Ismail Ibn Sharif - Knowledge

1901: 1032:. This city had been occupied by the Spanish in the period of chaos in Morocco after 1614. Ismail besieged the city, which had no water source, and captured it, along with all the Spaniards in the city, who numbered 309. Caid Omar had told the Spaniards that they would not be sold into slavery if they surrendered unconditionally "Although they would be captives they would spend their days without working, until the first redemption." However Moulay Ismaïl saw no reason to honor Kaid Omar's promises and had no intention of allowing the captives from al-Mamurah to be redeemed so they, including fifty "poor girls and women", were forced to walk to Meknes as booty along with their possessions, arms and artillery (88 bronze cannons, 15 iron cannons, fire-pots, muskets, and gunpowder) which Germain Mousette wrote was "more than he had in the rest of his kingdom". The city was renamed al-Mahdiya. Omar ben Haddou died of the plague on his return journey and was replaced by his brother Ahmed ben Haddou. 1835: 1062:

city. Ahmed went out with a group of slaves to visit a sanctuary and was confronted by some members of the Zirâra tribe, who were soldiers of Ismail. Although they did not recognise him, the Zirâra attacked him, sparking a short battle, which ended with the death of Ahmed. The sultan's soldiers only realised who he was after his death around the middle of October 1685. Ismail ordered that he be given a funeral and buried. Moulay Harran continued the resistance until April 1687, when he fled into the Sahara. The population of Taroudant was massacred and the city was repopulated with Rifans from Fez. Many of Ismail's military commanders had lost their lives in this war, but after this date, no one else challenged the power of the Sultan. The war between Ahmed and Ismail had come to an end after thirteen years of fighting.

971:. With a large army, Ismail fought a difficult battle in the Jbel Saghro on 3 February 1679. The heavy casualties included Moussa ben Ahmed ben Youssef, commander of the Moroccan army, and 400 soldiers from Fez. It was a partial failure. The battle was ended by an agreement in which the rebel tribes granted the people of Tafilalt free passage back to Marrakesh through the Saharan rebel tribes' territory and promised future aid against the Christians. On their return journey, a blizzard struck the force as it crossed the Atlas at Telwet or Elglâoui on the Jbel Ben Deren, destroying nearly three thousand tents, part of the army, and the booty. In a fury, Moulay Ismail executed his vizier to avenge those who had been traveling with him, even though the vizier had had nothing to do with this catastrophe. 860:, which was then seized and destroyed by the Sanhaja. Meanwhile, Ismail also learned that three of his brothers, Moulay Harran, Moulay Hammada, and Moulay Murad Mehrez (the father of Ahmed ben Mehrez) had revolted and attacked Tafilalt. The sultan decided to deal with the unrest at Tadla first. He personally intervened and routed the Berbers in a battle in which say 3,000 Berbers dead and several hundred soldiers of the imperial army. He retook Tadla, stabilised the Middle Atlas region with his artillery and an enveloping maneuver carried out by the guich of Oudaya. The heads of nearly 700 rebels were nailed to the walls of Fez by the Caid Abdellah Errousi. Moulay Ismail returned to Meknes at the end of 1677 and ended his brothers' rebellion. He captured Moulay Harran but chose to spare him. 715:, he was killed on 9 April 1672 at Marrakesh, after falling off his horse. On 13 April, after he had learned of Rashid's death, Moulay Ismail rushed to Fez, where he took possession of his brother's treasury and then proclaimed himself Sultan of Morocco on 14 April 1672, at the age of twenty-six. This proclamation occurred around 2 pm and a grand ceremony followed. The whole population of Fez, including the nobles, intellectuals, and sharifs swore to be loyal to the new sovereign, as did the tribes and cities of the kingdom of Fez, who sent embassies and presents to him. Only Marrakesh and the region around it did not send an embassy. Ismail fixed his capital at Meknes, on account of the water supply and climate of the town. 758:, the Arabs of Souss, and the inhabitants of Marrakesh joined him and he was able to assume control of the area. He rallied the southern tribes and was proclaimed sultan at Marrakesh. In response, Moulay Ismail launched a campaign against his nephew on 27 April 1672. Ismail was victorious as a result of his artillery. He entered the city of Marrakesh and was recognized as sultan there on 4 June 1672. Ahmed suffered a bullet wound and fled into the mountains. Ismail pardoned the inhabitants of Marrakesh and reorganized the city's defenses. He then went back to Fez to collect his brother Rashid's coffin and inter it in the mausoleum of Sheikh Ali ibn Herzouhm, before returning to Meknes on 25 July 1672. 1816: 1119:(the area that did not accept the authority of the sultan). Ismail's army was very numerous and equipped with mortars, ballistae, cannons, and other siege weapons, which were dragged by Christian slaves all the way from Moulouya to Ksar Beni M'Tir. Meanwhile, the Moroccan forces gathered at Adekhsan. Ismail divided his army into three groups. The first was commanded by Pasha Msahel, with 25,000 infantry, and marched from Tadla to Oued El Abid, bypassing the Aït Isri. The second army was led by Caid Ali Ou Barka and consisted of Aït Imour and Aït Idrassen, who had to occupy Tinteghalin. The third and final group was commanded by Ali ben Ichchou El-Qebli, caid of 1319:, and the one who agreed to do it. He subsequently eliminated a caid of Marrakesh who had been responsible for Moulay Mohammed al-Alim's acquisition of the city, with exceptional violence. Moulay al-Alim committed suicide at Meknes on 18 July, despite precautions that his father had put in place to prevent this. On learning of the atrocities which Moulay Zeydan had committed at Taroudant, especially the massacre of the city's inhabitants, Moulay Ismail organised for him to be murdered in 1708, having his wives smother him when he was black-out drunk. Moulay Nasser also revolted in Souss, but was eventually killed by the 724: 1047:. Ismail immediately sent a large force to the south of the country to face Ahmed and prepared an expedition against the Ottomans, which did not end up taking place because the Turkish army withdrew. He then marched south to confront his nephew at Souss in 1683. A battle took place there in April. After twenty-five days of fighting, Ahmed fled to Taroudant and entrenched himself there. Another battle on 11 June 1683 cost more than 2,000 lives. Ahmed and Ismail were themselves wounded. The clashes continued until Ramadan. Moulay Ismail undertook two expeditions that succeeded in pacifying several Berber regions. 1886: 2023:) of Sultan Moulay Rashid. Sources claim that Moulay Ismail brought her from his brother in the early 1670s and ended up marrying her. Lalla Aisha Mubarka or Zeydana was one of Moulay Ismail's much-esteemed wives. She is described as a woman of great intuition. About her, Moulay Ismail was quoted saying that: "she was wiser than most men". She had substantial influence over Ismail and sought to get her son Moulay Zeydan enthroned for many years before he was finally secretly executed by his father in 1708. They had several children among them Moulay Zeydan, Sultan 1207: 1315:, who wanted her son Moulay Mohammed Zeydan to succeed his father as Sultan, Ismail's eldest son Moulay Mohammed al-Alim revolted in Souss and took control of Marrakesh on 9 March 1703. When Moulay Zeydan arrived with an army, Mohammed al-Alim fled to Taroudant. His brother besieged the place and captured it on 25 June 1704, and took him to Oued Beht on 7 July. Mohammed al-Alim was harshly punished by his father, who amputated one hand and one arm, executing both the butcher who refused to spill Mohammed al-Alim's blood on the grounds that he was a 802: 1562: 856:, forcing them to flee to the cities of Fez, Meknes, and Sale. Ahmed was attempting to revive the defunct Zawiya Dila'iya and was supported by the Ottomans in Algiers, who had previously given him refuge. Since Ismail was busy with Ahmed ben Mehrez at Souss, he sent an autonomous force of 3,000 cavalries. They were defeated by the Berber army of Ahmed ben Abdellah and the force's commander, Caid Ikhlef, was killed. Ismail then sent two further armies, numbering 4,000 men each, which were also beaten – the first near Meknes and the second at 1051: 975: 6510: 1264: 2168:, a geographical area which can also be a tribe. A large number of Moulay Ismail's wives were designated as "Chaouia". Listed below is the descendants he had with his wives, of which only a part of their names are recorded: their tribal origins or their first name. It is unsure wheteher the women whom only their first name is given were all born free Muslims. The fact that only their first name is retained may indicate slave status, therefore lacking a family name or tribal affiliation. His numerous descendants include: 2465: 1308:(East), but he lost it after the Ottomans attacked and Ismail made peace with them. He was then replaced by Moulay Hafid. This division of the realm provoked jealousy and rivalry between Ismail's sons, which sometimes degenerated into open clashes. In one of these, Moulay Abdelmalek was defeated by his brother, Moulay Nasser, who took control of the whole of Draâ. Moulay Sharif was appointed governor of Draâ by his father in place of Abdelmalek and succeeded in retaking the region from Nasser. 765:. The project was abandoned however after a revolt broke out in the city of Fez, during which the Caid Zidan ben Abid Elamri, the intended head of the expedition, was killed and the sultan's forces were expelled from the city, on the night of 26 August 1672. Moulay Ismail immediately arrived and was encamped outside the walls of the city. After several days of conflict, the noble clans of Fez appealed to Ahmed ben Mehrez in despair. He responded favorably to their appeal and traveled through 1327: 509: 1135:

horses and 30,000 guns as booty. Moulay Ismail had now conquered the whole of Morocco and forced all the tribes of the country to recognise his authority. He was the first 'Alawi sultan to achieve this. He quickly organised the defense of the captured regions through the construction of several dozen fortresses throughout the country, which helped the central power to reach distant regions like Fêzzâz. With this victory, the conquest of Morocco was over. In 1693, according to

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accordance with Muslim traditions, slave concubines do not have a last name, they are renamed at the time of their conversion to Islam. Their birth names were not subject to meticulous safeguarding, which is why few of these women are identifiable by their birth name. The descendants of his wives who have a full name or biography are listed first, then those of his wives who do not have a full name, then a partial list of his descendants through his slave concubines:

1523: 1618:(also spelled Heri es-Souani), a major storehouse of foodstuffs which was fed by wells, and the Agdal or Sahrij Reservoir which was dug to ensure a regular water supply for the gardens of Meknes. Ambassadors were received in the Qubbat al-Khayyatin pavilion which he built at the end of the seventeenth century. He also built prisons to hold criminals, Christian slaves, and prisoners of war. Finally, Ismail built or restored in Meknes a large number of mosques, 1099: 591: 3119: 59: 1604: 664: 1384: 3133: 1546:. At least 25,000 workers, mostly paid labourers along with a smaller number of Christian prisoners conscripted into forced labor, were employed on his major construction projects in Meknes. Ismail enjoyed visiting the building sites, to correct or revise whatever did not please him. He was sometimes cruel to the workers and did not hesitate to execute or punish those who produced poor-quality work. 841:, Ahmed secretly returned to Marrakesh, expelled the royal army, and reoccupied the city. Ismail placed Marrakesh under siege once more. The fighting was bloody, with very high casualties on both sides, especially in June 1676. Ahmed eventually had to flee the city on 26 June 1677, heading for Souss. This time, Ismail violently sacked the city as punishment for supporting Ahmed. 2418:. She was sold at the slave market in Morocco and given as a gift to the sultan. Converted to Islam under the name Balqis and included in his harem, she was one of Moulay Ismail's favorites. She became a privileged and influential concubine. Her influence in the harem was so well known that she was among the harem women who received diplomatic gifts from the British ambassador 1168:, it is reported that Moulay Ismail provided 10,000 horsemen to Ali ben Ichchou, the caid of the Zemmour and Bni Hakem tribes and told him "I do not want you to return until you have fallen upon the Gerrouans and unless you bring back to me a heads for each man here." So they left to kill as many of the Guerouans as possible and to pillage their encampments. He offered 10 7055: 923: 7137: 6999: 821:. Ismail was victorious over his nephew's army and killed its commander, Hida Ettouïri. Ahmed was chased by his uncle all the way to Marrakesh, where he entrenched himself. Ismail besieged the city and took it by force in 1674, forcing Ahmed to flee to the province of Drâa. The sultan then led a number of operations against the 3178:

After nearly a century of difficulty and division, Morocco had experienced peace under Moulay Ismail, who had pacified all parts of the country. His reign is considered a golden age in the country's history, during which it experienced, security, tranquility, and order. The historian Ahmad ibn Khalid

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and were formidable camel riders. Shortly before Moulay Ismail's reign, they had moved north and they were found in Souss under Moulay Ismail. After he reconquered Marrakesh in 1674, Ismail encountered a poor shepherd of the Udaya called Bou-Chefra and learned that his people had been forced to leave

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and recruited many of the free black men in Morocco for his army. The initial contingent numbered perhaps 14,000 men. The Black Guard was rapidly expanded, reaching 150,000 men towards the end of Ismail's reign. The guards received a military education from age ten until their sixteenth birthday when

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In the military sphere, Ismail ordered the construction of a network of sixty-seven fortresses, which lined the main roads and surrounded mountainous areas. Meknes was protected by forty kilometers of walls, pierced by twenty gatehouses. Control over the eastern part of the country was ensured by the

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to raise the siege of Ceuta which had been ongoing since 1694 and to force the Moroccans to give up on retaking the city. The Spanish fleet managed to raise the siege, but Moulay Ismail resumed it in 1721, after the Marquess of Lede had returned to Spain. The Sultan further planned a large armada for

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The rest of Moulay Ismail's reign was marked by military setbacks and family problems relating to the succession. In May 1692, Moulay Ismail sent his son Moulay Zeydan with a large army to attack Ottoman Algeria. He was defeated by the Algerians who counter-attacked and advanced as far as Fez. Ismail

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and the Aït Isri. They were surrounded by Mulay Ismail who used all his artillery to break up the Berber rebels. A terrible battle followed, the Berbers were dispersed and fled into the ravines and valleys. After pursuing them for three days, 12,000 Berbers had been captured by the Sultan, and 10,000

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An Irish woman by the name Mrs. Shaw, was at one point in her life a slave concubine of Moulay Ismail. She was brought to his harem after having been enslaved and was made to convert to Islam when the Sultan wished to have intercourse with her, but was manumitted and married off to a Spanish convert

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I have said enough for a man who uses reason; if you are stubborn, that is too bad. We are all children of Adam and therefore brothers; it is the only religion that creates a difference between us. It is, therefore, as a brother and in obedience to the commandments of my law that I charitably advise

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The main character traits of Moulay Ismail, according to the chronicles and legends of his period, were his "tendency to order and authority, as well as his iron will." He put his strength and power at the service of this unyielding will, "If God gave me the kingship, man cannot take it from me," he

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before they were intercepted by the Algerian army in Chediouïa. With a force of 10,000–12,000 men, the Algerian army managed to defeat the 60,000 soldiers of the Moroccan army. The Moroccan army suffered a heavy defeat and fell into disarray. Moulay Ismail himself was wounded and barely escaped. The

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to Taza, where he was proclaimed Sultan again. In the meanwhile, Khadir Ghaïlan sent a messenger to Fez and notified the inhabitants of his arrival by sea from Algiers to Tetouan, where he was welcomed by the Ennaqsîs family that governed the city. These events sparked serious unrest in the country.

