800:, as his successor. Mu'izz al-Dawla refused Nasir al-Dawla's offer, and again invaded Hamdanid territory. Once again Mosul and Nasibin were captured, while the Hamdanids fled to the mountain fortresses. As in 958, the Buyids were unable to maintain themselves for long in the Jazira, and soon an agreement was reached which allowed the Hamdanids to return to Mosul. This time, however, Abu Taghlib emerged as the effective leader in his father's place: it was with him, rather than the aged Nasir al-Dawla, that Mu'izz al-Dawla concluded a treaty.
712:, who was the son of Rukn al-Dawla and 'Imad al-Dawla's successor, would take power there. Still, he raised objections when Fana-Khusrau requested the title of "Taj al-Dawla". The title of "Taj" ("crown") implied that Fana-Khusrau was superior to his father and uncle, provoking a reaction from Mu'izz al-Dawla. A more suitable title ("'Adud al-Dawla") was instead chosen. Shortly afterwards, Mu'izz al-Dawla sent another expedition against the Batihah. This campaign, led by a Daylamite officer named
47:
541:, who declared his allegiance to the Hamdanids and administered the affairs of Baghdad on their behalf. Nasir al-Dawla then decided to head for Baghdad himself. Leaving his cousin al-Husayn ibn Sa'id in the field to distract Mu'izz al-Dawla, he headed south and reached western Baghdad on April 15, and though he was forced to destroy his baggage when a number of Daylamites threatened to seize it, he and his forces were able to gain control of the city.
647:
and compelled him to flee. Nasir al-Dawla was forced to call on Mu'izz al-Dawla for assistance, and a Buyid army under the command of
Saymari was sent to quell the Turks and enforce the treaty. Saymari defeated the rebels and confirmed Nasir al-Dawla in his position, but also confiscated a number of supplies and took a son of Nasir al-Dawla as a hostage to ensure that he would abide by the terms of the peace; he then returned to Baghdad.
389:
1715:
785:, but the Hamdanids and their supporters withdrew to their home territory in the mountains of the north, taking with them their treasures as well as all government records and tax registers. As a result, the Buyid army was unable to support itself in the conquered territory, all the more so since the predominantly Daylamite troops were resented by the local people, who launched
614:
As the
Daylamites spread throughout eastern Baghdad, the Hamdanid army began to fall apart in disorder. Nasir al-Dawla, realizing that he was in danger of losing the city, ordered Ibn Shirzad to take command of the troops and push the Daylamites back across the river. Ibn Shirzad set out, but when he
593:
tribes surrounded western
Baghdad and cut off the flow of supplies. The blockade was effective and soon shortages were rampant on the Buyid side; the price of bread soared to more than six times what it was selling for on the eastern side of the river, and was sometimes not available at all. Starving
808:
Rukn al-Dawla's struggles in northern Persia against various enemies caused Mu'izz al-Dawla to send military aid for several years. This, combined with continually having to deal with the
Hamdanids, prevented Mu'izz al-Dawla from expanding the borders of his state for several years. Despite this, he
627:
Following their expulsion from
Baghdad, Nasir al-Dawla, Ibn Shirzad and the Hamdanid army proceeded up the Tigris to Ukbara to regroup. After they arrived, Nasir al-Dawla sent an envoy to Mu'izz al-Dawla to sue for peace. Mu'izz al-Dawla agreed to the terms, and the war between the two sides came to
565:
Both sides were clearly determined to take permanent control of the city, and the battle quickly turned into a stalemate. Combat took place in multiple locations throughout
Baghdad, with both the Hamdanid and Buyid forces launching offensive sorties against each other. Neither side, however was able
752:
Abu'l-Abbas
Musafir, an officer of Mu'izz al-Dawla, who managed to discover the Daylamites' plan, urged Mu'izz al-Dawla to have Ruzbahan killed. Mu'izz al-Dawla, initially demurred, but was convinced of the threat of the plot by a number of his other officers. At nightfall, Mu'izz al-Dawla's guards
602:
By July 945, with no end to the battle in sight and with the blockade making supplies increasingly scarce, Mu'izz al-Dawla was giving serious thought to abandoning western
Baghdad and retreating to al-Ahwaz. He eventually decided to make one final attempt to take the eastern side, and if the effort
646:
The
Turkish mercenaries in the Hamdanid army, who were vehemently opposed to Mu'izz al-Dawla's continued occupation of Baghdad, were not informed that Nasir al-Dawla was seeking peace with the Buyids. When they learned that the two amirs had agreed to a treaty, they rebelled against Nasir al-Dawla
864:
in
Baghdad continued to pose a problem. The Sunni Turks, who found their privileges eroded by the Daylamite troops that had entered Baghdad with their master in 945, constantly threatened to upset the internal stability of the state. Mu'izz al-Dawla at first favored the Daylamite troops but later
511:
soldiers who had fled from Baghdad just before Mu'izz al-Dawla's entrance into the capital, and he was much more familiar with the territory between Mosul and Baghdad than his rival was. Mu'izz al-Dawla, on the other hand, was on less secure ground; Baghdad was in a sorry state thanks to years of
