "the calling one".
622:
1383:. In E. Jamil Ragep; Sally P. Ragep (eds.).
1154:A Muazzin calling for prayer in Saudi Arabia
1509:
1495:
1425:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
843:From the fourteenth century, initially in
629:
615:
1433:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 674–677.
1252:
1405:
1343:
1324:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1010:
640:
40:
1385:Tradition, Transmission, Transformation
1099:Muhammad Usman, Shakir (20 July 2021).
900:. The first muezzin was a former slave
14:
2936:
1408:"Masdjid: The personnel of the mosque"
974:, the Jewish equivalent of the muezzin
868:
2689:
2457:
2073:
1490:
1315:. South Africa: Ohio UP, 2000. Print.
775:
2458:
2074:
1377:"On the role of the muezzin and the
1374:
1289:
1224:
1164:
904:, one of the most trusted and loyal
1297:Muslim Societies in African History
931:
793:
762:
703:
24:
1460:Muezzin Islamic religious official
1448:
1360:. Edicions Universitat Barcelona.
1327:The History of the Siege of Lisbon
1262:." BBC News. BBC, 2009. Web. 2013.
25:
2965:
1470:
34:. For the ice hockey player, see
2918:
2917:
2906:
2437:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
1685:Timeline of the history of Islam
1516:
659:
45:Ottoman-era miniature depicting
2778:List of ex-Muslim organisations
1337:
1318:
1302:
1265:
1230:
30:For the 2009 Turkish film, see
1464:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1313:The History of Islam in Africa
1276:Historical Dictionary of Islam
1147:
1123:
1092:
1074:
1050:
1029:. Enlight Press. p. 470.
1016:
990:
13:
1:
1329:. Harcourt Brace. p. 20.
983:
2763:Apostasy in Islam by country
2640:Liberalism and progressivism
1381:in medieval Islamic society"
1346:"Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi on
943:Rahim Moazzen Zadeh Ardabili
748:
7:
1406:Pedersen, Johannes (1991).
1311:, and Randall Lee Pouwels.
953:
769:
10:
2970:
2690:
1240:. Aljazeera. 13 March 2013
1018:Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi
938:Bilal ibn Ribah al-Habashi
891:
802:Roles and responsibilities
335:Legal vocations and titles
29:
2901:
2786:
2753:
2703:
2699:
2685:
2612:
2579:
2551:Geography and cartography
2526:
2473:
2469:
2453:
2279:
2201:
2148:
2097:
2093:
2069:
1939:
1821:
1781:
1664:
1616:
1540:
1536:
1525:
1453:
1278:, p.68. Scarecrow Press.
1003:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2860:Islamic view of miracles
1344:Brentjes, Sonja (2008).
2625:Creationism (evolution)
1375:King, David A. (1996).
1325:Saramago, Jose (1998).
1062:www.merriam-webster.com
1058:"Definition of Muezzin"
978:Loudspeakers in mosques
855:Shams al-Din al-Khalili
826:, the direction of the
2875:Persecution of Muslims
2773:List of former Muslims
1690:Succession to Muhammad
650:
58:
2669:Conversion to mosques
2536:Alchemy and chemistry
962:, Muslim daily prayer
834:, while reciting the
644:
44:
2395:Ma malakat aymanukum
1970:Association football
1391:. pp. 285–345.
910:(companions) of the
777:[mu.ʔað.ðin]
710:) five times a day (
2954:Islamic terminology
1215:, pp. 139–140.
869:Call of the muezzin
53:while reciting the
2880:Quran and miracles
2794:Criticism of Islam
2508:Geometric patterns
2360:Gender segregation
1931:Non-denominational
1135:www.britannica.com
651:
647:United States Navy
59:
2931:
2930:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2865:Domestic violence
2855:Islamic terrorism
2850:Islamic extremism
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2235:Marriage contract
2065:
2064:
2025:Political aspects
1812:Story of Prophets
1581:Prophets of Islam
1440:978-90-04-08112-3
1367:978-84-475-3285-8
1309:Levtzion, Nehemia
1295:Robinson, David.
