370:(DO) is low. Of the three environmental conditions tested, bottom DO has the most significant effect on moon jellyfish abundance. Moon jellyfish abundance is the highest when bottom dissolved oxygen concentration is lower than 2.0 mg L. Moon jellyfish show a strong tolerance to low DO conditions, which is why their population is still relatively high during the summer. Generally, hypoxia causes species to move from the oxygen depleted zone, but this is not the case for the moon jellyfish. Furthermore, bell contract rate, which indicates moon jellyfish feeding activity, remains constant although DO concentrations are lower than normal. During July and August, it is observed that moon jellyfish aggregations of 250 individuals consumed an estimated 100% of the
636:
749:
859:
820:
841:
832:
789:
485:
51:
771:
75:
805:
1767:
378:. Other major fish predators that are also present in these coastal waters do not seem to show the same high tolerance to low DO concentrations that the moon jellyfish exhibit. The feeding and predatory performance of these fish significantly decreases when DO concentrations are so low. This allows for less competition between the moon jellyfish and other fish predators for
328:
720:
jellyfish naturally die after living and reproducing for several months. It is probably rare for these moon jellies to live more than about six months in the wild, although specimens cared for in public aquarium exhibits typically live several to many years. In the wild, the warm water at the end of
713:
has been suggested to have high mortality during the ephyra stage, which potentially affects the population size of the later medusa stage. While the main cause remains unknown, it is believed that they are consumed by one of three potential predatory filter-feeding sessile organisms: mussels,
725:
and other disease problems that likely lead to the demise of most individuals. Such problems are responsible for the demise of many smaller species of jellyfish. In 1997, Arai summarized that seasonal reproduction leaves the gonads open to infection and degradation.
330:
334:
333:
329:
335:
332:
596:. There is an increasing size from starting stage planula to ephyra, from less than 1 mm in the planula stage, up to about 1 cm in ephyra stage, and then to several cm in diameter in the medusa stage.
1012:
299:
The moon jelly differs from many jellyfish in that they lack long, potent stinging tentacles. Instead they have hundreds of short, fine tentacles that line the bell margin. The sting has no effect on humans.
545:, with a transparent look, has an umbrella margin membrane and tentacles that are attached to the bottom. It has four bright gonads that are under the stomach. Food travels through the muscular
951:
Lawley, Jonathan W.; Gamero-Mora, Edgar; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Collins, Allen G.; Morandini, André C. (2021-09-09).
331:
518:
oxygen from water through the thin membrane covering its body. Within the gastrovascular cavity, low oxygenated water can be expelled and high oxygenated water can come in by
312:
is found in the North, Black, Baltic and
Caspian Seas, Northeast Atlantic, Greenland, northeastern USA and Canada, Northwest Pacific and South America. In general,
1183:
Shoji, J.; Yamashita, R.; Tanaka, M. (2005). "Effect of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on behavior and predation rates on fish larvae by moon jellyfish
296:
with its tentacles, and bringing them into its body for digestion. It is capable of only limited motion, and drifts with the current, even when swimming.
748:
565:
net that is responsible for contractions in swimming muscles and feeding responses. Adult medusae can have diameters up to 40 cm (16 in).
721:
summer combines with exhaustive daily reproduction and lower natural levels of food for tissue repair, leaving these jellyfish more susceptible to
1969:
923:
2021:
1131:
280:
is almost entirely translucent, usually about 25–40 cm (10–16 in) in diameter, and can be recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped
840:
2167:
953:"The importance of molecular characters when morphological variability hinders diagnosability: systematics of the moon jellyfish genus
2142:
858:
354:
water temperatures ranging from 6–31 °C (43–88 °F); with optimum temperatures of 9–19 °C (48–66 °F). It prefers
2147:
1943:
709:, but in any case, birds do some substantial amount of damage to these jellyfish that often are found just at the surface of bays.