618:
Eastern Baghdad, meanwhile, remained in a state of turmoil. The Daylamite army occupied the eastern quarters of the city and began retaliating against the population for their support of the Hamdanids during the fighting. Ignoring an order by Mu'izz al-Dawla to refrain from pillaging, they began
730:
Peace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. A false rumor of Mu'izz al-Dawla's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz al-Dawla demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the
588:
The economy of Baghdad suffered greatly throughout the fighting. Both sides seized the produce of local cultivators to feed their troops. Eastern Baghdad was able to avoid any serious shortages thanks to shipments flowing down from Mosul, but the western side was subjected to a blockade for the
584:
On the eastern side, Nasir al-Dawla attempted to legitimize his seizure of the city by re-issuing the coinage of 942–943, from when he had last been in control of Baghdad. At least part of the population accepted his claims and supported him throughout the fighting. Ibn Shirzad was also able to
726:
Ruzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. 'Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the
739:
While Mu'izz was preoccupied with the rebellion of his Daylamite troops under Ruzbahan in southern Iraq, Nasir al-Dawla used the opportunity to advance south and capture Baghdad. In 957, Mu'izz al-Dawla fought a final battle against Ruzbahan. Ruzbahan almost managed to win the battle, but was
606:
The plan was carried out on the night of August 1. Mu'izz al-Dawla led a number of men north, instructing them to light torches and blast trumpets along the way. The Hamdanid army, seeing his movements, moved north as well to prevent him from crossing the river. Saymari and his soldiers were
719:'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al-Dawla's chief secretary, Abu Ja'far al-Saymari, died in 650/651, and
619:
looting, set fire to houses and killed a number of civilians. Many of the residents fled in fear and attempted to head north to Ukbara, but died along the way in the summer heat. The chaos ceased only when Saymari executed several pillagers and sent out patrols to reestablish order.
615:
attempted to convince the panicking soldiers to regroup he was unable to do so and therefore decided to flee. Nasir al-Dawla then realized that the fight was lost and joined the retreat; the Hamdanid forces withdrew from Baghdad and allowed the Buyids to take control of the city.
548:
and Samarra, and headed back to the city. When he arrived, he found that Nasir al-Dawla had crossed the Tigris and set up camp outside the Shammasiyyah quarter of eastern Baghdad; he therefore dug in on the western side of the city, and the two sides prepared for fighting.
529:, in preparation for a campaign to conquer Mosul. The expedition was terminated, however, when Yanal Kushah suddenly attacked Musa and deserted to the Hamdanids. Nasir al-Dawla responded to this act of aggression by leading his army, which included a number of Turks, to
727:
fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al-Dawla then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.
566:
to generate a victory large enough to win control of both halves of the city. Getting troops across the Tigris successfully was a challenge, and even if an army managed to make it to the opposite shore, they were usually forced to retreat in short order.
512:
mismanagement and he was hamstrung by its numerous financial and military problems. Nasir al-Dawla furthermore gained a pretext for war when in January 946 Mu'izz al-Dawla deposed and blinded the caliph al-Mustakfi and replaced him with the more obedient
557:
For the next three months, control of Baghdad was divided between the Hamdanids and Buyids, with the Tigris dividing the two. On the Hamdanid side, Nasir al-Dawla promoted Ibn Shirzad to serve as one of his chief commanders, while on the western side,
749:. The defeat marked the end of Ruzbahan's rebellion. Ruzbahan was captured during the battle and was imprisoned in a fortress known as Sarat. The Daylamite supporters of Ruzbahan then began planning to capture the fortress and rescue Ruzbahan.
603:
failed he would give the order to withdraw. He gave orders to his chief secretary Saymari to cross to the eastern bank with a number of handpicked Daylamites, while he himself would attempt to distract the Hamdanid forces with a ruse.
536:
While stationed at Samarra, Nasir al-Dawla sent his brother Jubayr to sneak around the Buyid army and head south to Baghdad. When Jubayr arrived at the city, he was welcomed by the citizens and by Mu'izz al-Dawla's former secretary
475:, which in theory made him the senior amir of the Buyids, meant little in reality and was soon claimed by 'Imad al-Dawla. Although he maintained a certain level of independence, he was largely subordinate to 'Imad al-Dawla.
333:. 'Ali then managed to gain military positions for Ahmad and their other brother, Hasan. At the time, Ahmad was about thirteen years old. When Makan attacked his Samanid overlords and was subsequently defeated by the
731:
money, but kept the goods. Mu'izz al-Dawla sent Ruzbahan a third time to the swamp, but the latter revolted and 'Imran was spared a new attack. Ruzbahan was further joined by the Daylamite soldiers of al-Muhallabi.
