451:, belong to the third group. Although these groups are too phenotypically similar to tell apart morphologically, they exhibit different brooding behaviours. In the Japanese/Chinese form, the males wait until the fertilised eggs hatch in their foam nests, and then keep the larvae in their mouths until they can breathe their own air. The Ryukyuan populations also make foam nests, but do not keep the larvae in the somewhat narrow buccal cavities in their mouths. The most widespread clade does not make foam nests, but lays the eggs among the roots of floating plants, and shows no parental care. Larvae use their pectoral fins to increase water flow and thus oxygen intake across their skin. This last form shows the most genetic diversity and may belong to numerous cryptic species. This form is also the type that has been introduced to the USA.
474:
626:
93:
68:
700:
49:
595:, and one in southern Georgia near the Chattahoochee River. One or more of the populations are believed to be the result of an intentional or accidental release of the creature from a home aquarium or fish farm. Some populations may have been the result of an attempt by a few local residents to establish the eels as a food source.
661:
exhibit a great deal of parental care. Large males construct bubble nests at the mouth of burrows and guard the eggs and young. In some
Japanese and Chinese forms, eggs are laid in bubble nests located in shallow waters. These bubble nests float at the water's surface and are not attached to aquatic
786:
population here. They discourage catching and transporting the eel. Water-management structures near established swamp eel populations are not being opened to prevent or at least retard dispersal, particularly into the waters of the park. Adult and juvenile swamp eels are air-breathers, while young
781:
Asian swamp eels might pose a future threat to the environment of
Everglades National Park, although preliminary studies reported no deleterious ecological effects in Florida. However, more recent studies in the Everglades do show several species faced precipitous declines after the introduction of
570:
was introduced from Korea in the beginning of the 20th century. Its distribution in Japan is discontinuous, which also indicates that it is introduced within the last millennium or so. The eels found in Taiwan appear to belong to two different species, a
Japanese form was introduced in 1940, but a
503:
Their colour is variable, but generally olive or brown, with irregular dark flecks. Individuals in
Florida usually have a dark body and head, with dark olive or brown dorsal coloring and light orange ventral coloring. Individuals caught in Florida can be more colourful, indicating breeding for the
590:
drainage basin; by 1994, individuals had migrated to an adjacent marsh, the
Chattahoochee Nature Center north of Atlanta. Subsequently, eels were collected from Florida waters in 1997 at two widely separated areas, one in southeast and the other in west-central Florida. Tens of thousands of swamp
1019:
Schoch, Conrad L; Ciufo, Stacy; Domrachev, Mikhail; Hotton, Carol L; Kannan, Sivakumar; Khovanskaya, Rogneda; Leipe, Detlef; Mcveigh, Richard; O’Neill, Kathleen; Robbertse, Barbara; Sharma, Shobha; Soussov, Vladimir; Sullivan, John P; Sun, Lu; Turner, Seán (2020-01-01).
654:. All young are females. As juvenile fish begin to mature, some take on the masculine phenotype. Males are capable of changing sex, allowing them to replenish female populations when female densities are low. This change from one sex to another can take up to a year.
591:
eels are estimated to inhabit nearly 55 miles of two water canal systems in southern
Florida, one in the North Miami area and another on the eastern side of Everglades National Park. Two other populations of the eels have been discovered since 1993, one outside of
496:, it has a tapering tail and blunt snout, and lacks pectoral and pelvic fins. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are rudimentary, with the caudal fin often absent. These fins serve to protect the swamp eel against rolling, and assist in sudden turns and stops. Its
1118:
Collins, Timothy M., Joel C. Trexler, Leo G. Nico, and
Timothy A. Rawlings (2002). "Genetic Diversity in a Morphologically Conservative Invasive Taxon: Multiple Introductions of Swamp Eels to the Southeastern United States." Conservation Biology. 16.4:
637:
The preferred environment for the Asian swamp eel includes a wide variety of muddy, freshwater, shallow wetlands, such as rice paddies, ditches, ponds, marshes, streams, rivers, canals, lakes, and reservoirs. Depths less than 3 m are optimal.