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On 6 April 1670, in the presence of his brother Sultan Moulay Rashid, Moulay Ismail celebrated his first marriage at Fez to the daughter of a Sa'adi prince. On 25 July, he put to death sixty brigands from Oulad Djama, by crucifying them on the wall of the Borj el-Jadid in Fez. While Rashid continued

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Three rulers preceded Ismail ben Sharif: his father, Moulay Sharif, then his two half-brothers respectively Sidi Mohammed and Moulay Rachid. As the first sovereign of the 'Alawi dynasty from 1631, Moulay Sharif succeeded in keeping Tafilalt outside the authority of the Dila'iya. He abdicated in 1636

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next to its old city which included several grand residences, gardens, monumental gates, mosques, and more than forty kilometers of walls. He died following a sickness. After his death, his supporters became so powerful that they controlled the country, enthroning and dethroning the sultans at will.

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to the Spanish throne in 1710 doomed this alliance, resulting in the breaking of diplomatic relations with France and Spain and the departure of the French and Spanish merchants and consuls from Morocco in 1718. The French diplomats considered Moulay Ismail extremely greedy. They complained that he

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in which land was granted to soldiers in exchange for military service. According to the historian Simon Pierre, "After the Alaouite conquest, the people of the Maghreb had been despoiled and disarmed and, except for one Berber tribe and the Rifians, only the Abid al-Bukhari and the Udaya exercised

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While Moulay Ismail was occupied with these tribes in the Atlas, Ahmed ben Mehrez forged an alliance with Moulay Harran to destabilise Ismail's empire. When Moulay Ismail learned, in 1684/5, that the two rebels had taken control of Taroudant and its hinterland, he immediately set out to besiege the

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While his generals were undertaking these operations, Moulay Ismail was focused on stabilising the country. After an expedition to the Cherg region against the Beni Amer, he learned that Ahmed ben Mehrez had made yet another agreement with the Turks in Algiers. He also learned that the Turkish army

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and military posts throughout his territory. Each kasbah was defended by a force of at least 100 soldiers drawn from the jaysh tribes or the Black Guard. Moroccan forces were stationed in all the major cities and provincial capitals. For example, there were 3,000 Sheraka, 4,500 Sherarda, and 2,000

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was the Ahl Souss (house of Souss), which was composed of four Banu Maqil Arab tribes of Souss: Ulad Jerrar, Ulad Mtâa, Zirara, and the Chebanate. In the 16th century, these tribes had formed the core of the Saadi army, against the Jashem Arabs of Rharb who were part of Banu Hilal and included the

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began in August. The Moroccan army eventually took the city on 11 November 1689, at an estimated cost of 10,000 dead. The Moroccans captured 1,600 Spanish soldiers including 100 officers and 44 cannons. The Spanish army lost 400 soldiers in the battle. A prisoner exchange was arranged at a rate of

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revolted and massacred the envoys of the Sultan, after having refused to pay tribute. Moulay Ismail launched the first expedition and attempted to dislodge them from the mountain strongholds where they had entrenched themselves. The sultan's troops were repulsed by a force of 8,000 Berber infantry

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On returning to Meknes, Moulay Ismail continued construction work and built several palaces. He was disturbed once more by his nephew Ahmed ben Mehrez, who seized Marrakesh sometime after May 1673. When Ismail learned of it in 1674, he first launched a campaign against the Arab tribes of the Angad

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However, Ismail could not rely solely on these tribes, because they had a long history of independence and could change sides or desert him at any moment. Thus he decided to create Morocco's first professional army, the Black Guard or Abid al-Bukhari, who were entirely beholden to him, unlike the

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He is a vigorous man, well-built, quite tall but rather slender... his face is a clear brown colour, rather long, and its features are all quite well-formed. He has a long beard that is slightly forked. His expression, which seems quite soft, is not a sign of his humanity – on the contrary, he is

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According to contemporary Europeans, Moulay Ismail was considered cruel, greedy, merciless, and duplicitous. It was his cruelty and viciousness that particularly attracted their attention. Legends of the ease with which Ismail could behead or torture laborers or servants he thought to be lazy are

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and its possessions in North Africa were often very strained. The two powers always distrusted one another and this was particularly true during Ismail's reign. The Ottomans supported Ismail's rivals within Morocco both financially and militarily, repeatedly mounting expeditions to support them.

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A partial restoration of Moulay Ismail's descent through his wives and slave concubines is listed below. His first recorded marriage took place in 1670, the order of his nuptials are unclear after his first recorded spouse. Posterity did not remember many of the full names of his wives. And in

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in 1684, the English supported him against the Spanish and signed several treaties of friendship and commerce. The English participated in the blockade of the Spanish port of Ceuta in 1704, during Ismail's siege of the city. After the break of relations with France, Moroccan ties with Britain

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To prevent further trouble, Moulay Ismail rescinded the governorships that he had conferred on his sons, except for Moulay Ahmed, who retained his post as governor of Tadla and Moulay Abdelmalek who became governor of Souss. Since Abdelmalek behaved like an independent and absolute monarch and

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Braithwaite, John, The history of the revolutions in the Empire of Morocco, upon the death of the late Emperor Muley Ishmael; being a most exact journal of what happened in those parts in the last and part of the present year. ... Written by Captain Braithwaite, ... With a map of the country,

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refused to pay tribute, Ismail decided to change the order of succession – this was aided by the fact that Abdelmalek's mother was no longer close to him. Abdelmalek belatedly apologized, but Ismail remained hostile to his son. As a result, Moulay Ismail chose Moulay Ahmed as his successor.

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Around 1677, Moulay Ismail began to assert his authority over the whole country. Once he had killed and disabled his principal opponents, he was able to return to Meknes to organise his empire. It was during this fighting that he had the idea of creating the corps of the Abid al-Bukhari or

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After Moulay Ismaïl's death at the age of eighty (or around ninety by the 1634 birthdate) in 1727, there was another succession battle between his surviving sons. His successors continued with his building program, but in 1755 the huge palace compound at Meknes was severely damaged by

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The History of the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco: Upon the Death of the Late Emperor Muley Ishmael; Being a Most Exact Journal of what Happen'd in Those Parts in the Last and Part of the Present Year. With Observations Natural, Moral and Political, Relating to that Country and

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Moulay Ismail was also a very good horseman, with great physical strength, agility, and extraordinary cleverness, which he maintained even in his old age. "One of his normal entertainments was to draw his sword as he mounted his horse and decapitate the slave who held the stirrup."

1942:, Moulay Ismail had at least 500 concubines and even more children. A total of 868 children (525 sons and 343 daughters) is recorded in 1703, with his seven hundredth son being born shortly after his death in 1727, by which time he had well over a thousand children. Historian 2371:

Moulay Mohammed Alim and Moulay Cherif: their mother is al-Darah, a Spanish slave concubine. She was his favorite and Moulay Ismail educated himself their son Moulay Mohammed Alim, his once favorite son. Around 1702, Al-Darah tragically died strangled by Moulay Ismail whom

371:, who also claimed the throne, until the latter's death in 1687. Moulay Ismail's 55-year reign is the longest of any sultan of Morocco. During his lifetime, Isma’il amassed a harem of over 500 women with more than 800 confirmed biological children, making him one of the 1777:!" However, other sources state that Moulay Ismail had designated him as his successor before his death. Regardless, during the period of anarchy after Ismail's death, the Udaya certainly played a major role in deposing several Sultans along with the Abid al-Bukhari. 1584:. According to European ambassadors present at Meknes in the period, the fortification walls of the palace alone were more than twenty-three kilometers long. Dar al-Kebira, the first of his palaces, was completed after three years of building and was immense, with 1024:

in 1680. At Tangiers, the English resisted, but, as a result of the high cost of maintaining the garrison, they decided to abandon the city, demolishing their fortifications and harbor over the winter of 1683. The Moroccan army entered the city on 5 February 1684.

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into the region of Cherg, accompanied by a large contingent of Arab tribes, including the Beni Amer. The Turkish artillery put all the Arab tribes in the expedition to flight and the Sultan was forced to set the border between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco at

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The kasbahs ensured the defence of the eastern border, where there was a heavy Moroccan military presence, but they also protected the main lines of communication within the kingdom and facilitated the control of unsubjugated tribes, by continuously raiding them.

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Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif finally died on 22 March 1727 at the age of 81, from an abscess in his lower abdomen. His reign lasted 55 years, making him the longest-reigning Moroccan monarch. He was succeeded by Moulay Ahmed. Both he and Ahmed were buried in the same

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At its height, the Moroccan army contained 100,000 to 150,000 black soldiers in the Black Guard, as well as thousands more in the Guich of the Udaya, European renegades and vassal tribes which received land and slaves in exchange for providing soldiers.

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Moulay Ismail marched on Taza, which surrendered to him after a siege of several months, and forced Ahmed ben Mehrez to flee into the Sahara. While the siege of Fez continued, Ismail turned northwest to face Khadir Ghaïlan, who had taken control of the

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Many of his concubines are only fragmentary documented. As concubines, they were slave captives, sometimes from Europe. Here is list of children he had with some of his slave concubines from the harem, as well as the details known about their mother:

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opined that frequently-told stories about the ten of thousands of Christian slaves' forced labours and the large dungeons where they were kept were exaggerated from the accounts of European ambassadors who visited Isma'il's court. Bordeaux Parker and

1680:, one of the four official wives of Ismail. The Banu Maqil, who inhabited these areas in great numbers, thus represented the foremost contingents of the 'Alawis until the middle of Moulay Ismail's reign, as they had under the Saadi dynasty. Several 1842:

support of anti-Ottoman Arab tribes in Algeria, such as the Benu Amer. The two empires repeatedly signed peace treaties, notably in 1678, 1692, and 1693, none of which lasted very long. A final treaty, in 1701, held until the end of Ismail's life.

481:, due to his charisma and authority, Moulay Ismail was nicknamed the 'bloody king' by the Europeans due to his extreme cruelty and exaction of summary justice upon his Christian slaves. He is also known in his native country as the "Warrior King". 1114:

In 1692–3, Moulay Ismail organised a very large expedition against the last unconquered tribes. These were the Sanhaja Brâbér tribes, Berbers in Fêzzâz, a region in the western part of the Middle Atlas. These tribes formed the last pocket of the

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to anyone who brought back an additional head. In the end, they collected 12,000. The Sultan was very happy with this and extended Ali ben Ichchou's command to include the Aït Oumalou and Aït Yafelmâl territories, which had just been conquered.

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How many infidels at dusk have had their heads severed from their bodies! How many were dragged away with the death rattle in their throats?! For how many throats have our Lance's been as necklaces? How many lance tips were thrust into their

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and 1,000 cavalry. Moulay Mohammed al-Alim received Souss and 3,000 cavalries. Moulay El-Mâmoun commanded Sijilmasa and received 500 cavalry. When he died, he was replaced two years later by Moulay Youssef. Moulay Zeydan received command of

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and attempted to pillage the Beni Amer which was successful. The city of Oran resisted two attacks, leading to the sultan's retreat. This time, it was the Turks who sent envoys to make peace, at the initiative of the Ottoman Sultan,

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became a city-state under the control of the Naqsis family. At Tafilalt, the Alaouites were appointed by the local people in order to check the influence of the Zaouias of Illigh and Dila. They were an independent emirate from 1631.

687:. His half-brother, Moulay Rashid rebelled against him and managed to kill him on 3 August 1664, in a battle on the plain of Angad (near Oujda). Moulay Ismail chose to support Rashid and was rewarded by being appointed governor of 609:, Morocco entered a period of unrest, during which his sons fought with one another for the throne, while the country was parcelled up by the different military leaders and religious authorities. From the beginning of the reign of 2299:

Abu Faris ( the latter killed the sons of his brother Moulay Youssef in 1748 and caused damage to his nephew Moulay Cherif ben Zine El Abidine), al-Othmani and another son named Sidi Mohammed: their mother is a native of Thaghr

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Green is the sweetest colour; white is a good sign for those appealing to him; but when he is dressed in yellow, all the world trembles and flees his presence because it is the colour that he chooses on the days of his bloodiest

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Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne ou histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs

1069:, which had been under Spanish control since 1610. The Sultan, who announced his plan in 1688, forced the Spaniards to fortify the city heavily, with 200 cannons and 1500–2000 men. The campaign began on 15 July 1689 and the 794:, finally opened its gates on 28 October 1673, after a siege of fourteen months and eight days. Ismail granted a pardon to the inhabitants of Fez. He reorganised the city and appointed governors in charge of the suburbs of 1634:

to the Chenguit provinces, and reorganised or rebuilt the walls of some cities on the model of Oujda. Garrisons of the Black Guards were protected by the construction of Kasbahs in major population centers, modeled on the

1630:

construction of many strong forts along the border with Ottoman Algeria. Others were built in the territory of individual tribes, to maintain peace. He also built defensive structures along the route from the Oasis of

1501:

you that the true religion is that of Muhammad, which is the only one in which one can find salvation. I give you this advice for the sake of my conscience and to be justified in charging you on the day of judgment.