277:
several times, but was unable to decisively defeat it. Mu'izz al-Dawla also had problems with some of his Daylamite kinsmen, who would sometimes rebel against him, the most dangerous instance being the rebellion of
516:. As a result, Nasir al-Dawla took a belligerent tone with the Buyids: he withheld the payment of tribute to Baghdad, refused to recognize al-Muti' as caliph and continued to mint coins in al-Mustakfi's name.
364:
Qafs, receiving a wound to the head and losing a hand and several fingers on the other. Direct Buyid control over Kerman was not established, resulting in 'Ali's recall of Ahmad. The latter was then sent to
772:
Mu'izz al-Dawla then began counter-attacking Nasir al-Dawla, who was not able to maintain his position, and abandoned Baghdad. Peace was renewed in exchange for the resumption of tribute and an additional
524:
It quickly became clear that the two amirs would be unable to work out an agreement with each other. In February 946, Mu'izz al-Dawla sent an army under the command of Musa Fayadhah and Yanal Kushah to
865:
attempted to compromise between the two groups, making a Turk named Sebük-Tegin his chief commander. 'Izz al-Dawla's ascension would soon upset this balance, however, resulting in internal disunity.
789:
attacks on them. Sayf al-Dawla tried to mediate with Mu'izz al-Dawla, but his first approaches were rebuffed. Only when he agreed to assume the burden of paying his brother's tribute for the entire
628:
an end. Mu'izz al-Dawla agreed to recognize the Hamdanid as ruler of the territory from Tikrit northwards, and to release him from the obligation of transmitting tax revenues from Mosul and the
777:, but when Nasir al-Dawla refused to send the second year's payment, the Buyid ruler advanced north. Unable to confront the Buyid army in the field, Nasir al-Dawla abandoned Mosul and fled to
825:, whom he had named his successor during a serious illness in 955, took power following his death. Mu'izz al-Dawla also had other sons named Habashi (known by his title of "Sanad al-Dawla"),
611:
to stop him, and a fierce fight broke out. Eventually the Daylamites were victorious and the Hamdanid forces were pushed back to the Shammasiyyah gate at the northeastern corner of the city.
723:
succeeded him. Mu'izz al-Dawla, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers about 'Imran, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of al-Muhallabi and Ruzbahan.
708:'Imad al-Dawla shortly died in 949, and Rukn al-Dawla then took the title of senior amir. Mu'izz al-Dawla accepted the change of rulers, and then sent al-Saymari to Shiraz to ensure that
265:
Throughout his rule, Mu'izz al-Dawla was devoted to conflicts with other dynasties for control over Iraq—in 946, an important battle took place in Baghdad between Mu'izz al-Dawla and the
400:, where the Caliphate was in serious internal disarray. These expeditions were on his own initiative; Ali had not ordered them and did not send support for them. In 944, Ahmad captured
853:, continued to pose a threat. The struggle for power between Baghdad and Shiraz that first showed itself during Mu'izz al-Dawla's lifetime exploded into violence soon after his death.
845:
Caliphate. Nevertheless, by the time of his death several problems remained unsolved. The Buyids had difficulty adjusting to Baghdad; Mu'izz al-Dawla almost left the city in favor of
380:, but were attempting to establish their independence. Ahmad was sent by 'Ali to the area; he succeeded in uprooting the authority of the Baridis and taking control of that province.
341:, the brothers transferred their allegiance to the latter. In the following years, 'Ali repudiated his subservience to Mardavij and, after some time, managed to create an empire in
643:
on to Baghdad, and promised to regularly send supplies to the city which were to be exempt from any taxes; in addition, he agreed to recognize al-Muti' as the legitimate caliph.
507:
Nasir al-Dawla had reason to be confident that he could defeat Mu'izz al-Dawla if he made an attempt to capture Baghdad. His army had been bolstered by the arrival of numerous
448:, gained the title of "Rukn al-Dawla" ("Pillar of the State"). Mu'izz had brought many of his Daylamite soldiers to Iraq, whom he settled there. He also brought many prominent
661:
Conflict between the Buyids and Hamdanids was renewed in 948, when Mu'izz al-Dawla again marched against Mosul, but was forced to cut off his campaign to assist his brother
577:
filled with Turks up and down the Tigris, and they shot arrows at the Daylamites stationed on the western side of the city. Mu'izz al-Dawla also constructed a fleet of
686:
2092:
559:
673:
agreed to recommence the payment of tribute for the Jazira and Syria, as well as to add the names of the three Buyid brothers after that of the Caliph in the
425:
Ahmad then gained control of Baghdad on December 19, 945 without a struggle. He took charge of the administration of the Caliphate by taking the position of
796:
In 964, Nasir al-Dawla tried to renegotiate the terms of the arrangement he had made with Mu'izz al-Dawla, and secure Buyid recognition for his eldest son,
760:
Mu'izz al-Dawla then began removing the Daylamites who had followed Ruzbahan from their offices, and arrested a number of them, while installing his Turkic
585:
augment the ranks of the Hamdanid forces by enlisting local citizens and criminals, and they participated in attacks on Mu'izz al-Dawla's Daylamite troops.
