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106:
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hyphae are of two basic types. The classical form is thick-walled and very long in comparison to the frequently septate generative hyphae, which are unbranched or rarely branched, with little cell content. They have few septa and lack clamp connections. Fusiform skeletal hyphae are the second form
282:
The direction of hyphal growth can be controlled by environmental stimuli, such as the application of an electric field. Hyphae can also sense reproductive units from some distance, and grow towards them. Hyphae can weave through a permeable surface to penetrate it.
490:
If a fungus contains the obligate generative hyphae (as mentioned in the last point, "every fungus must contain generative hyphae") and just one of the other two types (either skeletal or binding hyphae), it is called
441:
hyphae are relatively undifferentiated and can develop reproductive structures. They are typically thin-walled, occasionally developing slightly thickened walls, usually have frequent septa, and may or may not have
273:
may be formed behind the growing tip to partition each hypha into individual cells. Hyphae can branch through the bifurcation of a growing tip, or by the emergence of a new tip from an established hypha.
262:, where they can then be transported to where they are needed. Vesicle membranes contribute to growth of the cell membrane while their contents form new cell wall. The Spitzenkörper moves along the
1095:
542:
Hyphae are described as "gloeoplerous" ("gloeohyphae") if their high refractive index gives them an oily or granular appearance under the microscope. These cells may be yellowish or clear (
234:
is an intracellular organelle associated with tip growth. It is composed of an aggregation of membrane-bound vesicles containing cell wall components. The
Spitzenkörper is part of the
266:
of the hyphal strand and generates apical growth and branching; the apical growth rate of the hyphal strand parallels and is regulated by the movement of the
Spitzenkörper.
680:
Baccelli, Ivan; Comparini, Cecilia; Bettini, Priscilla P.; Martellini, Federica; Ruocco, Michelina; Pazzagli, Luigia; Bernardi, Rodolfo; Scala, Aniello (1 February 2012).
326:, making up a large part of their structure. In nematode-trapping fungi, hyphae may be modified into trapping structures such as constricting rings and adhesive nets.
1092:
861:
1113:
977:
739:
Wösten, Han A.B.; van Wetter, Marie-Anne; Lugones, Luis G.; van der Mei, Henny C.; Busscher, Henk J.; Wessels, Joseph G.H. (28 January 1999).
463:
hyphae are thick-walled and frequent branched. Often they resemble deer antlers or defoliated trees because of the many tapering branches.
1148:
453:
of skeletal hyphae. Unlike typical skeletal hyphae these are swollen centrally and often exceedingly broad, hence giving the hypha a
330:
can be formed to transfer nutrients over larger distances. Bulk fungal tissues, cords, and membranes, such as those of mushrooms and
1142:
844:
Moore, David. Robson, Geoffrey D. Trinci, Anthony P. J. 21st
Century Guidebook to Fungi. Publisher: Cambridge University Press 2011
1511:
311:
530:
hyphal systems. A few fungi form fusiform skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae, and binding hyphae, and these are said to have
1102:, Hibbett lab, Biology Department, Clark University, "Guidelines for collecting and identifying macrofungi (basidiomycetes)".
634:
263:
310:
fungi serve a similar function in nutrient exchange, so are important in assisting nutrient and water absorption by plants.
1159:
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849:
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609:
558:
Hyphae might be categorized as 'vegetative' or 'aerial.' Aerial hyphae of fungi produce asexual reproductive spores.
479:
Every fungus must contain generative hyphae. A fungus which only contains this type, as do fleshy mushrooms such as
1153:
1187:
546:). They can sometimes selectively be coloured by sulphovanillin or other reagents. The specialized cells termed
471:
applied the terms monomitic, dimitic, and trimitic to hyphal systems, in order to improve the classification of
495:. In fact dimitic fungi almost always contain generative and skeletal hyphae; there is one exceptional genus,
27:
This article is about fungal structures. For the identically pronounced slang term and hip-hop subculture, see
314:
greatly increases the soil area available for exploitation by plant hosts by funneling water and nutrients to
865:
415:
where the cells elongate but remain attached after division. Some yeasts can also form true septate hyphae.
1117:
1489:
981:
1446:
1030:
17:
226:
Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and
1242:
211:
cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa.
183:. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular
1477:
914:
534:
hyphal systems. These terms were introduced as a later refinement by E. J. H. Corner in 1966.
133:
163:. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a
1436:
887:
300:
75:
55:
1431:
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are distinguished from true hyphae by their method of growth, relative frailty and lack of
8:
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304:
235:
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1213:
822:
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778:
1015:
938:
Sudbery, Peter; Gow, Neil; Berman, Judith (2004). "The distinct morphogenic states of
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666:
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to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically
1380:
1075:
959:
845:
827:
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681:
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318:, complex fungal organs on the tips of plant roots. Hyphae are found enveloping the
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Hyphae may be modified in many different ways to serve specific functions. Some
1465:
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and release their contents (including various cysteine-rich proteins including
230:
of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. The
227:
176:
955:
1505:
1334:
1227:
427:
327:
192:
59:
913:
Reiss, Errol; DiSalvo, Art (31 May 2018). "Yeasts". In Hunt, Richard (ed.).