456:
break down the food. Little is known about the requirements for particular vitamins and minerals, but due to the presence of some
1982:
1443:
Sucharitakul, Phuping (2020). "Limited ingestion, rapid egestion and no detectable impacts of microbeads on the moon jellyfish,
2157:
1008:"Coupled biophysical global ocean model and molecular genetic analyses identify multiple introductions of cryptogenic species"
2057:
1749:
1362:
1326:
1278:
2177:
1987:
770:
425:, eggs, fish eggs, and other small organisms. Occasionally, they are also seen feeding on gelatinous zooplankton such as
366:
and moon jellyfish distribution is prominent during the summer months of July and August where temperatures are high and
1676:
522:
action, thus increasing the diffusion of oxygen through the cell. The large surface area membrane to volume ratio helps
2172:
1904:
603:
are capable of life cycle reversal where individuals grow younger instead of older, akin to the "immortal jellyfish"
1922:
2162:
2096:
1166:
900:
572:, has small ciliated cells and after swimming freely in the plankton for a day or more, settles on an appropriate
2152:
2026:
1935:
1696:
Suzuki, Kentaro S.; Kumakura, Emi; Nogata, Yasuyuki (2016). "Incidental consumption of ephyrae of moon jellyfish
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363:
190:
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340:
17:
2114:
2008:
627:
was able to recognize that microbeads were not food so there was not any physiological or histological harm.
819:
2137:
1865:
1852:
1870:
1677:"Natural mortality in NE Pacific coastal hydromedusae: grazing predation, wound healing and senescence"
1137:
1127:
675:
650:
573:
2101:
2036:
888:
273:
medusae without genetic sampling; most of what follows applies equally to all species of the genus.
74:
1830:
1532:
1073:
927:
804:
640:
2000:
1067:
Dawson, M. N. (2003). "Macro-morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish,
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1498:
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1974:
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666:
1303:
780:
445:
169:
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prove to be advantageous for the moon jellyfish in terms of feeding, growth, and survival.
8:
605:
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146:
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The food is caught with its nematocyst-laden tentacles, tied with mucus, brought to the
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1557:
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1208:
1098:
1044:
1007:
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fish. Moon jellies are also fed upon by sea birds, which may be more interested in the
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69:
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31:
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1029:
978:
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831:
457:
263:
1883:
1341:
581:
2044:
1741:
1410:
1167:"Aurelia aurita (Saucer Jelly, Moon Jelly, Common Sea Jelly Jellyfish) Narrative"
577:
484:
387:
375:
371:
2013:
405:
species feed on plankton that includes organisms such as mollusks, crustaceans,
50:
1930:
1917:
1721:
1653:
1204:
1094:
653:
comparative to other prey types which provides vital nutritions to predators.
2131:
1780:
658:
269:. All species in the genus are very similar, and it is difficult to identify
186:
126:
1909:
1034:
589:
1815:
1476:
1429:
1053:
992:
585:
554:
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while the radial canals help disperse the food. There is a middle layer of
465:
426:
2083:
2049:
1995:
1956:
1824:
1700:
s.l. by three filter-feeding sessile organisms: laboratory experiments".
758:
619:
s body system is not significantly affected by artificial materials like
453:
430:
379:
1499:"Jellyfish contain no calories, so why do they still attract predators?"
973:
1948:
1627:
1613:
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are known to be eaten by a wide variety of predators, including the
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106:
950:
284:, easily seen through the top of the bell. It feeds by collecting
2109:
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686:
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The medusae are either male or female. The young larval stage, a
469:
410:
317:
293:
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259:
62:
2062:
358:
seas with consistent currents. It has been found in waters with
1766:
1638:(Acanthuridae) feed on Ctenophora and Scyphozoa in the Red Sea"
519:
422:
321:
96:
623:, which can be found in cosmetic and personal care products.
562:
473:
351:
281:
1687:(Proceedings of the Zooplankton Ecology Symposium): 194–203.
1522:
Strand, S. W.; Hamner, W. M. (1988). "Predatory behavior of
362:
as low as 6 parts per thousand. The relation between summer
1530:(Scyphozoa: Cnidaria) in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia".
507:
503:
441:
to capture prey and to protect themselves from predators.
533:
consists of several parts. The animal lacks respiratory,
448:, and passed into the cavity by ciliated action. There,
1321:(6th ed.). London: Brooks/Cole. pp. 602–608.
1005:
1006:
Dawson, M. N.; Sen Gupta, A.; England, M. H. (2005).
1695:
1182:
1317:Solomon, E. P.; Berg, L. R.; Martin, W. W. (2002).
1738:Marine fish & invertebrates of Northern Europe
1295:
526:diffuse more oxygen and nutrients into the cells.
491:with an anomalous number of gonads—most have four.
382:. Low DO concentrations in coastal waters such as
1316:
2129:
1628:Bos A.R., Cruz-Rivera E. and Sanad A.M. (2016).