1074:

one officer for ten Moroccans, one hundred officers were exchanged for a thousand Moroccan prisoners. The rest of the Spanish garrison remained in captivity, as slaves in Meknes, except for those who converted to

1429:

found the number of Christian slaves was likely closer to a few thousand at most and the chambers which suspected as slave prisons were actually storage rooms for grain and food supplies. The urban legends about

1495:

in Morocco on points of controversy. On many occasions when returning from the mosque on Fridays, he asked for Trinitarians to be brought into his court. During a debate with the fathers of Mercy, he said this:

1187:... that the vast extent of the Sharifan Empire is a single unit from the Mediterranean to the Senegal river. The people who live there, from the north to the south, are Moors who pay the Gharama to the Sultan. 2196:

Abdeslam, Mohammed al Dayf, Mohammed Al Mustadi Abbas, Mohammed Al Muntasir, Mohammed Al Rashid, Sulaiman, Mohammed Telgui, Mohammed Al Mouhtadi, Mohammed Al Walid, Hassan and Idris: their mother is Talikiya.

691:. There, Moulay Ismail devoted himself to the region's agriculture and commerce, to increase his wealth, while Moulay Rashid reigned as Sultan of Tafilalt and then as Sultan of Morocco after his conquest of 4885:

Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [" Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib "], vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc

2431:

when the Sultan grew tired of her. The Spanish convert being very poor, she was described by contemporary witnesses as reduced to beggary, before she was helped by John Russell, the British consul general.

1420:, Moulay Ismail had 20,000 people assassinated over a twenty-year period of his reign. He was described by many authors, including Dominique Busnot, as a "bloodthirsty monster". However, researcher such as 1366:. The empire immediately fell into civil war, as a result of a rebellion of the Black Guards. More than seven claimants to the throne succeeded to power between 1727 and 1757, some of them repeatedly, like 1964:, who was in charge of royal protocol under Sultan Sidi Mohammed III, recounts that with his own eyes he saw the exhaustive list of Moulay Ismail's children and that his descendants occupied 500 houses in 813:

region who were engaging in banditry. He severely defeated the Sgoûna tribe and then put in place the preparations for a major campaign against his nephew. Ismail marched at the head of his army into the

1488:, who was generally critical of Ismail, asserted that "he had a great attachment to his Law and publicly practiced all the ceremonies, ablutions, prayers, fasts, and feasts with scrupulous precision." 6277:

5354:

L Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours comprenant le bombardement de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat

1095:

Shortly after Larache was conquered, Ismail sent Ahmed ben Haddou to besiege Assilah. Exhausted, the Spanish garrison evacuated the city by the sea and the Moroccan army occupied the town in 1691.

7613:

A journey to Mequinez; the residence of the present emperor of Fez and Morocco. On the occasion of Commodore Stewart's embassy thither for the redemption of the British captives in the year 1721

386:(or Abid al-Bukhari), black slaves who were totally devoted to him. As a result, the central power could be less reliant on tribes that often rebelled. Moulay Ismail failed against the Ottoman 1854:

and others, but also the creation of military alliances. Moulay Ismail repeatedly sought French assistance in his wars with Spain, without success. However, an alliance with France and the

1441:

His physical appearance is almost always described in the same way by the Europeans. He had "a long face, more black than white, i.e. very mulatto," according to Saint-Amans, ambassador of

1530:

Moulay Ismail chose Meknes as Morocco's capital city in 1672 and carried out an extensive building program there that resulted in the construction of numerous gates, mosques, gardens, and

1280:

heads of 3,000 Moroccan soldiers and 50 Moroccan leaders were brought to Algiers. In 1702, Moulay Ismail gave his son Moulay Zeydan an army of 12,000 men and instructed him to capture the

1271:

Ismail attempted to besiege the city of Ceuta with an army of 40,000 soldiers, but the strength of Spanish resistance meant that the siege dragged on. Part of Ismail's army also besieged

6150: 1930:

was sent to two embassies to Britain, in 1723 and 1737. Moulay Ismail also sent several embassies to James II after he was deposed, offering him aid and asking him to convert to Islam.

1445:, who added that "he is the strongest and most vigorous man of his State." He was of average height and he inherited the colour of his face from his mother, who had been a black slave. 1275:

from 1694 to 1696, but the city's fortifications were too much for them. In spring 1701, Moulay Ismail launched another expedition against Algeria. The Moroccan forces advanced to the

8299: 5988:

under 'Ali ben Ishou Aqebly, and a contingent of Spanish renegades from Larache dragging a battery of cannon on which Moulay Ismaïl was relying to bludgeon the Berbers into submission

2007:

region, her father was Cheick of his Arab Maqil or Berber tribe. The wedding happened after 9 April 1672, but his date of marriage is unclear. Whether they had issues is not stated.

8102: 5065: 1757:

the desert because of the drought and were originally Banu Maqil like himself. Sympathizing with their plight, the Sultan decided to turn them into an elite division of his army.

1850:, Moulay Ismail sought good relations with France and Great Britain to ensure trade relations. These relations centered on the sale of Christian sailors captured at sea by the 963:

valleys. Moulay Ismail launched a massive expedition and seized Ferkla, Gueria, Toudra, and Dadès in quick succession. The rebel tribes abandoned their oases and fled into the

1256:

in 1701. Ismail, wounded in the fighting, had to escape on horseback and narrowly escaped capture. Moulay Ismail fought other minor conflicts with the Ottoman Algeria such as

1065:

Moulay Ismail now prepared a strong army, estimated at 30,000–50,000 men, under the command of Ali ben Abdallah Er-Riffi and Ahmed ben Haddou El-Bottoui, to seize the city of

5777: 5413: 993:

After he had achieved the unification of Morocco, Moulay Ismail decided to end the Christian presence in the country. He first launched a campaign to recapture the city of

3196:

Moulay Ismail accomplished the political reunification of the whole country, the formation of its main military force – the Black Guard or Abid al-Bukhari, as well as the

1162:, on the road to Sijilmassa, drew the attention of Moulay Ismail. He ordered the caid Idrassen Ali ben Ichchou El-Qebli to massacre them. In Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri's 1010: 378:

The reign of Moulay Ismail marked a high watermark for Moroccan power. His military successes are explained by the creation of a strong army, originally relying on the '

8312: 5581: 3200:, and recaptured several coastal cities from the Europeans. He had considerably extended Moroccan territory, and undertook an extraordinary amount of construction. 1538:

in Marrakesh was stripped of almost all its fittings, so that they could be transported to Meknes. Marble blocks and pillars were also taken from the ancient Roman

5746: 1028:

In 1681, while the siege of Tangiers was still ongoing, Moulay Ismail sent part of his army under the command of Omar ben Haddou El-Bottoui to conquer the city of

2059:. Khnata bint Bakkar, daughter of the Grand Sheikh Bakkar of M'ghafra, was famous for her beauty, intelligence, and learning. Her family seat is in the region of 1996:. The wedding probably took place between the two dates thus March to 5 April 1670, AD, as royalty often had 7 days wedding. Whether they had issue is not stated. 877:. Moulay Ismail restored and reorganised Oujda on his return. He reorganised the south of the empire following an expedition in 1678, from Souss and the oasis of 8307: 2089: 1900: 1834: 1600:, governors, caids, secretaries, and other high functionaries of Ismail's court, which the historian Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri called 'the beauty of Meknes'. 834:

and 5,000 Berber cavalries. A second expedition followed, and this time the Sultan's forces inflicted a heavy defeat on the rebels, seizing substantial booty.

1227:

offered his submission to the dey of Algiers and had to send an embassy to Algiers to make peace. He thus fixed his borders with the Beylik of Algiers at the

6699:

Muley Spha, one of his favourite sons (a sad villain), born of his wife Alloabenabiz by whom he had in all ten children, viz., seven sons and three daughters

1780:

Additionally, Moulay Ismail was able to make use of European renegades' knowledge and experience of artillery, when he formed them into a military corps,

1449: 1082:

banning the wearing of black shoes because the Spanish were said to have introduced the custom into Morocco when they first acquired Larache in 1610. The

8330: 740: 696: 573: 3051: 1939: 1485: 1393: 736: 618: 368: 1592:. As soon as it was complete, he laid the foundations of Dar al-Makhzen, which linked together around fifty different palaces, containing their own 808:, one of the imperial capitals of Morocco, revolted against Moulay Ismail, in favor of Ahmed ben Mehrez, three times. The city was harshly punished. 8294: 8127: 2028: 1724: 1143:

The sultan had not left a single tribe of the Moroccan Maghreb with either horses or weapons. Only the Black Guard, the Oudaias, the Ait Imour (a

761:

Moulay Ismail arranged the organisation of the empire and distributed goods to the soldiers of his army in preparation for an expedition into the

5904: 5846: 2637: 949: 1354: 7417: 7297: 7157: 7075: 7019: 6158: 1037: 944:

1678–1679, Ismail's three brothers, Harran, Hashem, and Ahmed, and three of his cousins revolted with the help of the Sanhaja confederation of

703:) of Fez in 1667, while he fought in the south of Morocco. Rashid conquered the Dila'iya in 1668 and then took two years to overcome rebels at 1784:

has noted the sultan employed renegade Spanish gunners to operate his cannon batteries, as it recorded during his conquest of Fêzzâz in 1692.

6854:...he and his favourite Queen Hellema Hazzezas (in English the beloved) ...her favourite son Muly Zidan, a youth of about eight years of age 5257: 3183:

The evildoers and troublemakers no longer knew where to shelter, where to seek refuge: no land wanted to bear them, no sky would cover them.

1950:. He specifies that upon Ismail's death the full number of his wives and harem slave concubines was 700. The final total is uncertain: the 1416:

numerous. According to a Christian slave, Moulay Ismail had more than 36,000 people killed over a 26-year period of his reign. According to

7819: 7331: 3165: 3095: 461:(now Rabat), which supplied him with European Christian slaves and weapons through their raids in the Mediterranean and all the way to the 7173:

Bekkaoui, Khalid., White women captives in North Africa. Narratives of enslavement, 1735–1830, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010, p.26

5530: 4797: 786:. With a force of 12,000 men, Ismail suppressed the rebellion and pacified the northern provinces, killing Ghaïlan on 2 September 1673 at 7723: 2041:

member of the British consulate in Morocco explains that Ma'azuza was not so much in the favors of Moulay Ismail. Their sons were Sultan

587:, and according to Moulay Ismail's own words the Oudayas are his maternal uncles. Without further explanation on this degree of kinship. 5073: 8249: 8122: 7587: 6758:

and the Brakna among whom, yet, he took a wife in the person of En-Nassira Es-Salwi, daughter of the Emir Mohamed el Hayba Ould Nogmach

6275: 4965: 4883: 1968:. He also specified that the list to which he had access did not contain the names of Moulay Ismail's children who had no descendants. 1769:. Thirty years later, at the death of Moulay Ismail in 1727, it was the caids of the Abid al-Bukhari and the Udaya who joined with the 1664:

The 'Alawi army was principally composed of soldiers from the Saharan provinces and the provinces on the margin of the Sahara, such as

1155: 1120: 845: 853: 584: 565: 5501: 8476: 8471: 8456: 8142: 6728:

and Sultan Mostadi and his full brothers Bi'nassir and al-Hussein as well as other unnamed siblings, their mother is Aouda Doukalia

5785: 1946:

recorded children of around 68 wedded wives and 8 unnamed slave concubines from the royal birth registers kept during the reign of

1180: 8132: 7200:. James and John Knapton, Arthur Bettesworth, Francis Fayram, John Osborn and Thomas Longman, and Charles Rivington. p. 191. 5396: 5259:

L'Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois jusqu'a l'expédition du Général Randon en 1853

2519: 2096: 874: 680: 222: 7366:

Les Chérifs Filaliens: Les chérifs filaliens ou hassaniens. – Moulay Rachid au Tafilalt, puis à Fez. – Moulay Ismaïl (1672–1727)

5852:

p.39 "...A la fin du règne de Moulay Ismaïl, qui resta au pouvoir pendant 57 ans, la garde noire comptait 150000 combattants..."

4861: 2980: 2976: 5240: 1684:

originated from these Arab tribes. The 'Alawis could also count on the tribes of the Oujda region, which had been conquered by

6794: 8466: 8461: 7577: 7246: 6804: 6751: 6591: 6564: 6537: 6463: 5974: 5873: 5696: 5599: 5511: 5468: 5379: 5301: 5224: 5188: 4817: 4769: 3271: 2929: 372: 4935: 1865:

on an embassy to France. He succeeded in negotiating a treaty of friendship between Morocco and France, which was signed at

1695:

Jaysh ash-Sheraka, which Rashid ibn Sharif had originally installed in the area north of Fez. Khlot and Sherarda, tribes of

402:, which was under Spanish rule, he had some success in pushing back the tribes of the Regency of Algiers until the Algerian 6657: 5863: 5446: 2770: 2419: 7370:

Filalian Cherifs: The filalian or Hassanian sheriffs. – Moulay Rachid in Tafilalt, then in Fez. – Moulay Ismail (1672–1727

6793:

Guillaume, Philippe; Péjout, Nicolas; Kabwe-Segatti, Aurelia Wa; Africa), IFAS (Institute : South (1 December 2004).

2074:

Lalla Alwa Benabiz. They had ten children seven sons and three daughters, one of them is Moulay Ṣafā (Muley Spha), he was

1358:

an invasion of Spain, but it was destroyed by a storm in 1722. The siege of Ceuta continued until Ismail's death in 1727.

1009:. The city was strongly fortified and had a large garrison of 4,000 men. Moulay Ismail assigned one of his best generals, 6821: 6741: 5291: 1257: 423: 5754: 2393:

Al-Said: his mother is a slave from the Awlad Sidi ben Issa tribe who was offered as a slave concubine to Moulay Ismaïl.

1688:. The jaysh tribes were exempted from import taxes to compensate them and were given land in exchange for their troops. 1596:

and its own mosque for his wives, concubines, and children. This was followed by Madinat er-Riyad, the residence of the

1281: 8039: 7317: 6774: 2944: 2795: 359:

and was governor of the province of Fez and the north of Morocco from 1667 until the death of his half-brother, Sultan

7570:

The travels of the Sieur Mouette, in the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco, during his eleven years captivity in those parts

5415:

Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1930)

2924: 1526:

Dar al-Makhzen, the royal palace of Meknes, which was built during Moulay Ismail's reign as part of this larger Kasbah

8451: 8446: 8064: 8049: 7832: 7537: 7498: 6047: 750:

When the news of Rashid's death reached Sijilmassa, Ahmed ben Mehrez rushed to Marrakesh, to have himself proclaimed

1720:

they were enlisted in the army. They were married to black women who had been raised in the royal palace like them.

