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dinoflagellates, allowing them to assimilate inorganic carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen creating competition for phytoplankton. Their large biomass makes them an important source of dissolved and particulate organic matter for microbial communities through excretion, mucus production, and decomposition. The microbes break down the organic matter into inorganic ammonium and phosphate. However, the low carbon availability shifts the process from production to respiration creating low oxygen areas making the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus largely unavailable for primary production.
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ring starts to spin faster, sucking water into the bell and pushing against the centre of the body, giving a secondary and "free" boost forward. The mechanism, called passive energy recapture, only works in relatively small jellyfish moving at low speeds, allowing the animal to travel 30 percent farther on each swimming cycle. Jellyfish achieved a 48 percent lower cost of transport (food and oxygen intake versus energy spent in movement) than other animals in similar studies. One reason for this is that most of the gelatinous tissue of the bell is inactive, using no energy during swimming.
1490:. Nematocysts, which deliver the sting, are located mostly on the tentacles; true jellyfish also have them around the mouth and stomach. Jellyfish do not need a respiratory system because sufficient oxygen diffuses through the epidermis. They have limited control over their movement, but can navigate with the pulsations of the bell-like body; some species are active swimmers most of the time, while others largely drift. The rhopalia contain rudimentary sense organs which are able to detect light, water-borne vibrations, odour and orientation. A loose network of nerves called a "
3153:
2650:
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1864:) have invaginated synapses, but only in the upper and lower lensed eyes. Different densities were found between the upper and lower lenses, and between species. Four types of chemical synapses have been discovered within the rhopalia which could help in understanding neural organization including: clear unidirectional, dense-core unidirectional, clear bidirectional, and clear and dense-core bidirectional. The synapses of the lensed eyes could be useful as markers to learn more about the neural circuit in box jellyfish retinal areas.
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2217:, the polyp's tentacles are reabsorbed and the body starts to narrow, forming transverse constrictions, in several places near the upper extremity of the polyp. These deepen as the constriction sites migrate down the body, and separate segments known as ephyra detach. These are free-swimming precursors of the adult medusa stage, which is the life stage that is typically identified as a jellyfish. The ephyrae, usually only a millimeter or two across initially, swim away from the polyp and grow.
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1748:(small sensory structures) which serve sensory functions of the box jellyfish and arise from the cavities of the exumbrella (the surface of the body) on the side of the bells of the jellyfish. The two large eyes are located on the mid-line of the club and are considered complex because they contain lenses. The four remaining eyes lie laterally on either side of each rhopalia and are considered simple. The simple eyes are observed as small invaginated cups of
53:
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285:. Large, often colorful, jellyfish are common in coastal zones worldwide. The medusae of most species are fast-growing, and mature within a few months then die soon after breeding, but the polyp stage, attached to the seabed, may be much more long-lived. Jellyfish have been in existence for at least 500 million years, and possibly 700 million years or more, making them the oldest multi-organ animal group.
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995:
1923:
lens eyes of different box jellyfish species vary in specific function. The lower lens-eyes contain pigmented photoreceptors and long pigment cells with dark pigments that migrate on light/dark adaptation, while the upper-lens eyes play a concentrated role in light direction and phototaxis given that they face upward towards the water surface (towards the sun or moon). The upper lens of
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3038:. Often the tank's background is blue and the animals are illuminated by side light, increasing the contrast between the animal and the background. In natural conditions, many jellies are so transparent that they are nearly invisible. Jellyfish are not adapted to closed spaces. They depend on currents to transport them from place to place. Professional exhibits as in the
1286:(stalked jellyfish) are characterized by a medusa form that is generally sessile, oriented upside down and with a stalk emerging from the apex of the "calyx" (bell), which attaches to the substrate. At least some Staurozoa also have a polyp form that alternates with the medusoid portion of the life cycle. Until recently, Staurozoa were classified within the Scyphozoa.
1545:
jellyfish. Major topics of jellyfish visual system research (with an emphasis on box jellyfish) include: the evolution of jellyfish vision from simple to complex visual systems), the eye morphology and molecular structures of box jellyfish (including comparisons to vertebrate eyes), and various uses of vision including task-guided behaviors and niche specialization.
1466:
restricts the bell's aperture and creates a powerful jet when the bell pulsates, allowing box jellyfish to swim faster than true jellyfish. Hydrozoans are also similar, usually with just four tentacles at the edge of the bell, although many hydrozoans are colonial and may not have a free-living medusal stage. In some species, a non-detachable bud known as a
1987:(splitting in half). Other very small jellyfish, which have bells about one millimeter, are the hydromedusae of many species that have just been released from their parent polyps; some of these live only a few minutes before shedding their gametes in the plankton and then dying, while others will grow in the plankton for weeks or months. The hydromedusae
2878:, and compressed. Processing makes the jellyfish drier and more acidic, producing a crisp texture. Jellyfish prepared this way retain 7β10% of their original weight, and the processed product consists of approximately 94% water and 6% protein. Freshly processed jellyfish has a white, creamy color and turns yellow or brown during prolonged storage.
1667:. Critically, the visual systems of box jellyfish are responsible for guiding multiple tasks or behaviors in contrast to less derived visual systems in other jellyfish that guide single behavioral functions. These behaviors include phototaxis based on sunlight (positive) or shadows (negative), obstacle avoidance, and control of swim-pulse rate.
1589:. The general evolutionary steps to develop complex vision include (from more ancestral to more derived states): non-directional photoreception, directional photoreception, low-resolution vision, and high-resolution vision. Increased habitat and task complexity has favored the high-resolution visual systems common in derived cnidarians such as
2249:, might be effectively immortal because of its ability under certain circumstances to transform from medusa back to the polyp stage, thereby escaping the death that typically awaits medusae post-reproduction if they have not otherwise been eaten by some other organism. So far this reversal has been observed only in the laboratory.
1983: in) to a few millimeters in diameter, with short tentacles that extend out beyond this, which these jellyfish use to move across the surface of seaweed or the bottoms of rocky pools; many of these tiny creeping jellyfish cannot be seen in the field without a hand lens or microscope. They can reproduce asexually by
198:
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2025:, was long-cited as the largest jellyfish, and arguably the longest animal in the world, with fine, thread-like tentacles that may extend up to 36.5 m (119 ft 9 in) long (though most are nowhere near that large). They have a moderately painful, but rarely fatal, sting. The increasingly common giant
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2198:, living on the bottom of boat hulls or other substrates, or it may be free-floating or attached to tiny bits of free-living plankton or rarely, fish or other invertebrates. Polyps may be solitary or colonial. Most polyps are only millimetres in diameter and feed continuously. The polyp stage may last for years.
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visual systems observed in various cnidarians exhibit photosensitivity representative of a single task or behavior. Extraocular photoreception (a form of non-directional photoreception), is the most basic form of light sensitivity and guides a variety of behaviors among cnidarians. It can function to
1506:-like structures could be considered to constitute one in most species. A jellyfish detects stimuli, and transmits impulses both throughout the nerve net and around a circular nerve ring, to other nerve cells. The rhopalial ganglia contain pacemaker neurones which control swimming rate and direction.
2881:
In China, processed jellyfish are desalted by soaking in water overnight and eaten cooked or raw. The dish is often served shredded with a dressing of oil, soy sauce, vinegar and sugar, or as a salad with vegetables. In Japan, cured jellyfish are rinsed, cut into strips and served with vinegar as an
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These blooms have very real impacts on industries. Jellyfish can outcompete fish by utilizing open niches in over-fished fisheries. Catch of jellyfish can strain fishing gear and lead to expenses relating to damaged gear. Power plants have been shut down due to jellyfish blocking the flow of cooling
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monitored on a weekly basis the frequency of such outbreaks in coastal waters from
Morocco to the Black Sea, revealing a relatively high frequency of these blooms nearly all year round, with peaks observed from March to July and often again in the autumn. The blooms are caused by different jellyfish
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Jellyfish are, like other cnidarians, generally carnivorous (or parasitic), feeding on planktonic organisms, crustaceans, small fish, fish eggs and larvae, and other jellyfish, ingesting food and voiding undigested waste through the mouth. They hunt passively using their tentacles as drift lines, or
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Jellyfish have a complex life cycle which includes both sexual and asexual phases, with the medusa being the sexual stage in most instances. Sperm fertilize eggs, which develop into larval planulae, become polyps, bud into ephyrae and then transform into adult medusae. In some species certain stages
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opsin, and a sister ciliary opsin to the c-opsins group. Box jellyfish could have both ciliary and cnidops (cnidarian opsins), which is something not previously believed to appear in the same retina. Nevertheless, it is not entirely evident whether cnidarians possess multiple opsins that are capable
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The box jellyfish is largely similar in structure. It has a squarish, box-like bell. A short pedalium or stalk hangs from each of the four lower corners. One or more long, slender tentacles are attached to each pedalium. The rim of the bell is folded inwards to form a shelf known as a velarium which
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into a central stomach and four gastric pockets. The four pairs of gonads are attached to the septa, and close to them four septal funnels open to the exterior, perhaps supplying good oxygenation to the gonads. Near the free edges of the septa, gastric filaments extend into the gastric cavity; these
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Box jellyfish have a series of intricate lensed eyes that are similar to those of more derived multicellular organisms such as vertebrates. Their 24 eyes fit into four different morphological categories. These categories consist of two large, morphologically different medial eyes (a lower and upper
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medusae also have tetra-radial symmetry, nearly always have a velum (diaphragm used in swimming) attached just inside the bell margin, do not have oral arms, but a much smaller central stalk-like structure, the manubrium, with terminal mouth opening, and are distinguished by the absence of cells in
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in the food chain. Once jellyfish have become dominant in an ecosystem, for example through overfishing which removes predators of jellyfish larvae, there may be no obvious way for the previous balance to be restored: they eat fish eggs and juvenile fish, and compete with fish for food, preventing
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The stinging cells used by jellyfish to subdue their prey can injure humans. Thousands of swimmers worldwide are stung every year, with effects ranging from mild discomfort to serious injury or even death. When conditions are favourable, jellyfish can form vast swarms, which can be responsible for
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rings. Muscles are used for the contraction of the body, which creates the first vortex and pushes the animal forward, but the mesoglea is so elastic that the expansion is powered exclusively by relaxing the bell, which releases the energy stored from the contraction. Meanwhile, the second vortex
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and eggs into the surrounding water, where the unprotected eggs are fertilized and develop into larvae. In a few species, the sperm swim into the female's mouth, fertilizing the eggs within her body, where they remain during early development stages. In moon jellies, the eggs lodge in pits on the
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in summer and autumn is another candidate for "largest jellyfish", in terms of diameter and weight, since the largest Nomura's jellyfish in late autumn can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in bell (body) diameter and about 200 kg (440 lb) in weight, with average specimens frequently
1922:
Light/dark adaptation via pupillary light reflexes is an additional form of an evolutionary response to the light environment. This relates to the pupil's response to shifts between light intensity (generally from sunlight to darkness). In the process of light/dark adaptation, the upper and lower
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is formed that contains a gonad but is missing many other medusal features such as tentacles and rhopalia. Stalked jellyfish are attached to a solid surface by a basal disk, and resemble a polyp, the oral end of which has partially developed into a medusa with tentacle-bearing lobes and a central
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The lens structure of box jellyfish appears very similar to those of other organisms, but the crystallins are distinct in both function and appearance. Weak reactions were seen within the sera and there were very weak sequence similarities within the crystallins among vertebrate and invertebrate
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feature precise water flows, typically in circular tanks to avoid trapping specimens in corners. The outflow is spread out over a large surface area and the inflow enters as a sheet of water in front of the outflow, so the jellyfish do not get sucked into it. As of 2009, jellyfish were becoming
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The study of jellyfish eye evolution is an intermediary to a better understanding of how visual systems evolved on Earth. Jellyfish exhibit immense variation in visual systems ranging from photoreceptive cell patches seen in simple photoreceptive systems to more derived complex eyes seen in box
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reaching 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) in bell diameter and about 150 kg (330 lb) in weight. The large bell mass of the giant Nomura's jellyfish can dwarf a diver and is nearly always much greater than the Lion's Mane, whose bell diameter can reach 1 m (3 ft 3 in).
3010:
turns on in the same tissues and the same time as the normal gene, making a fusion of the normal protein with GFP attached to the end, illuminating the animal or cell reveals what tissues express that proteinβor at what stage of development. The fluorescence shows where the gene is expressed.
2508:. Jellyfish are well placed to benefit from disturbance of marine ecosystems. They reproduce rapidly; they prey upon many species, while few species prey on them; and they feed via touch rather than visually, so they can feed effectively at night and in turbid waters. It may be difficult for
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have more advanced vision than the other groups. Each individual has 24 eyes, two of which are capable of seeing colour, and four parallel information processing areas that act in competition, supposedly making them one of the few kinds of animal to have a 360-degree view of its environment.
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During blooms, jellyfish significantly alter the nutrient availability in their environment. Blooms require large amounts of available organic nutrients in the water column to grow, limiting availability for other organisms. Some jellyfish have a symbiotic relationship with single-celled
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to complex image-forming eyes. More ancestral visual systems incorporate extraocular vision (vision without eyes) that encompass numerous receptors dedicated to single-function behaviors. More derived visual systems comprise perception that is capable of multiple task-guided behaviors.
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as an example, jellyfish have been shown to be the most energy-efficient swimmers of all animals. They move through the water by radially expanding and contracting their bell-shaped bodies to push water behind them. They pause between the contraction and expansion phases to create two
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Little is known of the life histories of many jellyfish as the places on the seabed where the benthic forms of those species live have not been found. However, an asexually reproducing strobila form can sometimes live for several years, producing new medusae (ephyra larvae) each year.
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On the underside of the bell is the manubrium, a stalk-like structure hanging down from the centre, with the mouth, which also functions as the anus, at its tip. There are often four oral arms connected to the manubrium, streaming away into the water below. The mouth opens into the
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and swim against the current to congregate in blooms. Jellyfish are better able to survive in nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water than competitors, and thus can feast on plankton without competition. Jellyfish may also benefit from saltier waters, as saltier waters contain more
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differences among the different morphological eye types, and physiological experiments done on box jellyfish to suggest behavioral differences among photosystems. Each individual eye type constitutes photosystems that work collectively to control visually guided behaviors.
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and enzyme-producing cells and play a role in subduing and digesting the prey. In some scyphozoans, the gastric cavity is joined to radial canals which branch extensively and may join a marginal ring canal. Cilia in these canals circulate the fluid in a regular direction.
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due to a jellyfish bloom can ripple through the trophic levels. High-density jellyfish populations can outcompete other predators and reduce fish recruitment. Increased grazing on primary producers by jellyfish can also interrupt energy transfer to higher trophic levels.
3904:"STAUROMEDUSAE UK An online guide to the Stalked jellyfish (Stauromedusae) found around the coastal waters of the United Kingdom and Ireland. Includes notes on their identification, and where and how to find them. BACK UK Checklist for Stalked jellyfish (Stauromedusae)"
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with an abundance of natural obstacles, where faster pupil contraction is more adaptive. Behavioral studies support the idea that faster pupillary contraction rates assist with obstacle avoidance as well as depth adjustments in response to differing light intensities.
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regularly if there is a sufficient supply of food. In most species, spawning is controlled by light, with all individuals spawning at about the same time of day; in many instances this is at dawn or dusk. Jellyfish are usually either male or female (with occasional
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are sometimes called true jellyfish, though they are no more truly jellyfish than the others listed here. They have tetra-radial symmetry. Most have tentacles around the outer margin of the bowl-shaped bell, and long, oral arms around the mouth in the center of the
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The low-resolution visual system of box jellyfish is more derived than directional photoreception, and thus box jellyfish vision represents the most basic form of true vision in which multiple directional photoreceptors combine to create the first imaging and
1834:. These results and the rejection of the prior hypothesis that Pax6 was an ancestral Pax gene in eyes has led to the conclusion that PaxB was a primordial gene in eye evolution, and that the eyes of all organisms likely share a common ancestor.