1377:
1357:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 9.2–9.7.
1232:in coastal waters along western Shikoku, Japan"
1225:
1735:
1574:
1187:and by a juvenile piscivore, Spanish mackerel
737:, as well as most other species of jellyfish.
1273:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 68–206.
1581:and its trophic relationships with its host
1521:
1442:
1342:Tree of Life – NJ Jellyfish – Aurelia aurita
1378:He, J; Zheng, L; Zhang, W; Lin, Y (2015).
1352:
1228:"Unusual aggregations of the scyphomedusa
576:, where it changes into a special type of
49:
1612:
1419:
1409:
1164:
1043:
1033:
999:
982:
972:
316:is an inshore genus that can be found in
1371:
1226:Uye, S.; Fujii, N.; Takeoka, H. (2003).
634:
483:
326:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1178:
1176:
1126:
883:
881:
612:There has been a study presenting that
433:. Both the adult medusae and larvae of
14:
2130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1066:
1791:
1790:
1674:
1160:
1158:
915:
685:). In 2016, it was reported from the
2115:F4B8EE45-1F7C-4C3C-8AF1-23745E73060A
2037:62092114-85aa-4213-ab79-0c8096c855b7
1936:ea7ab8a7-0037-4fe4-9e25-806be67eb5cb
1575:Towanda, T.; Thuesen, E. V. (2006).
1293:
1268:
1249:
1173:
946:
944:
878:
553:, a gastrodervascular cavity with a
1302:. London: Academic Press. pp.
1133:The Medusae of the British Isles II
1109:
24:
2168:Invertebrates of the United States
1729:
1526:and size-selective predation upon
1219:
1165:Rodriguez, R. J. (February 1996).
1155:
921:
693:was seasonally preyed upon by two
25:
2189:
1759:
1271:A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa
1140:. pp. 81–186. Archived from
941:
639:Three moon jellies captured by a
2143:Cnidarians of the Atlantic Ocean
1765:
1298:The Cnidaria and Their Evolution
901:World Register of Marine Species
857:
839:
830:
818:
803:
787:
769:
747:
679:, and a very large hydromedusa (
460:, we can deduce in general that
73:
2148:Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
1736:Moen, F.E.; E. Svensen (2004).
1668:
1621:
1568:
1515:
1491:
1469:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111208
1436:
1346:
1335:
1310:
1287:
303:
30:For the comic book author, see
1593:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1060:
599:A recent study has found that
479:
13:
1:
2158:Marine fauna of North America
872:
1411:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314
1239:Plankton Biology and Ecology
630:
592:that swim off to grow up as
7:
2178:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1577:"Ectosymbiotic behavior of
1384:sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)"
705:that frequent the bells of
651:polyunsaturated fatty acids
212:Peron & Lesueur, 1810
10:
2194:
1681:Bulletin of Marine Science
1583:Phacellophora camtschatica
1524:Phacellophora camtschatica
1138:Cambridge University Press
1013:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
740:
714:ascidians, and barnacles.
676:Phacellophora camtschatica
393:
29:
2173:Animals described in 1758
1799:
1722:10.1007/s12562-016-1034-4
1654:10.1007/s12526-016-0454-9
1449:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1355:Zoology Laboratory Manual
1205:10.1007/s00227-005-1579-8
1095:10.1007/s00227-003-1070-3
649:have high proportions of
339:Moon jellyfish swimming (
205:
198:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
57:
48:
41:
1380:"Life cycle reversal in
1071:(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)".
849:washed up on the beach,
2163:Invertebrates of Canada
1353:Gilbertson, L. (1999).
1189:Scomberomorus niphonius
1035:10.1073/pnas.0503811102
529:The basic body plan of
2153:Marine fauna of Europe
957:(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)"
667:leatherback sea turtle
643:
541:. The adult medusa of
492:
344:
1783:on Sealife Collection
1675:Mills, C. E. (1993).
1636:Zebrasoma desjardinii
867:at Ozeaneum Stralsund
781:Monterey Bay Aquarium
641:lion's mane jellyfish
638:
487:
446:gastrovascular cavity
338:
1931:Fauna Europaea (new)
1776:at Wikimedia Commons
1630:"Herbivorous fishes
1294:Rees, W. J. (1966).
1269:Arai, M. N. (1997).