707:
The fish is an important protein source for people in
Thailand. It is cultured throughout Vietnam. In Indonesia, Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and other Asian countries, swamp eels are farmed in
550:
is native to the tropical and subtropical areas of northern India and Burma to China, Japan, and Indo-Malayan
Archipelago, possible populations in Far East Russia and northeastern Australia might belong to different
782:
swamp eels. Two crayfish became nearly absent from areas with swamp eels, and other species of fish also saw significant declines. The United States
Geological Survey has used several methods to control the
1264:
Reinert, T. R., C. A. Straight, et al. (2006). "Effectiveness of atimycin-A as a toxicant for control of invasive Asian swamp eels." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 26(4): 949-952.
579:
around 1900, where they still occur. Earliest record of the fish in the Philippines is in 1918 from a collection by the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia where it has become an invasive species.
1100:
1599:
358:
799:) that are transmitted across the gill membrane may not be effective. Serial pesticide dilutions of antimycin-A were tested and found to be innocuous. No changes in
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were not colonized until the end of the 20th century. Around 1990, the eels were introduced to several ponds at a nature center near Atlanta, Georgia, within the
1318:
Setasuban P; Nuamtanong S; Rojanakittikoon V; Yaemput S; Dekumyoy P; Akahane H; Kojima S (1991). "Gnathostomiasis in Thailand: a survey on intermediate hosts of
518:, a related species also commonly eaten, has also been introduced to the USA. When it breaths, the throat expands on sides of head, as opposed to ventrally in
1237:
606:
is a nocturnal animal. Its diet includes other fish, shrimp, crayfish, frogs, turtle eggs, aquatic invertebrates such as worms and insects, and occasionally
737:
In addition to being useful as a food. This species of eel is also often released into natural water resources in Thailand. According to the belief of the
507:
The mouth is large and protractile, and both upper and lower jaws have tiny teeth for eating fishes, worms, crustaceans, and other small aquatic animals.
1387:
Tran Phu Manh Sieu; Tran Thi Kim Dung; Nguyen Thi Quynh Nga; Tran Vinh Hien; Anders Dalsgaard; Jitra Waikagul; K. Darwin Murrell (2009). "Prevalence of
1752:
420:. It occurs in East and Southeast Asia, where it is commonly sold and eaten throughout the region. It has been introduced to two areas near the
443:, although these were not given nomenclatural names, as the taxonomic synonymy was too complex to sort out at the time. The populations in the
1814:
807:
were observed. The fish in the United States likely originate from a different areas in Asia, and are slightly different in characteristics.
1881:
642:
can live in a wide range of oxygen levels. This fish can obtain up to 25% oxygen from air transcutaneously if not using gills under water.
1094:
1586:
1713:
1349:
Akahane H, Setasuban P, Nuamtanong S, Horiuchi S, Koga M, Kojima S (1995). "A new type of advanced third-stage larvae of the genus
1778:
473:
880:
1827:
1783:
571:
Southeast Asian form is also common and may have also been introduced or be native. The eels were first introduced to the
1896:
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that it will help to end suffering and sorrow, or as a merit as releasing other fish or other aquatic animals such as
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17:
1819:
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1081:
Shafland, Paul L., Kelly B. Gestring, and Murray S. Stanford (2010). "An Assessment of the Asian Swamp Eel (
315:
1765:
1674:
1661:
1560:
1679:
1652:
583:
436:
The Asian swamp eel is a freshwater, eel-like fish belonging to the family Synbranchidae (swamp eels).
92:
1238:"Impacts of Introduced Freshwater Fishes in the Philippines (1905-2013): A Review and Recommendations"
734:
and 鰻, pronounced "unagi", meaning eel, usually written in katakana as タウナギ, and not commonly eaten.
1858:
1386:
851:
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are distinct, the populations in China and Japan belong to another clade, and the rest, the original
1021:
1214:
288:
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are fused, but one v-shaped gill is located beneath the head. Such a shape prevents reverse flow.