1712:. The comparison of these attributes to more derived visual systems can allow for a further understanding of how the evolution of more derived visual systems may have occurred, and puts into perspective how box jellyfish can play the role as an
2716:, and then descend below the current. They remain in still waters until the tide rises, ascending and allowing it to sweep them back into the bay. They also actively avoid fresh water from mountain snowmelt, diving until they find enough salt.
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typically lie on the bottom of shallow lagoons where they sometimes pulsate gently with their umbrella top facing down. Even some deep-sea species of hydromedusae and scyphomedusae are usually collected on or near the bottom. All of the
8176:
Clinton, Morag; Ferrier, David E K; Martin, Samuel A M; Brierley, Andrew S (2 April 2021). Byron, Carrie (ed.). "Impacts of jellyfish on marine cage aquaculture: an overview of existing knowledge and the challenges to finfish health".
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Ruzicka, J.J.; Brodeur, R.D.; Emmett, R.L.; et al. (2012). "Interannual variability in the
Northern California Current food web structure: changes in energy flow pathways and the role of forage fish, euphausiids, and jellyfish".
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by the presence of citations. Names of included jellyfish, in
English where possible, are shown in boldface; the presence of a named and cited example indicates that at least that species within its group has been called a jellyfish.
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in their eyes are more functionally similar to cup-eyes exhibited in low-resolution organisms, and have very little to no focusing capability. The lack of the ability to focus is due to the focal length exceeding the distance to the
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as it is to species in more obstacle-filled environments. Differences in visually guided behavior serve as evidence that species that share the same number and structure of eyes can exhibit differences in how they control behavior.
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3100:. Clearing the area of jelly and tentacles reduces nematocyst firing. Scraping the affected skin, such as with the edge of a credit card, may remove remaining nematocysts. Once the skin has been cleaned of nematocysts,
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Some small fish are immune to the stings of the jellyfish and live among the tentacles, serving as bait in a fish trap; they are safe from potential predators and are able to share the fish caught by the jellyfish. The
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which when triggered will release tiny balls of cells that swim around the jellyfish stinging everything in their path. Researchers described these as "self-propelling microscopic grenades" and named them cassiosomes.
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3446:
And most people know that lampreys, sharks, rays, eels, seahorses, and other strange-looking aquatic creatures are fishes, while shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish, and jellyfish (despite their names) are not
2307:, may then flex to help bring it to the mouth. Their swimming technique also helps them to capture prey; when their bell expands it sucks in water which brings more potential prey within reach of the tentacles.
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2378:, sea turtles and penguins. Jellyfish washed up on the beach are consumed by foxes, other terrestrial mammals and birds. In general however, few animals prey on jellyfish; they can broadly be considered to be
1290:
There are over 200 species of
Scyphozoa, about 50 species of Staurozoa, about 50 species of Cubozoa, and the Hydrozoa includes about 1000β1500 species that produce medusae, but many more species that do not.
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cascades (process of light absorption by photoreceptors) that are triggered by c-opsins. Available opsin sequences suggest that there are two types of opsins possessed by all cnidarians including an ancient
1628:
stacking. The resulting behavioral responses can range from guided spawning events timed by moonlight to shadow responses for potential predator avoidance. Light-guided behaviors are observed in numerous
1872:
The primary adaptive responses to environmental variation observed in box jellyfish eyes include pupillary constriction speeds in response to light environments, as well as photoreceptor tuning and lens
1269:(box jellyfish) have a (rounded) box-shaped bell, and their velarium assists them to swim more quickly. Box jellyfish may be related more closely to scyphozoan jellyfish than either are to the Hydrozoa.
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197:
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Jellyfish blooms can have significant impact on community structure. Some carnivorous jellyfish species prey on zooplankton while others graze on primary producers. Reductions in zooplankton and
1820:
Box jellyfish eyes are said to be an evolutionary/developmental model of all eyes based on their evolutionary recruitment of crystallins and Pax genes. Research done on box jellyfish including
2839:
In some countries, including China, Japan, and Korea, jellyfish are a delicacy. The jellyfish is dried to prevent spoiling. Only some 12 species of scyphozoan jellyfish belonging to the order
1585:, there is large variation in the systems that underlie photosensitivity. Photosensitive structures range from non-specialized groups of cells, to more "conventional" eyes similar to those of
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larval form, which crawls away before developing into another polyp. A few species can produce new medusae by budding directly from the medusan stage. Some hydromedusae reproduce by fission.
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to better respond to shifts between light environments and darkness. Interestingly, some box jellyfish species' eyes appear to have evolved more focused vision in response to their habitat.
6427:
Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste; Arnould, John P. Y.; GΓ³mez-Laich, Agustina; et al. (2017). "Jellyfish and other gelata as food for four penguin species β insights from predator-borne videos".
1688:, thus generating unfocused images and limiting spatial resolution. The visual system is still sufficient for box jellyfish to produce an image to help with tasks such as object avoidance.
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5392:
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Box jellyfish possess "proper eyes" (similar to vertebrates) that allow them to inhabit environments that lesser derived medusae cannot. In fact, they are considered the only class in the
6104:
2057:
is another candidate for "largest jellyfish", with its thick, massive bell up to 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) wide, and four thick, "strap-like" oral arms extending up to 6 m (
6733:
2686:
Although most jellyfish live well off the ocean floor and form part of the plankton, a few species are closely associated with the bottom for much of their lives and can be considered
5566:
2500:(low in oxygen). This in turn kills fish and other animals, but not jellyfish, allowing them to bloom. Jellyfish populations may be expanding globally as a result of land runoff and
9341:
8035:
7483:
Brodeur, Richard D.; Link, Jason S.; Smith, B.E.; et al. (2016). "Ecological and
Economic Consequences of Ignoring Jellyfish: A Plea for Increased Monitoring of Ecosystems".
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of pigmented cells. The smaller of the complex eyes is said to be slightly less complex given that it lacks a capsule but otherwise contains the same structure as the larger eye.
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452:
that is the sexually reproducing form of a hydrozoan or scyphozoan and has a nearly transparent saucer-shaped body and extensible marginal tentacles studded with stinging cells.
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Jellyfish are armed with nematocysts, a type of specialized stinging cell. Contact with a jellyfish tentacle can trigger millions of nematocysts to pierce the skin and inject
1305:
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1373:(the clade including Staurozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyphozoa). Other claimed records from the Cambrian of China and Utah in the United States are uncertain, and possibly represent
3081:(a form of shock), which can be fatal. Jellyfish kill 20 to 40 people a year in the Philippines alone. In 2006 the Spanish Red Cross treated 19,000 stung swimmers along the
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6201:
All cnidarians are carnivores (or parasites). Typically, nematocyst-laden feeding tentacles capture animal prey and carry it to the mouth region where it is ingested whole.
2370:
Other species of jellyfish are among the most common and important jellyfish predators. Sea anemones may eat jellyfish that drift into their range. Other predators include
1902:). Behavioral studies suggest that faster pupil contraction rates allow for greater object avoidance, and in fact, species with more complex habitats exhibit faster rates.
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1906:
inhabit shallow beach fronts that have low visibility and very few obstacles, thus, faster pupil contraction in response to objects in their environment is not important.
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1624:. Directional photoreception (the ability to perceive direction of incoming light) allows for more complex phototactic responses to light, and likely evolved by means of
9177:
3152:
2671:. It is less than an inch (2.5 cm) in diameter, colorless and does not sting. Some jellyfish populations have become restricted to coastal saltwater lakes, such as
1252:(corals and sea anemones). This suggests that the medusa form evolved after the polyps. Medusozoans have tetramerous symmetry, with parts in fours or multiples of four.
6221:
364:
is more recent, having been introduced by public aquaria in an effort to avoid use of the word "fish" with its modern connotation of an animal with a backbone, though
4602:
2205:
and, in the
Scyphozoa, is called a segmenting polyp, or a scyphistoma. Budding produces more scyphistomae and also ephyrae. Budding sites vary by species; from the
2071: ft) in length, very different from the typical fine, threadlike tentacles that rim the umbrella of more-typical-looking jellyfish, including the Lion's Mane.
1805:
Comparative research on genetic and molecular makeup of box jellyfishes' eyes versus more derived eyes seen in vertebrates and cephalopods focuses on: lenses and
299:
are pressed and salted to remove excess water. Australian researchers have described them as a "perfect food": sustainable and protein-rich but relatively low in
1517:
able to tell light from dark. These are generally pigment spot ocelli, which have some of their cells pigmented. The rhopalia are suspended on stalks with heavy
8918:
Fenner, P.; Williamson, J.; Burnett, J.; Rifkin, J. (1993). "First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in
Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species".
8422:
Shimomura, O.; Johnson, F. H.; Saiga, Y. (1962). "Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan,
2480:
may also contribute to jellyfish blooms, because many species of jellyfish are able to survive in warmer waters. Increased nutrients from agricultural or urban
467:
The non-medusozoan clades called jellyfish by some but not all authorities (both agreeing and disagreeing citations are given in each case) are indicated with "
8641:
7557:
Pitt, Kylie; Welsh, David; Condon, Robert (January 2009). "Influence of jellyfish blooms on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and plankton production".
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the mesoglea. Hydrozoa show great diversity of lifestyle; some species maintain the polyp form for their entire life and do not form medusae at all (such as
464:
jellyfish, though other authorities state that neither of these are jellyfish, which they consider should be limited to certain groups within the medusozoa.
3403:
1565:
antecedes the mid 1900s, and a rich body of research has since covered evolution of visual systems in jellyfish. Jellyfish visual systems range from simple
1393:
The main feature of a true jellyfish is the umbrella-shaped bell. This is a hollow structure consisting of a mass of transparent jelly-like matter known as
9717:
8188:
7438:
Purcell, J.; Arai, M. (2001). Purcell, J. E; Graham, W. M; Dumont, H. J (eds.). "Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores with fish: a review".
2182:. The polyp generally consists of a small stalk topped by a mouth that is ringed by upward-facing tentacles. The polyps resemble those of closely related
2866:
Traditional processing methods, carried out by a jellyfish master, involve a 20- to 40-day multi-phase procedure in which, after removing the gonads and
5711:
2863:(cannonball jellyfish) in the United States, are favored because of their larger and more rigid bodies and because their toxins are harmless to humans.
7089:
6395:
6040:
Piraino, S.; Boero, F.; Aeschbach, B.; Schmid, V. (1996). "Reversing the life cycle: medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in
5601:
4209:
1608:) and other light-guided behaviors responsive to the intensity and spectrum of light. Extraocular photoreception can function additionally in positive
9525:
6244:
3462:
9202:
7998:"Seasonal changes in infection with trematode species utilizing jellyfish as hosts: evidence of transmission to definitive host fish via medusivory"
3069:
The effects of stings range from mild discomfort to extreme pain and death. Most jellyfish stings are not deadly, but stings of some box jellyfish (
1931:(a box jellyfish species that tends to live in mangroves) does. The ability to use light to visually guide behavior is not of as much importance to
736:, as they include most of the Medusozoa, barring some of the Hydrozoa. The medusozoan groups included by authorities are indicated on the following
4103:
3500:
1236:
larva, polyp, medusa, with the medusa being the sexual stage. The polyp stage is sometimes secondarily lost. The subphylum include the major taxa,
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5624:
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2512:
to re-establish themselves in marine ecosystems once they have become dominated by jellyfish, because jellyfish feed on plankton, which includes
846:
7893:
6096:
1744:
lensed eye) containing spherical lenses, a lateral pair of pigment slit eyes, and a lateral pair of pigment pit eyes. The eyes are situated on
1696:
Box jellyfish eyes are a visual system that is sophisticated in numerous ways. These intricacies include the considerable variation within the
7295:
9737:
6729:
3274:
3119:
is now used by residents and tourists to heal stings from jellyfish, bees and wasps by pressing fresh leaves on the skin with quick results.
8893:
8058:
5956:
8461:
Prasher, D. C.; Eckenrode, V. K.; Ward, W. W.; et al. (1992). "Primary structure of the
Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein".
2362:. These use cilia to drive them through water and stinging cells which stun the prey. The blobs also seems to have digestive capabilities.
7997:
5529:
3527:
6514:
5900:
3125:
1370:
811:
376:
are not vertebrates either. In scientific literature, "jelly" and "jellyfish" have been used interchangeably. Many sources refer to only
246:, although a few are anchored to the seabed by stalks rather than being mobile. The bell can pulsate to provide propulsion for efficient
3172:
Jellyfish in large quantities can fill and split fishing nets and crush captured fish. They can clog cooling equipment, having disabled
9903:
8723:
Purves, W.K.; Sadava, D.; Orians, G.H.; Heller, H.C. 1998. Life. The
Science of Biology. Part 4: The Evolution of Diversity. Chapter 31
7396:
5805:
In situ and shipboard studies of living hydromedusae and hydroids: preliminary observations of life-cycle adaptations to the open ocean
5704:"How do jellyfish reproduce? What effect does their sting have on humans? What's the difference between red and translucent jellyfish?"
5667:
5486:
4619:
2982:
later chemically manipulated GFP to produce other fluorescent colors to use as markers. In 2008, Shimomura, Chalfie and Tsien won the
2273:
and propelling the animal. When the contraction ends, the bell recoils elastically, creating a stop vortex with no extra energy input.
6574:
1826:
has suggested that they possess a single Pax gene, PaxB. PaxB functions by binding to crystallin promoters and activating them. PaxB
352:
The name jellyfish, in use since 1796, has traditionally been applied to medusae and all similar animals including the comb jellies (
6647:
5418:
9316:
5550:
9259:
6949:
9228:
3140:
2747:, use jellyfish as their second intermediate hosts. Fish become infected by the trematodes when they feed on infected jellyfish.
8496:
Chalfie, M.; Tu, Y.; Euskirchen, G.; et al. (February 1994). "Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression".
6892:
3854:"Phylogenomics provides a robust topology of the major cnidarian lineages and insights on the origins of key organismal traits"
9169:
8733:
7154:"Coupled biophysical global ocean model and molecular genetic analyses identify multiple introductions of cryptogenic species"
4014:
2467:
concentration. Currents collect jellyfish together, especially in years with unusually high populations. Jellyfish can detect
1783:
Box jellyfish eyes primarily use c-PRCs (ciliary photoreceptor cells) similar to that of vertebrate eyes. These cells undergo
9518:
9285:
8596:
8560:
8373:
7937:
7459:
6529:
6508:
6481:
6324:
6271:"Variegated mesocosms as alternatives to shore-based planktonkreisels: notes on the husbandry of jellyfish from marine lakes"
6194:
5987:
5812:
5290:
4087:
3768:
3587:
3560:
3494:
3387:
552:
7107:
5444:
4427:
5189:
Piatigorsky J, Horwitz J, Kuwabara T, Cutress C (1989). "The
Cellular Eye Lens and Crystallins of Cubomedusan Jellyfish".
4555:
1421:, which allow the bell to flex. In the gaps or niches between the lappets are dangling rudimentary sense organs known as
2303:
sink through the water with their tentacles spread widely; the tentacles, which contain nematocysts to stun or kill the
9368:
8393:
2358:, but captures tiny animals to supplement their diet. This is done by releasing tiny balls of living cells composed of
1713:
9328:
8309:
4752:
1728:. There is likely considerable variation in visual properties between species of box jellyfish given the significant
1525:
to orient the eyes skyward. Certain jellyfish look upward at the mangrove canopy while making a daily migration from
456:
Given that jellyfish is a common name, its mapping to biological groups is inexact. Some authorities have called the
4878:
O'Connor M, Garm A, Nilsson DE (2009). "Structure and Optics of the Eyes of the Box Jellyfish Chiropsella Bronzie".