673:), the scyphomedusa
671:Dermochelys coriacea
27:Species of jellyfish
2138:Aurelia (cnidarian)
1714:2016FisSc..82..923S
1642:Marine Biodiversity
1605:2006MEPS..315..221T
1585:and the parasitoid
1546:1988MarBi..99..409S
1461:2020MarPB.15611208S
1402:2015PLoSO..1045314H
1087:2003MarBi.143..369D
1026:2005PNAS..10211968D
974:10.7717/peerj.11954
922:Dawson, Michael N.
606:Turritopsis dohrnii
584:, which divides by
539:circulatory systems
1614:10.3354/meps315221
1554:10.1007/BF02112134
644:
493:
345:
209:Aurellia flavidula
2125:
2124:
2071:Open Tree of Life
1793:Taxon identifiers
1770:Media related to
1751:978-0-9544060-2-8
1702:Fisheries Science
1632:Siganus rivulatus
1587:Hyperia medusarum
1364:978-0-07-229641-9
1328:978-0-534-39175-1
1280:978-0-412-45110-2
924:"Aurelia species"
893:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
733:parasites attack
682:Aequorea victoria
514:; it respires by
458:digestive enzymes
386:in Japan and the
336:
242:(also called the
235:
234:
229:
221:
220:Linnaeus, 1758
213:
16:(Redirected from
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1020:(34): 11968–73.
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948:
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926:. Archived from
919:
913:
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908:
885:
861:
843:
834:
822:
807:
791:
773:
751:
701:and other small
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368:dissolved oxygen
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244:common jellyfish
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2045:Observation.org
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1730:Further reading
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1579:Cancer gracilis
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482:
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388:Seto Inland Sea
376:Seto Inland Sea
374:biomass in the
372:mesozooplankton
341:high resolution
327:
306:
225:Medusa purpurea
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183:
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72:
35:
28:
23:
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2005:
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1966:
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1940:
1927:
1918:Fauna Europaea
1914:
1901:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1858:Aurelia_aurita
1849:
1845:Aurelia_aurita
1836:
1831:Aurelia aurita
1821:
1805:
1803:
1801:Aurelia aurita
1797:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1781:Aurelia aurita
1777:
1773:Aurelia aurita
1761:
1760:External links
1758:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1708:(6): 923–930.
1698:Aurelia aurita
1691:
1690:
1667:
1620:
1567:
1540:(3): 409–414.
1533:Marine Biology
1528:Aurelia aurita
1514:
1490:
1445:Aurelia aurita
1435:
1370:
1363:
1345:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1286:
1279:
1248:
1230:Aurelia aurita
1218:
1193:Marine Biology
1185:Aurelia aurita
1172:
1154:
1128:Russell, F. S.
1108:
1074:Marine Biology
1059:
998:
940:
914:
891:Aurelia aurita
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
865:Aurelia aurita
863:
856:
854:
847:Aurelia aurita
845:
838:
836:
829:
827:
824:
817:
815:
812:Aurelia aurita
809:
802:
800:
798:sp. individual
793:
786:
784:
775:
768:
766:
755:Aurelia aurita
753:
746:
742:
739:
735:Aurelia aurita
711:A. aurita
691:Aurelia aurita
655:Aurelia aurita
647:Aurelia aurita
632:
629:
625:Aurelia aurita
601:A. aurita
502:parts such as
498:does not have
481:
478:
462:A. aurita
399:Aurelia aurita
395:
392:
348:Aurelia aurita
310:Aurelia aurita
305:
302:
248:moon jellyfish
239:Aurelia aurita
233:
232:
231:
230:
228:Pennant, 1777
222:
214:
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202:
196:
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184:
179:Aurelia aurita
173:
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161:A. aurita
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59:Aurelia aurita
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:Aurelia aurita
32:Aurélia Aurita
26:
18:Moon jellyfish
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1144:on 2016-06-23
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778:
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659:ocean sunfish
656:
652:
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628:
626:
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602:
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591:
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579:
575:
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564:
561:. There is a
560:
556:
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466:carbohydrates
463:
459:
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452:enzymes from
451:
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226:
223:
218:
217:Medusa aurita
215:
210:
207:
206:
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201:
197:
192:
188:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
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150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Semaeostomeae
125:
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1503:ScienceDaily
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1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1132:
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1017:
1011:
1001:
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960:
954:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
917:
905:. Retrieved
896:
890:
864:
846:
825:On the beach
811:
795:
776:
754:
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706:
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674:
670:
662:
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598:
586:strobilation
567:
555:gastrodermis
542:
530:
528:
523:
495:
494:
488:
464:can process
461:
454:serous cells
443:
434:
427:hydromedusae
402:
398:
397:
347:
346:
313:
309:
308:The species
307:
304:Distribution
298:
275:
270:
256:saucer jelly
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
237:
236:
224:
216:
208:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
58:
42:
36:
2084:SeaLifeBase
1996:NatureServe
1957:iNaturalist
1825:Wikispecies
1648:: 243–246.