246:; some years later they rebelled against him after finding out that he planned to murder one of them. In 935/6, Ahmad ibn Buya unsuccessfully invaded
2082:
440:
of "Mu'izz al-Dawla" ("Glorifier of the State"). 'Ali was given the title of "'Imad al-Dawla" ("Support of the State"); another of Ahmad's brothers,
282:
from 955 to 957. By Mu'izz al-Dawla's death in 967, he had defeated all his foes and was the unchallenged ruler of Iraq. He was succeeded by his son
2112:
607:
therefore free to cross to the eastern side and began to do so. When the Hamdanid army realized what was happening, they sent a number of men in
589:
duration of the conflict. Nasir al-Dawla's forces prevented civilians on the western side from crossing to the eastern, while a number of allied
258:
and later Iraq; by 945, he was officially recognized as the ruler of Iraq and Khuzestan and had received the title of "Mu'izz al-Dawla" from the
422:
on July 28 after Tuzun destroyed the bridge to Baghdad. In 945, an Abbasid officer, Yanal Kushah, joined Ahmad, who shortly invaded Iraq again.
372:
Ahmad's next opportunity to expand the possessions of the Buyids came when the Baridis requested help from 'Ali. The Baridis, who ruled in
994:
Miskawaihi, p. 86, notes that Nasir al-Dawla had effectively stopped paying the required tribute even before the Buyid takeover of Baghdad
814:
467:
Despite the fact that Mu'izz al-Dawla had taken control of Iraq by himself, he remained subordinate to 'Imad al-Dawla, who ruled in
533:
the following month. Mu'izz al-Dawla similarly gathered his forces and departed from Baghdad with the caliph al-Muti' for Ukbara.
1630:
1518:
1444:
1410:
418:. Ahmad eventually emerged victorious during the battle, and then marched towards Baghdad, but was forced to retreat back to
2087:
453:
1504:
716:, ended badly. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw.
544:
When Mu'izz al-Dawla learned that he had lost Baghdad, he gathered his Daylamite soldiers, who had been busy plundering
720:
1483:
1542:
1383:
1362:
1339:
1306:
1278:
273:, which lasted several months, with Mu'izz al-Dawla emerging victorious. Mu'izz al-Dawla also fought against the
504:. Nasir al-Dawla had previously controlled Baghdad in 942 and he still entertained hopes of regaining the city.
2107:
1986:
262:, while his two brothers were the rulers of other territories, having also received titles from the Caliph.
2102:
2077:
697:, who fled and whose family was imprisoned. During the same period, Mu'izz al-Dawla had his brother-in-law
594:
people were reduced to eating grass and carrion, and several women were executed for acts of cannibalism.
573:
or small riverboats and used these to launch attacks on each other. Each day, Ibn Shirzad led a number of
1623:
658:. He managed to defeat them and annex their lands in 947. Their defeat marked the end of major fighting.
1479:
1455:
The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate: the Concluding Portion of the Experiences of the Nations, Vol. II.
1331:
1298:
837:
Mu'izz al-Dawla's entrance into Baghdad in 945 began over a century of Buyid rule in Iraq, and also of
2097:
1491:
826:
569:
Control of the Tigris was a major objective for both sides. The Hamdanid and Buyid armies both built
107:
20:
1699:
813:
with military support from 'Adud al-Dawla, and shortly afterwards undertook a campaign against the
1458:
1436:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
1704:
1694:
1616:
501:
1317:
632:
district. In exchange, Nasir al-Dawla was made responsible for forwarding the tax proceeds of
415:
1271:
Islamic History through Coins: An Analysis and Catalogue of Tenth-Century Ikhshidid Coinage.
1960:
1797:
1557:
1375:
The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future
694:
538:
230:
fisherman who had converted to Islam, Ahmad ibn Buya was born in the mountainous region of
8:
2072:
2046:
1864:
1495:
1394:
1997:
1975:
1906:
1879:
1839:
1740:
1664:
1570:
1538:
1514:
1440:
1419:
1406:
1379:
1358:
1335:
1302:
1274:
709:
633:
471:. Coins bearing 'Imad al-Dawla's name in addition to his own were made. His title of
377:
99:
1937:
850:
822:
187:
234:, and by 928, he along with his two brothers served the Daylamite military leader
2007:
2002:
1921:
1911:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1750:
1745:
1724:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1532:
1434:
1430:
1398:
1373:
1325:
1321:
1292:
1288:
790:
457:
201:
1403:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/4: Deylam, John of–Divorce IV. In modern Persia
581:, and his troops used these to battle the Hamdanid forces patrolling the river.