9511:
8631:
2539:
2538:
As suspected at the turn of this century, jellyfish blooms are increasing in frequency. Between 2013 and 2020 the
1081:
5733:
Mills, Claudia (1983). "Vertical migration and diel activity patterns of hydromedusae: studies in a large tank".
4355:
3407:
3198:
2626:
water. Blooms have also been harmful for tourism, causing a rise in stings and sometimes the closure of beaches.
1355:
Since jellyfish have no hard parts, fossils are rare. The oldest unambiguous fossil of a free-swimming medusa is
1232:
The subphylum Medusozoa includes all cnidarians with a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic cycle is egg,
7135:
5769:
3176:
in several countries; jellyfish caused a cascading blackout in the Philippines in 1999, as well as damaging the
1958: ft) in bell height and diameter; the tentacles and mouth parts usually extend beyond this bell dimension.
8179:
2201:
After an interval and stimulated by seasonal or hormonal changes, the polyp may begin reproducing asexually by
1643:, which migrates in response to changes in ambient light and solar position even though they lack proper eyes.
8764:
2798:
and fisheries of other species often suffer severe losses β and so losses of productivity β due to jellyfish.
7774:"Rapid scavenging of jellyfish carcasses reveals the importance of gelatinous material to deep-sea food webs"
7040:
5703:
9306:
6405:
4810:
genes in eye development at the early evolution of animals demonstrated by studies on a hydrozoan jellyfish"
3988:
5638:
9004:
Hartwick, R.; Callanan, V.; Williamson, J. (1980). "Disarming the box-jellyfish: nematocyst inhibition in
3459:
2641:
organisms there. In temperate and subpolar regions, jelly-falls usually follow immediately after a bloom.
9679:
9206:
2484:
with nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus compounds increase the growth of phytoplankton, causing
1077:
523:
4122:
1838:
lenses. This is likely due to differences in lower molecular weight proteins and the subsequent lack of
9552:
6833:
5616:
2781:, along the southern Atlantic coast of the United States and in the Gulf of Mexico for export to Asia.
2709:
1995:
are also very small, living for months, yet never growing beyond a few mm in bell height and diameter.
1880:
Pupillary contraction appears to have evolved in response to variation in the light environment across
35:
8734:"Jellyfish Tanks and live pet Jellyfish for sale at Jellyfish Art β Buy Jellyfish and Jellyfish tanks"
4280:
Hsieh, Yun-Hwa; Rudloe, Jack (1994). "Potential of utilizing jellyfish as food in Western countries".
3930:"Indoles induce metamorphosis in a broad diversity of jellyfish, but not in a crown jelly (Coronatae)"
76:
7882:
3433:
3177:
2949:
2911:
2895:
2662:
315:
7967:
6354:
5834:
4790:
2978:
figured out how to use GFP as a fluorescent marker of genes inserted into other cells or organisms.
1280:, which is hence not considered a jellyfish), and a few are entirely medusal and have no polyp form.
338:
damage to fishing gear by filling fishing nets, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and
9807:
7266:
7219:
3264:
3097:
2983:
2015:
2003:
1855:
1577:
that plays a significant role in motor and sensory activity. This net of nerves is responsible for
396:
7213:
Dawson, M. N. (2003). "Macro-morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish,
6950:"The jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future"
6608:
292:
in certain cultures. They are considered a delicacy in some Asian countries, where species in the
9867:
9562:
8889:
8192:
8050:
7366:"Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions?"
5948:
5689:
3903:
3233:
2931:
2497:
1771:
Box jellyfish have multiple photosystems that comprise different sets of eyes. Evidence includes
331:
17:
8612:
8150:
6128:"Passive energy recapture in jellyfish contributes to propulsive advantage over other metazoans"
4139:
Marques, A.C.; A. G. Collins (2004). "Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution".
420:. The American evolutionary biologist Paulyn Cartwright gives the following general definition:
9819:
9696:
9361:
8588:
8299:
5504:
3717:
3523:
3056:
2667:
1969:
1499:
1487:
31:
7919:
6498:
6471:
6306:
5922:
5896:
2788:, which is being investigated for use in a variety of applications including the treatment of
9464:
9054:
Perkins, R.; Morgan, S. (2004). "Poisoning, envenomation, and trauma from marine creatures".
7733:"Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review"
5595:
4203:
3377:
3055:, but only some species' venom causes an adverse reaction in humans. In a study published in
3039:
2777:
2543:
species, depending on their localisation within the Basin: one observes a clear dominance of
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2100:
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2053:
2026:
1827:
1822:
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1438:
400:
255:
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variation. Eyes tend to differ in size and shape, along with number of receptors (including
9686:
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8505:
8460:
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7744:
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7605:
7528:
7492:
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5366:
5130:
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4183:
3941:
3865:
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3620:
3193:
3105:
2789:
2649:
2393:
1944:
Jellyfish range from about one millimeter in bell height and diameter, to nearly 2 metres (
1851:
1794:
1697:
1441:, where digestion takes place and nutrients are absorbed. This is subdivided by four thick
1398:
1021:
327:
62:
9664:
6643:
5472:"Taxonomic review of three Japanese species of edible jellyfish (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae)"
4921:
Nilsson DE, GislΓ©n L, Coates M, et al. (2005). "Advanced optics in a jellyfish eye".
3743:
2728:
to a wide variety of parasitic organisms. They act as intermediate hosts of endoparasitic
2476:, which is necessary for polyps to turn into jellyfish. Rising sea temperatures caused by
242:
Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing
8:
9888:
9577:
8245:
6581:
3486:
3300:
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2239:
2195:
1892:
1772:
1634:
1621:
1495:
1167:
339:
9139:
9126:) antivenene: Neutralizing potency against the venom of three other jellyfish species".
9081:
Simmons, Brian J.; Griffith, Robert D.; Falto-Aizpurua, Leyre A.; Nouri, Keyvan (2015).
9021:
8974:
8931:
8701:
8668:
8509:
7841:
7748:
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7651:
Lynam, Christopher P.; Gibbons, Mark J.; Axelsen, BjΓΈrn E.; et al. (11 July 2006).
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6143:
5865:
5579:
5546:
5370:
5134:
4934:
4825:
4735:
Garm, Anders; EkstrΓΆm, Peter (2010). "Evidence for Multiple Photosystems in Jellyfish".
4574:
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3720:. Policy-oriented marine Environmental Research in the Southern European Seas (PERSEUS)
3674:
3651:
3608:
3328:
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Some jellyfish populations that have shown clear increases in the past few decades are
2563:
2080:
2031:
2020:
1648:
1578:
1566:
1558:
1483:
1479:
254:
and may be used to capture prey and defend against predators. Jellyfish have a complex
71:
8232:
Bosch-Belmar, Mar; Milisenda, Giacomo; Basso, Lorena; et al. (3 September 2020).
4744:
4307:
2400:, which lives inside the bell, sharing the jellyfish's food and nibbling its tissues.
1760:
created by a mono ciliated epithelium, cellular lens, homogenous capsule to the lens,
1679:
that have behaviors necessitating spatial resolution and genuine vision. However, the
416:
The term jellyfish broadly corresponds to medusae, that is, a life-cycle stage in the
9893:
9701:
9659:
9654:
9354:
9281:
9151:
9147:
9104:
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8474:
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8369:
8305:
8281:
8269:
8214:
8027:
7933:
7803:
7709:
7708:
Masilamani, J; Jesudoss, K; Kanavillil, Nandakumar; et al. (10 September 2000).
7682:
7633:
7592:
Condon, Robert H.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Pitt, Kylie A.; et al. (15 January 2013).
7455:
7413:
7342:
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6553:
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6320:
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6025:
6004:
5983:
5808:
5639:"Photos of Antarctic Giant Jelly (Desmonema glaciale) • iNaturalist"
5378:
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2414:
2312:
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2079:, which lives in the Antarctic region, can reach a very large size (several meters).
1984:
1886:
1817:
and their implied evidence for shared primordial (ancestral) genes in eye evolution.
1784:
1051:
737:
311:
289:
247:
9342:
Jellyfish Exhibition At National Aquarium, Baltimore, Maryland (USA) β Photo Gallery
8990:
8961:
Currie, B.; Ho, S.; Alderslade, P. (1993). "Box-jellyfish, Coca-Cola and old wine".
8947:
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are found attached to either seaweed or rocky or other firm material on the bottom.
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6020:
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5869:
5803:
Mills, C. E. (1987). J. Bouillon; F. Boero; F. Cicogna; P. F. S. Cornelius (eds.).
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2420:
Circles represent data records; larger circles denote higher certainty of findings.
1881:
1859:
1729:
1601:
1554:
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8254:
8233:
7504:
6834:"High activity and LΓ©vy searches: jellyfish can search the water column like fish"
6537:
4447:
2178:. When sufficiently developed, it settles onto a firm surface and develops into a
1849:
All four of the visual systems of box jellyfish species investigated with detail (
9792:
9301:
7540:
6919:
5663:
5307:
4126:
3954:
3819:
3633:
3604:
3577:
3550:
3466:
3358:
3035:
3007:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2945:
2926:
2915:
2891:
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2602:, Hawaii, and tropical and subtropical parts of the West Atlantic (including the
2551:
2409:
2338:
2179:
2150:
1898:
1514:
1417:
on the inside. The edge of the bell is often divided into rounded lobes known as
1326:
319:
296:
274:
5448:
1700:
of box jellyfishes' eyes (including their task/behavior specification), and the
1401:
of the animal. The mesoglea is 95% or more composed of water, and also contains
1321:
900:
9862:
9762:
9647:
9605:
9572:
9557:
8810:
8664:
8013:
7772:
Sweetman, Andrew K.; Smith, Craig R.; Dale, Trine; Jones, Daniel O. B. (2014).
7271:
von Lendenfeld, 1884 (Cnidaria: Rhizostomeae) in the Central Mediterranean Sea"
6976:
6287:
6270:
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2607:
2569:
2527:
2485:
2481:
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2468:
2343:
2325:
2279:
1724:
Box jellyfish visual systems are both diverse and complex, comprising multiple
1639:
1581:
and movement and culminates the emergence of photosensitive structures. Across
1574:
1475:
1357:
9322:
9312:
8338:
8200:
8127:
8114:
Hsieh, Y-H. Peggy; Leong, Fui-Ming; Rudloe, Jack (2001). "Jellyfish as food".
7929:
7849:
7677:
7652:
7570:
7451:
7384:
7240:
7123:
7068:
7024:
6999:
6779:"Jellyfish shift ocean food webs by feeding bacteria with mucus and excrement"
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6627:
6610:
6316:
5587:
5143:
5118:
4891:
4672:
4490:
4465:
4195:
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2396:
has a symbiotic relationship with ten different species of fish, and with the
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9814:
9802:
9742:
9727:
9598:
9456:
9432:
8917:
8858:
8818:
8776:
8765:"You Didn't Touch These Jellyfish, but They Can Sting You With Tiny Grenades"
8692:
8576:
8273:
8218:
7822:
7710:"Jellyfish ingress: A threat to the smooth operation of coastal power plants"
5746:
5152:
4762:
4248:
3642:
3203:
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2455:
Jellyfish form large masses or blooms in certain environmental conditions of
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1789:
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1590:
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323:
269:
Jellyfish are found all over the world, from surface waters to the deep sea.
207:
182:
8517:
8113:
7618:
7180:
6609:
Brotz, Lucas; Cheung, William W. L.; Kleisner, Kristin; et al. (2012).
6305:
Dawson, Mike N.; Martin, Laura E.; Lolita K, Lolita K.; Penland (May 2001).
6152:
4834:
2836:
IV, 6 that jellyfish (sea-nettles) were eaten in wintertime in a fish stew.
2523:
1428:
9824:
9797:
9782:
9757:
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9487:
9405:
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6002:
5509:: a threat to the fisheries sustainability of the East Asian Marginal Seas"
5160:
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4950:
4899:
4853:
4770:
4690:
4590:
4540:
4499:
4412:
4266:
4240:
4225:"A macroscopic free-swimming medusa from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale"
3973:
3838:
3660:
3362:
2963:
2840:
2342:) is typical of these, deriving part of its nutrition from the products of
2218:
2214:
2159:
2129:
1963:
1776:
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1414:
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1161:
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8982:
8939:
8669:"Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings"
8525:
8495:
8482:
7996:
Kondo, Yusuke; Ohtsuka, Susumu; Hirabayashi, Takeshi; et al. (2016).
7290:
6927:
5312:, a new species of hydroid from the Gulf of Mexico, and a comparison with
5210:
5095:
4997:
4981:"Cubozoan jellyfish: an Evo/Devo model for eyes and other sensory systems"
4980:
3006:
techniques) an entire animal bearing the gene. In the cell or animal, the
2843:
are harvested for food, mostly in southeast Asia. Rhizostomes, especially
2463:, sunshine, temperature, season, prey availability, reduced predation and
1998:
1333:
9777:
9772:
9722:
9637:
9621:
9613:
9534:
6730:"Anthropogenic Factors Associated with Jellyfish Blooms β Final Draft II"
5239:"Pupillary Response to Light in Three Species of Cubozoa (Box Jellyfish)"
5045:
3852:
Kayal, Ehsan; Bentlage, Bastian; Sabrina Pankey, M.; et al. (2018).
3795:"Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria"
3376:
Kaplan, Eugene H.; Kaplan, Susan L.; Peterson, Roger Tory (August 1999).
3234:"Fossil Record Reveals Elusive Jellyfish More Than 500 Million Years Old"
3089:
3082:
3078:
2979:
2795:
2732:, with the infection being transferred to the definitive host fish after
2676:
2634:
2630:
2591:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2489:
2317:
2187:
1961:
The smallest jellyfish are the peculiar creeping jellyfish in the genera
1725:
1617:
1121:
579:
353:
300:
266:
phase which may include asexual budding before reaching sexual maturity.
9176:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 1 September 2011.
8264:
7823:"Depth attenuation of organic matter export associated with jelly falls"
7731:
Purcell, Jennifer E.; Uye, Shin-ichi; Lo, Wen-Tseng (22 November 2007).
5353:
Costello, J. (1988). "Laboratory culture and feeding of the hydromedusa
4942:
3793:
Zapata, Felipe; Goetz, Freya E.; Smith, Stephen A.; et al. (2015).
2653:
A common Scyphozoan jellyfish seen near beaches in the Florida Panhandle
1651:. This is different from the high-resolution vision that is observed in
30:
This article is about the aquatic animal-form. For similar animals, see
9492:
8797:
Mahon, Andrew; Mallinson, Tom E (2020). "Lion's mane jellyfish sting".
8325:
Omori, M.; Nakano, E. (2001). "Jellyfish fisheries in southeast Asia".
8209:
7858:
7821:
Lebrato, Mario; Pahlow, Markus; Oschlies, Andreas; et al. (2011).
6097:"Jellyfish are the most energy-efficient swimmers, new metric confirms"
6065:
5339:
5202:
4531:
4514:
4403:
4386:
3607:; Hendricks, Jonathan R.; et al. (2007). Humphries, Stuart (ed.).