8019: 5613:

Les relations entre ville et ensemble palatial dans les " villes impériales " marocaines : Marrakech et Meknès

5371:

L'établissement des dynasties des Chérifs au Maroc et leur rivalité avec les Turcs de la Régence d'Alger, 1509–1830

5293:

L'établissement des dynasties des Chérifs au Maroc et leur rivalité avec les Turcs de la Régence d'Alger, 1509–1830

4710: 3158: 2841: 1752:

contained the members of the tribe of Udaya itself. They were a powerful desert tribe who were originally from the

544: 6866: 5369: 2067:. Her children with Moulay Ismail are Moulay Mohammed, Moulay Hafiz, Moulay Mehrez, Moulay Mohammed al-Mutais and 17: 8279: 8182: 8147: 8137: 7984: 7959: 7716: 7693: 7364:

Hamet, Ismaël; Bokhari, Les Abid; Mohammed ben Abdallah, Sidi; Slimane, Moulay; Aderrahmane, Moulay (1923). "6".

6617: 5183:(Illustrated, Annotated ed.). Columbia University Press; Quoting Al Qadiri's Nashr al Mathani. p. 139. 3014: 2888: 1897:

made agreements solely to receive presents, denying whatever they had proposed once he had gotten what he wanted.

1847: 1774: 1292: 1219: 1130:

and Beni Hakim, and was concentrated in the High Moulouya. The unconquered tribes comprised the Aït Oumalou, the

443: 256: 113: 6125: 5689:

Les Palais dans la ville : Espaces urbains et lieux de la puissance publique dans la Méditerranée médiévale

5591:

Les Palais dans la ville : Espaces urbains et lieux de la puissance publique dans la Méditerranée médiévale

1803:

Udaya stationed around Fez, which formed a defensive cordon against the unsubjugated Berber tribes in the area.

1417: 1211: 8486: 8177: 5685:"Les relations entre ville et ensemble palatial dans les " villes impériales " marocaines: Marrakech et Meknès" 3080: 2883: 2586: 1815: 1715:

tribal contingents. After the Siege of Marrakesh in 1672, he imported a large number of black male slaves from

1534:. On account of the rate of construction, Ismail is often compared to his contemporary Louis XIV. The Saadian 8223: 5718: 2790: 2571: 1350: 5178: 1711:. This group later played an important role in the 17th-century Moroccan wars against Spanish colonization. 1284:. The Moroccans razed the Spanish fortress, but failed to retain la Isleta. Meanwhile, the English admiral, 1042: 8481: 8059: 8054: 8044: 7837: 6844: 6689: 6440:, brother of Sultan Moulay Ismail. The Sultan bought her and married her from among the beautiful women ... 1015: 735:

After seizing power, Moulay Ismail faced several rebellions: most significant was the revolt of his nephew

695:

on 27 May 1664. Rashid further entrusted Ismail with military control of the North of Morocco and made him

2861: 2464: 8441: 8426: 8069: 8009: 7619: 6634:

The History of the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco: Upon the Death of the late Emperor Muley Ishmael

6062: 5459:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

3151: 3090: 3085: 2444: 1434:

holding thousands of them are disputed by Marianne Barrucand as she opined it is largely for food silos.

8421: 775: 8210: 8029: 7709: 7561:

The History of the Revolution in the Empire of Morocco upon the Death of the late Emperor Muley Ishmael

7279: 6529:

Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras

5691:, Collection d'histoire et d'archéologie médiévales, Presses universitaires de Lyon, pp. 325–341, 5594:. Collection d’histoire et d’archéologie médiévales. Presses universitaires de Lyon. pp. 325–341. 3100: 2917: 2895: 2846: 1985: 1363: 1330: 1136: 986:

A plague struck around this time that killed several thousand people, mainly in the plain of Rharb and

183: 6887:

Um'el'Iz ... one of the wives of sultan moulay ismail, who had the same place as sultana zidana and...

5320:

Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon

5274: 2109:, married around 1707 (Thomas Pellow accounts of her favorite son aged 8 circa 1715). She is from the 1873:, one of Louis XIV's illegitimate children, was not successful. A second embassy to France was led by 1699:, were given the rank of Makhzen and formed several contingents in the Moroccan army. He also founded 8034: 7979: 7913: 7732: 7556: 6007: 5463:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 3066: 2689: 2038: 679:

succeeded him. Under the latter's reign, the 'Alawi realm expanded into the north of the country, to

120: 8340: 7923: 7811: 2474: 1392:

is reported to have said. This will was always apparent in his actions and decisions. According to

1241: 1158:

learned this the hard way. Some men of this tribe who carried out raids in the upper course of the

470: 411: 5430: 2343:

Abd-el Rahman al Muthalath: his mother is Malkiya (not to be confused with the spelling Malikiya).

2324:

An unnamed daughter, Mu'awiya and al-Hassan: their mother's name is al-Bustan, she is a native of

623: 8366: 7989: 7426: 7327: 6251: 3266: 3256: 3209: 3007: 2990: 2814: 2120: 1977: 1961: 1947: 1793: 1573: 1517: 1421: 1070: 485: 230: 6257:

Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni ; publié et traduit par O. Houdas

5936:

Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni ; publié et traduit par O. Houdas

5023: 2652: 2103:, married the latter either in 1678/9 or in 1690. Whether they had descendants is not indicated. 1001:

since 1471 – initially Portuguese, the city had passed into English hands after the marriage of

8397: 8345: 8004: 5538: 5105: 4761: 3205: 2750: 2024: 1952: 1885: 1607: 1021: 474: 6608: 5352: 5334: 5216: 2113:

region and is the daughter of Cheikh Ali bin Hussein of Bani Sweid, from the Sufiyan tribe of

1976:

A daughter of a Saadi prince, married on 5 April 1670, at Dar Ben Chegra in Fez. According to

954: 426:

in 1708 which ended successfully. He expelled the Europeans from the ports they had occupied:

8431: 8381: 8317: 8284: 8200: 8074: 7212: 6527: 5318: 3226: 2819: 2233:

Khaled al-Hutha, al-Rachid al Kabir and Mohammed: their mother is from the Awlad Hmami tribe.

2042: 1870: 1866: 1831:

Conversely, Moulay Ismail led several invasions and raids of their territory, often with the

1296: 1176: 1110:, who negotiated the release of French prisoners captured by the corsairs, with Moulay Ismail 1103: 1006: 1002: 882: 723: 572:

tribe as a cadet branch of it). She was reportedly given as a concubine to Sharif ibn Ali by

403: 252: 6396:

Political and military developments within Morocco during the early Alawi Period (1659–1727)

6317: 6284: 4892: 1291:

Between 1699 and 1700, Moulay Ismail divided the provinces of Morocco between his children.

790:

He returned again to Fez, which was still under siege by his forces. The heart of the city,

8436: 8389: 8361: 8269: 7999: 7944: 7676: 7194: 6437: 6378: 6358: 6341: 6193: 5945: 4918: 2551: 2106: 2000: 1957: 1766: 916: 911:(Maqil tribes) in the Saharan provinces of the country, which stretched all the way to the 594: 578: 399: 360: 226: 206: 103: 2396:

Abd-al Hadi al Kabir, Abd-al Hadi Saghir: their mother is a slave concubine designated as

1909: 667:

Political situation in Morocco in 1660, after the assassination of the final Saadi sultan

8: 8376: 8353: 8289: 8079: 7875: 7758: 7532:]. Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 6365:

Checq Loüety ... although the king furthermore married his daughter, widow of his brother

5941: 2985: 2824: 2802: 2785: 2556: 2373: 2068: 2010: 1760:

The Jaysh al-Udaya became a major portion of Sultan's army, governed by the principle of

1748:, who were descended from Banu Maqil, Khnata bint Bakkar came from this group. The third 1727:, which is to be distinguished from the tribe of Udaya. The guich was divided into three 1685: 1626:, fountains, city gates, and gardens. Construction continued throughout his whole reign. 1477: 1367: 1312: 1215: 1206: 676: 540: 260: 202: 49: 7374:

dans Histoire du Maghreb : Cours professé à l'Institut des hautes études marocaines

6197: 5835:

Crossing the Strait: Morocco, Gibraltar and Great Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries

5683:

Barrucand, Marianne (18 November 2019), Boucheron, Patrick; Chiffoleau, Jacques (eds.),

5588:

Barrucand, Marianne (18 November 2019). Boucheron, Patrick; Chiffoleau, Jacques (eds.).

2755: 2410:

A son, born to an English slave concubine Lalla Balqis (born 1670). She was captured by

1938:

Moulay Ismail was a serial polygamist. According to the writings of the French diplomat

844:

While still at Marrakesh, Ismail learned that Ahmed ben Abdellah ad-Dila'i, grandson of

648: 8335: 8218: 8195: 8172: 8167: 8024: 7949: 7803: 7779: 7766: 7750: 7659:

Piracy, Slavery, and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England

7411: 7291: 7151: 7069: 7013: 6224: 6181: 5671:

The extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million European Slaves

5180:

Piracy, Slavery, and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England

3261: 3244: 3019: 2745: 2453: 2246: 2048: 2034: 1874: 1819: 1716: 1677: 1201: 614: 391: 387: 248: 210: 7596: 6716:المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل بن الشريف (almanzie allatif fi mafakhir almawla 6485:"Zeydana: زيدانة.. ضعف أمامها مولاي إسماعيل قاطع الرؤوس ودفعته إلى قتل ضرتها وابنهما!" 6410:"Zeydana: زيدانة.. ضعف أمامها مولاي إسماعيل قاطع الرؤوس ودفعته إلى قتل ضرتها وابنهما!" 6151:"Is it physically possible for a man to sire over 800 children? – Seriously, Science?" 5317:

Martinière, Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La; Lacroix, Napoléon (1894).

2052: 1561: 1295:

was given responsibility for the province of Tadla and a force of 3,000 Black Guards.

465:. He established significant diplomatic relations with foreign powers, especially the 7969: 7918: 7860: 7850: 7683: 7573: 7533: 7494: 7313: 7305: 7242: 6800: 6747: 6717: 6587: 6560: 6533: 6459: 6229: 6211: 6043: 6017: 5970: 5869: 5692: 5595: 5507: 5464: 5375: 5297: 5220: 5184: 4813: 4775: 4765: 2809: 2709: 2704: 2657: 2591: 2165: 1878: 1492: 1426: 1346: 907:

in these regions. During this expedition, the Sultan received embassies from all the

822: 755: 536: 466: 418:, he even looted the palace of the Bey. His army was subsequently pushed back in the 352: 348: 300: 237: 75: 5624: 2252:

Asrur al-Safah, Mehrez, al-Mu'tedad and Mohammed al Gharfi: their mother is Chaouia.

744: 8371: 8325: 8112: 7939: 7900: 7771: 7440: 6219: 6201: 6012: 5497: 5113:]. Vol. VI.111–112. G.-P. Maisonneuve & Larose S. A. pp. 884–885. 4943: 4805: 3235: 3230: 3061: 3056: 3044: 2912: 2721: 2605: 2534: 1993: 1927: 1890: 1253: 974: 498: 419: 395: 7629:

Mercer, Patricia (1977). "Palace and Jihād in the Early 'Alawī State in Morocco."

7491:

International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa

7405:

Publication de la Direction générale des affaires indigènes (section sociologique)

7310:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

6255: 5934: 5211:

Lévi-Provençal, Evariste (1987). "Al Madīya". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).

4694: 1349:, who wanted to get revenge on Morocco for having aided the Grand Alliance in the 801: 8190: 7994: 7954: 7905: 7890: 7870: 7827: 7787: 7740: 6581: 6554: 6453: 6301: 6206: 5964: 5160: 5142: 5043: 4809: 3024: 2969: 2731: 2714: 2622: 2504: 2411: 2356: 2334:

Moulay Abu Marwan and Youssef: their mother is Em'nebhiye, from the Mnebha tribe.

2184:

Abdel Karim, Harran, Hicham, Fadel and Lalla Sakina: their mother's name is Abla.

1855: 1737: 1585: 1263: 1050: 1029: 998: 979: 783: 610: 606: 602: 450: 435: 332: 170: 7382:

Les Sources inédites de l'Histoire du Maroc. Deuxième série. Dynastie Filalienne

5948:, where he stayed for more than two years with his maternal uncles, the Moâfera. 3179:

al-Nasiri, who recorded the whole history of Morocco in this period, declared:

8238: 8228: 8205: 8084: 8014: 7931: 7624:

Black Sunrise: The Life and Times of Mulai Ismail, Emperor of Morocco 1646–1727

7473: 7465: 5960: 5323:(in French). Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes. 5213:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913 – 1936, Volume 5, L – Moriscos

3137: 3123: 2997: 2499: 2178:

Sultan Sidi Mohammed and another daughter named Amina: their mother is Chaouia.

2081: 1914: 1905: 1862: 1827: 1781: 1669: 1535: 1245: 1232: 1228: 886: 849: 668: 640: 524: 415: 407: 356: 310: 218: 1851: 1476:"A faithful and pious follower of his religion", he attempted to convert King 960: 848:, had gathered a large army of Sanhaja tribes from the mountains, crossed the 484:

He also made Meknes his capital and undertook the construction of an enormous

8415: 8259: 8157: 7880: 7865: 6840: 6512:

Zahraa Najia Al-Zahrawi: Women's Contribution to Building the Moroccan Spirit

6380:

Histoires Des Conquestes De Mouley Archy, Connu Sous Le Nom De Roy De Tafilet

6360:

Histoires Des Conquestes De Mouley Archy, Connu Sous Le Nom De Roy De Tafilet

6343:

Histoires Des Conquestes De Mouley Archy, Connu Sous Le Nom De Roy De Tafilet

6215: 6002: 4779: 3240: 3197: 2876: 2829: 2726: 2610: 2598: 2110: 2100: 2075: 1753: 1700: 1615: 1565: 1554: 1464:

Relation de la captivité du Sr. Mouette dans les royaumes de Fez et de Maroc,

1326: 1267:

The 'Alawi Empire in the late 17th century, during the reign of Moulay Ismail

912: 787: 779: 747:

also resisted Sultan Ismail, along with several tribes and religious groups.