1970:
1965:
1869:
1802:
1792:
1760:
1499:
1487:
1469:
1284:
857:
781:
and then to his brother Sayf al-Dawla in Aleppo. The Buyids captured Mosul and
670:
508:
493:
449:
322:
270:
235:
1327:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1294:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
2066:
2028:
2012:
1916:
1854:
1807:
1787:
1755:
1679:
1659:
1648:
1639:
1598:
1565:
741:
680:
674:
662:
640:
441:
427:
405:
357:
342:
315:
311:
157:
37:
2042:
1834:
1580:
1465:
818:
778:
754:
468:
283:
112:
68:
1926:
1874:
1765:
1689:
797:
590:
433:
303:
46:
562:, the chief secretary of Mu'izz al-Dawla, managed the Buyid war effort.
1949:
861:
838:
629:
353:
295:
227:
175:
821:
marshlands. It was during this campaign that he died, in 967. His son
1776:
1537:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1528:
1405:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 342–347.
786:
774:
698:
388:
373:
330:
255:
356:. Ahmad overran much of Kerman, but encountered resistance from the
713:
693:. He managed to inflict a series of defeats upon the Batihah ruler
489:
410:
338:
279:
266:
243:
209:
1135:
Miskawaihi, pp. 112-4; Donahue; p. 35; Canard, "Hamdanids," p. 127
190:: احمد بن بویه, died April 8, 967), after 945 better known by his
782:
745:
702:
690:
650:
Mu'izz al-Dawla now focused on the Baridis, who still controlled
530:
513:
366:
334:
326:
299:
274:
251:
239:
152:
1608:
1096:
Miskawaihi, pp. 95-6; Canard, "Histoire," p. 515; Donahue, p. 34
1078:
Miskawaihi, pp. 94-5; Canard, "Histoire," p. 514; Donahue, p. 34
1945:
666:
545:
526:
349:
259:
247:
231:
80:
2032:
1714:
1594:
846:
842:
655:
651:
636:
497:
461:
437:
419:
401:
307:
213:
192:
1474:. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586.
1890:
1818:
1105:
Miskawaihi, pp. 96-7. August 1 was the last day of 334 A.H.
849:. The enemies of the Buyids, such as the Hamdanids and the
810:
445:
397:
361:
220:
216:
92:
681:
War against the Batihah amirate and death of Imad al-Dawla
622:
685:
Mu'izz al-Dawla, having assisted his brother, then sent
238:. However, they quickly changed their allegiance to the
1351:
Chalif und Grosskönig - Die Buyiden im Irak (945-1055)
321:
Around 928, Ahmad's brother Ali joined the service of
1355:
Caliph and Great King - The Buyids in Iraq (945-1055)
1273:
Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2006.
352:with the task of conquering that province from the
19:For the 11th-century Mirdasid ruler of Aleppo, see
1060:Miskawaihi, pp. 93, 95; Canard, "Histoire," p. 514
881:Wolfgang Felix & Wilferd Madelung, pp. 342–347
488:News of this event was received negatively by the
396:From Khuzestan he launched several campaigns into
985:Canard, "Histoire," p. 513; Miskawaihi, pp. 89-90
2064:
1478:
1069:Miskawaihi, p. 95; Canard, "Histoire," pp. 514-5
1024:Miskawaihi, p. 93; Canard, "Histoire," pp. 513-4
1015:Miskawaihi, pp. 92-3; Canard, "Histoire," p. 513
767:
383:
1113:
1111:
829:, Abu Tahir, Marzuban, and a daughter Zubayda.
478:
345:, where Ahmad distinguished himself in battle.
254:. From there he started making incursions into
2093:10th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
1624:
1392:
1193:
1191:
1033:Miskawaihi, p. 93; Canard, "Histoire," p. 514
764:to higher offices and giving them more land.
1108:
1002:
1000:
1393:Felix, Wolfgang; Madelung, Wilferd (1995).
1357:] (in German). Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.
1631:
1617:
1505:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1188:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
460:, who served as the financial minister of
289:
45:
997:
970:
2083:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1283:
1200:
832:
734:
387:
1471:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6
1429:
1371:
1138:
803:
2113:Amir al-umara of the Abbasid Caliphate
2065:
623:Aftermath and war against minor rulers
519:
404:, but was met by an Abbasid army near
1612:
1464:
1348:
1315:
444:, who had gained control of northern
392:Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries
310:. Ahmad had two older brothers named
1461:and D. S. Margoliouth. London, 1921.
1439:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
1287:(1975). "Iran under the Būyids". In
793:did Mu'izz al-Dawla agree to peace.