3209:
2871:
2821:
2713:
2658:
2657:
Most jellyfish are marine animals, although a few hydromedusae inhabit
2595:
2531:
2355:
2257:
2110:
1874:
1839:
1806:
1749:
1733:
1660:
1652:
1609:
1586:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1374:
1366:
1338:
990:
659:
514:
457:
369:
282:
166:
9767:
9003:
7757:
7732:
6807:
5524:
5255:
5238:
4363:
2759:
Global harvest of jellyfish in thousands of tonnes as reported by the
1409:
that can engulf debris and bacteria. The mesogloea is bordered by the
9857:
9852:
9787:
9590:
9585:
9567:
9448:
9278:
Spineless: The Science of Jellyfish and the Art of Growing a Backbone
8295:
7594:"Recurrent jellyfish blooms are a consequence of global oscillations"
6611:"Increasing jellyfish populations: trends in Large Marine Ecosystems"
6448:
5873:
5658:
2845:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2740:
2733:
2692:
2587:
2513:
2505:
2375:
2347:
2304:
2105:
1843:
1831:
1814:
1745:
1675:
1630:
1522:
1491:
1467:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1349:
1314:
1283:
1259:
1237:
916:
881:
824:
801:
643:
566:
433:
417:
391:
377:
365:
270:
251:
229:
226:
147:
141:
118:
88:
8421:
7707:
7343:"Gelatinous zooplankton outbreaks - an overview on jellyfish blooms"
7316:
6250:. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania
6057:
5849:
5331:
5079:
4582:
4443:
4223:
Moon, Justin; Caron, Jean-Bernard; Moysiuk, Joseph (9 August 2023).
3112:. Immunobased antivenins are used for serious box jellyfish stings.
3019:
1144:
9829:
9752:
9440:
9387:
9378:
6370:"Venomous Snot Helps These Jellyfish Sting Without Their Tentacles"
6126:
Gemmell, B. J.; Costello, J. H.; Colin, S. P.; et al. (2013).
3602:
3074:
2953:
2785:
2729:
2460:
2359:
2206:
2183:
2163:
oral arms, which form a temporary brood chamber for the developing
1915:
1701:
1625:
1605:
1582:
1573:
Although they lack a true brain, cnidarian jellyfish have a "ring"
1562:
1526:
1503:
1402:
1394:
1345:
1272:
1249:
1245:
1072:
970:
761:
748:
630:
616:
547:
491:
478:
425:
373:
278:
243:
236:
177:
156:
108:
9080:
8080:
7039:
Lynam, C. P.; Gibbons, M. J.; Axelsen, B. E.; et al. (2006).
6948:
Richardson, A. J.; Bakun, A.; Hays, G. C.; Gibbons, M. J. (2009).
5567:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
4176:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
925:
9538:
9479:
7108:"Jellyfish in ecosystems, online databases, and ecosystem models"
6003:
Miglietta, M. P.; Piraino, S.; Kubota, S.; Schuchert, P. (2007).
5188:
3851:
3460:
Changing Jellyfish Populations: Trends in Large Marine Ecosystems
3159:
3043:
popular in home aquariums, where they require similar equipment.
2772:
2737:
2687:
2638:
2202:
2164:
1810:
1753:
1709:
1616:
larvae of hydrozoans), as well as in avoiding harmful amounts of
1613:
1518:
1266:
1241:
1233:
859:
788:
259:
135:
6580:. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Archived from
4428:"Neuronal control of swimming in jellyfish: a comparative story"
4078:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
3002:
is then put into a cell, to generate either a cell line or (via
1914:
are found in more three-dimensionally complex environments like
9307:
Jellyfish Facts β Information on Jellyfish and Jellyfish Safety
8551:
Aglow in the Dark: The Revolutionary Science of Biofluorescence
8231:
6998:
Aksnes, D. L.; Nejstgaard, J.; Sædberg, E.; Sørnes, T. (2004).
6891:
Pauly, D.; Christensen, V.; Dalsgaard, J.; et al. (1998).
6890:
6572:
4804:
Suga H, Tschopp P, Graziussi DF, et al. (10 August 2010).
2900:
2882:
appetizer. Desalted, ready-to-eat products are also available.
2473:
2464:
2316:
are omnivorous, feeding on microplankton which is a mixture of
2285:
2270:
2266:
2175:
1765:
1757:
1685:
1664:
1510:
1442:
1418:
233:
98:
8960:
8294:
7918:
Dawson, Mike N.; Martin, Laura E.; Penland, Lolita K. (2001).
7317:"World's Most Invasive Jellyfish Spreading Along Israel Coast"
7105:
4119:
3609:"Exceptionally Preserved Jellyfishes from the Middle Cambrian"
2986:
for their work with GFP. Man-made GFP became widely used as a
1529:
swamps into the open lagoon, where they feed, and back again.
9691:
6997:
6732:. Tropical Field Courses: Western Program: Miami University.
4803:
3928:
Schierwater, Bernd; Helm, Rebecca R.; Dunn, Casey W. (2017).
3769:"Our jelly-like relatives: Common misconceptions about salps"
3052:
2210:
2191:
2171:
2044:
2040:
2036:
1867:
1737:
1705:
1671:
1055:
994:
733:
444:
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines jellyfish as follows:
52:
8175:
7995:
7264:
6832:
Hays, G. C.; Bastian, T.; Doyle, T. K.; et al. (2011).
6426:
5564:
Kramp, P.L. (1961). "Synopsis of the medusae of the world".
4174:
Kramp, P.L. (1961). "Synopsis of the Medusae of the World".
9415:
6304:
6125:
6039:
6013:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
4737:
Chapter 2 β Evidence for Multiple Photosystems in Jellyfish
3109:
2995:
2990:
to show which cells or tissues express specific genes. The
2875:
2870:, the umbrella and oral arms are treated with a mixture of
2771:
Jellyfish have long been eaten in some parts of the world.
2705:
2418:
Map of population trends of native and invasive jellyfish.
2371:
1680:
635:
461:
8546:
7517:
7106:
Pauly, D.; Graham, W.; Libralato, S.; et al. (2009).
6947:
5117:
Suga, Hiroshi; Schmid, Volker; Gehring, Walter J. (2008).
3429:
2712:, jellyfish ride the current at ebb tide until they hit a
2586:, newly arrived from other habitats: examples include the
258:. The medusa is normally the sexual phase, which produces
8662:
7820:
7650:
7038:
5393:"Rare sighting of a lion's mane jellyfish in Tramore Bay"
3003:
2999:
2775:
have begun harvesting the American cannonball jellyfish,
2760:
262:
larvae. These then disperse widely and enter a sedentary
8845:
Tucker, Abigail (July 2010). "The New King of the Sea".
7591:
6831:
5283:
Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores: Hydromedusae
5119:"Evolution and Functional Diversity of Jellyfish Opsins"
4920:
3352:
8234:"Jellyfish Impacts on Marine Aquaculture and Fisheries"
7778:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
7653:"Jellyfish overtake fish in a heavily fished ecosystem"
7041:"Jellyfish overtake fish in a heavily fished ecosystem"
6500:
Stung!: On Jellyfish Blooms and the Future of the Ocean
5080:"The Histological Structure of the Eyes of Cubomedusae"
4877:
4229:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3792:
383:
A group of jellyfish is called a "smack" or a "smuck".
8667:; Lewis, Sharon R.; Welsford, Michelle (5 June 2023).
7771:
7151:
6245:"Australian Marine Zooplankton-Jellyfish, Cladocerans"
1927:
does not exhibit any considerable optical power while
9302:
Jellyfish and Comb Jellies β Smithsonian Ocean Portal
9122:
Baxter, E. H.; Marr, A. G. M. (May 1974). "Sea wasp (
9053:
8583:
The Biology of the Deep Ocean Oxford University Press
7981:
Mills, C. E.; Hirano, Y. M. (2007). "Stauromedusae".
7152:
Dawson, M. N.; Sen Gupta, A.; England, M. H. (2005).
7000:"Optical control of fish and zooplankton populations"
5469:
5027:"Ultrastructure of the retinal synapses in cubozoans"
3162:
alerting about the presence of jellyfish in the water
3104:
cream applied locally reduces pain and inflammation.
1830:
resulted in PaxB expression in the lens, retina, and
1756:. The larger of the complex eyes contains a cellular
9121:
8189:
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
7482:
6214:"Bigger jellyfish inheriting the ocean, study finds"
5923:"How Jellyfish Grow, From Eggs to Polyps to Medusas"
5285:. University of California Press. pp. 286β288.
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4138:
3482:
Seaside Naturalist: A Guide to Study at the Seashore
3375:
2035:, found in some, but not all years in the waters of
1425:, and the margin of the bell often bears tentacles.
471:" on the following cladogram of the animal kingdom:
9049:
9047:
7917:
5617:"Giant deep sea jellyfish filmed in Gulf of Mexico"
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5024:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4015:"Take a Peek at the Mesmerizing 'Cosmic Jellyfish'"
3927:
3379:
A Field Guide to Coral Reefs: Caribbean and Florida
2269:in the jellylike bell contract, setting up a start
1740:), and physiology across species of box jellyfish.
1509:In many species of jellyfish, the rhopalia include
1474:Most jellyfish do not have specialized systems for
1255:The four major classes of medusozoan Cnidaria are:
9256:"Japanese fishing trawler sunk by giant jellyfish"
8913:
8911:
8548:
8361:
7980:
6496:
6469:
5359:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
2683:spp.) migrate horizontally across the lake daily.
2530:can live in northern hemisphere seas, such as the
1800:
8997:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8101:
5280:
5236:
5116:
4978:
4860:
4739:. Vol. 280. Academic Press. pp. 41β78.
4620:"Multi-eyed jellyfish helps with Darwin's puzzle"
4336:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
3353:Kelman, Janet Harvey; Rev. Theodore Wood (1910).
2952:(GFP) and another bioluminescent protein, called
2941:" produced light when rubbed on a walking stick.
1405:and other fibrous proteins, as well as wandering
1325:Stranded scyphozoans on a Cambrian tidal flat at
322:. This protein has been adapted as a fluorescent
9880:
9044:
7921:Jellyfish swarms, tourists, and the Christ-child
6308:Jellyfish swarms, tourists, and the Christ-child
5395:. Waterford Today. 1 August 2007. Archived from
5175:
5077:
5025:Gray GC, Martin VJ, Satterlie RA (August 2009).
4965:
4463:
4222:
4077:
1704:makeup of their eyes including: photoreceptors,
8908:
7598:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7556:
6808:"Jellyfish blooms could be sign of ailing seas"
6132:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5232:
5230:
5228:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
3357:. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. p. 146.
3059:, researchers found a jellyfish species called
2567:outbreaks in the eastern Mediterranean, and of
2209:bulbs, the manubrium (above the mouth), or the
1498:. Although traditionally thought not to have a
8796:
8428:Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
8238:Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture
8098:
6503:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 274β.
6396:"Who's Eating Jellyfish? Penguins, That's Who"
5600:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
5276:
5274:
5073:
5071:
4208:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3382:. Boston : Houghton Mifflin. p. 55.
2492:. When the phytoplankton die, they may create
2087:) can also be extremely long (up to 15 feet).
1973:, which have bell disks from 0.5 millimetres (
1691:
386:
9519:
9362:
8417:
8415:
8148:
7724:
7552:
7550:
7314:
6311:. Vol. 451. Springer. pp. 131β144.
6300:
6298:
6094:
6009:(Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation"
5798:
5796:
5794:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4115:
4113:
3986:
3788:
3786:
3298:
2851:
2637:fall to the seafloor, providing food for the
9331:nybooks.com September 26, 2013. Tim Flannery
9275:
8887:
8048:
7730:
7341:Briand, Frederic; Boero, Ferdinando (2001).
6476:. University of Chicago Press. p. 140.
6367:
6242:
5237:Seymour, Jamie E.; O'Hara, Emily P. (2020).
5225:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4637:
4515:"Do jellyfish have central nervous systems?"
4464:Katsuki, Takeo; Greenspan, Ralph J. (2013).
4102:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4012:
3737:
3735:
3258:
3256:
3254:
2090:
225:-phase of certain gelatinous members of the
9533:
9376:
8673:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8656:
8324:
7437:
7340:
7310:
7308:
7267:"First record of the tropical scyphomedusa
7260:
7258:
6558:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5971:
5419:"Lion's Mane Jellyfish β Reference Library"
5271:
5068:
4734:
4654:
4331:
4279:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
3718:"Jellyfish Spotting | Species of Jellyfish"
2936:
2661:. The best known freshwater example is the
2555:outbreaks in the western Mediterranean, of
2336:) in their tissues; the spotted jellyfish (
9526:
9512:
9369:
9355:
8412:
7983:Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores
7547:
6295:
5791:
5767:
4553:
4110:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
3783:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3180:in California in 2008. They can also stop
2956:, from the large and abundant hydromedusa
2346:, and part from captured zooplankton. The
2051:The rarely encountered deep-sea jellyfish
1868:Evolution as a response to natural stimuli
51:
9258:. London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from
9098:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8700:
8263:
8253:
8208:
8021:
7857:
7797:
7756:
7676:
7627:
7617:
7289:
7189:
7179:
7067:
7023:
6860:
6802:
6800:
6704:
6694:
6626:
6286:
6178:
6161:
6151:
6024:
5547:"Giant Echizen jellyfish off Japan coast"
5523:
5254:
5142:
5013:
4996:
4843:
4833:
4697:
4680:
4530:
4512:
4489:
4425:
4402:
4256:
4216:
3963:
3953:
3887:
3877:
3828:
3818:
3763:
3761:
3732:
3650:
3632:
3479:Coulombe, Deborah A. (14 February 1990).
3301:"Why jellyfish could be a 'perfect food'"
3251:
2690:. The upside-down jellyfish in the genus
2354:) also has a symbiotic relationship with
169:included but traditionally excluded taxa
8890:"Box Jellyfish: Why are they so deadly?"
8632:"How to Avoid Liquefying Your Jellyfish"
7305:
7255:
6604:
6602:
6429:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
5690:"Diving underwater with giant jellyfish"
5470:Omori, Makoto; Kitamura, Minoru (2004).
5447:. Wmur.com. 21 July 2010. Archived from
5352:
4657:"Eye evolution and its functional basis"
4387:"The diversity of hydrostatic skeletons"
3478:
3323:
3321:
3294:
3292:
3018:
2899:
2811:
2754:
2648:
2522:
2413:
2256:
2221:polyps can asexually produce a creeping
2104:
1997:
1453:
1427:
1384:
1332:
1320:
1298:
390:
192:
9197:
9195:
9170:"Jellyfish Stings: Treatment and Drugs"
8629:
8575:
7301:from the original on 17 September 2012.
7265:Abed-Navandi, D.; Kikinger, R. (2007).
6527:
5614:
4282:Trends in Food Science & Technology
4032:
3693:
3575:
3521:
2998:of interest to the GFP gene. The fused
2974:sequenced and cloned the gene for GFP.
2784:Jellyfish are also harvested for their
2213:of hydromedusae. In a process known as
1939:
1884:across three species of box jellyfish (
727:
556:(includes jellyfish and other jellies)
273:(the "true jellyfish") are exclusively
14:
9881:
8896:from the original on 10 September 2016
8844:
8833:
8762:
8619:from the original on 20 February 2015.
7212:
6880:from the original on 25 December 2012.
6797:
6727:
6644:"Jellyfish 'can sense ocean currents'"
6573:Griffin, DuBose B.; Murphy, Thomas M.
6268:
6184:
5977:
5847:
5651:
4082:. Cengage Learning. pp. 148β174.
3758:
3548:
3262:
2970:in this species. Three decades later,
1846:that other organisms' lenses exhibit.
1309:, one of the Scypho-medusae, from the
9507:
9350:
9253:
8547:Pieribone, V.; Gruber, D. F. (2006).
8359:
8038:from the original on 4 November 2017.
