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400:. The composition was taken to be a chart of the sky on 7 July 62 BCE. This may be an indication of when construction began on this monument. The eastern portion is well preserved, being composed of several layers of rock, and a path following the base of the mountain is evidence of a walled passageway linking the eastern and western terraces. Possible uses for this site are thought to have included religious ceremonies, owing to the astronomical and religious nature of the monument.
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at the site, which is 49 metres (161 ft) tall and 152 m (499 ft) in diameter. It is possible that the tumulus of loose rock was devised to protect a tomb from robbers, since any excavation would quickly fill in. The statues appear to have Greek-style faces, but
Persian clothing and
486:
dedicated her life to the site, starting campaigns in 1954. Subsequent excavations have failed to reveal the tomb of
Antiochus. This is nevertheless still believed to be the site of his burial. The statues, all of them "beheaded", have not been restored to their original condition.
341:
traditions in order to reinvigorate the religion of his ancestral dynasty. The statues were once seated, with names of each god inscribed on them. At some point the heads of the statues were removed from their bodies, and they are now scattered throughout the site.
427:
The religious sanctuary established in Mount Nemrut was part of
Antiochus' political program to revive the Persian traditions of Commagene. In order to do so, he merged and adjusted the political and religious traditions of
1123:
The east and west terraces each contain colossal statues of
Antiochus and his syncretized Greco-Persian tutelary deities, dozens of relief stelae portraying the Persian, Macedonian, and Commagenian ancestors of
451:, and also claimed the royal legacy of Armenia. One of the essential parts of this identity was the then newly established Greco-Iranian pantheon, which was worshipped at specific sanctuaries in Commagene.
1689:
1810:
1719:
1762:
674:
250:, notable for the summit where a number of large statues are erected around what is assumed to be a royal tomb from the 1st century BC. It is one of the highest peaks in the east of the
1825:
507:
is a popular place for car and bus trips to the site, and one can also travel from there by helicopter. There are also overnight tours running out of
Malatya or Kahta.
1312:
349:. The statues have not been restored to their original places. The site also preserves stone slabs with bas-relief figures that are thought to have formed a large
1651:
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1830:
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built on the mountain top a tomb-sanctuary flanked by huge statues 8–9-metre high (26–30 ft) of himself, two lions, two eagles, and various composite
2339:
1617:
746:
1139:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The
Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
910:; “Antiochus looked to contemporary Parthian and, especially, Armenian traditions, to design his pantheon and reinvigorate his ancestral religion.”
710:
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1997:
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Nemrud Dagi: The hierothesion of
Antiochus I of Commagene: Results of the American excavations directed by Theresa B. Goell
1739:
1610:
1321:
1080:
Goell, Theresa (Oct 1957). "The
Excavation of the "Hierothesion" of Antiochus I of Commagene on Nemrud Dagh (1953-1956)".
258:
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Engineering
Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5: Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation
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The pattern of damage to the heads (notably to noses) suggests that they were deliberately damaged as a result of
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1911:
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Nemrud Dağı: Recent archaeological research and conservation activities in the tomb sanctuary on Mount Nemrud
1026:
Giorgio
Lollino; Andrea Manconi; Fausto Guzzetti; Martin Culshaw; Peter Bobrowsky; Fabio Luino, eds. (2014).
983:"Antiochos's hierothesion at Nemrud Dag revisited: Adjusting the date in the light of astronomical evidence"
650:
162:
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1983:
1941:
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407:. Similar arrangements have been found at Arsameia on Nymphaios at the hierothesion of Antiochus' father,
2006:
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The western terrace contains a large slab with a lion, showing an arrangement of stars and the planets
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The authors chose that date in preference to 23 July 49 BCE preferred by other researchers;
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of its pantheon, and the lineage of its kings, which can be traced back through two sets of legends,
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Jews, Greeks, and Barbarians: Aspects of the hellenization of Judaism in the pre-Christian period
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West Terrace: head of Apollon and head of Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche). Scene in the sunset sun.
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503:. Tourists typically visit Nemrut during April through October. The nearby town of
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The same statues and ancestors found throughout the site can also be found on the
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Head statue of I. Antiochos in snow at western terrace ruins of Nemrut mountain.
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246:: Όρος Νεμρούτ) is a 2,134-metre-high (7,001 ft) mountain in southeastern
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East terrace: Heads of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes and Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
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assessing transport routes for the Ottomans. After her first visit in 1947,
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1055:(illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 93.