1806:
1757:
1614:
952:
Nelson, J.S. Fishes of the World. 3rd. New York City: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994. Print.
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242:
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187:
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Hydrology-mediated ecological function of a large wetland threatened by an invasive predator
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Matsumoto, Seiji; Kon, Takeshi; Yamaguchi, Motoomi; Takeshima, Hirohiko (19 August 2009).
8:
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is capable of moving over dry land, but many years of study found no evidence for this.
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Some work indicates that the species should be split into three geographical clades or
213:
87:
1840:
1687:
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1469:
1459:
1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
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body that grows to a meter or less, typically 25 to 40 cm as an adult. As a
440:
723:, they are sold dried in almost all village markets for use in Hindu offerings.
1637:
1037:
975:
in East and Southeast Asia, with special reference to the Ryukyuan populations"
804:
592:
458:
134:
31:
1305:
Chivers, C.J. (1999). "Swamp aka Rice Eels." Wildlife Conservation. 102.2: 18.
990:
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is native to much of East and Southeast Asia, ranging west as far as India.
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absorb oxygen directly through the skin. As such, standard fish poisons or
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Spawning can occur throughout the year. Some Japanese and Chinese forms of
489:
204:
1434:
1370:
1335:
555:. It is a common fish in India, Southern China to Malaysia and Indonesia.
1739:
1646:
796:
738:
731:
709:
1539:
1022:"NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools"
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vegetation. Females produce up to 1,000 eggs, each, per spawning event.
1718:
1705:
1199:
1179:
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421:
164:
1529:. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 857, part 1. 20 January 2023.
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699:
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McPherson, B.F., Miller, R.L., Haag, K.H., and Bradner, Anne. (2000)
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154:
104:
48:
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2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō,
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1130:
1700:
1631:
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889:
792:
680:
671:
607:
481:
124:
1348:
687:, eating raw or undercooked swamp eel is the most common cause of
684:
444:
425:
1832:
563:
559:
114:
1542:. Florida,1996–98: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1207, 32 p.
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Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
1328:
Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
968:
522:. This species also has "suprapharyngeal air chambers", which
1322:
spp. with special reference to a new type of larvae found in
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rice fields and sold as a food product with the rice crop.
572:
413:
1018:
932:
Fuller, P.L., L.G. Nico, and M. Cannister. ( 11 30 2010).
566:) are likely introduced from China. The population in the
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does not, and a few scales, which are entirely absent in
1085:) in Florida." Reviews in Fisheries Science. 18.1: 25-39
1484:
1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan,
1391:
infection in wild and cultured swamp eels in Vietnam".
827:
Ame, E.C.; Ballad, E.L. & Kesner-Reyes, K. (2021).
412:, is a commercially important air-breathing species of
1525:
Pintar; M, Dorn, N; Kline, J; and Trexler, J. (2023)
1215:"A review of the eels of the Philippine archipelago"
534:has a single row of teeth, as opposed to two rows.
1873:
1585:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1313:
1311:
934:"Asian swamp eel." Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
852:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T166148A162163341.en
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962:
960:
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1301:
1299:
1225:(2): 125–126 – via Biodiversity Library.
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1587:United States National Agricultural Library
1502:"'แก้เคราะห์-เสริมดวงชะตา' แบบไหนถึงได้บุญ"
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971:"Cryptic diversification of the swamp eel
871:
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66:
47:
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1236:Guerrero III, Rafael D. III (June 2014).
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1357:, from Nakhon Nayok, central Thailand".
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488:The Asian swamp eel has a scaleless,
1213:Herre, Albert W.C.T. (August 1923).
703:Dish of rice with swamp eel in China
1882:IUCN Red List least concern species
1579:Species Profile - Asian Swamp Eel (
1478:
1462:
1453:
838:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
817:
730:, from 田, pronounced "ta", meaning
457:is not an "true" eel' in the order
24:
1275:"Asian swamp eel invades Florida."