7880:
7363:
6599:
5894:
5802:
5732:
5563:
5445:"150 Stung By Jellyfish At Rye Beach"
5305:
4173:
3741:
3530:from the original on 26 February 2009
3503:from the original on 31 December 2013
3318:
3289:
3265:"So Much More Than Plasma and Poison"
2750:
1389:Labelled cross section of a jellyfish
436:jellyfish stage in their life cycle;
342:which draw their water from the sea.
9313:There's no such thing as a jellyfish
9192:
8587:. Oxford University Press. pp.
8364:The Encyclopedia of Marine Resources
7883:"Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet:
6776:
6728:Shubin, Kristie (10 December 2008).
6668:
6650:from the original on 26 January 2015
6107:from the original on 3 November 2014
5903:from the original on 4 February 2010
5714:from the original on 23 October 2013
5553:from the original on 1 January 2011.
5357:Hyman (Anthomedusa: Cladonemidae)".
4556:"Sensory physiology: brainless eyes"
4384:
3355:The Sea-Shore, Shown to the Children
3167:
2679:where millions of golden jellyfish (
2149:Upon reaching adult size, jellyfish
1539:
1365:of Canada, which is likely either a
330:genes and has had a large impact on
9229:"Current Event Notification Report"
9022:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134566.x
8975:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137688.x
8932:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137588.x
7924:. Vol. 451. pp. 131β144.
7095:from the original on 23 March 2011.
6781:. Discover Magazine. Archived from
6517:from the original on 6 August 2016.
6393:
6220:. 15 September 2011. Archived from
6189:. Sinauer Associates. p. 296.
5982:. Sinauer Associates. p. 310.
5652:League, Michael (11 October 2011).
5502:
5492:from the original on 23 March 2012.
5191:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
4880:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
3014:
2743:, especially species in the family
1313:(late Jurassic, 157 to 152 mya) of
24:
9269:
8644:from the original on 26 March 2010
8394:American Museum of Natural History
7402:from the original on 3 March 2016.
6937:from the original on 10 July 2012.
6841:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5946:
5281:Mills, C.E.; Hirano, Y.M. (2007).
4608:from the original on 29 July 2013.
4153:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x
3436:from the original on 24 March 2018
3206:, a significant jellyfish predator
3077:, can be deadly. Stings may cause
1719:
281:with a similar appearance live in
27:Soft-bodied, aquatic invertebrates
25:
9915:
9904:Extant Cambrian first appearances
9295:
9254:Ryall, Julian (2 November 2009).
9203:"Jellyfish Gone Wild β Text-only"
8763:Giaimo, Cara (13 February 2020).
8149:George, Aleta (1 November 2012).
8061:from the original on 30 June 2016
6957:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
6736:from the original on 14 June 2010
6368:Nemo, Leslie (13 February 2020).
5959:from the original on 4 March 2016
5627:from the original on 5 July 2010.
5535:from the original on 16 May 2013.
5425:from the original on 30 July 2010
4332:Waggoner, Ben; Collins, Allen G.
4080:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
3299:Isabelle Rodd (20 October 2020).
3096:stings but not the stings of the
2935:that the slime of the jellyfish "
2918:and later for use as a marker in
2816:Rehydrated jellyfish strips with
2704:Some species explicitly adapt to
2158:). In most cases, adults release
1471:manubrium with four-sided mouth.
1432:Anatomy of a scyphozoan jellyfish
1294:
9414:
9247:
9235:from the original on 5 June 2011
9221:
9180:from the original on 20 May 2013
9162:
9115:
9074:
8954:
8881:
8799:International Paramedic Practice
8790:
8756:
8726:
8717:
8623:
8605:
8569:
8540:
8489:
8454:
8382:
8353:
8318:
8298:; William Ogle (trans.) (2018).
8288:
8225:
8169:
8142:
8073:
8042:
7989:
7974:
7911:
7899:from the original on 17 May 2014
7874:
7814:
7765:
7701:
7644:
7585:
7511:
7476:
7431:
7406:
7357:
7334:
7206:
7145:
7099:
7032:
6991:
6671:"Ocean currents and marine life"
6641:
6394:Yin, Steph (29 September 2017).
6026:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00379.x
5949:"Lifecycle of the Box Jellyfish"
5084:Journal of Comparative Neurology
4979:Piatigorsky J, Kozmik Z (2004).
3742:Mills, C. E. (8 November 2010).
3277:from the original on 18 May 2013
3151:
3139:
3124:
3034:Jellyfish are displayed in many
2885:
2540:Mediterranean Science Commission
2010:) is one of the largest species.
1248:(small jellyfish), and excludes
1166:
1143:
1080:
1054:
1020:
993:
924:
899:
867:
832:
642:
551:
522:
75:
9325:β a documentary about jellyfish
8888:Adams, Julie (13 August 2016).
8630:Richtel, Matt (14 March 2009).
6941:
6893:"Fishing down marine food webs"
6884:
6825:
6770:
6748:
6721:
6662:
6635:
6566:
6521:
6490:
6463:
6420:
6387:
6361:
6262:
6243:Davies, C.H.; Slotwinski, A.S.
6236:
6206:
6119:
6088:
6033:
5996:
5940:
5915:
5888:
5850:"A hydroid parasitic on a fish"
5841:
5778:Marine Invertebrates of Bermuda
5761:
5726:
5696:
5682:
5645:
5631:
5615:Bourton, Jody (23 April 2010).
5608:
5557:
5539:
5516:Plankton & Benthos Research
5505:"Blooms of the giant jellyfish
5496:
5463:
5437:
5411:
5385:
5346:
5299:
5110:
4914:
4797:
4612:
4547:
4519:Journal of Experimental Biology
4506:
4457:
4419:
4391:Journal of Experimental Biology
4378:
4348:
4325:
4308:"Jellyfish - Visual Dictionary"
4300:
4273:
4167:
4132:
4006:
3980:
3921:
3896:
3845:
3667:
3596:
3569:
3542:
3515:
3472:
3263:Angier, Natalie (6 June 2011).
3199:List of prehistoric medusozoans
2426: Increase (high certainty)
1801:Comparison with other organisms
1764:with prismatic elements, and a
263:
250:. The tentacles are armed with
232:, which is a major part of the
222:
9323:"Vicious beauties β Jellyfish"
9100:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.4644
8685:10.1002/14651858.CD009688.pub3
8613:"US Patent for Jellyfish Tank"
8180:ICES Journal of Marine Science
7737:Marine Ecology Progress Series
7315:Rinat, Zafrir (15 June 2009).
4513:Satterlie, Richard A. (2011).
4362:. 2 April 2015. Archived from
3452:
3422:
3406:. 6 April 2009. Archived from
3396:
3369:
3346:
3226:
2675:in Palau. Jellyfish Lake is a
2629:Jellyfish form a component of
2579:outbreaks in the Black Sea.
2432: Increase (low certainty)
1716:model for all visual systems.
1502:, nerve net concentration and
1369:of box jellyfish (Cubozoa) or
13:
1:
8255:10.1080/23308249.2020.1806201
8057:. Blog: Parasite of the Day.
7505:10.1080/03632415.2016.1232964
6095:Rathi, Akshat (15 May 2014).
5243:Plankton and Benthos Research
4745:10.1016/S1937-6448(10)80002-4
4334:"Cubozoa: More on Morphology"
4013:Daley, Jason (1 March 2017).
3989:"Red Paper Lantern Jellyfish"
3220:
2496:, so-called because they are
2383:fish stocks from recovering.
2324:(microscopic plants) such as
2252:
2194:. The jellyfish polyp may be
2140:
1775:and molecular data that show
411:
9148:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90062-2
9010:Medical Journal of Australia
8963:Medical Journal of Australia
8920:Medical Journal of Australia
8555:. Harvard University Press.
8475:10.1016/0378-1119(92)90691-H
8390:"How the Jelly Got Its Glow"
8049:Leung, Tommy (26 May 2016).
7541:10.1016/j.pocean.2012.02.002
6920:10.1126/science.279.5352.860
6473:Jellyfish: A Natural History
6275:Journal of Plankton Research
5735:Journal of Plankton Research
5666:, Antarctica. Archived from
5479:Plankton Biology and Ecology
5379:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90168-2
4294:10.1016/0924-2244(94)90253-4
3955:10.1371/journal.pone.0188601
3820:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068
3634:10.1371/journal.pone.0001121
3582:. Hodder Gibson (Hachette).
2766:
2719:
2386:
2365:
2109:The developmental stages of
1548:
1306:Rhizostomites lithographicus
406:
356:, another phylum). The term
210:swimming in a Tokyo aquarium
7:
8304:. Vol. IV. p. 6.
6497:Gershwin, Lisa-Ann (2013).
6470:Gershwin, Lisa-Ann (2016).
6269:Dawson, Michael N. (2000).
5518:. 3 (Supplement): 125β131.
4466:"Jellyfish nervous systems"
4432:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3524:"Ten Facts about Jellyfish"
3333:Online Etymology Dictionary
3187:
3115:In Elba Island and Corsica
2801:
2644:
2228:
1692:Utility as a model organism
1227:
1078:red paper lantern jellyfish
387:Mapping to taxonomic groups
10:
9920:
8811:10.12968/ippr.2020.10.2.46
8151:"Jellies in the Spotlight"
7830:Limnology and Oceanography
7159:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
7004:Limnology and Oceanography
6977:10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010
5848:Fewkes, J. Walter (1887).
5590:(inactive 27 August 2024).
5421:. redOrbit. 12 June 2003.
4198:(inactive 27 August 2024).
3746:. University of Washington
2914:, studied for its role in
2889:
2805:
2633:, events where gelatinous
2407:
2292:
2094:
1714:evolutionary/developmental
1553:Experimental evidence for
1380:
36:Jellyfish (disambiguation)
29:
9840:
9710:
9545:
9478:
9423:
9412:
9386:
9205:. Nsf.gov. Archived from
9056:American Family Physician
8368:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
7850:10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1917
7678:10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.018
7571:10.1007/s10750-008-9584-9
7452:10.1007/978-94-010-0722-1
7241:10.1007/s00227-003-1070-3
7124:10.1007/s10750-008-9583-x
7069:10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.018
7025:10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0233
6696:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.044
6628:10.1007/s10750-012-1039-7
5588:10.1017/s0025315400007347
5549:. BBC. 30 November 2009.
5144:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.059
5078:Berger, Edward W (1898).
4892:10.1007/s00359-009-0431-x
4673:10.1017/S0952523813000035
4491:10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.057
4426:Satterlie, R. A. (2002).
4196:10.1017/s0025315400007347
3879:10.1186/s12862-018-1142-0
3178:Diablo Canyon Power Plant
3046:
2950:green fluorescent protein
2937:
2912:green fluorescent protein
2896:Green fluorescent protein
2852:
2403:
2243:, formerly classified as
2091:Life history and behavior
1862:and Tripedalia cystophora
1458:Discharge mechanism of a
1158:
1132:
1125:
1069:
1042:
1035:
1015:
1008:
988:
981:
974:
914:
892:
885:
857:
850:
822:
815:
805:
782:
775:
759:
752:
657:
627:
620:
602:
595:
577:
570:
544:
537:
511:
504:
489:
482:
318:used by some species for
316:green fluorescent protein
314:research, especially the
173:
165:
129:
124:
72:Scientific classification
70:
59:
50:
45:
9231:. NRC. 22 October 2008.
8892:. Our Beautiful Planet.
8859:10.1177/1363461517722869
8014:10.1051/parasite/2016016
7521:Progress in Oceanography
7217:(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)".
6777:Yong, Ed (6 June 2011).
6758:. National Ocean Service
6669:Hays, Graeme C. (2017).
6534:Tree of Life Web Project
6288:10.1093/plankt/22.9.1673
6185:Brusca, Richard (2016).
5978:Brusca, Richard (2016).
3858:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3432:. Encyclopedia of Life.
3215:
3030:) in an aquarium exhibit
2984:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1856:Chiropsalmus quadrumanus
1521:at one end, acting like
1165:, e.g. cosmic jellyfish
397:purple-striped jellyfish
347:
9083:"Moon Jellyfish Stings"
8518:10.1126/science.8303295
8339:10.1023/A:1011879821323
8201:10.1093/icesjms/fsaa254
8128:10.1023/A:1011875720415
7930:10.1023/A:1011868925383
7619:10.1073/pnas.1210920110
7385:10.1023/A:1011888006302
7181:10.1073/pnas.0503811102
6317:10.1023/A:1011868925383
6153:10.1073/pnas.1306983110
6044:(Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)".
5654:"The Way to End a Dive"
5503:Uye, Shin-Ichi (2008).
4835:10.1073/pnas.1008389107
3576:Maciver, Angus (2004).
3158:A flag in the beach of
3134:are small and venomous.
3088:Vinegar (3β10% aqueous
2297:
2170:The planula is a small
2118:Larva searches for site
2113:jellyfish's life cycle:
1413:on the outside and the
1342:Conularia milwaukeensis
791:(parasitic cnidarians)
448:A free-swimming marine
332:fluorescence microscopy
8440:10.1002/jcp.1030590302
7885:Craspedacusta sowerbyi
7790:10.1098/rspb.2014.2210
6853:10.1098/rspb.2011.0978
6756:"What is a dead zone?"
6575:"Cannonball Jellyfish"
6005:"Species in the genus
5747:10.1093/plankt/5.5.619
5355:Cladonema californicum
4385:Kier, William (2012).
4241:10.1098/rspb.2022.2490
3987:Osborn, K. J. (2014).
3552:An Exaltation of Larks
3549:Lipton, James (1991).
3057:Communications Biology
3031:
2923:
2859:, 'sea stingers') and
2824:
2763:
2668:Craspedacusta sowerbii
2654:
2598:, central and eastern
2535:
2452:
2310:A few species such as
2274:
2137:
2011:
1993:Cladonema californicum
1795:spectral sensitivities
1793:of having distinctive
1663:that rely on focusing
1500:central nervous system
1488:central nervous system
1462:
1433:
1390:
1361:from the mid-Cambrian
1352:
1330:
1318:
454:
442:
424:Typically, medusozoan
403:
306:They are also used in
211:
34:. For other uses, see
32:gelatinous zooplankton
9680:Portuguese man-of-war
9276:Juli Berwald (2017).
8360:Firth, F. E. (1969).
7881:DidΕΎiulis, Viktoras.
7364:Mills, C. E. (2001).
7291:10.3391/ai.2007.2.4.7
6706:10536/DRO/DU:30100274
6042:Turritopsis nutricula
5096:10.1002/cne.910080317
4998:10.1387/ijdb.041851jp
3465:16 April 2013 at the
3098:Portuguese man o' war
3040:Monterey Bay Aquarium
3022:
2903:
2890:Further information:
2861:Stomolophus meleagris
2815:
2778:Stomolophus meleagris
2758:
2665:hydrozoan jellyfish,
2652:
2526:
2438: Stable/variable
2417:
2348:upside-down jellyfish
2277:Using the moon jelly
2265:is highly efficient.
2260:
2246:Turritopsis nutricula
2108:
2101:Developmental biology
2097:Biological life cycle
2054:Stygiomedusa gigantea
2016:lion's mane jellyfish
2004:lion's mane jellyfish
2001:
1828:in situ hybridization
1823:Tripedalia cystophora
1633:including the common
1457:
1439:gastrovascular cavity
1431:
1388:
1336:
1324:
1302:
446:
422:
401:Monterey Bay Aquarium
394:
380:as "true jellyfish".
206:
9868:Seabather's eruption
9329:They're Taking Over!
8246:Taylor & Francis
7269:Phyllorhiza punctata
5314:Hydractinia echinata
5306:Mills, C.E. (1976).
5046:10.1086/BBLv217n1p35
4655:Nilsson, DE (2013).
4141:Invertebrate Biology
3603:Cartwright, Paulyn;
3579:First Aid in English
3522:Klappenbach, Laura.
