585:
550:
25:
382:. Scoreboarding allowed the CPU to examine the instruction's use of registers and immediately dispatch those that did not rely on previous calculations that were not yet complete; this allowed the instructions to be re-ordered to allow ones that had their required data to run while others had their data loaded from the cache or memory. This instruction reordering could improve usage by as much as 35%.
624:
390:(MMU) were initially external, a cache controller could be connected to either the data or instruction busses, and up to four controllers could be used on either bus. Internally there were three 32-bit busses, connected to the internal units in different ways as required for reading and writing data to the registers.
471:
As the original release saw next to no use outside
Motorola's own products, and those traditional customers were starting to move to other RISC designs, the company re-launched the design in a single-chip form, the MC88110. In the late 1980s, several companies were actively examining the 88000 series
462:
At the time, Motorola marketed the 88000 strictly to the high-end of the market, including "telecommunications, artificial intelligence, graphics, three-dimensional animation, simulation, parallel processing and supercomputers", while they suggested the existing 68k series would continue to be used
393:
Another feature of the new design was its built-in support for specialized co-processors, or "special function units", or SFUs. In addition to the internal commands supported out of the box, it set aside blocks of 256 instructions that could be used by co-processors. This was aimed at designers who
580:
systems to be built more easily; a single MC88200 could support up to four MC88100s. However, this also meant that building the most basic system, with a single processor, required both chips and considerable wiring between them, driving up costs. This was likely to be another major reason for the
439:
cache in the 750,000 transistor MC88200. In contrast to the 68030 where the FPU was truly optional, a practical 88000 system could not be built without at least one MC88200. Systems could include more than one MC88200, producing larger caches and allowing multiple paths to main memory for improved
370:
files and other hallmarks of the RISC concept, but don't mention the word "RISC" even once. As existing RISC designs had entered the market already, the company decided that they would not attempt to compete with these and would instead produce the world's most powerful processor. To do this, they
385:
The design also used separate data and instruction address busses. This was costly in terms of pin count; both the instruction and data caches had 32 pins for their address and 32 pins for the data, meaning the complete system used 128 pins on the "P-bus". This design was based on the observation
358:
project had noted that compilers generally did not use the vast majority of the instructions available to them, and instead used the simplest version of the instructions, often because these performed the fastest. Yet the circuitry providing the other versions of these instructions added overhead
406:
option (.n), which can be specified to ensure that the subsequent sequential instruction is executed before the branch target instruction, irrespective of the branch condition. Placing branch instruction or other instruction which may change the instruction pointer, in the branch delay slot is
325:
This shift in the market had the potential to lock
Motorola out of the workstation market, one of its only strongholds and among its most lucrative. Apple remained the company's only large vendor outside the workstation space; other users of the 68000, notably
614:
had planned to use the chips, which alongside adoption by telecommunications vendors had been viewed as guaranteeing the viability of the architecture indefinitely. Motorola offered a PowerPC design as a replacement, which Ford accepted.
386:
that only about one-third of operations were memory-related; the rest were operating on data already read. This strongly favored having a dedicated instruction pathway to an external instruction cache. The caches and associated
415:
By 1987 it was widely known that
Motorola was designing its own RISC processor. Referred to by the computer industry as the "78000", an homage to the earlier 68000, it became the 88000 when it was released in April 1988.
607:'s *T project, resulted in the MC88110MP, including on-chip communications for use in multi-processor systems. A version capable of speeds up to 100 MHz was planned as the MC88120, but was never built.
290:
Into this came the early 1980's introduction of the RISC concept. At first, there was an intense debate within the industry whether the concept would actually improve performance, or if its longer
660:
built their Encore-91 machine on the m88k, then introduced a completely ground-up redesign as the
Infinity 90 series, but it is unclear how many of these machines were sold. Encore moved to the
363:, which had a far greater impact on performance than the removed special-case instructions. For this reason, the RISC concept can be said to be driven by the real-world design of compilers.