739:, son of Moulay Murad Mehrez, then the rebellions of his brothers, including 4947: 4804:, African Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 155–184, 4752: 2312:

Al Mu'atasim and another daughter named Sitt al Mulk: their mother is Aljaa.

1999:

A daughter of Cheick Al-Lawati who was the widow of his half-brother Sultan

1484:, sending him letters whose sincerity and religious feeling are inarguable. 7795: 7268:

Moulay Ismail et Jacques II; une apologie de l'Islam par un sultan du Maroc

6233: 5808: 5129: 4696:

Moulay Ismaïl et Jacques II: une apologie de l'Islam par un sultan du Maroc

2539: 2123:, date of wedding and origins unknown. Her son was another Moulay Abdallah. 1989: 1636: 1593: 1285: 1276: 1249: 1131: 1116: 830: 818: 692: 508: 364: 214: 2239:

Sultan Moulay Zine El Abidine, Jaafar and Moussa: their mother is Chaouia.

1057:, city which sustained the rebellion of Ahmed Ben Mehrez and Moulay Harran 7284:

The Book of Investigation for News of the Nations of the Islamic Far West

7272:

Moulay Ismail and Jacques II; an apology for Islam by a Sultan of Morocco

6433: 5684: 5589: 3002: 2278: 2214: 2020: 1658: 1431: 1320: 1125: 964: 926: 869: 857: 795: 643:

took possession of the northwestern plains, the Atlantic coast as far as

383: 320: 4840: 4718: 2224:

during the reign of his brother Sidi Mohammed): their mother is Chaouia.

2172:

Lalla Amina and her full brother Sidi Mohammed: their mother is Chaouia.

1549: 1408:

Histoire du regne de Mouley Ismael roy de Moroc, Fez, Tafilet, Soutz etc

1378: 945: 934: 919:

was established in 1670 and continued throughout Moulay Ismail's reign.

7183:

engraved by Mr. Senex., printed by J. Darby and T. Browne, London, 1729

7143: 7061: 7005: 6874: 6723: 6711: 6111: 6103: 2664: 2617: 2546: 2487: 2414:

in 1685, at the age of fifteen, while traveling with her mother to the

2352:

Mohammed al-Aqra' and Suleiman: their mother is from the Sufiyan tribe.

2258:

Al-Wallad and Sidi Issa Idriss: their mother is Shams al-Dhuha Chaouia.

2114: 2092:, Moulay Bi'nassir, another Moulay Hussein, and other unnamed children. 1943: 1696: 1673: 1581: 1522: 1164: 1098: 968: 930: 890: 712: 652: 633: 554: 520: 340: 149: 90: 6743:

Histoire de l'esclavage et des luttes anti-esclavagistes en Mauritanie

6658:"تحميل كتاب المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشريف 4098 PDF" 5953: 5458: 2296:

Al-Salem, Haroun and Sitt al-Nafissa: their mother is Kawthar Chaouia.

2132:

Zahra al-Malikiya, she is the mother of Al-Ishwa and Al-Cheick Saghir.

2084:, date of wedding unknown. Her surname might suggest origins from the 1576:(or Kasbah) at Meknes before learning of the work being undertaken by 868:

Between 1678 and 1679, Moulay Ismail attempted an expedition over the

656: 5447:

Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture: Ce – Cha, Volume 12

5124: 2900: 2482: 2200: 2148:

Maria al-Aljaa, she is the mother of Moulay Binaser and Al-Mu'atamid.

2064: 1965: 1745: 1577: 1543: 1442: 1383: 1159: 1054: 838: 805: 704: 590: 478: 462: 7701: 4798:""Racializing" Slavery: The Controversy of Mawlay Isma'il's Project" 2220:

Hafid al Ikhlaf, Moulay Ali and Prince al-Mouhtadi (Who revolted in

1334: 414:

against the Regency of Algiers, he was successful in conquering the

58: 6792: 6484: 6409: 5642:

Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History

4468: 4466: 3216: 2964: 2959: 2836: 2674: 2415: 2085: 1665: 1614:

In the economic sphere, Moulay Ismail built within his citadel the

1237: 1147:

tribe), and the Rifans, while the Fezzans began a holy war against

1036:

was approaching Tafna and had already reached the territory of the

994: 791: 637: 562: 547: 532: 512: 410:

in pushing back Moulay Ismail's army. Moulay Ismail engaged in the

7395: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4231: 4219: 4200: 4188: 4173: 4161: 4146: 3225:. The character of the sultan in the novel "The Sultan's Wife" by 7527: 7348: 6325: 6179: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3943: 3221: 2905: 2669: 2492: 2206:

Fatoum (nickname for Fatima) and al-Fadil: their mother is Alja (

2056: 1981: 1956:

claims 1042, while Elisabeth Oberzaucher and Karl Grammer of the

1922: 1704: 1619: 1589: 1531: 1272: 1169: 1066: 941: 903: 826: 817:

region and encountered Ahmed ben Mehrez's army at Bou Agba, near

743:, who assumed the title of King of Tafilalt. The Tetouan warlord 700: 558: 503: 439: 427: 295: 4463: 2221: 2190:

Abi Marwan du Sous and Abu Faris: their mother's name is Haniya.

2154:

Ruqiya al-Saidiya (not Sa'adiya), she is the mother of Mohammed.

2151:

Sounah al-Dir'iyah, she is the mother of Al-Walid al Mouthalath.

2139: 1640: 1603: 1107: 663: 454: 6274:

trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.

5432:الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى – النسخة المعتمدة كاملة منسقة 4882:

trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.

2423: 2379:

Cheick al-Kabir: his mother is a slave concubine designated as

2325: 2309:

Taya: his mother is from the Awlad al-Haj tribe, an Arab tribe.

2060: 1799: 1692: 1623: 1597: 1316: 1300: 766: 762: 751: 688: 431: 344: 187: 166: 7397:

Direction générale des affaires indigènes, Archives marocaines

6273: 5537:. Guinness World Records Limited. 3 March 2008. Archived from 5162:

Esquisse d'histoire religieuse du Maroc: confréries et zaouïas

4881: 2403:

Youssef Saghir: his mother is a slave concubine designated as

2117:

Arab origins. Her son was Moulay Zeydan Seghir (born c. 1707).

7388:]. Paris: Publication de la Section Historique au Maroc. 6428: 2271: 2015: 2013:. The origins of this lady are unclear, initially, she was a 1822:, Mulay Ismail's Moroccan ambassador to Great Britain in 1682 1770: 1681: 1539: 1481: 1148: 1144: 1083: 1079: 1075: 908: 898: 894: 878: 814: 684: 629: 569: 458: 379: 7458:

Le Maroc et les puissances: un empire convoité de 711 à 1942

7401:

Directorate General of Indigenous Affairs, Moroccan Archives

6726:: الطبعة الأولى, مطبعة "إديال". الدار البيضاء. p. 392. 2213:

Moulay Abou Nasser: his mother is Dlimiya, meaning from the

2135:

Mask'al'Juyub Soufiyania, she is the mother of Abd al-Malik.

2270:

Abd al-Mamun: his mother is Tadlaouia, meaning a native of

1631: 1288:

joined in the siege of Ceuta, blockading the port in 1704.

771: 644: 528: 5861: 5045:

Sahara occidental: La controverse devant les Nations unies

4891:(in French). Ernest Leroux. pp. 16–18. Archived from 2227:

Suleiman al Saghir and al-Taqaa: their mother is Malikiya.

2129:

Fatima Ouardighiya, her son is a third son named Abdallah.

1311:

In response to the intrigues, slanders, and opposition of

922: 7595:, Les documents de L'Économiste (in French), Casablanca: 7462:

Morocco and the powers: a coveted empire from 711 to 1942

7169: 7167: 6871:فبراير.كوم | موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة 6489:فبراير.كوم | موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة 6414:فبراير.كوم | موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة 6319:

Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni

5569: 5559: 5557: 2160:

Jamila al-Malikiya, She is the mother of Moulay Moustada.

2051:, married in 1678. She is from the M'gharfa tribe of the 2004: 1708: 1691:

Portion of Alawite military forces also composed of Arab-

987: 7520: 6997: 6710: 6102: 5210: 5102: 4472: 3239:"Sultan Mulai Ismael, Emperor of all Morocco" sends six 2355:

Mohammed: his mother is Boukhariya (probably a slave of

2340:

A second son named Abd-el Rahman: his mother is Chaouia.

1877:

in 1699. However, the accession of Louis XIV's grandson

422:

in 1701. He participated in other minor battles such as

5663: 2267:

Abd al-Kadir: his mother is from the Awlad Asfir tribe.

2199:

Nasser: his mother is Marrakchiya, meaning a native of

2157:

Um'el'Saad Malikiya, her sons are Al Harran and Mehrez.

1798:

By the end of his reign, Ismail had built more than 76

1179:, the French consul in Salé wrote to his minister, the 7164: 6559:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 192. 6283:(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 53. Archived from 5554: 5276:

Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque (1515–1830)

4960: 4958: 2277:

Al-Walid al Kebir: his mother is Fulania, which means

2181:

Rachid, Binaser and Binaser: their mother is Hayaniya.

2145:

Fidah Doukalia, she is the mother of Abdallah Boumnad.

1933: 683:

and the Draa river and managed to capture the city of

442:. He took thousands of Christians prisoner and nearly 367:, but spent several years in conflict with his nephew 6426:

Lalla Aisha is her real name, and she was one of the

6316:

O. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).

5770: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4107: 2386:

Daoud: his mother is a slave concubine designated as

1379:

Appearance, personality, and contemporary assessments

394:

in 1692, as he tried to expand his territory towards

7665:

Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

7239:

King of the Wind: The Story of the Godolphin Arabian

6655: 6586:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 6583:

Black Morocco: a history of slavery, race, and Islam

6556:

Black Morocco: a history of slavery, race, and Islam

6455:

Black Morocco: a history of slavery, race, and Islam

5963:(29 October 2020). "14, The defense of Jbel Fazaz". 5741: 5739: 5657:

L'architecture de la Qasba de Moulay Ismaïl à Meknès

5022: 4802:

Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

4434: 4401: 4389: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4097: 4095: 3371: 3369: 3356: 3354: 3317: 3315: 2346:

A fourth son named Abdallah: his mother is Hasiniya.

2255:

Al Taher and Abd al Malik: their mother is Doukalia.

1452:, a French captive who lived in Morocco until 1682: 1396:, the colour of his clothes was linked to his mood, 711:

his campaigns against the independent tribes of the

617:(or Zawiya of Dila) controlled central Morocco, the 515:, seat of the Alaouite Sharifs from the 13th century 6846:

The adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, mariner

6776:

The adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, mariner

6691:

The adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, mariner

5503:

Driven to Lead: Good, Bad, and Misguided Leadership

5461:

Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre

4955: 4847:

The trends in the feats of Moulay Ismail ben Cherif

4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4184: 4182: 4157: 4155: 2315:

Al-Chérif and Lalla Safia: their mother is Chaouia.

2126:

Abhar Doukalia, she is the mother of Mussa al-Hadi.