3487:Simon & Schuster
3194:Jellyfish dermatitis
3184:and ships' engines.
3146:Jellyfish dermatitis
3108:may help to control
3028:Chrysaora fuscescens
2994:technique fuses the
2790:rheumatoid arthritis
2398:longnose spider crab
2394:cannonball jellyfish
2237:An unusual species,
2081:Purple-striped jelly
1940:Largest and smallest
1852:Carybdea marsupialis
1752:that have developed
1604:(as seen in eyeless
1567:photoreceptive cells
1494:" is located in the
1486:, and do not have a
1399:hydrostatic skeleton
1244:(box jellyfish) and
732:Jellyfish are not a
728:Medusozoan jellyfish
440:are the exceptions .
63:Chrysaora fuscescens
60:Pacific sea nettle (
9630:Black widow spider
9459:(stalked jellyfish)
9280:. Riverhead Books.
9262:on 4 November 2009.
9140:1974Txcn...12..223B
8663:McGee, Richard G.;
8510:1994Sci...263..802C
8157:. Endocrine Society
7842:2011LimOc..56.1917L
7749:2007MEPS..350..153P
7669:2006CBio...16.R492L
7610:2013PNAS..110.1000C
7533:2012PrOce.102...19R
7497:2016Fish...41..630B
7233:2003MarBi.143..369D
7172:2005PNAS..10211968D
7060:2006CBio...16.R492L
7016:2004LimOc..49..233A
6969:2009TEcoE..24..312R
6912:1998Sci...279..860P
6687:2017CBio...27.R470H
6441:2017FrEE...15..437T
6144:2013PNAS..11017904G
6138:(44): 17904β17909.
6046:Biological Bulletin
5953:Artforlibraries.org
5866:1887Natur..36..604F
5807:. Clarendon Press.
5710:. 15 October 2013.
5708:Scientific American
5580:1961JMBUK..40....7K
5371:1988JEMBE.123..177C
5320:Biological Bulletin
5135:2008CBio...18...51S
4943:10.1038/nature03484
4935:2005Natur.435..201N
4826:2010PNAS..10714263S
4820:(32): 14263β14268.
4806:"Flexibly deployed
4661:Visual Neuroscience
4575:2005Natur.435..157W
4554:Wehner, R. (2005).
4482:2013CBio...23.R592K
4397:(Pt 8): 1247β1257.
4188:1961JMBUK..40....7K
3946:2017PLoSO..1288601H
3870:2018BMCEE..18...68K
3811:2015PLoSO..1039068Z
3625:2007PLoSO...2.1121C
3605:Halgedahl, Susan L.
3182:desalination plants
3071:Irukandji jellyfish
3062:Cassiopea xamachana
3024:Pacific sea nettles
2992:genetic engineering
2920:genetic engineering
2352:Cassiopea andromeda
2240:Turritopsis dohrnii
1893:Chiropsella bronzie
1659:of vertebrates and
1622:negative phototaxis
1240:(large jellyfish),
945:true jellyfish
340:desalination plants
8769:The New York Times
8665:Webster, Angela C.
8637:The New York Times
7784:(1796): 20142210.
6785:on 6 November 2018
6587:on 19 January 2008
6401:The New York Times
5895:Schuchert, Peter.
5507:Nemopilema nomurai
5451:on 14 October 2011
5203:10.1007/bf00614500
4532:10.1242/jeb.043687
4404:10.1242/jeb.056549
4125:2012-09-21 at the
3681:. 1 September 2018
3404:"Flower Hat Jelly"
3270:The New York Times
3117:dittrichia viscosa
3032:
2924:
2910:was the source of
2825:
2764:
2751:Relation to humans
2655:
2564:Rhopilema nomadica
2536:
2453:
2275:
2138:
2085:Chrysaora colorata
2076:Desmonema glaciale
2032:Nemopilema nomurai
2027:Nomura's jellyfish
2012:
1989:Cladonema radiatum
1773:immunocytochemical
1732:morphological and
1649:spatial resolution
1579:muscle contraction
1513:, light-sensitive
1463:
1434:
1397:, which forms the
1391:
1353:
1331:
1319:
1303:Fossil jellyfish,
404:
212:
150:βstalked jellyfish
9876:
9875:
9501:
9500:
9287:978-0-7352-1126-1
9124:Chironex fleckeri
9006:Chironex fleckeri
8598:978-0-19-854956-7
8562:978-0-674-02413-7
8375:978-0-442-22399-1
7939:978-0-7923-6964-6
7758:10.3354/meps07093
7461:978-94-010-3835-5
7278:Aquatic Invasions
6906:(5352): 860β863.
6847:(1728): 465β473.
6681:(11): R470βR473.
6510:978-0-226-02010-5
6483:978-0-226-28767-6
6408:on 1 October 2017
6326:978-0-7923-6964-6
6196:978-1-60535-375-3
5989:978-1-60535-375-3
5814:978-0-19-857190-2
5525:10.3800/pbr.3.125
5310:Podocoryne selena
5292:978-0-520-25118-2
5256:10.3800/pbr.15.73
4985:Int. J. Dev. Biol
4929:(7039): 201β205.
4569:(7039): 157β159.
4476:(14): R592βR594.
4438:(10): 1654β1669.
4089:978-81-315-0104-7
3589:978-1-444-19376-3
3562:978-0-670-30044-0
3496:978-0-671-76503-3
3430:"What is a Fish?"
3389:978-0-618-00211-5
3168:Mechanical issues
2962:, while studying
2959:Aequorea victoria
2907:Aequorea victoria
2808:Jellyfish as food
2576:Mnemiopsis leidyi
2546:Pelagia noctiluca
2506:natural predators
2328:. Others harbour
2313:Aglaura hemistoma
1887:Chironex fleckeri
1882:ecological niches
1785:phototransduction
1540:Box jellyfish eye
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
960:
959:
951:
950:
937:
936:
829:stalked jellyfish
738:phylogenetic tree
724:
723:
715:
714:
706:
705:
697:
696:
688:
687:
679:
678:
670:
669:
312:molecular biology
204:
191:
190:
16:(Redirected from
9911:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9505:
9504:
9469:
9460:
9452:
9451:(true jellyfish)
9444:
9436:
9418:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9348:
9347:
9291:
9264:
9263:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9240:
9225:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9199:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9102:
9087:JAMA Dermatology
9078:
9072:
9071:
9051:
9042:
9041:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8915:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8842:
8831:
8830:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8740:. Archived from
8738:jellyfishart.com
8730:
8724:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8704:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8586:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8554:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8419:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8396:. Archived from
8386:
8380:
8379:
8367:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8301:Parts of Animals
8292:
8286:
8285:
8267:
8257:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8212:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8111:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8053:Opechona olssoni
8046:
8040:
8039:
8025:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7965:
7961:
7959:
7951:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7898:
7891:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7861:
7836:(5): 1917β1928.
7827:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7801:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7680:
7663:(13): R492β493.
7648:
7642:
7641:
7631:
7621:
7604:(3): 1000β1005.
7589:
7583:
7582:
7554:
7545:
7544:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7370:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7347:CIESM Monographs
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7312:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7293:
7275:
7262:
7253:
7252:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7193:
7183:
7166:(34): 11968β73.
7149:
7143:
7142:
7141:on 12 July 2013.
7140:
7134:. Archived from
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7071:
7045:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6954:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6897:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6864:
6838:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6708:
6698:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6642:Gill, Victoria.
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6606:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6586:
6579:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6557:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6536:. Archived from
6528:colugo7 (2006).
6525:
6519:
6518:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6449:10.1002/fee.1529
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6404:. Archived from
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6338:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6281:(9): 1673β1682.
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6249:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6155:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5874:10.1038/036604b0
5860:(939): 604β605.
5845:
5839:
5838:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5818:
5800:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5768:Bishop, Andrew.
5765:
5759:
5758:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5692:. 26 April 2010.
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5599:
5591:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5527:
5513:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5476:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5234:
5223:
5222:
5186:
5173:
5172:
5146:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5075:
5066:
5065:
5031:
5022:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4991:(8β9): 719β729.
4976:
4963:
4962:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4875:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4837:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4732:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4652:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4560:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4525:(8): 1215β1223.
4510:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4453:on 12 July 2013.
4452:
4446:. Archived from
4423:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4199:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4136:
4130:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4101:
4093:
4075:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3957:
3940:(12): e0188601.
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3908:Stauromedusae UK
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3881:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3805:(10): e0139068.
3790:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3771:. Nereus Program
3765:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3714:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3636:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3476:
3470:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3230:
3155:
3143:
3128:
3092:) may help with
3036:public aquariums
3015:Aquarium display
2940:
2939:
2929:reported in his
2904:The hydromedusa
2868:mucous membranes
2855:
2854:
2833:Parts of Animals
2584:invasive species
2558:Rhizostoma pulmo
2528:Moon jellyfishes
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2146:may be skipped.
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2008:Cyanea capillata
1982:
1981:
1977:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1860:Tamoya haplonema
1602:circadian rhythm
1555:photosensitivity
1344:from the Middle
1170:
1147:
1141:flower hat jelly
1128:
1127:
1084:
1058:
1038:
1037:
1024:
1011:
1010:
997:
984:
983:
977:
976:
928:
903:
888:
887:
871:
853:
852:
836:
818:
817:
808:
807:
778:
777:
755:
754:
745:
744:
646:
623:
622:
598:
597:
573:
572:
555:
540:
539:
526:
507:
506:
485:
484:
475:
474:
217:, also known as
205:
159:βsmall jellyfish
125:Groups included
80:
79:
55:
43:
42:
21:
9919:
9918:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9909:
9908:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9872:
9836:
9706:
9638:Recluse spider
9541:
9532:
9502:
9497:
9474:
9467:
9458:
9450:
9442:
9435:(box jellyfish)
9434:
9419:
9410:
9382:
9375:
9319:YouTube channel
9298:
9288:
9272:
9270:Further reading
9267:
9252:
9248:
9238:
9236:
9227:
9226:
9222:
9212:
9210:
9209:on 12 July 2010
9201:
9200:
9193:
9183:
9181:
9168:
9167:
9163:
9120:
9116:
9079:
9075:
9052:
9045:
9002:
8998:
8959:
8955:
8916:
8909:
8899:
8897:
8886:
8882:
8843:
8834:
8795:
8791:
8781:
8779:
8761:
8757:
8747:
8745:
8744:on 2 March 2012
8732:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8718:
8679:(6): CD009688.
8661:
8657:
8647:
8645:
8628:
8624:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8545:
8541:
8504:(5148): 802β5.
8494:
8490:
8459:
8455:
8420:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8400:on 12 June 2018
8388:
8387:
8383:
8376:
8358:
8354:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8293:
8289:
8230:
8226:
8174:
8170:
8160:
8158:
8147:
8143:
8112:
8099:
8089:
8087:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8064:
8062:
8047:
8043:
7994:
7990:
7979:
7975:
7963:
7962:
7953:
7952:
7940:
7916:
7912:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7889:
7879:
7875:
7825:
7819:
7815:
7770:
7766:
7729:
7725:
7714:Current Science
7706:
7702:
7657:Current Biology
7649:
7645:
7590:
7586:
7555:
7548:
7516:
7512:
7491:(11): 630β637.
7481:
7477:
7462:
7436:
7432:
7422:
7420:
7412:
7411:
7407:
7399:
7368:
7362:
7358:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7313:
7306:
7298:
7273:
7263:
7256:
7211:
7207:
7150:
7146:
7138:
7104:
7100:
7092:
7054:(13): 492β493.
7048:Current Biology
7043:
7037:
7033:
6996:
6992:
6952:
6946:
6942:
6934:
6895:
6889:
6885:
6877:
6836:
6830:
6826:
6816:
6814:
6812:www.eurocbc.org
6806:
6805:
6798:
6788:
6786:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6739:
6737:
6726:
6722:
6675:Current Biology
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6640:
6636:
6607:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6571:
6567:
6551:
6550:
6543:
6541:
6540:on 12 June 2018
6530:"The jellyfish"
6526:
6522:
6511:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6468:
6464:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6392:
6388:
6378:
6376:
6366:
6362:
6350:
6349:
6340:
6339:
6327:
6303:
6296:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6224:on 14 July 2014
6212:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6183:
6179:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6093:
6089:
6058:10.2307/1543022
6038:
6034:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5947:Hughes, Clare.
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5893:
5889:
5846:
5842:
5830:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5801:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5766:
5762:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5670:on 13 June 2023
5664:McMurdo Station
5650:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5613:
5609:
5593:
5592:
5562:
5558:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5532:
5511:
5501:
5497:
5489:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5351:
5347:
5332:10.2307/1540715
5304:
5300:
5293:
5279:
5272:
5235:
5226:
5187:
5176:
5123:Current Biology
5115:
5111:
5076:
5069:
5029:
5023:
5014:
4977:
4966:
4919:
4915:
4876:
4861:
4802:
4798:
4786:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4755:
4733:
4698:
4653:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4583:10.1038/435157a
4558:
4552:
4548:
4511:
4507:
4470:Current Biology
4462:
4458:
4450:
4444:10.1139/z02-138
4424:
4420:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4366:on 2 April 2015
4354:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4312:infovisual.info
4306:
4305:
4301:
4278:
4274:
4221:
4217:
4201:
4200:
4172:
4168:
4137:
4133:
4129:, Tree of Life.
4127:Wayback Machine
4118:
4111:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4076:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3985:
3981:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3850:
3846:
3791:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3679:Merriam-Webster
3673:
3672:
3668:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3477:
3473:
3467:Wayback Machine
3457:
3453:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3410:on 6 April 2009
3402:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3261:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3190:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3073:), such as the
3049:
3017:
3008:artificial gene
2988:fluorescent tag
2972:Douglas Prasher
2968:bioluminescence
2946:Osamu Shimomura
2932:Natural History
2927:Pliny the Elder
2916:bioluminescence
2898:
2892:Bioluminescence
2888:
2810:
2804:
2769:
2753:
2722:
2647:
2615:ichthyoplankton
2552:Velella velella
2469:marine currents
2451:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2410:Jellyfish bloom
2406:
2389:
2368:
2339:Mastigias papua
2326:dinoflagellates
2300:
2295:
2255:
2231:
2143:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2103:
2093:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1899:Carukia barnesi
1870:
1842:reactions with
1803:
1722:
1720:Characteristics
1694:
1551:
1542:
1446:are armed with
1383:
1327:Blackberry Hill
1297:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1112:
1103:
1094:
961:
952:
938:
921:crown jellyfish
730:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
518:(comb jellies)
414:
409:
389:
350:
320:bioluminescence
290:eaten by humans
208:Spotted jellies
193:
144:βtrue jellyfish
74:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9917:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9865:
9863:Stinging plant
9860:
9855:
9850:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9827:
9817:
9812:
9811:
9810:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9714:
9712:
9708:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9635:
9619:
9611:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9596:
9588:
9583:
9575:
9570:
9560:
9549:
9547:
9543:
9542:
9531:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9508:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9462:
9454:
9446:
9438:
9429:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9392:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9374:
9373:
9366:
9359:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9338:
9337:
9333:
9332:
9326:
9320:
9309:
9304:
9297:
9296:External links
9294:
9293:
9292:
9286:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9246:
9220:
9191:
9161:
9134:(3): 223β225.
9114:
9073:
9043:
8996:
8953:
8926:(7): 498β501.
8907:
8880:
8853:(4): 540β561.
8832:
8789:
8755:
8725:
8716:
8655:
8622:
8604:
8597:
8577:Herring, Peter
8568:
8561:
8539:
8488:
8453:
8411:
8381:
8374:
8352:
8317:
8310:
8287:
8224:
8195:): 1557β1573.
8168:
8155:Endocrine News
8141:
8122:(1β3): 11β17.