359:
even to the simplest version. Removing these unused instructions from the CPU eliminated this overhead and freed up significant room on the chip. This gave room to increase the number of
294:
programs would actually slow the execution through additional memory accesses. All such debate was ended by the mid-1980s when the first RISC-based workstations emerged; the latest
443:
Aimed at the high-end of the market, it was claimed to be the fastest 32-bit processor in the world when it was released. Running at 20 MHz, it reached 34,000
792:
derivative, System V/88, for its 88000-based systems. There were two major releases: Release 3.2 Version 3 and
Release 4.0 Version 3. Data General AViiON systems ran
419:
As a side-effect of the complexity of the design, the CPU did not fit on a single chip. The 68030, released a year earlier, had 273,000 transistors, including the
527:
Like the 68000 before it, the 88000 was considered to be a "clean" design. It is a pure 32-bit load/store architecture with separate instruction and data caches (
1164:
958:
934:
1390:
1471:
1085:
1010:
459:, or around 3.3 MIPS of the 20 MHz 68030. It was also available as a 25 MHz part at 21 MIPS, 48,387 Dhrystones.
1272:
610:
An implementation for embedded applications, the MC88300, was under development during the early 1990s, but was eventually canceled.
649:
systems, the Series 900 sat on top of each other and connected to one another with bus-like cabling. The concept never caught on.
800:
ports exist for the MVME systems, LUNA-88K workstations, and Data
General AViiON systems. At least one unofficial experimental
1742:
512:
431:(FPU) as a separate chip. In contrast, the 88000 packaged the ALU and FPU together on the 750,000 transistor MC88100, and the
604:
519:
architecture to offer their customer base some sort of upgrade path. At that point the 88000 was dumped as soon as possible.
271:
easily outperformed any other microprocessor on the market, and its 32-bit architecture was naturally suited to the emerging
1414:
1042:
1444:
68:
46:
1402:
39:
1480:
1464:
1247:
1747:
1336:
638:
627:
537:
An unusual architectural feature is that both integer instructions and floating-point instructions use the same
398:, ensuring software compatibility for the main functionality. Every 88000 came with SFU1 already installed, the
463:
in the workstation market. Instead, most potential customers ignored the 88000, and the system saw little use.
287:. At the time, Intel held about 80% of the overall computer market, while Motorola controlled 90% of the rest.
319:
346:
RISC designs were a conscious effort to tailor the processor to the types of operations being called by the
1220:
534:, and separate data and address buses. It has a small, powerful command set and uses a flat address space.
395:
219:
1457:
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series. These were fairly popular, and remain in limited use today. For later models, DG moved to Intel.
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1063:
515:
architecture. They worked a few features of the 88000 (such as a compatible bus interface) into the new
1737:
721:
1137:
766:
748:
143:
729:
394:
wished to customize the system; new functional units could be added without affecting the existing
186:
33:
1534:
1276:
770:
448:
331:
1017:
1708:
712:, but the project was canceled along with all NeXT hardware projects in 1993. The 4-processor
698:
569:
432:
424:
387:
351:
280:
50:
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computers, but issues with memory management meant it didn't perform as well as their earlier
1183:
752:
709:
695:
634:
420:
113:
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virtual reality arcade machine as a graphics processor, with one MC88110 per screen of each
641:
series, for building "out of the box" systems based on the 88000, as well as the Series 900
1655:
1539:
528:
1280:
584:
484:, but all had given up on the design by the time the 88110 was finally available in 1992.
8:
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653:
565:
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399:
856:
1599:
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was not moving aggressively into the 32-bit space, and the companies that did, notably
179:
1558:
335:
327:
235:
1382:
759:, built servers based on the 88k. Around 100 systems were shipped during 1988-1992.