613:An old document from 1958 claimed
558:The populations in most of Japan (
510:
25:
1913:
1574:Invasive Species Specialist Group
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1540:Water Quality in Southern Florida
1219:The Philippine Journal of Science
691:, an uncommon parasitic disease.
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938:United States Geological Survey
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629:Introduced Asian swamp eels in
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1277:National Parks. 74.5/6: 13-14.
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670:Swamp eels are a host for the
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13:
1:
1245:Philippine Journal of Science
1180:"A List of Philippine Fishes"
810:
1596:, US Army Corps of Engineers
645:
542:It has a wide distribution.
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
1273:Daerr, Elizabeth G.(2000).
1103:September 28, 2011, at the
431:
10:
1918:
1897:Taxa named by Vasily Zuyev
665:
620:
598:
584:Southeastern United States
461:; it belongs to the order
29:
1621:
1178:Fowler, Henry W. (1918).
991:10.1007/s10228-009-0125-y
726:In Japan, it is known as
312:Synbranchus xanthognathus
219:
212:
193:
186:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
1559:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1330:. 22 Supplement: 220–4.
1293:. Retrieved 13 Mar 2011.
1038:10.1093/database/baaa062
940:. Retrieved 15 Mar 2011.
879:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
763:Hoplobatrachus rugulosus
719:, the eels are known as
323:Monopterus xanthognathus
269:Unibranchapertura laevis
1393:Journal of Parasitology
979:Ichthyological Research
845:: e.T166148A162163341.
694:
650:The Asian swamp eel is
366:Apterigia nigromaculata
331:Ophicardia xanthognatha
296:Pneumabranchus cinereus
1902:Fish described in 1793
1561:"Family Synbranchidae"
1389:Gnathostoma spinigerum
704:
676:Gnathostoma spinigerum
634:
485:
355:Apterigia saccogularis
1600:Life History Data on
1508:(in Thai). 2020-07-06
893:. March 2019 version.
771:Filopaludina martensi
702:
628:
476:
347:Monopterus marmoratus
258:Monopterus javanensis
239:Synbranchus grammicus
1353:in freshwater eels,
1129:Clay, Keith (2003).
633:in the United States
424:in Florida and near
410:white rice-field eel
374:Apterigia immaculata
285:Ophicardia phayriana
34:(Pisodonophis boro).
759:Chinese edible frog
588:Chattahoochee River
480:at a restaurant in
339:Monopterus helvolus
304:Monopterus cinereus
58:Conservation status
1288:"Asian Swamp Eel."
747:Anabas testudineus
705:
635:
486:
334:(Richardson, 1845)
326:(Richardson, 1845)
307:(McClelland, 1844)
1869:
1868:
1841:Open Tree of Life
1615:Taxon identifiers
1604:, Asian swamp eel
1405:10.1645/GE-1586.1
1141:(6923): 585–586.
751:striped snakehead
582:Locations in the
484:, the Philippines
396:), also known as
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831:Monopterus albus
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577:Hawaiian Islands
544:Monopterus albus
478:Monopterus albus
463:Synbranchiformes
393:Monopterus albus
377:Basilewsky, 1855
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342:Richardson, 1846
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145:Synbranchiformes
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1550:External links
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459:Anguilliformes
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416:in the family
406:rice paddy eel
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309:
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293:
282:
274:
272:Lacepède, 1803
266:
255:
250:Gymnotus albus
247:
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217:
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176:
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135:Actinopterygii
132:
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102:
98:
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84:
83:
65:
62:
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56:
53:
52:
44:
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32:rice-paddy eel
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1286:Talwar, P.K.
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1186:(58): 62–65.
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429:
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418:Synbranchidae
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:ricefield eel
399:
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389:
375:
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367:
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234:(Zuiew, 1793)
232:
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189:
188:Binomial name
185:
181:
180:
179:M. albus
175:
172:
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155:Synbranchidae
153:
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100:
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85:
79:
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73:Least Concern
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1892:Fish of Asia
1622:
1601:
1592:
1580:
1564:
1534:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1480:
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1365:(4): 743–7.