8097:
8072:
8041:
7988:
7973:
7964:|journal=
7938:
7910:
7873:
7813:
7764:
7723:
7700:
7643:
7584:
7546:
7510:
7475:
7460:
7430:
7405:
7356:
7333:
7304:
7284:(4): 391β394.
7254:
7220:Marine Biology
7205:
7144:
7098:
7031:
7010:(1): 233β238.
6990:
6963:(6): 312β322.
6940:
6883:
6824:
6796:
6769:
6747:
6720:
6661:
6634:
6598:
6565:
6520:
6509:
6489:
6482:
6462:
6435:(8): 437β441.
6419:
6386:
6360:
6351:|journal=
6325:
6294:
6261:
6235:
6205:
6195:
6177:
6118:
6087:
6052:(3): 302β312.
6032:
5995:
5988:
5970:
5939:
5914:
5897:"The Hydrozoa"
5887:
5840:
5813:
5790:
5772:Aurelia aurita
5760:
5741:(5): 619β635.
5725:
5695:
5681:
5644:
5630:
5621:BBC Earth News
5607:
5556:
5538:
5495:
5462:
5436:
5410:
5399:on 30 May 2010
5384:
5365:(2): 177β188.
5345:
5326:(1): 214β224.
5298:
5291:
5270:
5224:
5197:(5): 577β587.
5174:
5109:
5090:(3): 223β230.
5067:
5012:
4964:
4913:
4886:(6): 557β569.
4859:
4796:
4787:|journal=
4753:
4696:
4636:
4611:
4546:
4505:
4456:
4418:
4377:
4347:
4324:
4299:
4288:(7): 225β229.
4272:
4215:
4166:
4131:
4109:
4088:
4031:
4005:
3979:
3920:
3895:
3844:
3782:
3757:
3731:
3692:
3666:
3595:
3588:
3568:
3561:
3541:
3514:
3495:
3489:. p. 60.
3471:
3458:Brotz, Lucas.
3451:
3421:
3395:
3388:
3368:
3345:
3317:
3288:
3250:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3174:power stations
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3123:
3106:Antihistamines
3102:hydrocortisone
3048:
3045:
3016:
3013:
2976:Martin Chalfie
2887:
2884:
2830:stated in the
2806:Main article:
2803:
2800:
2768:
2765:
2752:
2749:
2745:Lepocreadiidae
2724:Jellyfish are
2721:
2718:
2673:Jellyfish Lake
2646:
2643:
2608:Gulf of Mexico
2570:Aurelia aurita
2486:eutrophication
2478:climate change
2457:ocean currents
2446:
2444: Decrease
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2408:Main article:
2405:
2402:
2388:
2385:
2367:
2364:
2344:photosynthesis
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2280:Aurelia aurita
2254:
2251:
2230:
2227:
2156:hermaphrodites
2142:
2139:
2092:
2089:
1941:
1938:
1929:Tr. cystophora
1869:
1866:
1802:
1799:
1721:
1718:
1708:, lenses, and
1693:
1690:
1640:Aurelia aurita
1575:nervous system
1559:photoreception
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1476:osmoregulation
1382:
1379:
1358:Burgessomedusa
1296:
1295:Fossil history
1293:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
987:
982:
980:
975:
973:
967:
966:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
891:
886:
884:
878:
877:
874:
873:
856:
851:
849:
843:
842:
839:
838:
821:
816:
814:
806:
804:
798:
797:
794:
793:
781:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
758:
753:
751:
743:
729:
726:
722:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
664:
663:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
626:
621:
619:
613:
612:
609:
608:
601:
596:
594:
588:
587:
584:
583:
576:
571:
569:
563:
562:
559:
558:
543:
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
510:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
488:
483:
481:
473:
413:
410:
408:
405:
388:
385:
349:
346:
288:Jellyfish are
252:stinging cells
189:
188:
187:
186:
171:
170:
163:
162:
161:
160:
153:
152:
151:
145:
139:
138:βbox jellyfish
127:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9916:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9848:Animal attack
9846:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9809:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9803:Venomous fish
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9709:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9618:
9617:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9529:
9524:
9522:
9517:
9515:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9465:Polypodiozoa
9463:
9461:
9455:
9453:
9447:
9445:
9439:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9422:
9417:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9380:
9372:
9367:
9365:
9360:
9358:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9289:
9283:
9279:
9274:
9273:
9261:
9257:
9250:
9234:
9230:
9224:
9208:
9204:
9198:
9196:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9165:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9118:
9110:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9077:
9069:
9065:
9062:(4): 885β90.
9061:
9057:
9050:
9048:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9000:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8957:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8914:
8912:
8895:
8891:
8884:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8793:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8729:
8720:
8712:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8659:
8643:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8608:
8600:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8584:
8578:
8572:
8564:
8558:
8553:
8552:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8492:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8469:(2): 229β33.
8468:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8434:(3): 223β39.
8433:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8416:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8385:
8377:
8371:
8366:
8365:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8327:Hydrobiologia
8321:
8313:
8311:9782378989842
8307:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8291:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8228:
8220:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8172:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8116:Hydrobiologia
8110:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8060:
8056:
8054:
8045:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7992:
7984:
7977:
7969:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7914:
7895:
7888:
7886:
7877:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7824:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7759:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7647:
7639:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7588:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7559:Hydrobiologia
7553:
7551:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7514:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7440:Hydrobiologia
7434:
7419:
7418:www.ciesm.org
7415:
7409:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7373:Hydrobiologia
7367:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7337:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7309:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7270:
7261:
7259:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7227:(2): 369β79.
7226:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7148:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7112:Hydrobiologia
7109:
7102:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7035:
7026:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6757:
6751:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6615:Hydrobiologia
6612:
6605:
6603:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6561:
6555:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6390:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6356:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6299:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6246:
6239:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6187:Invertebrates
6181:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6027:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6008:
5999:
5991:
5985:
5981:
5980:Invertebrates
5974:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5824:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5770:"Moon Jelly (
5764:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5691:
5685:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5508:
5499:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5302:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5275:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4800:
4792:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4754:9780123812605
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4667:(1β2): 5β20.
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4625:
4624:New Scientist
4621:
4615:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4356:"Nematocysts"
4351:
4335:
4328:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4020:
4016:
4009:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3745:
3744:"Ctenophores"
3738:
3736:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:(10): e1121.
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:Ocean sunfish
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3132:Box jellyfish
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3094:box jellyfish
3091:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:photoproteins
2961:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:Pulmo marinus
2934:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2886:Biotechnology
2883:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2699:stauromedusae
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2610:and Brazil).
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:Mediterranean
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2450: No data
2416:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2380:top predators
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:Zooxanthellae
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:phytoplankton
2319:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:covered with
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:immunological
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:composition,
1808:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:vitreous body
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:physiological
1731:
1730:inter-species
1727:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:compound eyes
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:box jellyfish
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1533:Box jellyfish
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Burgess Shale
1360:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:crystal jelly
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:Siphonophorae
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
986:
985:
979:
978:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
956:
955:
946:
942:
941:
933:
932:
929:
927:
922:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
902:
898:
897:
890:
889:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
870:
865:
864:box jellyfish
861:
855:
854:
848:
847:Rhopaliophora
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
835:
830:
826:
820:
819:
813:
810:
809:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
790:
786:
780:
779:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
763:
757:
756:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
735:
720:
719:
711:
710:
702:
701:
693:
692:
684:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
662:
661:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:
625:
624:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
600:
599:
593:
592:Deuterostomia
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
550:
549:
542:
541:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
525:
521:
517:
516:
509:
508:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
453:
451:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
419:
402:
398:
393:
384:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
235:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
172:
168:
167:Cladistically
164:
158:
154:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
131:
130:
128:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9753:Domestic cat
9639:
9632:latrodectism
9631:
9623:
9615:
9607:
9592:
9579:
9573:Assassin bug
9546:Invertebrate
9535:Animal bites
9488:Malacosporea
9468:(Polypodium)
9466:
9443:(hydrozoans)
9424:
9406:Ceriantharia
9401:Hexacorallia
9396:Octocorallia
9277:
9260:the original
9249:
9237:. Retrieved
9223:
9211:. Retrieved
9207:the original
9182:. Retrieved
9173:
9164:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9093:(4): 454β6.
9090:
9086:
9076:
9059:
9055:
9016:(1): 15β20.
9013:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8923:
8919:
8900:17 September
8898:. Retrieved
8883:
8850:
8846:
8805:(2): 46β48.
8802:
8798:
8792:
8780:. Retrieved
8768:
8758:
8746:. Retrieved
8742:the original
8737:
8728:
8719:
8676:
8672:
8658:
8646:. Retrieved
8635:
8625:
8607:
8582:
8571:
8550:
8542:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8466:
8462:
8456:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8402:. Retrieved
8398:the original
8384:
8363:
8355:
8330:
8326:
8320:
8300:
8290:
8265:10447/531140
8241:
8237:
8227:
8184:
8178:
8171:
8159:. Retrieved
8154:
8144:
8119:
8115:
8088:. Retrieved
8084:
8075:
8063:. Retrieved
8052:
8044:
8005:
8001:
7991:
7982:
7976:
7920:
7913:
7901:. Retrieved
7884:
7876:
7833:
7829:
7816:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7740:
7736:
7726:
7717:
7713:
7703:
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7597:
7587:
7562:
7558:
7524:
7520:
7513:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7421:. Retrieved
7417:
7408:
7376:
7372:
7359:
7350:
7346:
7336:
7324:. Retrieved
7320:
7281:
7277:
7268:
7224:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7163:
7157:
7147:
7136:the original
7115:
7111:
7101:
7051:
7047:
7034:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6960:
6956:
6943:
6903:
6899:
6886:
6844:
6840:
6827:
6815:. Retrieved
6811:
6787:. Retrieved
6783:the original
6772:
6760:. Retrieved
6750:
6738:. Retrieved
6723:
6678:
6674:
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6646:. BBC News.
6637:
6618:
6614:
6589:. Retrieved
6582:the original
6568:
6542:. Retrieved
6538:the original
6533:
6523:
6499:
6492:
6472:
6465:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6410:. Retrieved
6406:the original
6399:
6389:
6377:. Retrieved
6373:
6363:
6307:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6252:. Retrieved
6238:
6226:. Retrieved
6222:the original
6217:
6208:
6200:
6186:
6180:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6109:. Retrieved
6101:Ars Technica
6100:
6090:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6019:(1): 11β19.
6016:
6012:
6006:
5998:
5979:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5952:
5942:
5930:. Retrieved
5926:
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5890:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5804:
5781:. Retrieved
5777:
5771:
5763:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5716:. Retrieved
5707:
5698:
5684:
5672:. Retrieved
5668:the original
5657:
5647:
5633:
5620:
5610:
5596:cite journal
5571:
5565:
5559:
5541:
5515:
5506:
5498:
5485:(1): 36β51.
5482:
5478:
5465:
5453:. Retrieved
5449:the original
5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5413:
5401:. Retrieved
5397:the original
5387:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5282:
5249:(2): 73β77.
5246:
5242:
5194:
5190:
5129:(1): 51β55.
5126:
5122:
5112:
5087:
5083:
5040:(1): 35β49.
5037:
5033:
4988:
4984:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4883:
4879:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4799:
4736:
4664:
4660:
4627:. Retrieved
4623:
4614:
4566:
4562:
4549:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4448:the original
4435:
4431:
4421:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4364:the original
4359:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:
4302:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4204:cite journal
4179:
4175:
4169:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4079:
4022:. Retrieved
4018:
4008:
3996:. Retrieved
3992:
3982:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:
3898:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3802:
3798:
3773:. Retrieved
3748:. Retrieved
3722:. Retrieved
3685:11 September
3683:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3616:
3612:
3598:
3578:
3571:
3551:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3481:
3474:
3469:. 2011. p.1.
3454:
3445:
3438:. Retrieved
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:the original
3398:
3378:
3371:
3354:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3332:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:
3279:. Retrieved
3268:
3241:. Retrieved
3238:ScienceDaily
3237:
3228:
3171:
3114:
3087:
3068:
3060:
3050:
3033:
3027:
2957:
2943:
2930:
2925:
2905:
2880:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2844:
2841:Rhizostomeae
2838:
2831:
2826:
2794:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2723:
2703:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2666:
2663:cosmopolitan
2656:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2537:
2490:algal blooms
2454:
2390:
2369:
2351:
2337:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2278:
2276:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2219:Limnomedusae
2215:strobilation
2200:
2188:sea anemones
2169:
2148:
2144:
2136:Medusa grows
2133:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2052:
2050:
2030:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1968:
1964:Staurocladia
1962:
1960:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1912:Ch. fleckeri
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1850:
1848:
1836:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1790:phylogenetic
1782:
1777:photopigment
1770:
1754:pigmentation
1742:
1726:photosystems
1723:
1695:
1674:
1669:
1645:
1638:
1618:UV radiation
1595:
1572:
1552:
1543:
1531:
1508:
1473:
1464:
1435:
1415:gastrodermis
1392:
1356:
1354:
1341:
1311:Kimmeridgian
1304:
1289:
1263:subumbrella.
1254:
1231:
1162:Narcomedusae
1160:
1159:
1136:Limnomedusae
1134:
1133:
1071:
1070:
1047:Leptothecata
1045:
1043:
1016:
989:
944:
920:
915:
896:Discomedusae
894:
893:
863:
858:
828:
823:
785:Polypodiozoa
783:
760:
731:
658:
639:
629:
628:
605:Ambulacraria
603:
578:
546:
545:
519:
513:
512:
490:
468:
466:
460:and certain
458:comb jellies
455:
450:coelenterate
447:
443:
423:
415:
382:
361:
357:
351:
344:
336:
305:
294:Rhizostomeae
287:
268:
241:
218:
214:
213:
181:
61:
40:
9697:Sea anemone
9655:Bristleworm
9640:loxoscelism
9624:arachnidism
9616:demodicosis
9608:scorpionism
9315:" from The
9174:Mayo Clinic
8969:(12): 868.
8847:Smithsonian
8782:27 February
8248:: 242β259.
8210:10023/25136
8090:10 February
8085:www.fao.org
7892:. NOBANIS.
7859:10072/43275
7743:: 153β174.
7565:: 133β149.
7423:10 February
7414:"CIESM GIS"
6817:10 February
6740:19 November
6007:Turritopsis
5932:10 February
5831:|work=
4629:10 February
4360:Jellieszone
4317:10 February
4019:Smithsonian
3993:Smithsonian
3675:"Jellyfish"
3414:10 February
3329:"jellyfish"
3243:10 February
3090:acetic acid
3083:Costa Brava
3079:anaphylaxis
2980:Roger Tsien
2966:that cause
2796:Aquaculture
2677:marine lake
2635:zooplankton
2631:jelly-falls
2592:Caspian Sea
2510:fish stocks
2502:overfishing
2330:mutualistic
2318:zooplankton
2130:strobilates
2123:Polyp grows
1933:Ch. bronzie
1925:Ch. bronzie
1908:Ca. barnesi
1904:Ch. bronzie
1875:adaptations
1661:cephalopods
1631:scyphozoans
1587:vertebrates
1484:circulation
1480:respiration
1448:nematocysts
1375:ctenophores
1329:, Wisconsin
1122:Trachylinae
580:Protostomia
438:staurozoans
378:scyphozoans
362:sea jellies
354:ctenophores
301:food energy
277:, but some
271:Scyphozoans
219:sea jellies
115:Subphylum:
9889:Cnidarians
9883:Categories
9711:Vertebrate
9702:Sea urchin
9665:Cone snail
9660:Cephalopod
9614:Skin mite
9493:Myxosporea
9457:Staurozoa
9449:Scyphozoa
9213:18 October
8748:3 December
7985:: 541β543.