1684:
1370:
725:
492:
291:
716:
LUNA-88K machines from Japan used the m88k, and were used for a short time on the
366:
Motorola's articles on the 88000 design speak of single-cycle instructions, large
1529:
675:
657:
481:
315:
283:, botched their releases and left Motorola in control of everything that was not
133:
267:
Motorola entered the 1980s in a position of strength; their recently-introduced
1665:
1521:
1391:"Lifting The Lid Off The Motorola 88000 – To Find Do-It-Yourself Co-Processors"
740:
577:
561:
477:
299:
268:
239:
227:
196:
126:
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1553:
1505:
1500:
1358:
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744:
691:
687:
671:
538:
379:
375:
238:. Due to the late start and extensive delays releasing the second-generation
1438:
1333:
652:
Major 3rd party users were limited. The only widespread use would be in the
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1549:
508:
456:
371:
took design notes from one of the fastest computers of a previous era, the
247:
1201:
1660:
1637:
1479:
717:
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into a single package. An additional modification, made at the behest of
593:
272:
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platform and embedded controller environments. When
Motorola joined the
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1612:
777:
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679:
646:
444:
436:
403:
153:
1311:
1300:
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In the embedded computer space, the "Tri-channel VMS Computer" in the
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1632:
1616:
1568:
1374:
1322:
665:
661:
573:
1698:
1716:
1563:
1544:
1524:
1064:"Motorola PowerPC deal with Ford raises questions on 88K RISC fate"
668:
introduced their XD88 line of graphics workstations in April 1989.
600:
372:
347:
223:
90:
690:
model TC-2000 used the MC88100 processor, and scaled to 512 CPUs.
576:
controller. The idea behind this splitting of duties was to allow
230:
arrived on the market in 1988, some two years after the competing
1712:
1703:
1604:
1495:
857:"Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures"
797:
596:
558:
516:
355:
334:, were floundering in a market that was rapidly standardizing on
251:
747:, but it was later scrapped in favour of later 68K derivatives.
1689:
1609:
1589:
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801:
739:
originally planned to migrate to the 88K architecture from the
683:
488:
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used the MC88100 and MC88110 as the central processor in its
713:
623:
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452:
311:
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231:
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and other large vendors all began moving to RISC platforms.
1584:
1576:
1415:"Motorola's Risc, Set To Go In April, Is Tailored For Unix"
705:
704:
The MC88110 made it into some versions of a never released
473:
243:
216:
499:
design. It appears to have failed in any practical sense.
1087:
MC88100 RISC Microprocessor User's Manual, Second edition
820:
It is not clear whether this was an official name or not.
694:
used the 88110 in their "Power" workstations running the
1221:"Tested Mettle: The Dolphin Server Technology Triton 88"
1212:
350:
on that platform, in the case of Unix workstations, the
242:, the m88k achieved very limited success outside of the
1114:"*T: Integrated Building Blocks for Parallel Computing"
1043:"CPU of the Day: Motorola XC88110 88000 RISC Processor"
645:
computers employing these MVME boards. Unlike tower or
487:
There was an attempt to popularize the system with the
511:
effort to create a new RISC architecture based on the
402:(FPU). The branch and jump instructions incorporate a
378:. In particular, they adopted the 6600's concept of a
1130:
1011:"Standards Wars: Situations, Strategies and Outcomes"
917:
915:
913:
743:, and internally created a machine around it running
451:, compared to about 12 MIPS for a 12.5 MHz
1184:"Tektronix Unveils Family Of Graphics Workstations"
674:used the MC88100 to build the GEC 4310, one of the
1432:
1270:
910:
898:
780:used three 88000s in a triply redundant computer.
557:The first implementation of the 88000 ISA was the
1403:"Motorola's 88000 Risc In Full Volume Production"
1084:"Figure 1-2 and §1.2.7 Multiple External Buses".
1008:
1729:
1264:
886:
1305:
1294:
1055:
1016:. ConsortiumInfo.org. p. 7. Archived from
980:
978:
1445:Badabada.org about m88k hardware and computers
1316:
1061:
1034:
1002:
990:
751:used the 88100 (without the 88200) in its 88K
1465:
876:
874:
872:
870:
407:deprecated to maintain future compatibility.
1111:
975:
755:. Dolphin Server, a spin-off from the dying
618:
1327:
1245:
1202:"AMPM: The Alpha Micro Pageant of Machines"
1112:Papadopoulos; et al. (July 28, 1993).
