905:
1006:
783:; in fact, the correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are composed of independent root morphemes. Grammatical relations between words are expressed by separate words where they might otherwise be expressed by affixes, which are present to a minimal degree in such languages. There is little to no morphological change in words: they tend to be uninflected. Grammatical categories are indicated by word order (for example, inversion of verb and subject for interrogative sentences) or by bringing in additional words (for example, a word for "some" or "many" instead of a plural
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25:
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1110:). Another feature of polysynthetic languages is commonly expressed as "the ability to form words that are equivalent to whole sentences in other languages". The distinction between synthetic languages and polysynthetic languages is therefore relative: the place of one language largely depends on its relation to other languages displaying similar characteristics on the same scale.
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While the above scheme of analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages dominated linguistics for many years—at least since the 1920s—it has fallen out of favor more recently. A common objection has been that most languages display features of all three types, if not in equal measure, some of them
673:
The concept of discrete morphological categories has been criticized. Some linguists argue that most, if not all, languages are in a permanent state of transition, normally from fusional to analytic to agglutinative to fusional again. Others take issue with the definitions of the categories, arguing
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Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they
862:
Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme. The morphemes may be distinguishable from the root, or they may not. They may be fused with it or among themselves (in that multiple pieces of grammatical information may potentially be packed into
1390:
These categories allow to capture non-traditional distributions of typological traits. For example, high exponence for nouns (e.g., case + number) is typically thought of as a trait of fusional languages. However, it is absent in many traditionally fusional languages like
594:) for inflection, while fusional languages "fuse" inflectional categories together, often allowing one word ending to contain several categories, such that the original root can be difficult to extract. A further subcategory of agglutinative languages are
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one morpheme). Word order is less important for these languages than it is for analytic languages, since individual words express the grammatical relations that would otherwise be indicated by syntax. In addition, there tends to be a high degree of
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Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e.
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Analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages can all be found in many regions of the world. However, each category is dominant in some families and regions and essentially nonexistent in others. Analytic languages encompass the
1103:
who borrowed it from chemistry.) These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular morphology, and a tendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject
1190:
based on the family have ended up being agglutinative morphologically because agglutination is more transparent than fusion and thus furthers various goals of the language creators. This pattern began with
1376:(WALS) sees the categorization of languages as strictly analytic, agglutinative, or fusional as misleading, arguing that these categories conflate multiple variables. WALS lists these variables as:
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is sometimes categorized as a fusional language because its complex system of verbal affixes has become condensed and irregular enough that discerning individual morphemes is rarely possible. Some
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would normally be considered markers of agglutination, they are too closely intertwined to the root, yet classifying the language as primarily fusional, as it usually is, is also unsatisfying.
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as oligosynthetic, but most linguists disagree with this classification and instead label them polysynthetic or simply agglutinative. No known languages are widely accepted as oligosynthetic.
1333:
to fusional again. He analogizes this cycle to a clock, placing fusional languages at 12:00, analytic languages at 4:00, and agglutinative languages at 8:00. Dixon suggests that, for example,
1364:, where a lexical item became a grammatical marker. The markers may further grammaticalize, and a new marker may come in place to substitute the loss of meaning of the previous marker.
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may be individually identified. Agglutinative languages tend to have a high number of morphemes per word, and their morphology is usually highly regular, with a notable exception being
1269:, on the other hand, contains both agglutination in its addition of affixes and extreme fusion in that these affixes often result from the fusion of numerous morphemes via
791:). Individual words carry a general meaning (root concept); nuances are expressed by other words. Finally, in analytic languages context and syntax are more important than
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roughly translates to "Do you have any tobacco for sale?". However, it is a common misconception that polysynthetic morphology is universal among
Amerindian languages.
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was at about 3:00 (mostly analytic with some fusional elements), while modern varieties are around 5:00 (leaning instead toward agglutination), and also guesses that
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1640:
867:(agreement, or cross-reference between different parts of the sentence). Therefore, morphology in synthetic languages is more important than syntax. Most
767:" in Vietnamese. Note the tonal, single-syllable nature of the words; this is frequent in analytic languages, i.e. ones in which there is little to no
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sees the regular patterns of linguistic change as a cycle. In the unidirectional cycles, older features are replaced by newer items. One example is
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Arda
Philology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Minya, Stockholm 2005
814:
systems of these languages play a strong role in regimenting linguistic continuity according to an analytic, or isolating, morphology (cf.
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Formative exponence – the number of categories expressed in a single marker (e.g., tense + number + gender for verbs in some languages)
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Oligosynthetic languages are ones in which very few morphemes, perhaps only a few hundred, combine as in polysynthetic languages.