1078:. To celebrate the triumph Moulay Ismaïl issued an 7589:Les Alaouites, Mohammed VI: Une dynastie, un règne 7350:Mission scientifique au Maroc, Archives marocaines 5089: 5028:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: Des origines à 1830 4940:Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée 4306: 2261:Al-Cherif and al-Murtaja: their mother is Chaouia. 1846:Following the approach to foreign policy begun by 597:, the first sultan of the Alaouite dynasty in 1667 63:Illustration of Moulay Ismail by Germain Moüette, 7507: 7386:The Unpublished Sources of the History of Morocco 7356:]. Vol. 18. Paris: Ernest Leroux. 1912. 7333:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 5736: 5316: 5158: 4692: 4636: 4634: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4440: 4407: 4395: 4266: 4254: 4237: 4225: 4119: 4092: 3954: 3952: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3366: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3312: 3300: 1248:and advanced with about 50,000 men as far as the 893:. During his journey, Ismail appointed caids and 8413: 7523:Larache: datos para su historia en el siglo XVII 7354:Scientific mission to Morocco, Moroccan Archives 7139:المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشريف 7057:المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشريف 6998:Abd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman (1993). 6631: 6616:had routed the Army commanded by Muley Ally the 5909:Culture d'Islam : Aux sources de l'Histoire 5140: 5041: 4842:المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل إبن الشريف 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4206: 4194: 4179: 4167: 4152: 4140: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3733: 3731: 3288: 3215:Ismail ibn Sharif is mentioned in chapter 11 of 2303:Abdallah and al-Talib: their mother is Kinawiya. 2236:Mohammed al Habib: his mother's name is Zubaida. 2175:Prince Suleiman al Kabir: his mother is Chaouia. 1893:was sent by Ismail ibn Sharif to England in 1723 1610:, a city gate built during Moulay Ismail's reign 1252:but his army was routed by the Algerians at the 651:became an independent state at the mouth of the 613:in 1613, the Saadi sultanate was very weak. The 557:, his mother was M'barka bint Yarg (d. 1668), a 7652:Des Tranchés de Verdun à l'église Saint Bernard 7390:Archives de la Bibliothèque de France. Tome III 7358:Publication de la Mission scientifique au Maroc 7001:المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشرف 6823:The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco 6376: 6356: 6339: 6322:(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. p. 21. 6108:المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل بن الشريف 5966:The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance 5868:(revisioned ed.). Routledge. p. 182. 5850:Des Tranchés de Verdun à l'église Saint Bernard 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 3976: 3964: 3718: 3716: 3667: 3665: 3640: 3638: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3522: 3520: 2287:Al-Hakim and al-Kebir: his mother is Doukaliya. 7638:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 5959: 4741:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 4666: 4664: 4651: 4649: 4631: 4607: 4590: 4578: 4566: 3949: 3937: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3844: 3832: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 1086:of Fez was so elated by the victory he wrote, 863: 504:Background, early life, and accession to power 351:from 1672 to 1727, as the second ruler of the 7717: 7241:. Aladdin: Reissue edition. pp. 48, 50. 6839: 6799:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 461. 6687: 6057: 6055: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4990:Julien (1931: p.228–9); El Fasi (1992: p.114) 4862:"Notes sur l'histoire du Sous au XIXe siècle" 4543: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4493: 4413: 4335: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3820: 3808: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3728: 3159: 2349:Al Mu'tamid al Saghir: his mother is Chaouia. 1773:of Meknes and the ministers to choose sultan 1572:He began the construction of his magnificent 1240:. In 1699, Moulay Ismail participated in the 852:and was raiding the Arab tribes of Tadla and 837:In 1675, with the help of the inhabitants of 7586: 7521:Figueras, Garcia; Saint-Cyr, Joulia (1973). 6873:(in Arabic). 17 January 2014. Archived from 6867:"Queens who ruled Morocco: Um'el'Iz Tabba'a" 6182:"The Case of Moulay Ismael – Fact or Fancy?" 6180:Elisabeth Oberzaucher; Karl Grammer (2014). 5902: 5644:. Oxford University Press. pp. 309–312. 4743:, page 230. Cambridge University Press, 1987 4619: 4317: 4287: 4061: 4059: 4046: 4044: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4002: 4000: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3662: 3650: 3635: 3623: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3561: 3549: 3534: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 2164:Below the name Chaouia means an origin from 38: 7657:Vitkus, Matar, Daniel J., Nabil I. (2001). 7312:. Yale University Press. pp. 263–267. 7192: 6606: 5933:al-Zayyānī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad (1886). 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5204: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5013:Julien (1931: p.229); El Fasi (1992: p.114) 4661: 4646: 4483: 4481: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4354: 4134: 4086: 3931: 3450: 3282: 1838:A 1682 peace treaty with the Dutch Republic 7724: 7710: 7530:: data for its history in the 17th century 7439: 7416:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7296:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7156:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7135: 7074:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7053: 7018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6250: 6052: 5994: 5932: 5905:"Histoire du [g]uiche des Oudayas" 5629:, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham (2007) 5435:. دار الكتاب – الدار البيضاء. p. 483. 4993: 4923:(in French). Paris: E. Leroux. p. 39. 4838: 4640: 4613: 4531: 4510: 4323: 4300: 4071: 3166: 3152: 2362:Moulay Taleb: his mother's name is Malika. 2045:, Moulay Abd al Rahman and Moulay Hussein. 897:and ordered the construction of forts and 523:, Moulay Ismail ben Sharif was the son of 57: 7424: 7278: 6826:. Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 48. 6656:Abd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman. 6458:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6363:(in French). Edme Coutirot. p. 187. 6315: 6223: 6205: 6016: 6000: 5682: 5654: 5587: 4920:Chronique de la Dynastie Alaouie du Maroc 4859: 4560: 4504: 4428: 4348: 4056: 4041: 4024: 4012: 3997: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3722: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3656: 3644: 3629: 3617: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3555: 3543: 3528: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 2290:Moulay Moubarak: his mother is Doukaliya. 1787: 1736:Khlot and Safiane, who had supported the 1373: 1299:was entrusted with Draâ province, with a 7379: 7265: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7049: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6525: 6398:. SOAS University of London. p. 74. 6387: 5889: 5801: 5673:(Hodder & Stoughton, Londres, 2004). 5496: 5350: 5272: 5255: 5053: 5035: 4795: 4478: 4446: 4366: 4125: 4113: 4101: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3360: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3306: 3294: 3277: 2306:Othman al-Thani: his mother is Malikiya. 2245:A second son named Idriss, al-Mehdi and 2242:Al-Mamune Saghir: his mother is Chaouia. 1899: 1884: 1869:. A request for the hand in marriage of 1833: 1814: 1602: 1560: 1548: 1521: 1382: 1325: 1262: 1205: 1195: 1097: 1049: 973: 921: 800: 722: 718: 662: 589: 507: 398:. Moulay Ismail once again attempted to 7555: 7472: 7455: 7336:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press 7103: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6819: 6768: 6766: 6636:. Gale Ecco, Print Editions. p. 2. 6573: 6546: 6383:(in French). Edme Coutirot. p. 33. 6346:(in French). Edme Coutirot. p. 36. 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 5525: 5523: 5411: 5030:. Paris: Payot et Rivages. p. 605. 4933: 4927: 4670: 4655: 4601: 4584: 4572: 4360: 4329: 4273:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4261:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4249:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4232:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4220:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4201:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4189:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4174:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4162:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 4147:Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931 2097:Nassira el-Salwi bint Mohammed el-Heyba 1323:, who remained loyal to Moulay Ismail. 1210:Ismail ibn Sharif receiving ambassador 846:Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i 707:before he broke into the city in 1669. 223:Nassira el-Salwi bint Mohammed el-Heyba 14: 8414: 7610: 7433:Note on the life and works of the sage 7326: 6835: 6833: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6614:. J. Darby and T. Browne. p. 18. 6479: 6477: 6475: 6445: 6393: 6300:the young girl was descended from the 6269: 6267: 6246: 6244: 5928: 5926: 5639: 5563: 5394: 5176: 5152: 5141:Jean Louis Miège; et al. (1992). 5134: 3983:Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912 3971:Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912 3959:Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912 3944:Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912 2376:had made believe she had betrayed him. 2264:Said al Saghir: his mother is Hayania. 2138:Rahma al Salaouia. she is a native of 1491:He enjoyed debating theology with the 543:, a 21st generation descendant of the 477:. Often compared to his contemporary, 7731: 7705: 7363: 7304: 7236: 6579: 6552: 6451: 5862:Fage, John; Tordoff, William (2013). 5575: 5439: 5004:Cenival (1913–36: p.303; 2007: p.328) 4916: 4791: 4789: 4758:Monarchie et islam politique au Maroc 4077: 4065: 4050: 4035: 4018: 4006: 3272:List of people with the most children 2930:Revolution of the King and the People 2331:Al-Qaim: his mother's name is Khalia. 2293:Abd al-Wahid: his mother is Malikiya. 2284:Al-Mu'atamid: his mother is Malikiya. 2187:Al Mouktadir: his mother is Doukalia. 1960:put the total at 1171. The historian 1260:in 1708 which turned out successful. 363:in 1672. He was proclaimed sultan at 7488: 7210: 7082: 7026: 6892: 6763: 6739: 6704: 6402: 6333: 6328:he married his brother Moulay Ismail 6081: 6011:. Vol. 21. pp. 3236–3238. 5711: 5648: 5520: 5428: 5367: 5289: 4487: 4457: 4383: 1244:and was successful in capturing the 1231:. In 1693, Moulay Ismail raided the 929:, summit of the eastern part of the 729:Grand Cherif Mouley Sémein ou Ismael 382:' (especially the Udaya) and on the 8213:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zidan) 7567: 7546: 6830: 6676: 6640: 6472: 6264: 6241: 5923: 5676: 5633: 5452: 5445:Bibliothèque de l'État de Bavière, 5368:Cour, Auguste (10 September 2004). 5290:Cour, Auguste (10 September 2004). 4875: 4625: 4537: 4525: 3444: 2337:Al-Muktafi: his mother is Dukaliya. 1934:Marriages, concubines, and children 1646: 336: 39: 24: 8185:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Ghazi) 7604: 7403:]. Vol. 28. Paris. 1931. 7136:ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman (1993). 7054:ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman (1993). 6772: 6157:. 18 February 2014. Archived from 6114:: مطبعة "إديال". pp. 391–393. 5449:, Belin-Mandar, 1834, p. 284. 4966:"Les Alaouites (1636 à nos jours)" 4860:Justinard, Léopold Victor (1925). 4849:] (in Arabic). pp. 43–44. 4786: 2193:Abu Kacim: his mother is Za'ariye. 2088:tribe. Their children were Sultan 901:to demonstrate his control to the 276:Moulay Ismail I Ibn Sharif Ibn Ali 25: 8498: 7217:discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk 6526:Woodacre, E. (18 December 2013). 5215:(1987 reprint ed.). p. 5103:Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1989). 4917:Fumey, Eugène (1 December 1906). 4839:Ben Zidane, Abderrahmane (1993). 2524:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 2321:Suleiman: his mother is Jami'iya. 2318:Mohammed: his mother is Talikiya. 2230:Abdelhaq: his mother is Malikiya. 978:Engraving from 1680 depicted the 778:and Khlot plains and part of the 243:among 525 sons and 343 daughters: 8065:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir) 8050:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir) 7230: 7204: 7186: 7176: 6859: 6813: 6786: 6740:Kane, Saidou (16 January 2022). 6733: 6697:. Robert Brown. pp. 54–57. 6625: 6600: 6519: 6503: 6370: 6350: 6309: 6173: 6143: 6118: 6033: 6018:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1814 5855: 5840: 5827: 5618: 5490: 5477: 5401:(in French). Impr. P. Crescenzo. 5374:(in French). Editions Bouchène. 5296:(in French). Editions Bouchène. 3212:moved the capital to Marrakesh. 3131: 3117: 2842:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 2463: 2055:, the aristocratic caste of the 1353:, sent a fleet commanded by the 782:territory) with the help of the 539:. His clan claimed descent from 8477:18th-century monarchs in Africa 8472:17th-century monarchs in Africa 8457:Moroccan people of Arab descent 7985:Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq 7549:The Spanish enclaves in Morocco 5719:"Qantara - Basin of the Norias" 5531:"Some magical Moroccan records" 5485:La Grande Encyclopédie du Maroc 5422: 5405: 5388: 5361: 5344: 5327: 5310: 5283: 5266: 5249: 5233: 5177:Vitkus, Daniel J., ed. (2001). 5170: 5147:. ACR éditions. pp. 12–13. 5144:Tanger: porte entre deux mondes 5117: 5016: 5007: 4984: 4910: 3991: 1723:Moulay Ismail also created the 1651: 1511: 825:tribes. In this same year, the 628:established its influence from 8103:Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey 8060:Muhammad ibn Ahmad (al-Wathiq) 6063:"Chronologie de Moulay Ismaïl" 6040:In the lands of the Christians 5398:Histoire générale de l'Algérie 5245:(in French). La Société. 1887. 5048:. Paris: Karthala. p. 46. 4853: 4832: 4796:El Hamel, Chouki, ed. (2012), 4746: 4733: 4703: 4686: 4281: 3229:is based on Moulay Ismaïl. In 2925:Opposition to European control 1858:against Algeria was arranged. 1557:which could hold 12,000 horses 13: 1: 8224:Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir 8133:Ali ibn Muhammad (Abu Hassun) 7667:. Cambridge University Press. 7547:Rézette, Robert, ed. (1976). 7372:]. Paris: Ernest Leroux. 7266:Castries, Henry, ed. (1903). 6620:'s Brother by the same Mother 6394:Mercer, Patricia Ann (1974). 4679: 2791:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 1921:Despite Ismail's conquest of 1908:, Ambassadeur du Maroc, à la 1826:Morocco's relations with the 1351:War of the Spanish Succession 568:tribe (direct cousins of the 449:Ismail controlled a fleet of 343:and died on 22 March 1727 at 142: 64: 8467:18th-century Moroccan people 8462:17th-century Moroccan people 8348:(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman) 8045:Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz 7636:Abum-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). 7435:]. Paris: A.A. Renouard. 6852:. Robert Brown. p. 57. 6207:10.1371/journal.pone.0085292 5655:Barrucand, Marianne (1980). 4810:10.1017/CBO9781139198783.008 4473:Figueras et Joulia Saint-Cyr 3247:, "the boy-King of France". 3188:Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri, 1861:In 1682, Moulay Ismail sent 1810: 1418:François Pidou de Saint Olon 1212:François Pidou de Saint Olon 915:. Moroccan control over the 492: 355:. He was the seventh son of 114:Abu'l Abbas Ahmad Ibn Ismail 7: 8010:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman 7449:Once upon a time in Morocco 7380:de Castries, Henry (1927). 