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Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther; Hornblower, Simon, eds. (2014).
1117:
Goell, Theresa; Bachmann, H. G.; Sanders, Donald Hugo, eds. (1996).
1093:
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2283:
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1212:
1199:
Young, John H. (Jan 1964). "Commagenian tiaras: Royal and divine".
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Volcanic Tourist Destinations; Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism
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The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and expansion
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333:. When constructing this pantheon, Antiochus drew heavily from
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Belmonte, Juan Antonio; Gonzales-Garcia, A. César (2010).
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rulers of Pontus, Antiochus stressed his descent from the
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831:— 2005 documentary about the excavation of Mount Nemrut
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Commagene Nemrut Conservation and Development Program
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Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
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The arrangement of such statues is known by the term
1116:
919:
534:, is one of the most ambitious constructions of the
277:The mountain lies 40 km (25 mi) north of
1320:
752:West terrace: Head of Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche)
1207:(1). Archaeological Institute of America: 29–34.
788:West terrace: Sandstone stele / stelae of Persian
716:West terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
692:East terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
273:Some of the statues near the peak of Mount Nemrut
2301:
962:; van Hoessen, H.B. (1959). "Greek horoscopes".
1240:. Boston, MA / Berlin, DE: Walter de Gruyter.
1160:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
1030:(illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 45.
2365:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia
1991:
1611:
1551:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
1306:
964:Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
776:West terrace: Sandstone eagle and lion bodies
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904:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCanepa2020 (
264:
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1984:
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1175:. Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 135–136.
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1088:. The University of Chicago Press: 4–22.
1011:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCanepa2020 (
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2340:Tourist attractions in Adıyaman Province
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932:Spawforth, Eidinow & Hornblower 2014
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1162:. Oxford University Press. p. 542.
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1476:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
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899:
841:
490:
1979:
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1652:Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta
1051:Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, ed. (2014).
740:West terrace: Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
115:
822:List of colossal sculptures in situ
800:West terrace: Head of Persian Eagle
764:West terrace: Head of Persian eagle
231:
13:
1236:Brijder, Herman A.G., ed. (2014).
920:Goell, Bachmann & Sanders 1996
467:The site was excavated in 1881 by
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14:
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1403:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital
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495:In 1987, Mount Nemrut was made a
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2010:
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1831:Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains
1281:International Nemrud Foundation
1201:American Journal of Archaeology
1044:
1019:
812:Cities of the ancient Near East
518:(69–34 B.C.), who reigned over
2360:Important Bird Areas of Turkey
2335:Landforms of Adıyaman Province
2310:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
1322:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
952:
937:
893:
439:Following the practice of the
1:
1182:Hidden Treasures of Antiquity
835:
632:East terrace: Throne platform
522:, a kingdom founded north of
2345:History of Adıyaman Province
1942:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1884:Mediterranean Region, Turkey
1121:. Vol. 1. Eisenbrauns.
728:West terrace: Zeus-Oromasdes
53:2,134 m (7,001 ft)
16:Mountain in Adıyaman, Turkey
7:
946:Armenia: A historical Atlas
805:
10:
2381:
1955:Hakkari Cilo-Sat Mountains
1854:İğneada Floodplain Forests
1180:Siliotti, Alberto (2006).
1072:
944:Hewsen, Robert H. (2001).
554:
259:UNESCO World Heritage Site
147:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
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2020:
1940:
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2350:Historic sites in Turkey
2325:National parks of Turkey
1169:"Antiochus of Commagene"
817:List of megalithic sites
510:The UNESCO entry states:
409:Mithridates I Callinicus
287:Antiochus I of Commagene
265:Location and description
1798:Eastern Anatolia Region
1740:Central Anatolia Region
1134:. Fortress. p. 73.
1130:Hengel, Martin (1980).
656:East terrace: Lion head
384:The Lion with the Stars
1902:Mount Güllük-Termessos
1753:Derebucak Çamlık Caves
1263:Jacobs, Bruno (2011).
1167:Widengren, G. (1986).
972:. Philadelphia: 14–16.