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1539:
Blank, Detlev (1985). "Internationale
Plansprachen. Eine EinfĂĽhrung" [International Planned Languages. An Introduction].
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languages are on the transition from agglutinative to fusional, with the Finno-Ugric family being further along. Dixon cites the
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Many
Amerindian languages are polysynthetic; indeed, most of the world's polysynthetic languages are native to North America.
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can be considered as some of the most analytic of all Indo-European languages. However, they are traditionally analyzed as
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There are two subtypes of synthesis, according to whether morphemes are clearly differentiable or not. These subtypes are
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languages are the most typically cited examples of fusional languages. However, others have been described. For example,
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as an example of a language that demonstrates the flaws in the traditional scheme: she argues that while its affixes,
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A clock face has been used as a metaphor for the evolution amongst analytic, agglutinative and fusional states
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is completely analytic, as it contains only a limited set of words with no inflections or compounds.
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per word. Not all analytic languages are isolating; for example, Chinese and
English possess many
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A trilingual plaque displaying members of all three major morphological alignments: analytic (
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coming after it in a clause, though it does involve agglutination of roots when forming
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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structures. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages form
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Flexivity – allomorphy and inflectional classes such as possessive classification
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family. Most of the world's languages, however, are agglutinative, including the
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proposed a third category for classifying languages, a category that he labeled
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languages and most families in the
Americas, Australia, the Caucasus, and non-
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1641:"Morphological Typology and the Complexity of Nominal Morphology in Sinhala"
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languages. Agglutinative languages rely primarily on discrete particles (
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languages, ones that are not analytic, are divided into two categories:
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as one that has undergone the entire cycle in three thousand years.
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may have been fusional. On the other hand, he argues that modern
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1321:(1998) theorizes that languages normally evolve in a cycle from
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but present in many traditionally agglutinative languages like
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The
Linguistic Cycle: Language Change and the Language Faculty
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Other linguists have proposed similar concepts. For instance,
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contending that a fully fusional language would be completely
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make the language useful for describing logic – in this case,
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to a higher level by constructing entire sentences, including
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that they conflate several distinct, if related, variables.
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also tend to be agglutinative, although some examples like
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1596:"Chapter 4: The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology"
1195:, which is strongly agglutinative, and was continued with
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tend to follow the language families they are based on.
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is a way of classifying the languages of the world (see
1825:
Linguistics for
Students of Asian and African Languages
1758:"Chapter Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives"
1840:(1921) contains a classic introduction to the subject.
1733:"Chapter Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives"
130:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
546:) that groups languages according to their common
956:, which are of course inseparable from the root.
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1833:Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech
1117:is one example, for instance the word-phrase:
1716:The Linguistic Cycle and the Language Faculty
798:Analytic languages include some of the major
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1574:. Vol. 1. Arda Society. pp. 1–20.
1512:"Semantic Aspects of Morphological Typology"
975:are described as fusional, particularly the
670:take a variety of morphological alignments.
1431:. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. pp. 74–76.
1158:
1132:
911:collapses several factors into one ending:
622:. Fusional languages encompass most of the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1186:family's typical fusional alignment, most
1076:
994:
737:The field was first developed by brothers
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513:
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
1705:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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848:, but contain few inflections for them.
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16:Way of classifying the world's languages
1648:University of California, Santa Barbara
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1288:University of California, Santa Barbara
1167:The rigidly defined, analytic words of
775:Analytic languages show a low ratio of
570:and auxiliary words to convey meaning.
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1454:The Languages of Native North America
1429:Handbook of American Indian Languages
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1253:is analytic to the extent that every
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1843:Japanese Morphological Analysis API
1555:
1426:
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128:adding citations to reliable sources
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1846:Japanese Morphological Analysis API
1780:"Chapter Possessive Classification"
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1747:
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1720:Language and Linguistics Compass, 7
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1211:might be considered more fusional.
825:is moderately analytic, and it and
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1374:World Atlas of Language Structures
14:
1874:
1823:Halvor Eifring & Rolf Theil:
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1099:was first used in linguistics by
34:This article has multiple issues.
1025:Agglutinative languages include
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642:family and a few members of the
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991:lean more toward the analytic.
115:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1673:The Rise and Fall of Languages
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562:languages contain very little
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1618:"Chapter 2: Morpho-Phonology"
1564:"The Finnicization of Quenya"
1410:
1188:universal auxiliary languages
771:and words stand on their own.
77:about modern classifications.
1714:van Gelderen, Elly. (2013).
1699:van Gelderen, Elly. (2011).
1013:, an agglutinative language.