7280:al-Nasiri, Ahmad ibn Khalid 6796:La première hégémonie peule 6416:(in Arabic). 1 January 2014 6042:by Nabil Matar, back cover 5418:(in French). Ernest Leroux. 5340:(in French). Michaud. 1821. 5273:Grammont, H. D. de (1887). 5165:. J. Peyronnet. p. 82. 3250: 2977:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 2775:(beginning 19th century AD) 2694:(beginning 11th century AD) 2520:Classical to Late Antiquity 2249:: their mother is Chaouia. 2003:. She is from the oriental 1988:states it took place 14 of 1980:it was during the month of 1882:undertook negotiations and 1707:tribesmen from the eastern 1471: 1282:Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 864:Stabilisation of the empire 731:, by Nicolas I de Larmessin 535:and first sovereign of the 10: 8503: 8367:Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan 7814:(Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar) 7631:Journal of African History 7508:Ben Ahmed Ezziâni (1886). 7456:Marchat, Philippe (2013). 7259: 7237:Henry, Marguerite (2006). 7193:Braithwaite, John (1729). 6607:Braithwaite, John (1729). 5357:(in French). Furne et Cie. 5159:Georges Spillmann (1951). 4711:"Morocco (Alaoui Dynasty)" 4693:Henry de Castries (1903). 2918:Tangier International Zone 2847:French conquest of Morocco 2107:Lalla Halima Al Sufyaniyah 2063:, commonly referred to as 2049:Lalla Khanatha bint Bakkar 1986:Ahmad ibn Khalid an-Nasiri 1791: 1515: 1387:Engraving of Moulay Ismail 1370:who was Sultan six times. 1331:Mausoleum of Moulay Ismail 1199: 1137:Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri 784:Ottoman Regency of Algiers 496: 486:citadel and palace complex 184:Mausoleum of Moulay Ismail 8362:Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan 8258: 8250:Muhammad al-Haj ad-Dila'i 8237: 8156: 8111: 8093: 7980:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq 7968: 7934:(Abd al-Wahid al-Makhluʿ) 7889: 7849: 7739: 7690: 7681: 7673: 7568:Mouette, Germain (2010). 7514:Morocco between 1631-1812 7445:l était une fois le Maroc 6632:John Braithwaite (2018). 6580:Hamel, Chouki El (2013). 6553:Hamel, Chouki El (2013). 6532:. Springer. p. 194. 6452:Hamel, Chouki El (2013). 5969:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5042:Laurent Pointier (2004). 2638:Territorial fragmentation 2434: 1848:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I 1703:, an independent army of 1686:Sidi Mohammed of Tafilalt 1011:Ali ben Abdallah Er-Riffi 316: 306: 294: 285: 280: 275: 270: 266: 236: 194: 176: 156: 138: 134: 126: 119: 109: 99: 89: 81: 74: 56: 47: 34: 8452:18th-century Arab people 8447:17th-century Arab people 8400:(Muhammad ibn al-Hassan) 8356:(Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad) 8341:Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham 8313:Zin al-Abidin ibn Ismail 7211:Archives, The National. 6820:Rézette, Robert (1975). 6712:Abd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan 6664:(in Arabic). p. 392 6377:Germain Mouette (1683). 6357:Germain Mouette (1683). 6340:Germain Mouette (1683). 6260:(in French). p. 54. 6252:al-Zayyani, Abu al-Qasim 6107: 6104:Abd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan 5487:, volume 8, p. 121. 5412:Mercier, Ernest (1891). 4934:Harakat, Brahim (1973). 4135:Moroccan archives (1931) 4087:Henry de Castries (1927) 3932:Moroccan archives (1912) 3283:Henry de Castries (1903) 3208:. By 1757 his grandson, 2739:other political entities 1953:Guinness Book of Records 1944:Abd al-Rahman Ibn Zaydan 1775:Moulay Ahmed Adh-Dhahabî 677:Sidi Muhammad ibn Sharif 329:Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif 35:Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif 8320:(Muhammad ibn Abdallah) 8285:Abd al-Malik ibn Ismail 7990:Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr 7840:(al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim) 7833:Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim 7822:(al-Hasan ibn Muhammad) 7650:Kamian, Bakari (2001). 7510:Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 7489:Ogot, Bethwell (1998). 7213:"The Discovery Service" 5506:. John Wiley and Sons. 5351:Galibert, Léon (1846). 5279:(in French). E. Leroux. 5256:Galibert, Léon (1854). 5111:Encyclopédie de l'Islam 4948:10.3406/remmm.1973.1226 3478:, pp. 20 & 36. 3267:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 3257:History of North Africa 3008:Western Sahara conflict 1917:(1661–1722), Versailles 1794:Kasbah of Moulay Ismail 1518:Kasbah of Moulay Ismail 1422:Richard Bordeaux Parker 997:, which had been under 883:provinces of Chinguetti 737:Moulay Ahmed ben Mehrez 601:After the death of the 373:most prodigious fathers 369:Moulay Ahmed ben Mehrez 339:), born around 1645 in 337:مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف 231:Lalla Umm al-Iz at-Taba 40:مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف 8308:Al-Mustadi' ibn Ismail 8178:Muhammad al-Mutawakkil 8085:Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman 8020:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II 7643:Pennell, C.R. (2000). 6718:'iismaeil bin alsharif 6688:Thomas Pellow (1890). 5778:"La Kasba des Gnaouas" 5640:Arnold, Felix (2017). 5535:Guinness World Records 5429:أحمد, الناصري (1894). 5395:Garrot, Henri (1910). 5106:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4762:Presses de Sciences Po 4441:Ben Ahmed Ezziâni 1886 4408:Ben Ahmed Ezziâni 1886 4396:Ben Ahmed Ezziâni 1886 3194: 2751:Principality of Debdou 2642:(10th–11th century AD) 2142:, her son is Mohammed. 2121:Lalla Um'el'Iz Tabba'a 2069:Sultan Moulay Abdallah 2025:Moulay Ahmad al-Dhahbi 1918: 1894: 1839: 1823: 1788:Defensive organisation 1611: 1569: 1558: 1527: 1509: 1469: 1413: 1388: 1374:Character and policies 1338: 1268: 1223: 1189: 1152: 1111: 1093: 1058: 983: 948:and the tribes of the 937: 809: 732: 671: 598: 516: 246:Moulay Mohammed Zeydan 8487:Moroccan slave owners 8392:(Hassan ibn Muhammad) 8336:Suleiman ibn Muhammad 8326:Al-Yazid ibn Muhammad 8302:(Muhammad ibn Ismail) 8201:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 8128:Muhammad ibn Muhammad 8070:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad 7611:Windus, John (1725). 7286:. Vol. 2. Paris. 6746:(in German). epubli. 6126:"All my 888 children" 5903:Simon Pierre (2013). 5813:Tribusdumaroc.free.fr 4936:"Le makhzen sa'adien" 3278:Bibliographic sources 3181: 2618:Barghwata confederacy 2576:(8th–10th century AD) 2035:Lalla Ma'azuza Malika 1903: 1888: 1867:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1837: 1818: 1792:Further information: 1731:. The first of these 1606: 1564: 1553:The royal stables of 1552: 1525: 1498: 1454: 1398: 1386: 1329: 1266: 1209: 1196:Later reign and death 1185: 1177:Jean-Baptiste Estelle 1141: 1104:Jean-Baptiste Estelle 1101: 1088: 1053: 1003:Catherine of Braganza 977: 925: 885:on the border of the 804: 726: 719:Difficult early reign 666: 593: 511: 375:in recorded history. 286:(17th–18th Centuries) 8384:(Muhammad ibn Yusuf) 8000:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman 7926:(Yusuf al-Mustansir) 7828:Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim 7806:(Yahya ibn al-Qasim) 7782:(Yahya ibn Muhammad) 7753:(Idris ibn Abdallah) 6155:discovermagazine.com 6008:Encyclopédie berbère 5833:James Brown (2001). 5788:on 24 September 2014 5757:on 24 September 2014 5070:Maroc-hebdo.press.ma 5066:"Province marocaine" 5024:Charles-André Julien 4898:on 13 September 2022 4764:. 1999. p. 83. 2889:Spanish protectorate 2796:Hispano-Moroccan War 2653:Caliphate of Córdoba 2611:Emirate of Sijilmasa 2552:Mauretania Tingitana 2422:during his visit to 2082:Lalla Aouda Doukalia 2037:. In the late 1720s 1958:University of Vienna 1767:monopoly on violence 1744:was the M'ghafra of 1588:modeled on those of 917:Pashalik of Timbuktu 870:Amour mountain range 675:and his eldest son, 406:cooperated with the 227:Halima Al Sufyaniyah 207:Khanatha bint Bakkar 104:Al-Rashid Ibn Sharif 8482:People from Rissani 8372:Yusuf ibn al-Hassan 8331:Hisham ibn Muhammad 8290:Abdallah ibn Ismail 8040:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali 8005:Abu Sa'id Uthman II 7876:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin 6877:on 12 December 2021 6198:2014PLoSO...985292O 5865:A History of Africa 5723:www.qantara-med.org 5262:(in French). Furne. 5076:on 7 September 2014 4715:www.usa-morocco.org 4116:, pp. 280–281. 2986:Moulay Bouazza plot 2884:French protectorate 2825:Treaty of Algeciras 2786:Franco-Moroccan War 2557:Exarchate of Africa 2011:Lalla Aisha Mubarka 1889:Ambassador Admiral 1740:of Fez. The second 1478:James II of England 1364:mausoleum in Meknes 1313:Lalla Aisha Mubarka 1220:Pierre-Denis Martin 1216:Louis XIV of France 1106:, French consul in 203:Lalla Aisha Mubarka 8442:People from Meknes 8427:Sultans of Morocco 8377:Muhammad ibn Arafa 8219:Al-Walid ibn Zidan 8196:Abu Faris Abdallah 8173:Abdallah al-Ghalib 8168:Mohammed al-Shaykh 8148:Ahmad ibn Muhammad 8143:Muhammad ibn Ahmad 8138:Ahmad ibn Muhammad 8123:Muhammad ibn Yahya 8075:Abdallah ibn Ahmad 8025:Abu Bakr ibn Faris 7774:(Ali ibn Muhammad) 7767:Muhammad ibn Idris 7645:Morocco Since 1830 7482:History of Morocco 7428:Oeuvres de Le Sage 7425:Audiffret (1821). 7306:Bloom, Jonathan M. 6515:(in Arabic). 2014. 6001:M. Peyron (1999). 5809:"La Tribu Cheraga" 5747:"Médina de Meknès" 5578:, p. 263–267. 3262:History of Morocco 3138:History portal 3124:Morocco portal 3020:Hirak Rif Movement 3015:2011–2012 protests 2247:Lalla Sitt al-Mulk 2027:and Sultan Moulay 1919: 1895: 1875:Abdallah ben Aisha 1840: 1824: 1820:Mohammed bin Hadou 1717:Sub-Saharan Africa 1678:Khnata bint Bakkar 1622:, public squares, 1612: 1570: 1559: 1528: 1389: 1339: 1269: 1224: 1202:Battle of Moulouya 1112: 1059: 984: 940:Around the end of 938: 810: 733: 672: 655:, and the city of 599: 517: 392:Battle of Moulouya 388:Regency of Algiers 249:Lalla Sitt al-Mulk 8409: 8408: 8270:Al-Rashid ibn Ali 8116:(1471–1549, 1554) 8094:Idrisid interlude 7945:Yahya al-Mu'tasim 7940:Abdallah al-ʿAdil 7919:Muhammad al-Nasir 7908:(Abu Yaqub Yusuf) 7861:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 7851:Almoravid dynasty 7790:(Yahya ibn Yahya) 7761:(Idris ibn Idris) 7733:Rulers of Morocco 7700: 7699: 7691:Succeeded by 7684:Sultan of Morocco 7663:El Hamel (2013). 7579:978-1-140-97129-0 7557:Braithwaite, John 7441:Bensoussan, David 7248:978-1-4169-2786-0 6806:978-2-8111-3840-0 6753:978-3-7549-4101-0 6662:www.noor-book.com 6593:978-1-107-02577-6 6566:978-1-107-02577-6 6539:978-1-137-36283-4 6465:978-1-107-02577-6 6290:on 4 October 2021 5976:978-1-83860-375-5 5875:978-1-317-79727-2 5751:Minculture.gov.ma 5698:978-2-7297-1086-6 5625:C.Michael Hogan, 5601:978-2-7297-1086-6 5513:978-0-470-62384-8 5498:Lawrence, Paul R. 5483:Mustapha Sehimi, 5470:978-3-902782-31-1 5381:978-2-35676-097-5 5303:978-2-35676-097-5 5226:978-90-04-08494-0 5190:978-0-231-11905-4 4819:978-1-139-19878-3 4771:978-2-7246-0758-1 4739:Abun-Nasr, J.M., 4721:on 29 August 2005 3210:Sidi Mohammad III 3176: 3175: 2810:Treaty of Wad Ras 2741: 2658:Fatimid Caliphate 2592:Umayyad Caliphate 2043:Moulay Abdalmalik 1948:Sidi Mohammed III 1910:Comédie Italienne 1427:Jonathan M. Bloom 1406:Dominique Busnot 1347:Philip V of Spain 1297:Moulay Abdalmalik 1246:Beylik of Mascara 741:Harran ibn Sharif 574:Sidi Ali Bou Dmia 467:Kingdom of France 349:Sultan of Morocco 326: 325: 290: 289: 253:Moulay Abdalmalik 244: 201: 164:(aged 81–82) 76:Sultan of Morocco 16:(Redirected from 8494: 8401: 8393: 8385: 8357: 8349: 8321: 8303: 8280:Ahmad ibn Ismail 8214: 8211:Abd al-Malik II 8186: 8113:Wattasid dynasty 8080:Uthman ibn Ahmad 7960:Said al-Muʿtadid 7935: 7927: 7909: 7841: 7823: 7815: 7807: 7799: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7762: 7754: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7674:Preceded by 7671: 7670: 7616: 7600: 7594: 7583: 7564: 7552: 7543: 7517: 7504: 7485: 7478:Histore du Maroc 7469: 7452: 7436: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7392: 7376: 7360: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7323: 7301: 7295: 7287: 7275: 7253: 7252: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7155: 7147: 7133: 7080: 7079: 7073: 7065: 7051: 7024: 7023: 7017: 7009: 6995: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6837: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6773:Pellow, Thomas. 6770: 6761: 6760: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6685: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6653: 6638: 6637: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6491:. 1 January 2014 6481: 6470: 6469: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6423: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6324:in the month of 6313: 6307: 6306: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6282: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6248: 6239: 6237: 6227: 6209: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6130:Psychology Today 6122: 6116: 6115: 6100: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6059: 6050: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6020: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5930: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5859: 5853: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5784:. Archived from 5774: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5753:. Archived from 5743: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5541:on 13 March 2010 5527: 5518: 5517: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5132: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5100: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5072:. 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Archived from 4707: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4674: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4508: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4476: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4304: 4298: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4039: 4033: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3941: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3445:Al-Nasiri (1906) 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3236:King of the Wind 3231:Marguerite Henry 3192: 3190:Kitab Al-Istiqsa 3168: 3161: 3154: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3074:History by topic 2951: 2950: 2913:Tangier Protocol 2868: 2867: 2815:Treaty of Madrid 2777: 2776: 2756:Republic of Salé 2738: 2696: 2695: 2644: 2643: 2606:Emirate of Nekor 2578: 2577: 2526: 2525: 2467: 2457: 2439: 2438: 2099:originally from 2078:'s first master. 