1599:: 221–236.
1245:(1): 17–21.
759:Pairi Daiza
695:herbivorous
588:into small
500:respiratory
480:Body system
439:nematocysts
431:ctenophores
415:polychaetes
380:zooplankton
2132:Categories
1779:Photos of
1508:2020-06-29
1455:: 111208.
1148:2012-07-03
1136:. London:
967:: e11954.
934:2008-08-12
873:References
794:A damaged
761:aquarium,
703:arthropods
621:microbeads
419:protozoans
401:and other
252:moon jelly
1485:218504266
1103:189820003
907:29 August
810:An adult
723:bacterial
699:amphipods
663:Mola mola
631:Predators
580:called a
574:substrate
559:epidermis
557:, and an
547:manubrium
535:excretory
516:diffusing
450:digestive
384:Tokyo Bay
356:temperate
350:lives in
318:estuaries
278:jellyfish
267:Ulmaridae
155:Species:
137:Ulmaridae
117:Scyphozoa
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2001:2.808798
1975:10838077
1810:Wikidata
1662:24694789
1562:84652019
1477:32366368
1430:26690755
1389:PLoS ONE
1213:83862921
1130:(1953).
1054:16103373
993:34589293
731:metazoan
551:mesoglea
520:ciliated
470:proteins
413:, young
411:rotifers
409:larvae,
407:tunicate
360:salinity
294:mollusks
290:plankton
200:Synonyms
187:Linnaeus
133:Family:
107:Cnidaria
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
2110:ZooBank
1949:2264442
1710:Bibcode
1601:Bibcode
1542:Bibcode
1457:Bibcode
1421:4687044
1398:Bibcode
1382:Aurelia
1319:Biology
1083:Bibcode
1069:Aurelia
1045:1189321
1022:Bibcode
984:8435205
955:Aurelia
851:Jūrmala
796:Aurelia
777:Aurelia
763:Belgium
757:in the
741:Gallery
718:Aurelia
707:Aurelia
687:Red Sea
665:), the
614:Aurelia
594:medusae
590:ephyrae
570:planula
543:Aurelia
531:Aurelia
524:Aurelia
512:trachea
496:Aurelia
489:Aurelia
435:Aurelia
423:diatoms
403:Aurelia
394:Feeding
364:hypoxia
322:harbors
314:Aurelia
286:medusae
271:Aurelia
262:of the
260:species
258:) is a
148:Aurelia
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
63:Red Sea
2102:135306
2076:404481
2063:135306
2034:NZOR:
1923:240640
1897:AURLAU
1816:Q26864
1748:
1660:
1560:
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1361:
1325:
1304:77–104
1277:
1211:
1101:
1052:
1042:
991:
981:
903:. 2023
537:, and
474:lipids
472:, and
292:, and
282:gonads
264:family
2097:WoRMS
2089:44404
2050:20160
1988:51701
1970:IRMNG
1962:48328
1910:55306
1905:EUNIS
1871:79348
1658:S2CID
1558:S2CID
1481:S2CID
1235:(PDF)
1209:S2CID
1099:S2CID
961:PeerJ
897:WoRMS
729:Some
689:that
617:'
578:polyp
563:nerve
510:, or
508:lungs
504:gills
437:have
352:ocean
2058:OBIS
2027:6145
2022:NCBI
1983:ITIS
1944:GBIF
1892:EPPO
1884:JTCQ
1866:BOLD
1746:ISBN
1473:PMID
1426:PMID
1359:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1050:PMID
989:PMID
909:2023
429:and
320:and
276:The
191:1758
2009:NBN
1879:CoL
1853:AFD
1840:ADW
1718:doi
1650:doi
1609:doi
1597:315
1550:doi
1465:doi
1453:156
1447:".
1416:PMC
1406:doi
1201:doi
1197:147
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1030:doi
1018:102
979:PMC
969:doi
254:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