376:, were nominally subordinate to the
1527:
856:Finally, the hostility between the
798:Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar
223:, ruling from 945 until his death.
205:
13:
721:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi
348:In 935 or 936, 'Ali sent Ahmad to
14:
2124:
1638:
500:and the districts of the eastern
1713:
1534:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
1424:The Buwayhid dynasty of Baghdad.
597:
454:Abu'l-Fadl al-Abbas ibn Fasanjas
16:1st Buyid emir of Iraq (945–967)
1243:
1234:
1225:
1209:
1179:
1170:
1154:
1129:
1120:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
988:
979:
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
909:
900:
884:
875:
740:defeated by Mu'izz al-Dawla's
1:
1426:Calcutta: Iran Society, 1964.
1254:The Cambridge History of Iran
1231:Zettersteen and Busse, p. 484
1220:The Cambridge History of Iran
1165:The Cambridge History of Iran
920:The Cambridge History of Iran
895:The Cambridge History of Iran
868:
768:Second war with the Hamdanids
701:imprisoned for plotting with
483:
384:Invasion and conquest of Iraq
294:Ahmad was the son of Buya, a
1378:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
1185:Kennedy (2004), pp. 221, 271
665:, who was having trouble in
552:
479:First war with the Hamdanids
7:
2088:10th-century Iranian people
318:, and a sister named Kama.
10:
2129:
1332:Cambridge University Press
1299:Cambridge University Press
1263:
18:
2021:
1984:
1935:
1888:
1816:
1774:
1722:
1711:
1646:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1562:
1554:
1372:Donohue, John J. (2003).
1349:Busse, Heribert (2004) .
369:to await further orders.
212:"), was the first of the
171:
163:
151:
142:
137:
133:
98:
86:
74:
64:
56:
44:
33:
28:
1482:& Busse, H. (1993).
1316:Busse, Heribert (1975).
753:drowned Ruzbahan in the
414:ruler of the Caliphate,
250:, and was later sent to
1513:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1318:"Iran Under the Buyids"
841:Buyid control over the
306:faith and converted to
290:Family and early career
51:Coin of Mu'izz al-Dawla
1705:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
1695:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
1197:Kennedy (2004), p. 271
1176:Kennedy (2004), p. 217
949:Kennedy (2004), p. 220
906:Kennedy (2004), p. 244
393:
90:April 8, 967 (aged 52)
21:Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal
2108:Buyid emirs of Kerman
1700:Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
1250:Iran Under The Buyids
1216:Iran Under The Buyids
1206:Canard (1986), p. 127
1161:Iran Under The Buyids
916:Iran Under The Buyids
891:Iran Under The Buyids
833:Impact and assessment
735:Rebellion of Ruzbahan
687:Abu Ja'far al-Saymari
452:statesmen, including
391:
1558:Muhammad ibn Shirzad
1334:. pp. 250–305.
1301:. pp. 250–305.
1151:Bowen (1993), p. 995
1042:Miskawaihi, pp. 93-4
804:Later life and death
539:Muhammad ibn Shirzad
2103:People from Lahijan
2078:Buyid emirs of Iraq
1269:Bacharach, Jere L.
1051:Miskwaihi, pp. 93-5
520:Initial hostilities
302:, who had left his
1865:Musharrif al-Dawla
1468:(1990). "BUYIDS".
1252:, Heribert Busse,
1218:, Heribert Busse,
1163:, Heribert Busse,
1126:Miskawaihi, p. 111
918:, Heribert Busse,
893:, Heribert Busse,
560:Abu Ja'far Saymari
436:also gave him the
394:
206:معز الدولة البويهي
2060:
2059:
2052:
2038:
1991:
1961:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
1954:
1942:
1895:
1880:Al-Malik al-Rahim
1823:
1798:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
1781:
1729:
1653:
1607:
1606:
1578:Succeeded by
1571:Abbasid Caliphate
1520:978-90-04-09419-2
1484:"Mu'izz al-Daula"
1480:Zetterstéen, K.V.
1457:Trans. & ed.
1446:978-0-582-40525-7
1420:Kabir, Mafizullah
1412:978-1-56859-022-6
1240:Gil, pp. 350, 945
1117:Miskawaihi, p. 97
1087:Miskawaihi, p. 99
967:Miskawaihi, p. 88
827:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
809:managed to annex
695:'Imran ibn Shahin
496:, who ruled over
378:Abbasid Caliphate
181:
180:
147:
146:
108:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
2120:
2098:Ziyarid generals
2050:
2036:
1989:
1952:
1940:
1893:
1821:
1779:
1727:
1717:
1651:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1555:Preceded by
1552:
1551:
1548:
1524:
1496:Heinrichs, W. P.
1475:
1450:
1416:
1399:Yarshater, Ehsan
1389:
1368:
1345:
1322:Frye, Richard N.
1312:
1289:Frye, Richard N.