1023:The Laws of Islam
1020:(26 March 2016).
917:. He was born in
786:active participle
757:is borrowed from
753:The English word
744:Muslim community.
639:
638:
16:(Redirected from
2961:
2921:
2920:
2913:Islam portal
2911:
2910:
2909:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2528:Medieval science
2471:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2112:Economic history
2095:
2094:
2071:
2070:
2057:Islam by country
1890:Bektashi Alevism
1538:
1537:
1529:Outline of Islam
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1444:
1402:
1371:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1272:Ludwig W. Adamec
1269:
1263:
1260:Slavery in Islam
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1028:
1014:
1008:
1007:
994:
932:Notable muezzins
797:
779:
774:
766:
705:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
672:
671:
666:
665:
631:
624:
617:
593:Tabi' al-Tabi'in
61:
60:
21:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2907:
2905:
2889:
2811:Cultural Muslim
2782:
2749:
2705:Other religions
2695:
2691:
2673:
2608:
2575:
2522:
2465:
2463:Islamic studies
2459:
2441:
2275:
2220:
2197:
2144:
2089:
2088:
2061:
2010:Moral teachings
1953:
1935:
1909:Nation of Islam
1870:Twelver Shi'ism
1817:
1783:Religious texts
1777:
1695:Early conquests
1678:
1660:
1612:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1473:
1456:
1451:
1449:Further reading
1441:
1412:Bosworth, C. E.
1399:
1368:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1015:
1011:
996:
995:
991:
986:
956:
948:Ali Ahmed Mulla
934:
912:Islamic prophet
902:Bilal ibn Rabah
894:
871:
821:
804:
751:
740:prayer schedule
674:
668:
662:
658:
635:
403:Hujjat al-Islam
348:Shaykh al-Islām
47:Bilal ibn Rabah
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2790:
2788:
2787:Related topics
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2709:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2418:Sources of law
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:Social welfare
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1705:Historiography
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1471:External links
1469:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1416:van Donzel, E.
1403:
1397:
1372:
1366:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1301:
1288:
1264:
1251:
1229:
1227:, p. 322.
1217:
1205:
1203:, p. 141.
1193:
1191:, p. 139.
1181:
1179:, p. 677.
1169:
1167:, p. 286.
1157:
1146:
1122:
1091:
1086:Dictionary.com
1073:
1049:
1036:978-0994240989
1035:
1009:
1006:(Online). n.d.
988:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:
969:
963:
955:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
933:
930:
893:
890:
870:
867:
819:
803:
800:
750:
747:
724:Maghrib prayer
637:
636:
634:
633:
626:
619:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
598:Da'i al-Mutlaq
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
337:
336:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
176:
175:
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
82:
81:
73:
72:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Post-Islamism
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:Protestantism
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2684:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Ophthalmology
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Death penalty
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:Other aspects
2278:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2084:Jurisprudence
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1823:Denominations
1820:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1608:Holiest sites
1606:
1604:
1603:Judgement Day
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:90-04-10119-5
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1213:Brentjes 2008
1209:
1202:
1201:Brentjes 2008
1197:
1190:
1189:Brentjes 2008
1185:
1178:
1177:Pedersen 1991
1173:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1004:
999:
993:
989:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
929:
927:
922:
920:
916:
913:
909:
908:
903:
899:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
866:
864:
860:
859:ibn al-Shatir
856:
852:
851:
846:
841:
839:
838:
833:
829:
825:
818:
814:
810:
799:
796:
791:
787:
783:
780:, simplified
778:
773:
772:
765:
760:
756:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
695:
656:
648:
643:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
612:
610:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:Seghatoleslam
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2838:Islamophobia
2713:Christianity
2661:
2594:Contemporary
2488:Architecture
2427:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2327:
2320:
2286:
2268:
2263:Nikah mut'ah
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2190:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2029:
1810:
1734:
1716:
1709:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:Five Pillars
1595:
1561:
1550:God in Islam
1527:
1463:
1430:
1423:
1384:
1378:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1338:Bibliography
1326:
1320:
1304:
1291:
1275:
1267:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1022:
1012:
1001:
992:
972:Schulklopfer
923:
905:
895:
879:
872:
862:
848:
845:Mamluk Egypt
842:
835:
816:
805:
781:
770:
754:
752:
654:
652:
170:
85:
78:Usul al-Fiqh
76:
2613:Other areas
2604:Theological
2599:Eschatology
2556:Mathematics
2493:Calligraphy
2423:Theological
2377:Inheritance
2294:Cleanliness
1724:Shi'a Imams
1718:Ahl al-Bayt
1420:Pellat, Ch.