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1291:FishBase.org
1290:
1282:
1269:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1183:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1098:distribution
1095:
1090:
1082:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
985:(1): 71–77.
982:
978:
972:
937:
888:
882:
856:. Retrieved
842:
836:
830:
783:
780:
777:Conservation
770:
762:
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581:
557:
547:
543:
541:
538:Distribution
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
506:
502:
490:anguilliform
487:
477:
454:
453:
448:
438:
435:
428:in Georgia.
409:
405:
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397:
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257:
249:
238:
230:
223:Muraena alba
222:
196:
194:
178:
177:
165:
36:
1740:iNaturalist
1647:Wikispecies
1351:Gnathostoma
1320:Gnathostoma
1251:(1): 49–59.
797:antimycin A
739:Thai people
710:polyculture
504:pet trade.
469:Description
253:Zuiew, 1789
226:Zuiew, 1793
1887:Monopterus
1876:Categories
1512:2023-06-10
1506:Daily News
1445:8 November
1355:Fluta alba
1324:Fluta alba
1004:8 November
811:References
789:piscicides
767:pond snail
568:Nara Basin
422:Everglades
359:Basilewsky
316:Richardson
289:McClelland
231:Fluta alba
166:Monopterus
1435:"Lindung"
1192:0045-8511
1119:1024-1035
1046:1758-0463
999:1341-8998
805:mortality
801:morbidity
646:Lifecycle
532:M. cuchia
516:M. cuchia
494:swamp eel
173:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
1758:11311823
1701:FishBase
1638:Q1336863
1632:Wikidata
1566:FishBase
1439:BASAbali
1421:23748298
1413:19245276
1157:12571575
1101:Archived
1064:32761142
1026:Database
890:FishBase
858:6 August
793:rotenone
784:M. albus
728:ta-unagi
717:Balinese
681:Thailand
672:nematode
659:M. albus
640:M. albus
615:M. albus
608:detritus
604:M. albus
548:M. albus
528:M. albus
524:M. albus
520:M. albus
482:Mindanao
455:M. albus
449:M. albus
432:Taxonomy
398:rice eel
262:Lacepède
214:Synonyms
151:Family:
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
1719:5204081
1371:9139388
1336:1822890
1200:1436970
1165:1967346
1096:M.albus
1055:7408187
791:(e.g.,
773:) etc.
721:lindung
685:Vietnam
666:Disease
631:Georgia
621:Habitat
599:Ecology
445:Ryukyus
426:Atlanta
207:, 1793)
161:Genus:
141:Order:
131:Class:
76: (
1859:281590
1846:655999
1833:281590
1797:166148
1784:166697
1488:
1472:
1419:
1411:
1369:
1334:
1198:
1190:
1184:Copeia
1163:
1155:
1135:Nature
1062:
1052:
1044:
997:
564:Kyushu
560:Honshu
361:, 1855
318:, 1845
291:, 1844
264:, 1800
245:, 1842
243:Cantor
1854:WoRMS
1820:43700
1804:NAS:
1771:74114
1753:IRMNG
1745:53511
1693:4495D
1680:30388
1417:S2CID
1241:(PDF)
1196:JSTOR
1161:S2CID
732:paddy
679:. In
205:Zuiew
1828:OBIS
1815:NCBI
1792:IUCN
1779:ITIS
1727:GISD
1714:GBIF
1706:4663
1675:BOLD
1486:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1447:2020
1409:PMID
1367:PMID
1332:PMID
1188:ISSN
1153:PMID
1060:PMID
1042:ISSN
1030:2020
1006:2020
995:ISSN
860:2023
843:2021
803:and
795:and
695:Uses
683:and
573:Oahu
562:and
414:fish
386:The
1807:974
1766:ISC
1732:446
1688:CoL
1662:AFD
1401:doi
1326:".
1249:143
1143:doi
1139:421
1050:PMC
1034:doi
987:doi
847:doi
765:),
757:),
749:),
715:In
575:in
408:or
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1563:.
1504:.
1437:.
1415:.
1407:.
1397:95
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1379:^
1363:26
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1247:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