1257:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:Bacharach, p. 58
1004:
995:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
950:
947:
941:
940:Miskwaihi, p. 87
938:
932:
931:Miskwaihi, p. 80
929:
923:
913:
907:
904:
898:
888:
882:
879:
207:
135:
134:
49:
26:
25:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2017:
2008:Sharaf al-Dawla
2003:Samsam al-Dawla
1980:
1944:
1931:
1922:Sultan al-Dawla
1912:Samsam al-Dawla
1902:Mu'izz al-Dawla
1884:
1860:Sultan al-Dawla
1850:Sharaf al-Dawla
1845:Samsam al-Dawla
1830:Mu'izz al-Dawla
1812:
1770:
1751:Samsam al-Dawla
1746:Sharaf al-Dawla
1736:Mu'izz al-Dawla
1718:
1709:
1685:Sultan al-Dawla
1675:Samsam al-Dawla
1670:Sharaf al-Dawla
1642:
1637:
1602:
1583:
1574:
1560:
1545:
1521:
1488:Bosworth, C. E.
1447:
1413:
1386:
1365:
1342:
1309:
1285:Bosworth, C. E.
1266:
1261:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
953:
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
914:
910:
905:
901:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
835:
806:
770:
737:
691:Batihah amirate
683:
669:. In exchange,
625:
600:
555:
522:
486:
481:
458:Fasanjas family
438:honorific title
386:
298:fisherman from
292:
275:Batihah amirate
198:Mu'izz al-Dawla
129:
91:
79:
52:
36:
29:Mu'izz al-Dawla
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:'Adud al-Dawla
1994:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1976:Sama' al-Dawla
1973:
1971:Shams al-Dawla
1968:
1966:Fakhr al-Dawla
1963:
1957:
1955:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:'Adud al-Dawla
1904:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1870:Jalal al-Dawla
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:'Adud al-Dawla
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:Fakhr al-Dawla
1800:
1795:
1793:Fakhr al-Dawla
1790:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:Qawam al-Dawla
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:'Adud al-Dawla
1738:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:'Adud al-Dawla
1662:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1603:945–967
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1525:
1519:
1492:van Donzel, E.
1476:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1390:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1346:
1340:
1313:
1307:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1208:
1199:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1153:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
996:
987:
978:
976:Donahue, p. 34
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
908:
899:
883:
873:
872:
870:
867:
834:
831:
805:
802:
769:
766:
736:
733:
689:to subdue the
682:
679:
671:Nasir al-Dawla
624:
621:
599:
596:
554:
551:
521:
518:
494:Nasir al-Dawla
485:
482:
480:
477:
473:amir al-umara'
385:
382:
325:, who was the
323:Makan ibn Kaki
291:
288:
271:Nasir al-Dawla
236:Makan ibn Kaki
210:of the Dynasty
184:Ahmad ibn Buya
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:Ahmad ibn Buya
140:
139:
131:
130:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:Sanad al-Dawla
115:
110:
104:
102:
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2125:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2029:Diya al-Dawla
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:Minor domains
2020:
2014:
2013:Baha al-Dawla
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Baha al-Dawla
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Baha al-Dawla
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1808:Majd al-Dawla
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Rukn al-Dawla
1786:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Baha al-Dawla
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Baha al-Dawla
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Imad al-Dawla
1658:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1640:Buyid dynasty
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1566:amir al-umara
1559:
1553:
1546:
1544:0-521-59984-9
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:Nagel, Tilman
1463:
1460:
1459:H. F. Amedroz
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:Kennedy, Hugh
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:90-04-12860-3
1381:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1364:3-89913-005-7
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1341:0-521-20093-8
1337:
1333:
1330:. Cambridge:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1308:0-521-20093-8
1304:
1300:
1297:. Cambridge:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1279:977-424-930-5
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
1001:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
921:
917:
912:
903:
896:
892:
887:
878:
874:
866:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
830:
828:
824:
823:'Izz al-Dawla
820:
816:
812:
801:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
765:
763:
758:
756:
750:
748:
747:
743:
732:
728:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
706:
705:against him.
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
678:
676:
675:Friday prayer
672:
668:
664:
663:Rukn al-Dawla
659:
657:
653:
648:
644:
642:
638:
635:
631:
620:
616:
612:
610:
604:
598:Buyid victory
595:
592:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
561:
550:
547:
542:
540:
534:
532:
528:
517:
515:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
476:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:. The Caliph
431:
429:
428:amir al-umara
423:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
390:
381:
379:
375:
370:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:The son of a
224:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:, "Fortifier
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
154:
150:
141:
136:
132:
125:
122:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
103:
101:
97:
94:
89:
85:
82:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
40:
39:
38:Amir al-umara
35:Emir of Iraq
32:
27:
22:
2043:Taj al-Dawla
1901:
1835:Izz al-Dawla
1829:
1735:
1593:
1588:
1581:Izz al-Dawla
1564:
1563:
1533:
1510:
1503:
1470:
1454:
1453:Miskawaihi.