580:Mount Nemrut: Head of
552:
464:
424:
385:
285:. In 62 BC, King
274:
223:
1748:Anti-Taurus Mountains
1513:Southeastern Anatolia
1269:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1173:Encyclopaedia Iranica
828:Queen of the Mountain
668:East Terrace: Thrones
530:after the breakup of
512:
462:
422:
383:
272:
81:37.98056°N 38.74083°E
19:For the volcano, see
1413:Göreme National Park
257:It was designated a
167:Cultural: i, iii, iv
2320:Mountains of Turkey
2007:Mountains of Turkey
1811:Battle of Manzikert
1720:Mount Kop Defensive
1690:Boğazköy-Alacahöyük
1521:Diyarbakır Fortress
1009:, pp. 202–203.
878:, pp. 135–136.
497:World Heritage Site
491:World Heritage Site
77: /
2114:Beşparmak (Latmus)
1647:Commander-in-Chief
990:J. Hist. Astronomy
536:Hellenistic period
532:Alexander's empire
465:
425:
386:
353:. These slabs, or
275:
154:Official name
86:37.98056; 38.74083
43:Highest point
2297:
2296:
1973:
1972:
1965:Tek Tek Mountains
1932:Yumurtalık Lagoon
1907:Karatepe-Aslantaş
1816:Mount Kop Defense
1788:Yozgat Pine Grove
1768:Battle of Sakarya
1763:Independence Path
1593:
1592:
1572:Turkey portal
1247:978-1-61451-713-9
1184:. Vercelli: VMB.
514:The mausoleum of
209:
208:
129:Adıyaman Province
2372:
2224:Nemrut (volcano)
2015:
2014:
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1993:
1986:
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1897:Beydağları Coast
1710:Kaçkar Mountains
1685:Altındere Valley
1677:Black Sea Region
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1544:Multiple regions
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1390:Central Anatolia
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1143:. Oxbow Books.
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1467:Historic Areas
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1257:External links
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1036:
1018:
999:
960:Neugebauer, O.
951:
936:
934:, p. 542.
924:
912:
892:
880:
876:Widengren 1986
868:
856:whc.unesco.org
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492:
489:
456:
455:Modern history
453:
416:
413:
377:hair-styling.
297:gods, such as
266:
263:
232:Çiyayê Nemrûdê
207:
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2110:
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2104:Ağrı (Ararat)
2102:
2100:
2097:
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2092:
2090:
2087:
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2019:
2013:
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1821:Munzur Valley
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1758:Lake Beyşehir
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1695:Hatila Valley
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1667:Mount Sipylus
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1639:Aegean Region
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1491:Mediterranean
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1427:East Anatolia
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1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:"NEMRUD DAĞI"
1261:
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1191:88-540-0497-9
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1150:9781785702082
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1064:
1062:9783642161919
1058:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1037:9783319090481
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1003:
995:
991:
984:
978:
965:
961:
955:
948:. p. 42.
947:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
907:
902:, p. 203
901:
896:
890:, p. 13.
889:
888:Shayegan 2016
884:
877:
872:
857:
853:
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845:
840:
830:
829:
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541:
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498:
488:
485:
484:Theresa Goell
481:
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156:
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148:
143:
139:
130:
110:
100:
95:
90:
62:
60:
56:
52:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2218:
1960:Mount Nemrut
1959:
1950:Botan Valley
1806:Mount Ararat
1783:Sultan Reedy
1582:
1563:
1535:Mount Nemrut
1534:
1530:Göbekli Tepe
1268:
1237:
1204:
1200:
1181:
1172:
1159:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1052:
1046:
1027:
1021:
1002:
993:
989:
976:
963:
954:
945:
939:
927:
922:, p. 3.
915:
895:
883:
871:
859:. Retrieved
855:
852:"Nemrut Dağ"
826:
704:West terrace
644:East terrace
620:East terrace
568:Mount Nemrut
513:
509:
494:
466:
438:
426:
405:hierothesion
402:
387:
371:
344:
276:
256:
215:
212:Mount Nemrut
211:
210:
122:Mount Nemrut
29:Mount Nemrut
2028:Anti-Taurus
1917:Lake Kovada
1705:Mount Ilgaz
1657:Mount Honaz
1462:Cumalıkızık
1338:Aphrodisias
1007:Canepa 2020
900:Canepa 2020
582:Antiochus I
516:Antiochus I
478:, a German
472: [
469:Karl Sester
445:Achaemenids
441:Mithridatic
369:ancestors.