7720:: 567β569.
7326:13 October
6654:26 January
6254:12 October
6228:3 December
6111:3 December
5907:24 January
5718:22 October
5429:18 October
5403:18 October
3998:13 October
3555:. Viking.
3534:24 January
3440:13 October
3281:2 December
3221:References
3210:Ctenophora
2948:extracted
2872:table salt
2850:in China (
2848:esculentum
2822:sesame oil
2741:trematodes
2714:gravel bar
2710:Roscoe Bay
2659:freshwater
2596:Baltic Sea
2532:Baltic Sea
2494:dead zones
2374:, sharks,
2356:microalgae
2263:locomotion
2261:Jellyfish
2253:Locomotion
2186:, such as
2184:anthozoans
2141:Life cycle
2111:scyphozoan
2095:See also:
1970:Eleutheria
1832:statocysts
1807:crystallin
1750:epithelium
1698:morphology
1635:moon jelly
1610:phototaxis
1606:hydrozoans
1563:cnidarians
1523:gyroscopes
1460:nematocyst
1407:amebocytes
1367:stem group
1339:conulariid
991:Aplanulata
660:Vertebrata
634:(includes
515:Ctenophora
426:cnidarians
412:Definition
370:cuttlefish
283:freshwater
279:hydrozoans
256:life cycle
248:locomotion
221:, are the
180:, such as
132:Acraspeda
46:Jellyfish
9899:Scyphozoa
9858:Man-eater
9853:Cnidocyte
9808:Stonefish
9748:Crocodile
9733:Wild boar
9718:Alligator
9687:Jellyfish
9648:Millipede
9606:Scorpion
9593:pulicosis
9580:cimicosis
9558:Centipede
9553:Arthropod
9441:Hydrozoa
9425:Medusozoa
9038:204054168
8827:225837493
8819:2052-4889
8777:0362-4331
8693:1469-493X
8333:: 19β26.
8296:Aristotle
8282:225330785
8274:2330-8249
8219:1054-3139
8081:"FAOSTAT"
7966:ignored (
7956:cite book
7527:: 19β41.
7485:Fisheries
7446:: 27β44.
7379:: 55β68.
7249:189820003
7118:: 67β85.
6789:3 October
6762:3 October
6412:4 October
6353:ignored (
6343:cite book
6218:msnbc.com
5963:2 January
5927:ThoughtCo
5833:ignored (
5823:cite book
5659:PolarTREC
5574:: 1β469.
5265:219759193
5153:0960-9822
5034:Biol Bull
4789:ignored (
4779:cite book
4763:1937-6448
4340:6 January
4249:0962-8452
4182:: 1β469.
4147:: 23β42.
4098:cite book
4024:28 August
3913:28 August
3864:(1): 68.
3775:28 August
3750:28 August
3724:28 August
3643:1932-6203
2944:In 1961,
2846:Rhopilema
2828:Aristotle
2818:soy sauce
2773:Fisheries
2767:Fisheries
2734:predation
2730:helminths
2720:Parasites
2708:flux. In
2693:Cassiopea
2681:Mastigias
2604:Caribbean
2588:Black Sea
2514:fish eggs
2504:of their
2461:nutrients
2387:Symbiosis
2376:swordfish
2366:Predation
2023:capillata
1916:mangroves
1815:Pax genes
1702:molecular
1676:Medusozoa
1600:regulate
1549:Evolution
1496:epidermis
1492:nerve net
1468:gonophore
1411:epidermis
1377:instead.
1371:Acraspeda
1350:Wisconsin
1317:, Germany
1315:Solnhofen
1284:Staurozoa
1260:Scyphozoa
1238:Scyphozoa
917:Coronatae
882:Scyphozoa
825:Staurozoa
812:Acraspeda
802:Medusozoa
764:(corals)
567:Bilateria
434:predatory
418:Medusozoa
407:Phylogeny
366:shellfish
244:tentacles
230:Medusozoa
227:subphylum
215:Jellyfish
148:Staurozoa
142:Scyphozoa
119:Medusozoa
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
9894:Hydrozoa
9793:Stingray
9599:Mosquito
9578:Bed bug
9433:Cubozoa
9388:Anthozoa
9379:Cnidaria
9233:Archived
9184:15 April
9178:Archived
9109:25517656
9068:14989575
8991:19857333
8948:42453046
8894:Archived
8875:12532183
8867:28752797
8711:37272501
8702:10240560
8642:Archived
8617:Archived
8579:(2002).
8448:13911999
8424:Aequorea
8136:20719121
8059:Archived
8036:Archived
8032:27055563
8002:Parasite
7894:Archived
7808:25320167
7695:62793057
7687:16824906
7638:23277544
7579:22838905
7470:27615539
7397:Archived
7393:10927442
7296:Archived
7200:16103373
7132:12415790
7090:Archived
7086:62793057
7078:16824906
6985:19324452
6932:Archived
6875:Archived
6871:21752825
6734:Archived
6715:28586681
6648:Archived
6621:: 3β20.
6554:cite web
6515:Archived
6457:90152409
6374:Discover
6172:24101461
6105:Archived
6074:29227703
5957:Archived
5901:Archived
5755:13914997
5712:Archived
5625:Archived
5551:Archived
5530:Archived
5487:Archived
5423:Archived
5219:19797109
5169:13344739
5161:18160295
5104:85422599
5062:24400231
5054:19679721
5007:15558464
4951:15889091
4900:19347342
4854:20660753
4771:20797681
4691:23578808
4603:Archived
4591:15889076
4541:21430196
4500:23885868
4413:22442361
4370:29 March
4267:37528711
4258:10394413
4235:(2004).
4161:28342963
4123:Archived
4120:Cnidaria
3974:29281657
3934:PLOS ONE
3839:26465609
3799:PLOS ONE
3661:17971881
3613:PLOS ONE
3528:Archived
3507:20 March
3501:Archived
3463:Archived
3434:Archived
3363:7043926M
3305:BBC News
3275:Archived
3188:See also
3075:sea wasp
2954:aequorin
2802:Products
2786:collagen
2738:digenean
2645:Habitats
2360:mesoglea
2229:Lifespan
2223:frustule
2207:tentacle
2167:larvae.
1844:antisera
1811:synapses
1746:rhopalia
1710:synapses
1626:membrane
1583:Cnidaria
1527:mangrove
1519:crystals
1504:ganglion
1423:rhopalia
1403:collagen
1395:mesoglea
1346:Devonian
1273:Hydrozoa
1250:Anthozoa
1246:Hydrozoa
1228:Taxonomy
1073:Filifera
971:Hydrozoa
762:Anthozoa
749:Cnidaria
631:Tunicata
617:Chordata
548:Cnidaria
492:Porifera
479:Animalia
374:starfish
328:inserted
324:reporter
237:Cnidaria
178:Hydrozoa
157:Hydrozoa
109:Cnidaria
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
9778:Piranha
9763:Leopard
9675:Hydroid
9622:Spider
9480:Myxozoa
9381:classes
9377:Extant
9239:14 July
9156:4156430
9136:Bibcode
9128:Toxicon
9030:6102347
8983:8100984
8940:8469205
8534:9043327
8526:8303295
8506:Bibcode
8498:Science
8483:1347277
8404:11 June
8347:6518460
8161:16 June
8023:4824873
7948:1679552
7903:16 June
7868:3693276
7838:Bibcode
7799:4213659
7745:Bibcode
7665:Bibcode
7629:3549082
7606:Bibcode
7529:Bibcode
7493:Bibcode
7353:: 5-17.
7321:Haaretz
7229:Bibcode
7215:Aurelia
7191:1189321
7168:Bibcode
7056:Bibcode
7012:Bibcode
6965:Bibcode
6928:9452385
6908:Bibcode
6900:Science
6862:3234559
6683:Bibcode
6437:Bibcode
6379:11 July
6335:1679552
6163:3816424
6140:Bibcode
6082:3956265
6066:1543022
5882:4078889
5862:Bibcode
5783:11 June
5674:13 June
5576:Bibcode
5455:11 June
5367:Bibcode
5340:1540715
5211:2565398
5131:Bibcode
4959:4418085
4931:Bibcode
4908:9563849
4845:2922549
4822:Bibcode
4682:3632888
4599:4408533
4571:Bibcode
4478:Bibcode
4184:Bibcode
3965:5744923
3942:Bibcode
3889:5932825
3866:Bibcode
3830:4605497
3807:Bibcode
3652:2040521
3621:Bibcode
3447:fishes.
3160:Zarautz
3110:itching
2736:. Some
2688:benthic
2639:benthic
2498:hypoxic
2332:algae (
2293:Ecology
2267:Muscles
2203:budding
2196:sessile
2165:planula
2066:⁄
1985:fission
1978:⁄
1953:⁄
1614:planula
1419:lappets
1381:Anatomy
1267:Cubozoa
1242:Cubozoa
1234:planula
1139:, e.g.
860:Cubozoa
789:Myxozoa
430:pelagic
428:have a
399:at the
358:jellies
260:planula
136:Cubozoa
18:Medusae
9815:Walrus
9773:Monkey
9743:Coyote
9738:Cougar
9728:Beaver
9563:Insect
9539:stings
9336:Photos
9284:
9154:
9107:
9066:
9036:
9028:
8989:
8981:
8946:
8938:
8873:
8865:
8825:
8817:
8775:
8709:
8699:
8691:
8595:
8591:β191.
8559:
8532:
8524:
8481:
8446:
8372:
8345:
8308:
8280:
8272:
8217:
8134:
8065:1 June
8030:
8020:
8008:: 16.
7946:
7936:
7866:
7806:
7796:
7693:
7685:
7636:
7626:
7577:
7468:
7458:
7391:
7247:
7198:
7188:
7130:
7084:
7076:
6983:
6926:
6869:
6859:
6713:
6591:7 June
6544:7 June
6507:
6480:
6455:
6333:
6323:
6193:
6170:
6160:
6080:
6072:
6064:
5986:
5880:
5854:Nature
5811:
5753:
5338:
5289:
5263:
5217:
5209:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5102:
5060:
5052:
5005:
4957:
4949:
4923:Nature
4906:
4898:
4852:
4842:
4769:
4761:
4751:
4689:
4679:
4597:
4589:
4563:Nature
4539:
4498:
4411:
4265:
4255:
4247:
4159:
4086:
3972:
3962:
3886:
3837:
3827:
3659:
3649:
3641:
3586:
3559:
3493:
3386:
3361:
3338:9 June
3047:Stings
2857:hΗizhΓ©
2518:larvae
2482:runoff
2474:iodine
2465:oxygen
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2404:Blooms
2286:vortex
2271:vortex
2211:gonads
2192:corals
2128:Polyp
2021:Cyanea
1896:, and
1813:, and
1766:retina
1758:cornea
1738:opsins
1706:opsins
1686:retina
1665:optics
1653:camera
1515:organs
1511:ocelli
275:marine
234:phylum
223:medusa
9841:Other
9825:Dingo
9798:Tiger
9788:Snake
9783:Shark
9692:Leech
9670:Coral
9591:Flea
9317:MBARI
9034:S2CID
8987:S2CID
8944:S2CID
8871:S2CID
8823:S2CID
8648:6 May
8530:S2CID
8343:S2CID
8278:S2CID
8244:(2).
8187:(5).
8132:S2CID
7944:S2CID
7897:(PDF)
7890:(PDF)
7864:S2CID
7826:(PDF)
7691:S2CID
7575:S2CID
7466:S2CID
7400:(PDF)
7389:S2CID
7369:(PDF)
7299:(PDF)
7274:(PDF)
7245:S2CID
7139:(PDF)
7128:S2CID
7093:(PDF)
7082:S2CID
7044:(PDF)
6953:(PDF)
6935:(PDF)
6896:(PDF)
6878:(PDF)
6837:(PDF)
6585:(PDF)
6578:(PDF)
6453:S2CID
6331:S2CID
6248:(PDF)
6078:S2CID
6062:JSTOR
5878:S2CID
5751:S2CID
5533:(PDF)
5512:(PDF)
5490:(PDF)
5475:(PDF)
5336:JSTOR
5261:S2CID
5215:S2CID
5165:S2CID
5100:S2CID
5058:S2CID
5030:(PDF)
4955:S2CID
4904:S2CID
4606:(PDF)
4595:S2CID
4559:(PDF)
4451:(PDF)
4157:S2CID
3310:7 May
3216:Notes
3053:venom
2726:hosts
2706:tidal
2372:tunas
2180:polyp
2176:cilia
2172:larva
2160:sperm
2151:spawn
2134:12β14
2045:China
2041:Korea
2037:Japan
1672:clade
1597:Basal
1443:septa
1278:Hydra
1076:e.g.
1050:e.g.
1044:Some
734:clade
636:salps
462:salps
348:Names
297:order
264:polyp
183:Hydra
176:some
155:some
9820:Wolf
9768:Lion
9758:Orca
9723:Bear
9537:and
9282:ISBN
9241:2010
9215:2010
9186:2013
9152:PMID
9105:PMID
9064:PMID
9026:PMID
8979:PMID
8936:PMID
8902:2016
8863:PMID
8815:ISSN
8784:2020
8773:ISSN
8750:2014
8707:PMID
8689:ISSN
8677:2023
8650:2010
8593:ISBN
8557:ISBN
8522:PMID
8479:PMID
8463:Gene
8444:PMID
8406:2018
8370:ISBN
8306:ISBN
8270:ISSN
8215:ISSN
8163:2018
8092:2023
8067:2016
8028:PMID
7968:help
7934:ISBN
7905:2016
7804:PMID
7683:PMID
7634:PMID
7456:ISBN
7425:2023
7328:2018
7196:PMID
7074:PMID
6981:PMID
6924:PMID
6867:PMID
6819:2023
6791:2018
6764:2018
6742:2009
6711:PMID
6656:2015
6593:2018
6560:link
6546:2018
6505:ISBN
6478:ISBN
6414:2017
6381:2021
6355:help
6321:ISBN
6256:2018
6230:2014
6191:ISBN
6168:PMID
6113:2014
6070:PMID
5984:ISBN
5965:2016
5934:2023
5909:2010
5835:help
5809:ISBN
5785:2018
5720:2013
5676:2023
5602:link
5457:2018
5431:2010
5405:2010
5287:ISBN
5207:PMID
5157:PMID
5149:ISSN
5050:PMID
5003:PMID
4947:PMID
4896:PMID
4850:PMID
4814:PNAS
4791:help
4767:PMID
4759:ISSN
4749:ISBN
4687:PMID
4631:2023
4587:PMID
4537:PMID
4496:PMID
4409:PMID
4372:2014
4342:2019
4319:2023
4263:PMID
4245:ISSN
4210:link
4104:link
4084:ISBN
4026:2018
4000:2018
3970:PMID
3915:2018
3835:PMID
3777:2018
3752:2018
3726:2018
3687:2018
3657:PMID
3639:ISSN
3584:ISBN
3557:ISBN
3536:2010
3509:2013
3491:ISBN
3442:2018
3416:2023
3384:ISBN
3340:2018
3312:2023
3283:2011
3245:2023
2996:gene
2894:and
2876:alum
2874:and
2820:and
2573:and
2561:and
2549:and
2516:and
2488:and
2320:and
2305:prey
2298:Diet
2190:and
2126:9β11
2099:and
2043:and
2014:The
2002:The
1991:and
1967:and
1910:and
1681:lens
1620:via
1612:(in
1557:and
1482:and
1337:The
787:and
372:and
326:for
310:and
308:cell
9830:Dog
9586:Bee
9568:Ant
9144:doi
9095:doi
9091:151
9018:doi
9008:".
8971:doi
8967:158
8928:doi
8924:158
8855:doi
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