1040:
959:"MC88100 RISC Microprocessor User's Manual"
935:"MC88100 RISC Microprocessor User's Manual"
783:
1472:
1458:
867:
427:(MMU) on a single chip, with the optional
302:delivered about 3 MIPS, whereas the first
254:, further development of the 88000 ended.
1162:
829:One VUPS is roughly equivalent to 1 MIPS.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1181:
732:SuperNode family of telephone switches.
622:
599:, which combined the CPU, FPU, MMU, and
583:
548:
32:This article includes a list of general
1271:Patterson, Barbara (November 2, 1991).
1119:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
507:In the early 1990s Motorola joined the
1730:
1359:"Motorola's 88000 Family Architecture"
1218:
854:
341:
1453:
1356:
921:
904:
892:
686:based GEC 4000 series computers. The
1248:"PSC Implementation and Integration"
735:Most other users were much smaller.
18:
1239:
1182:Marshall, Martin (April 24, 1989).
1105:
855:Reimer, Jeremy (15 December 2005).
13:
1401:
996:
804:port exists for the MVME systems.
544:
166:Graphics instructions (88110 only)
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1759:
1426:
1413:
984:
16:RISC instruction set architecture
1481:Reduced instruction set computer
1227:. pp. 38, 40, 43–44, 46, 48
1138:"Ford Secures 88000 RISC Future"
1041:Cox, Steven (October 19, 2021).
1009:Updegrove, Andrew (March 2006).
592:This was later addressed by the
568:. Mated to this was the MC88200
23:
1389:
1350:
1194:
1175:
1163:Garfinkel, Simson (June 1992).
1156:
1077:
1062:Zipper, Stuart (May 24, 1993).
880:
823:
564:, which included an integrated
522:
1165:"Motorola looks to 68060 chip"
951:
927:
848:
814:
633:Motorola released a series of
502:
1:
1743:Instruction set architectures
1343:Unofficial port of NetBSD 3.x
1273:"Motorola System V/88 R4v3.1"
836:
466:
262:
1206:The Alpha Micro Phun Machine
841:
396:instruction set architecture
220:instruction set architecture
7:
1435:m68k/m88k reference website
1219:Wilson, David (July 1991).
455:of the same vintage in the
10:
1764:
1357:Alsup, Mitch (June 1990).
788:Motorola released its own
722:Carnegie Mellon University
495:was attempting with their
472:for future use, including
410:
257:
1625:
1514:
1488:
1441:Dolphin Server Technology
1144:. 17 June 1991. p. 1
619:Products and applications
581:88000's limited success.
298:running on a 20 MHz
195:
185:
178:
170:
162:
152:
142:
132:
122:
112:
104:
96:
86:
807:
784:Operating system support
765:used the MC88110 in the
701:for image manipulation.
1277:Motorola Computer Group
771:virtual reality headset
588:Motorola 88110 RISC CPU
553:Motorola 88100 RISC CPU
491:group, similar to what
388:memory management units
332:Commodore International
250:in 1991 to develop the
53:more precise citations.
1748:32-bit microprocessors
699:raster graphics editor
635:single-board computers
630:
589:
554:
433:memory management unit
425:memory management unit
352:C programming language
281:National Semiconductor
226:during the 1980s. The
201:32 80-bit (88110 only)
724:. In the early 1990s
710:NeXT RISC Workstation
626:
587:
552:
435:(MMU) and 16 KB
421:arithmetic logic unit
1483:(RISC) architectures
1397:. 14 September 1988.
529:Harvard architecture
1421:. 18 February 1988.
654:Data General AViiON
429:floating point unit
400:floating point unit
361:processor registers
342:Motorola's approach
314:delivered 10 MIPS.
310:with a 16 MHz
83:
1253:. NASA. p. 63
964:. p. 88(3-33)
940:. p. 81(3-26)
737:Alpha Microsystems
631:
612:Ford Motor Company
590:
555:
368:processor register
336:IBM PC compatibles
148:Compare and branch
81:
1738:Motorola products
1725:
1724:
1246:Nobbs, Steven G.