1352:Mu'adhdhins
771:muʾadh·dhin
728:Isha prayer
716:Zuhr prayer
712:Fajr prayer
398:Grand Mufti
36:Jake Muzzin
2938:Categories
2768:Ex-Muslims
2663:Shu'ubiyya
2657:Psychology
2645:Literature
2635:Inventions
2581:Philosophy
2389:Leadership
2365:Honorifics
2020:Philosophy
1875:Isma'ilism
1840:Maturidism
1729:Caliphates
1700:Golden Age
1591:Revelation
1429:Volume VI:
1389:E.J. Brill
1284:0810861615
1140:2023-08-22
1067:2021-09-13
984:References
720:Asr prayer
553:Mujahideen
2944:Mu'azzins
2885:Symbolism
2843:Incidents
2821:Criticism
2718:Mormonism
2620:Astrology
2546:Cosmology
2541:Astronomy
2483:Arabesque
2350:Etiquette
2309:Blasphemy
2099:Economics
1914:Ahmadiyya
1848:Mu'tazili
1836:Ash'arism
1348:Muwaqqits
1238:"Muezzin"
1225:King 1996
1165:King 1996
1082:"muezzin"
998:"muezzin"
749:Etymology
734:from the
533:Ulu'l-amr
508:Muhaddith
413:Ayatollah
388:Mohyeddin
277:Istishhad
272:Istighfar
187:Mustahabb
2923:Category
2816:Islamism
2799:Muhammad
2755:Apostasy
2730:Hinduism
2630:Feminism
2561:Medicine
2401:Military
2355:Gambling
2304:Apostasy
2299:Criminal
2211:Marriage
2180:Tayammum
2132:Murabaha
2005:Madrasas
1995:Holidays
1985:Clothing
1980:Children
1975:Calendar
1926:Quranism
1880:Alawites
1844:Atharism
1735:Rashidun
1574:In Islam
1569:Muhammad
1431:Mahk–Mid
1422:(eds.).
1379:muwaqqit
1274:(2009),
1244:21 March
1042:8 August
954:See also
915:Muhammad
898:Muhammad
882:minarets
863:muwaqqit
850:muwaqqit
782:mu'azzin
764:مُؤَذِّن
742:for the
704:مُؤَذِّن
603:al-Dawla
543:Mu'azzin
528:Marabout
513:Mujaddid
483:Mufassir
408:Mujtahid
137:Madrasah
127:Istishab
122:Istihsan
117:Istihlal
112:Ikhtilaf
66:a series
64:Part of
2949:Mosques
2870:Nursing
2831:Qutbism
2745:Sikhism
2740:Judaism
2735:Jainism
2571:Physics
2518:Pottery
2503:Gardens
2498:Carpets
2413:Slavery
2335:Divorce
2322:Dhabiĥa
2150:Hygiene
2125:Takaful
2107:Banking
2037:Science
2031:Qurbani
2000:Mosques
1960:Animals
1949:Culture
1897:Zaydism
1885:Alevism
1771:Ottoman
1761:Almohad
1756:Fatimid
1751:Córdoba
1746:Abbasid
1741:Umayyad
1674:Leaders
1669:History
1627:Shahada
1542:Beliefs
1115:27 June
907:sahabah
892:Origins
795:أَذَّنَ
755:muezzin
736:minaret
730:) at a
655:muezzin
588:Tabi'un
583:Sahabah
488:Murshid
473:Mawlānā
468:Khawaja
458:Mawlawi
383:Allamah