2039:John Braithwaite 1994:Islamic calendar 1940:Dominique Busnot 1928:Abdelkader Perez 1891:Abdelkader Perez 1647:Military reforms 1507: 1486:Dominique Busnot 1467: 1462:Germain Moüette 1411: 1394:Dominique Busnot 1355:Marquess of Lede 1254:Battle of Chelif 1181:Marquis de Torcy 1129: 1046: 1019: 958: 829:of the High and 754:. The tribes of 649:Republic of Salé 627: 619:Zaouia of Illigh 582: 541:Hassan Ad-Dakhil 519:Born in 1645 at 499:Alaouite dynasty 420:Battle of Chelif 338: 268: 267: 242: 198: 163: 147: 144: 69: 66: 61: 50:Amir al-Mu'minin 43: 42: 41: 32: 31: 29:Amir al-Mu'minin 21: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8399: 8391: 8383: 8355: 8347: 8319: 8301: 8262: 8254: 8242: 8233: 8212: 8191:Ahmad al-Mansur 8184: 8183:Abd al-Malik I 8160: 8152: 8115: 8107: 8095: 8089: 8035:Tashfin ibn Ali 8030:Ibrahim ibn Ali 7995:Abu Thabit Amir 7972: 7970:Marinid dynasty 7964: 7955:Abd al-Wahid II 7950:Idris al-Ma'mun 7933: 7932:Abd al-Wahid I 7925: 7914:Yaqub al-Mansur 7907: 7893: 7891:Almohad dynasty 7885: 7871:Tashfin ibn Ali 7853: 7845: 7839: 7821: 7813: 7805: 7797: 7789: 7781: 7773: 7760: 7752: 7743: 7741:Idrisid dynasty 7735: 7730: 7696: 7687: 7679: 7607: 7605:Further reading 7592: 7580: 7540: 7501: 7474:Abitbol, Michel 7409: 7408: 7339: 7337: 7328:Parker, Richard 7320: 7289: 7288: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7249: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7209: 7205: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7149: 7148: 7134: 7083: 7067: 7066: 7052: 7027: 7011: 7010: 6996: 6893: 6880: 6878: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6849: 6838: 6831: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6779: 6771: 6764: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6709: 6705: 6694: 6686: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6654: 6641: 6630: 6626: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6473: 6466: 6450: 6446: 6419: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6392: 6388: 6375: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6338: 6334: 6314: 6310: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6265: 6249: 6242: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6161:on 4 April 2018 6149: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6101: 6082: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6038: 6034: 6023: 6021: 5999: 5995: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5958: 5954: 5931: 5924: 5913: 5911: 5901: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5845: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5791: 5789: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5760: 5758: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5681: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5653: 5649: 5638: 5634: 5623: 5619: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5544: 5542: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5495: 5491: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5457: 5453: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5349: 5345: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5288: 5284: 5271: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5242:Revue africaine 5239: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5157: 5153: 5139: 5135: 5122: 5118: 5101: 5090: 5079: 5077: 5064: 5063: 5054: 5040: 5036: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4974: 4972: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4932: 4928: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4869:Hespéris-Tamuda 4864: 4858: 4854: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4794: 4787: 4772: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4647: 4641:Bensoussan 2012 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614:Bensoussan 2012 4612: 4608: 4600: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4511: 4503: 4494: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4307: 4301:Bensoussan 2012 4299: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3253: 3193: 3187: 3172: 3143: 3132: 3130: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3101:Imperial cities 3046: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3025:Abraham Accords 2970:Moroccanization 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2896:French Conquest 2871: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2746:Zawiya Dila'iya 2740: 2734: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2623:Idrisid dynasty 2587:Muslim conquest 2581: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2477: 2455: 2448: 2437: 2420:Charles Stewart 2412:Barbary pirates 2357:Abid al-Bukhari 1936: 1813: 1796: 1790: 1738:Marinid dynasty 1654: 1649: 1637:Kasbah of Gnawa 1586:hanging gardens 1520: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1450:Germain Moüette 1412: 1405: 1381: 1376: 1368:Moulay Abdallah 1204: 1198: 1123: 1040: 1022:besiege Tangier 1013: 999:English control 967:in the eastern 952: 866: 721: 621: 615:Zawiya Dila'iya 611:Zidan Abu Maali 607:Ahmad al-Mansur 576: 561:slave from the 545:Islamic prophet 506: 501: 495: 261:Moulay Abdallah 259: 255: 251: 247: 245: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 211:Ma'azuza Malika 209: 205: 200: 190: 181: 171:Alawi Sultanate 165: 161: 148: 145: 121:Governor of Fez 70: 67: 37: 36: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8500: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8422:'Alawi dynasty 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8395: 8387: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8297: 8295:Ali ibn Ismail 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8275:Ismail ibn Ali 8272: 8266: 8264: 8263:(1666–present) 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8229:Ahmad al-Abbas 8226: 8221: 8216: 8208: 8206:Zidan al-Nasir 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8119: 8117: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8055:Musa ibn Faris 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8015:Abu Inan Faris 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7929: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7903: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7798:(Ali ibn Umar) 7793: 7785: 7777: 7769: 7764: 7756: 7747: 7745: 7737: 7736: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7680: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620:Blunt, Wilfrid 7617: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7584: 7578: 7565: 7559:, ed. (1729). 7553: 7544: 7538: 7518: 7505: 7499: 7486: 7476:, ed. (2009). 7470: 7464:]. Paris: 7453: 7443:, ed. (2012). 7437: 7422: 7393: 7377: 7361: 7346: 7324: 7319:978-0300218701 7318: 7302: 7276: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7247: 7229: 7203: 7185: 7175: 7163: 7146:. p. 392. 7081: 7064:. p. 394. 7025: 7008:. p. 393. 6891: 6858: 6829: 6812: 6805: 6785: 6782:. p. 140. 6762: 6752: 6732: 6703: 6675: 6639: 6624: 6599: 6592: 6572: 6565: 6545: 6538: 6518: 6502: 6471: 6464: 6444: 6401: 6386: 6369: 6349: 6332: 6308: 6263: 6240: 6172: 6142: 6117: 6080: 6051: 6032: 5993: 5975: 5961:Michael Peyron 5952: 5939:. p. 74. 5922: 5888: 5874: 5854: 5839: 5826: 5800: 5769: 5735: 5710: 5697: 5675: 5662: 5659:. p. 267. 5647: 5632: 5617: 5600: 5580: 5568: 5566:, p. 106. 5553: 5519: 5512: 5489: 5476: 5469: 5451: 5438: 5421: 5404: 5387: 5380: 5360: 5343: 5326: 5309: 5302: 5282: 5265: 5248: 5232: 5225: 5203: 5189: 5169: 5151: 5133: 5116: 5088: 5052: 5034: 5015: 5006: 4992: 4983: 4954: 4926: 4909: 4874: 4852: 4831: 4818: 4785: 4770: 4745: 4732: 4702: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4660: 4645: 4630: 4628:, p. 150. 4618: 4606: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4563:, p. 379. 4561:Audiffret 1821 4542: 4530: 4509: 4507:, p. 378. 4505:Audiffret 1821 4492: 4490:, p. 176. 4477: 4475:, p. 195. 4462: 4460:, p. 175. 4445: 4433: 4431:, p. 377. 4429:Audiffret 1821 4412: 4400: 4388: 4386:, p. 174. 4365: 4363:, p. 233. 4353: 4349:Audiffret 1821 4334: 4322: 4305: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4236: 4224: 4205: 4193: 4178: 4166: 4151: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4128:, p. 376. 4118: 4106: 4104:, p. 269. 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4080:, p. 354. 4070: 4068:, p. 351. 4055: 4053:, p. 349. 4040: 4038:, p. 350. 4023: 4021:, p. 348. 4011: 4009:, p. 339. 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3948: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3925:, p. 139. 3923:al-Nasiri 1906 3915: 3913:, p. 138. 3911:al-Nasiri 1906 3903: 3901:, p. 135. 3899:al-Nasiri 1906 3891: 3887:al-Nasiri 1906 3879: 3875:al-Nasiri 1906 3867: 3863:al-Nasiri 1906 3855: 3853:, p. 183. 3851:al-Nasiri 1906 3843: 3841:, p. 132. 3839:al-Nasiri 1906 3831: 3829:, p. 131. 3827:al-Nasiri 1906 3819: 3817:, p. 125. 3815:al-Nasiri 1906 3807: 3805:, p. 124. 3803:al-Nasiri 1906 3790: 3788:, p. 123. 3786:al-Nasiri 1906 3778: 3776:, p. 122. 3774:al-Nasiri 1906 3766: 3764:, p. 119. 3762:al-Nasiri 1906 3754: 3752:, p. 109. 3750:al-Nasiri 1906 3742: 3740:, p. 107. 3738:al-Nasiri 1906 3727: 3723:al-Nasiri 1906 3712: 3708:al-Nasiri 1906 3700: 3696:al-Nasiri 1906 3688: 3684:al-Nasiri 1906 3676: 3672:al-Nasiri 1906 3661: 3657:al-Nasiri 1906 3649: 3645:al-Nasiri 1906 3634: 3630:al-Nasiri 1906 3622: 3618:al-Nasiri 1906 3605: 3601:al-Nasiri 1906 3593: 3589:al-Nasiri 1906 3581: 3577:al-Nasiri 1906 3560: 3556:al-Nasiri 1906 3548: 3544:al-Nasiri 1906 3533: 3529:al-Nasiri 1906 3516: 3512:al-Nasiri 1906 3504: 3500:al-Nasiri 1906 3492: 3488:al-Nasiri 1906 3480: 3476:al-Nasiri 1906 3468: 3464:al-Nasiri 1906 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3365: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3311: 3299: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3241:Arabian horses 3185: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3127: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045:Morocco in the 3041: 3040: 3038:Related topics 3037: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998:Madrid Accords 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2949:(1956–present) 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2820:Tangier Crisis 2817: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803:Protégé system 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2500:Iberomaurusian 2496: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2104: 2093: 2079: 2072: 2046: 2032: 2008: 1997: 1935: 1932: 1915:Antoine Coypel 1906:Mohammad Temim 1871:Mlle de Nantes 1863:Mohammad Temim 1828:Ottoman Empire 1812: 1809: 1789: 1786: 1782:Michael Peyron 1725:Jaysh al-Udaya 1676:– the home of 1670:western Sahara 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1574:palace complex 1568:or Agdal Basin 1536:El Badi Palace 1513: 1510: 1503: 1473: 1470: 1459: 1403: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1229:Moulouya River 1197: 1194: 865: 862: 850:Moulouya River 798:and Fez Jdid. 745:Khadir Ghaïlan 720: 717: 669:Ahmad al-Abbas 641:Sidi al-Ayachi 537:'Alawi dynasty 525:Sharif ibn Ali 505: 502: 497:Main article: 494: 491: 416:Western Beylik 353:'Alawi dynasty 324: 323: 318: 314: 313: 311:Sharif ibn Ali 308: 304: 303: 301:'Alawi dynasty 298: 292: 291: 288: 287: 283: 282: 278: 277: 273: 272: 264: 263: 240: 234: 233: 219:Aouda Doukalia 196: 192: 191: 182: 178: 174: 173: 158: 154: 153: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 93: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 72: 71: 62: 54: 53: 45: 44: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8499: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8318:Muhammad III 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260:Alawi dynasty 8257: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8158:Saadi dynasty 8155: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7930: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7901:Abd al-Mu'min 7899: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7881:Ishaq ibn Ali 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7866:Ali ibn Yusuf 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7810: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7757: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7615:(1 ed.). 7614: 7609: 7608: 7598: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7539:84-500-6144-X 7535: 7531: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7500:92-3-202497-7 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7199: 7198: 7189: 7179: 7170: 7168: 7159: 7153: 7145: 7142:(in Arabic). 7141: 7140: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7071: 7063: 7060:(in Arabic). 7059: 7058: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7021: 7015: 7007: 7004:(in Arabic). 7003: 7002: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6888: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6841:Thomas Pellow 6836: 6834: 6825: 6824: 6816: 6808: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6789: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6736: 6729: 6725: 6722:(in Arabic). 6721: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6692: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6603: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6513: 6506: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6467: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6448: 6441: 6439: 6438:Moulay Rachid 6435: 6431: 6430: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6381: 6373: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6344: 6336: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6312: 6305: 6303: 6286: 6279: 6278: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6192:(2): e85292. 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6110:(in Arabic). 6105: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6068: 6067:Kronobase.org 6064: 6058: 6056: 6049: 6048:0-415-93228-9 6045: 6041: 6036: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5929: 5927: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5851: 5848: 5847:Bakari Kamian 5843: 5836: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5260: 5252: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5125:Moulay Ismail 5120: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5047: 5046: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4921: 4913: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4835: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4673:, p. 51. 4672: 4667: 4665: 4658:, p. 50. 4657: 4652: 4650: 4643:, p. 68. 4642: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4622: 4616:, p. 69. 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4540:, p. 43. 4539: 4534: 4528:, p. 41. 4527: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4443:, p. 27. 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4410:, p. 26. 4409: 4404: 4398:, p. 24. 4397: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4351:, p. 376 4350: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4332:, p. 49. 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4275:, p. 28. 4274: 4269: 4263:, p. 26. 4262: 4257: 4251:, p. 24. 4250: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4234:, p. 19. 4233: 4228: 4222:, p. 25. 4221: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4203:, p. 32. 4202: 4197: 4191:, p. 23. 4190: 4185: 4183: 4176:, p. 20. 4175: 4170: 4164:, p. 22. 4163: 4158: 4156: 4149:, p. 21. 4148: 4143: 4139: 4127: 4126:Castries 1927 4122: 4115: 4114:Castries 1927 4110: 4103: 4102:Castries 1927 4098: 4096: 4091: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3985:, p. 63. 3984: 3979: 3973:, p. 10. 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3889:, p. 68. 3888: 3883: 3877:, p. 77. 3876: 3871: 3865:, p. 74. 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3725:, p. 91. 3724: 3719: 3717: 3710:, p. 90. 3709: 3704: 3698:, p. 88. 3697: 3692: 3686:, p. 86. 3685: 3680: 3674:, p. 85. 3673: 3668: 3666: 3659:, p. 84. 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 80. 3646: 3641: 3639: 3632:, p. 76. 3631: 3626: 3620:, p. 79. 3619: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3603:, p. 71. 3602: 3597: 3591:, p. 70. 3590: 3585: 3579:, p. 66. 3578: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3558:, p. 65. 3557: 3552: 3546:, p. 62. 3545: 3540: 3538: 3531:, p. 61. 3530: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3514:, p. 59. 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 54. 3501: 3496: 3490:, p. 53. 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3466:, p. 60. 3465: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3437: 3436:Castries 1903 3432: 3425: 3424:Castries 1903 3420: 3414:, p. 30. 3413: 3412:Castries 1903 3408: 3402:, p. 29. 3401: 3400:Castries 1903 3396: 3389: 3388:Castries 1903 3384: 3378:, p. 31. 3377: 3376:Castries 1903 3372: 3370: 3363:, p. 34. 3362: 3361:Castries 1903 3357: 3355: 3348:, p. 22. 3347: 3346:Castries 1903 3342: 3336:, p. 24. 3335: 3334:Castries 1903 3330: 3323: 3322:Castries 1903 3318: 3316: 3308: 3307:Castries 1903 3303: 3297:, p. 20. 3296: 3295:Castries 1903 3291: 3287: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3206:an earthquake 3201: 3199: 3198:Jaysh al-Rifi 3191: 3184: 3180: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2991:Years of lead 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877:Treaty of Fez 2875: 2874: 2869: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830:Agadir Crisis 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599:Berber Revolt 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2572:Early Islamic 2567: 2566: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2515: 2514: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 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