1066:. Electronic News
328:Atari Corporation
205:
204:
79:
78:
71:
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1279:. Archived from
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726:Northern Telecom
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493:Sun Microsystems
292:machine language
215:for short) is a
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80:
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67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
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1409:. 27 June 1989.
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1312:OpenBSD/luna88k
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1301:OpenBSD/mvme88k
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676:GEC 4000 series
658:Encore Computer
637:, known as the
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547:
545:Implementations
532:
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482:Apollo Computer
469:
413:
344:
316:Hewlett-Packard
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187:General-purpose
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45:Please help to
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1427:External links
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1339:2013-01-12 at
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1323:OpenBSD/aviion
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1283:on May 5, 2006
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478:Apple Computer
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404:delayed branch
354:. The seminal
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300:Motorola 68030
269:Motorola 68000
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1433:m88k website
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1334:NetBSD/m88k
1231:24 February
1225:UNIX Review
753:X-Terminals
720:project at
718:Mach kernel
594:superscalar
503:Abandonment
447:or 17
273:workstation
51:introducing
1732:Categories
1676:Intel i860
1613:MicroBlaze
1363:IEEE Micro
1287:2009-06-16
1257:2009-06-16
1123:2009-06-16
1070:2009-06-16
1048:2023-08-25
1027:2009-06-16
968:2023-12-30
944:2023-12-21
922:Alsup 1990
905:Alsup 1990
893:Alsup 1990
837:References
778:F-15 S/MTD
763:Virtuality
757:Norsk Data
682:based and
680:gate array
647:rack mount
628:MVME-197LE
467:Re-release
445:Dhrystones
437:static RAM
423:(ALU) and
380:scoreboard
263:Background
163:Extensions
154:Endianness
127:Load–store
105:Introduced
34:references
1671:DEC PRISM
1617:PicoBlaze
1569:Power ISA
1188:InfoWorld
1169:NeXTWORLD
1142:Unigram/X
1097:25 August
842:Citations
666:Tektronix
643:stackable
513:IBM POWER
348:compilers
308:Sun-4/260
191:32 32-bit
180:Registers
144:Branching
1564:OpenRISC
1545:eSi-RISC
1525:Blackfin
1383:30607775
1337:Archived
601:L1 cache
373:CDC 6600
296:Sun-3/80
275:market.
224:Motorola
134:Encoding
91:Motorola
87:Designer
1713:PowerPC
1704:PA-RISC
1656:Clipper
1605:Unicore
1574:Renesas
1496:IBM 801
1489:Origins
1148:25 July
798:OpenBSD
696:DaVinci
597:MC88110
559:MC88100
517:PowerPC
411:Release
356:IBM 801
306:-based
258:History
252:PowerPC
240:MC88110
228:MC88100
47:improve
1699:M·CORE
1690:MIPS-X
1610:Xilinx
1600:Sunway
1590:RISC-V
1581:SuperH
1515:Active
1381:
1093:. 1990
997:Volume
802:NetBSD
767:SU2000
684:Am2900
489:88open
114:Design
100:32-bit
82:M88000
36:, but
1709:POWER
1666:CRISP
1651:AVR32
1648:Atmel
1633:Alpha
1595:SPARC
1379:S2CID
1251:(PDF)
1117:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
985:April
962:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
808:Notes
794:DG/UX
714:OMRON
662:Alpha
574:cache
497:SPARC
453:SPARC
312:SPARC
304:SPARC
285:Intel
277:Intel
232:SPARC
209:88000
138:Fixed
1717:ROMP
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1680:i960
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639:MVME
572:and
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449:VUPS
330:and
244:MVME
236:MIPS
234:and
217:RISC
213:m88k
207:The
171:Open
123:Type
118:RISC
108:1988
97:Bits
1540:AVR
1535:ARM
1530:ARC
1371:doi
881:Lid
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749:NCD
730:DMS
605:MIT
570:MMU
566:FPU
509:AIM
320:DEC
1734::
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