317:Tazkiah
307:Taqiyya
262:Hirabah
227:Fahisha
142:Maslaha
132:Madhhab
107:Ijtihad
32:Müezzin
18:Muazzin
2692:
2650:poetry
2460:
2345:Ethics
2329:Dhimmi
2288:Baligh
2249:Mahram
2206:Family
2186:Toilet
2166:Miswak
1919:Lahori
1860:Salafi
1806:Seerah
1801:Tafsir
1796:Hadith
1766:Sokoto
1711:Sahaba
1586:Angels
1563:Tawhid
1520:topics
1454:Online
1437:
1418:&
1395:
1364:
1282:
1033:
875:Turkey
832:Makkah
828:Ka'bah
824:qiblah
820:وُضُوء
813:Arabic
790:Arabic
784:, the
759:Arabic
732:mosque
700:Arabic
563:Shahid
523:Sheikh
503:Akhund
463:Khatib
448:Mullah
423:Marja'
378:Faqeeh
368:Hadrat
363:Ashraf
358:Sharif
353:Sayyid
343:Caliph
322:Thawab
312:Tawbah
302:Taghut
297:Tafsir
292:Sunnah
247:Ghibah
222:Bid'ah
212:Baligh
202:Makruh
152:Taqlid
97:Ijazah
2804:Quran
2694:Other
2589:Early
2513:Music
2429:Kalam
2383:Jizya
2371:Hudud
2256:Nikah
2173:Najis
2159:Ghusl
2118:Sukuk
2047:Women
2015:Music
1990:Flags
1904:Ibadi
1831:Sunni
1791:Quran
1648:Zakat
1634:Salah
1597:Qadar
1555:Allah
1518:Islam
1462:, in
1410:. In
1105:PJSEL
1027:(PDF)
966:Adhan
960:Salah
926:blind
919:Mecca
837:adhan
817:wuḍū’
809:Wuḍu'
708:ṣalāt
578:Salaf
573:Ansar
568:Hajji
558:Ghazi
548:Murid
538:Ustad
478:Mawla
453:Mahdi
438:Hakim
433:Hujja
428:Hafiz
393:Mufti
373:Ulama
327:Wasat
282:Jihad
267:Islah
252:Gunah
242:Fasad
237:Fitna
232:Fasiq
217:Batil
207:Haram
197:Mubah
192:Halal
172:Ahkam
157:Taqwa
147:Qiyas
70:Islam
55:adhan
51:Kaaba
2475:Arts
2406:POWs
2340:Diet
2270:Zina
2242:Mahr
2228:Haya
2192:Wudu
2139:Riba
2052:LGBT
1944:Life
1865:Shia
1855:Sufi
1846:and
1655:Hajj
1641:Sawm
1435:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1246:2015
1117:2023
1044:2018
1031:ISBN
857:and
726:and
653:The
518:Qadi
498:Wali
443:Imam
287:Qasd
257:Haya
182:Fard
102:Ijma
87:Fiqh
2216:Sex
2079:Law
1965:Art
1111:: 9
830:in
788:of
493:Pir
162:Urf
68:on
2940::
1842:,
1838:,
1427:.
1414:;
1387:.
1350:,
1133:.
1107:.
1103:.
1084:.
1060:.
1000:.
865:.
840:.
815::
792::
767:,
761::
722:,
718:,
714:,
702::
698:;
645:A
1510:e
1503:t
1496:v
1443:.
1401:.
1370:.
1286:.
1258:"
1248:.
1143:.
1119:.
1109:7
1088:.
1070:.
1046:.
811:(
694:/
691:n
688:ɪ
685:z
682:ɛ
679:ˈ
676:u
673:)
670:j
667:(
664:m
661:/
657:(
630:e
623:t
616:v
57:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