1435:
1423:
1402:
1395:"DEYLAMITES"
1374:
1354:
1350:
1326:
1293:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1131:
1122:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
919:
915:
911:
902:
894:
890:
886:
877:
855:
836:
819:Mesopotamian
807:
795:
791:Diyar Rabi'a
779:Mayyafariqin
771:
761:
759:
755:Tigris river
751:
744:
738:
729:
725:
718:
710:Fana-Khusrau
707:
684:
660:
649:
645:
626:
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
568:
564:
556:
543:
535:
523:
506:
487:
472:
466:
426:
424:
409:
395:
371:
347:
329:governor of
320:
293:
284:Izz al-Dawla
264:
225:
197:
191:
183:
182:
113:Izz al-Dawla
69:Izz al-Dawla
34:
1927:Abu Kalijar
1875:Abu Kalijar
1766:Abu Kalijar
1690:Abu Kalijar
1509:Volume VII:
1500:Pellat, Ch.
958:Kabir, p. 7
434:Al-Mustakfi
304:Zoroastrian
2073:967 deaths
2067:Categories
1950:Tabaristan
1941:(976–1024)
1894:(966–1048)
1822:(945–1055)
1780:(943–1029)
1728:(940–1048)
1652:(934–1062)
1529:Gil, Moshe
869:References
862:Daylamites
851:Byzantines
630:Diyar Bakr
484:Background
408:under the
406:Al-Mada'in
354:Banu Ilyas
176:Shia Islam
2047:Khuzestan
1990:(978-989)
1953:(980–997)
1589:New title
1531:(1997) .
815:Shahinids
787:guerrilla
775:indemnity
699:Ispahdost
634:Ikhshidid
553:Stalemate
456:from the
374:Khuzestan
296:Daylamite
256:Khuzestan
228:Daylamite
126:Abu Tahir
65:Successor
1597:emir of
1575:945–967
1502:(eds.).
1433:(2004).
714:Ruzbahan
514:al-Muti'
490:Hamdanid
411:de facto
358:Baluchis
339:Mardavij
280:Ruzbahan
267:Hamdanid
244:Mardavij
172:Religion
120:Marzuban
1938:Hamadan
1569:of the
1511:Mif–Naz
1401:(ed.).
1324:(ed.).
1291:(ed.).
1264:Sources
839:Shi'ite
817:of the
783:Nasibin
762:ghulams
746:ghulams
703:al-Muti
609:zabzabs
579:zabzabs
575:zabzabs
571:zabzabs
531:Samarra
509:Turkish
450:Persian
367:Istakhr
337:prince
335:Ziyarid
327:Samanid
300:Lahijan
252:Istakhr
240:Ziyarid
188:Persian
123:Zubayda
60:945–967
1987:Jazira
1946:Gorgan
1725:Kerman
1541:
1517:
1498:&
1443:
1409:
1382:
1361:
1338:
1305:
1277:
1256:, 261.
1222:, 264.
1167:, 263.
922:, 257.
897:, 274.
742:Turkic
667:Persia
546:Tikrit
527:Ukbara
502:Jazira
469:Shiraz
446:Persia
350:Kerman
260:Caliph
248:Kerman
242:ruler
232:Daylam
202:Arabic
164:Father
81:Daylam
2033:Basra
1595:Buyid
1486:. In
1397:. In
1353:[
1320:. In
858:Turks
847:Ahvaz
843:Sunni
656:Wasit
652:Basra
641:Syria
637:Egypt
498:Mosul
492:amir
462:Basra
442:Hasan
420:Ahvaz
416:Tuzun
402:Wasit
316:Hasan
308:Islam
269:amir
217:emirs
214:Buyid
193:laqab
158:Buyid
153:House
138:Names
100:Issue
57:Reign
2051:980s
2037:980s
1948:and
1891:Oman
1819:Iraq
1649:Fars
1599:Iraq
1539:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1275:ISBN
860:and
811:Oman
654:and
639:and
591:Arab
398:Iraq
362:Arab
360:and
343:Fars
314:and
312:'Ali
221:Iraq
167:Buya
93:Iraq
87:Died
75:Born
1985:In
1936:In
1889:In
1817:In
1777:Ray
1775:In
1723:In
1647:In
331:Ray
219:of
196:of
78:915
2069::
2049:,
2035:,
1507:.
1494:;
1490:;
1422:.
1190:^
1140:^
1110:^
999:^
757:.
677:.
464:.
286:.
204::
2053:)
2045:(
2039:)
2031:(
1943:,
1632:e
1625:t
1618:v
1547:.
1523:.
1449:.
1415:.
1388:.
1367:.
1344:.
1311:.
430:'
200:(
186:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