240:Նեմրութ լեռ
224:Nemrut Dağı
185:1987 (11th
182:Inscription
84: /
59:Coordinates
2304:Categories
2274:Topçambaba
2234:Palandöken
2199:Küçük Ağrı
2129:Demirkazık
1864:Kuşcenneti
1826:Nene Hatun
1730:Yedigöller
1700:Lake Abant
1417:Cappadocia
1398:Çatalhöyük
1380:Safranbolu
1348:Hierapolis
1276:Mt. Nemrut
861:30 October
836:References
540:syncretism
430:Cappadocia
347:iconoclasm
157:Nemrut Dağ
72:38°44′27″E
69:37°58′50″N
2315:Commagene
2189:Kaz (Ida)
2174:Karacadağ
2077:Mountains
1927:Saklıkent
1849:Lake Gala
1367:Black Sea
1352:Pamukkale
1229:193017631
1124:Antiochus
1110:163611794
528:Euphrates
520:Commagene
449:Seleucids
359:Antiochus
357:, depict
315:Oromasdes
261:in 1987.
172:Reference
97:Geography
49:Elevation
2289:Zurbahan
2284:Yamanlar
2269:Tendürek
2239:Sarıçalı
2214:Medetsiz
1912:Kızıldağ
1662:Marmaris
1584:Category
1471:Istanbul
1357:Pergamon
806:See also
526:and the
505:Adıyaman
480:engineer
339:Armenian
335:Parthian
303:Artagnes
299:Heracles
283:Adıyaman
236:Armenian
163:Criteria
131:, Turkey
2264:Tahtalı
2259:Şaphane
2184:Karagöl
2179:Karadağ
2139:Erciyes
2109:Babadağ
2033:Binboğa
1859:Kazdağı
1778:Soğuksu
1499:Xanthos
1450:Marmara
1408:Gordion
1375:Hattusa
1343:Ephesus
1102:1356011
1073:Sources
555:Gallery
548:Persian
394:Mercury
390:Jupiter
374:tumulus
367:Persian
323:Mithras
295:Iranian
281:, near
228:Kurdish
220:Turkish
187:Session
2355:Nimrod
2279:Uludağ
2254:Süphan
2249:Sultan
2219:Nemrut
2169:Kaçkar
2124:Davraz
2084:Acıgöl
2063:Tmolus
2058:Taurus
2053:Pontic
1874:Uludağ
1631:Turkey
1503:Letoon
1330:Aegean
1244:
1227:
1221:501522
1219:
1188:
1147:
1108:
1100:
1059:
1034:
969:XLVIII
538:. The
501:UNESCO
434:Pontus
396:, and
355:stelae
351:frieze
331:Hermes
327:Helios
319:Apollo
317:, and
248:Turkey
216:Nemrud
2330:62 BC
2209:Mahya
2204:Madur
2159:Honaz
2154:Hasan
2149:Göllü
2099:Aktaş
2094:Akdağ
2043:Ilgaz
2038:Canik
1458:Bursa
1225:S2CID
1217:JSTOR
1106:S2CID
1098:JSTOR
986:(PDF)
544:Greek
524:Syria
476:]
363:Greek
291:Greek
279:Kahta
244:Greek
197:11 ha
2244:Spil
2194:Kula
2164:Judi
2144:Erek
2119:Cilo
2089:Ahır
2068:Yunt
2048:Küre
1869:Troy
1523:and
1481:Troy
1460:and
1415:and
1242:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1013:help
906:help
863:2021
546:and
447:and
398:Mars
365:and
337:and
311:Zeus
307:Ares
293:and
194:Area
2229:Nif
1629:of
1469:of
1435:Ani
1209:doi
1090:doi
1086:147
977:see
584:(?)
499:by
214:or
176:448
2306::
1501:/
1350:/
1267:.
1223:.
1215:.
1205:68
1203:.
1171:.
1104:.
1096:.
1084:.
994:41
992:.
988:.
966:.
854:.
843:^
474:de
436:.
432:,
411:.
392:,
361:'
309:,
254:.
242:;
238::
234:;
230::
226:;
222::
1999:e
1992:t
1985:v
1619:e
1612:t
1605:v
1314:e
1307:t
1300:v
1271:.
1250:.
1231:.
1211::
1194:.
1153:.
1112:.
1092::
1065:.
1040:.
1015:)
996:.
908:)
865:.
329:-
325:-
321:-
313:-
305:-
301:-
218:(
189:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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