7:
1213:Zonal constructed languages
344:Ditransitive/Monotransitive
10:
1879:
1639:Garland, Jennifer (2006).
1481:Sloane, Thomas O. (2001).
1286:. Jennifer Garland of the
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871:are moderately synthetic.
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1452:Mithun, Marianne (2001).
836:A related concept is the
1541:Sammlung Akademie-Verlag
1519:University of New Mexico
1483:Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
1241:is agglutinative. Among
1159:In constructed languages
1133:Oligosynthetic languages
989:North Germanic languages
915:(only plural is shown),
139:"Morphological typology"
1679:Press. pp. 42–43.
1367:
1233:universe, for example,
1139:Oligosynthetic language
1101:Peter Stephen DuPonceau
1077:Polysynthetic languages
995:Agglutinative languages
890:in older terminology).
869:Indo-European languages
1315:
1176:
1083:Polysynthetic language
1014:
1001:Agglutinative language
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909:Polish noun declension
772:
739:Friedrich von Schlegel
734:
729:), and agglutinative (
598:languages, which take
540:Morphological typology
75:is missing information
1863:Linguistic morphology
1806:"Linguistic typology"
1562:Tikka, Petri (2007).
1313:
1229:'s languages for the
1180:Constructed languages
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1008:
907:
762:
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668:Constructed languages
334:Nominative–absolutive
297:Nominative–accusative
1677:Cambridge University
1489:Press. p. 442.
1460:Press. p. 323.
1458:Cambridge University
1427:Boas, Franz (2010).
1243:engineered languages
1173:discrete mathematics
1089:Wilhelm von Humboldt
800:East Asian languages
626:family—for example,
124:improve this article
1543:. Akademie-Verlag.
1223:Fictional languages
938:consonant gradation
852:Synthetic languages
812:ideographic writing
743:August von Schlegel
544:linguistic typology
448:Object–verb–subject
443:Object–subject–verb
438:Subject–object–verb
426:Verb–object–subject
421:Verb–subject–object
416:Subject–verb–object
309:Ergative–absolutive
224:Linguistic typology
1362:grammaticalization
1316:
1306:Cyclical evolution
1277:Interconnectedness
1237:is fusional while
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1119:tavvakiqutiqarpiit
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987:, as well as some
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894:Fusional languages
858:Synthetic language
838:isolating language
831:fusional languages
773:
749:Analytic languages
735:
697:. You can help by
620:Germanic languages
614:family, including
1686:978-0-521-62654-5
1496:978-0-19-512595-5
1487:Oxford University
1467:978-0-521-29875-9
1438:978-1-177-52533-6
1358:Elly van Gelderen
1351:Egyptian language
948:features such as
900:Fusional language
755:Analytic language
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479:Place–manner–time
475:Time–manner–place
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1600:. Retrieved
1598:. Lojban.org
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736:
703:
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383:Null-subject
378:Head-marking
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122:Please help
117:verification
114:
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36:Please help
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1343:Finno-Ugric
1335:Old Chinese
1225:vary among
1217:Interslavic
1209:Interlingua
936:), such as
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816:orthography
731:Plains Cree
496:Color terms
354:Indirective
349:Secundative
1815:(275
1411:References
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1071:Indonesian
888:flectional
808:Vietnamese
802:, such as
793:morphology
785:inflection
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765:Vietnamese
568:word order
564:inflection
402:Word order
393:Theta role
329:Tripartite
150:newspapers
39:improve it
1830:The book
1786:August 5,
1764:August 5,
1739:August 5,
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1347:Dravidian
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1197:Esperanto
1153:Blackfoot
1115:Inuktitut
1087:In 1836,
1051:Mongolian
1043:Malayalam
1027:Hungarian
985:Afrikaans
827:Afrikaans
777:morphemes
763:"I speak
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572:Synthetic
556:morphemes
292:Alignment
252:Synthetic
245:Isolating
81:talk page
45:talk page
1857:Category
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1323:fusional
1235:Sindarin
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880:fusional
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588:suffixes
584:prefixes
580:fusional
560:Analytic
501:Numerals
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240:Analytic
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1292:Sinhala
1267:Ithkuil
1263:calques
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965:Semitic
921:animacy
823:English
804:Chinese
723:English
678:History
652:Japonic
640:Semitic
632:Russian
616:Chinese
592:infixes
487:Lexicon
164:scholar
1813:
1782:. WALS
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1298:, and
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1055:Korean
1035:Telugu
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950:stress
923:, and
917:gender
913:number
806:, and
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552:words
171:JSTOR
157:books
1788:2014
1766:2014
1741:2014
1681:ISBN
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