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454:
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774:
725:
582: – Underground fungal networks that connect individual plants together
247:
196:
98:
71:
1344:
1232:
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their tough consistency. If a fungus contains all three types (example:
363:
339:
255:
43:
813:
426:
Characteristics of hyphae can be important in fungal classification. In
1365:
1324:
1311:
1165:
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573:
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393:
307:
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292:
259:
105:
63:
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Yeasts form pseudohyphae. They are the result of a sort of incomplete
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208:
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Based on the generative, skeletal and binding hyphal types, in 1932
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Skeletal and binding hyphae give leathery and woody fungi such as
1252:
686:
gene is related to hyphal growth and chlamydospores formation in
543:
412:
319:
1035:
Transactions and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
798:"Hyphal growth: a tale of motors, lipids, and the Spitzenkörper"
537:
93:
1200:
1093:
2006 Summer
Workshop in Fungal Biology for High School Teachers
480:
335:
331:
323:
270:
200:
184:
152:
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can be identified as generative, skeletal, or binding hyphae.
37:
1410:
1298:
1275:
388:
28:
526:
skeletal hyphae bound by generative hyphae are said to have
446:. They may be embedded in mucilage or gelatinized materials.
215:
1405:
1070:
See glossary of
Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant:
117:
1156:
movies by P.C. Hickey and N. Read, University of
Edinburgh
553:
187:). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for
1002:
Corner EJH (1932). "A Fomes with two systems of hyphae".
50:
350:
1052:
Corner EJH (1966). "Monograph of cantharelloid fungi".
653:
Gooday, G. W. (1995). "The dynamics of hyphal growth".
299:
that function in absorption within the host cells. The
34:
246:. These vesicles travel to the cell membrane via the
1162:
741:"How a fungus escapes the water to grow into the air"
101:(the pale oblong objects to the side are rice grains)
931:
629:. Mycology (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.
1105:
599:
151:) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a
980:. Illinois Mycological Association. Archived from
422:Classification based on cell wall and overall form
501:that includes only generative and binding hyphae.
1503:
1028:
937:
1111:
1022:
570: – Fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus.
1181:
538:Classification based on refractive appearance
912:
648:
646:
1149:MicrobiologyBytes: Introduction to Mycology
1045:
995:
879:
367:and many other species have septate hyphae.
1188:
1174:
1091:See section "Microscopic features ..." of
1051:
1031:"Taxonomic Problems of some Hymenomycetes"
1001:
624:
54:Fungal hyphae cells: (1) Hyphal wall. (2)
906:
821:
795:
764:
715:
705:
643:
618:
1195:
576: – Network of inward-growing hyphae
116:
104:
92:
49:
36:
894:. University of Utah School of Medicine
554:Classification based on growth location
386:Non-septate hyphae are associated with
214:Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6
14:
1504:
652:
627:Fungi: Experimental Methods In Biology
312:Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium
1169:
351:Classification based on cell division
258:) outside the cell by the process of
1472:
600:Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005).
593:
1484:
970:
916:Microbiology and Immunology On-line
430:taxonomy, hyphae that comprise the
144:
24:
25:
1523:
1135:
885:
862:"Mycology Online – Aspergillosis"
1483:
1471:
1460:
1459:
707:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02475.x
604:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
286:
238:of fungi, holding and releasing
175:A hypha consists of one or more
1085:
1064:
602:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
1112:Kaiser, Gary E. (2014-06-01).
919:. University of South Carolina
838:
789:
732:
673:
408:connection between the cells.
13:
1:
1512:Fungal morphology and anatomy
1016:10.1016/S0007-1536(32)80026-4
766:10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80019-0
667:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80634-5
586:
203:, in contrast to plants and
170:
7:
1154:Hyphal growth and branching
561:
277:
10:
1528:
1072:Keys to Agarics and Boleti
550:can also be gloeoplerous.
26:
1455:
1447:List of mycology journals
1424:
1393:
1353:
1273:
1266:
1220:
1207:
1029:Cunningham GH (1954–55).
956:10.1016/j.tim.2004.05.008
694:FEMS Microbiology Letters
334:, are mainly composed of
221:
345:
179:surrounded by a tubular
1074:(Roger Phillips 1983)
682:"The expression of the
625:Maheshwari, R. (2016).
78:. (9) Lipid body. (10)
944:Trends in Microbiology
125:
114:
102:
90:
47:
1437:List of fungal orders
1004:Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc
796:Steinberg, G (2007).
242:it receives from the
120:
108:
96:
76:Endoplasmic reticulum
53:
40:
1432:Glossary of mycology
1145:of coenocytic hyphae
688:Ceratocystis platani
655:Mycological Research
483:, is referred to as
269:As a hypha extends,
1442:List of mycologists
814:10.1128/ec.00381-06
757:1999CBio....9...85W
580:Mycorrhizal network
236:endomembrane system
62:. (4) Vacuole. (5)
1214:Outline of lichens
1098:2008-06-25 at the
396:, and other fungi.
126:
115:
103:
97:Hyphae growing on
91:
48:
1499:
1498:
1389:
1388:
1285:teleomorph/sexual
886:Klatt, Edward C.
636:978-1-4398-3904-1
444:clamp connections
111:Aspergillus niger
16:(Redirected from
1519:
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1486:
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1462:
1320:anamorph/asexual
1271:
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1210:Outline of fungi
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1143:light micrograph
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1116:. Archived from
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252:cerato-platanins
195:, and sometimes
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124:on conidiophores
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1010:(1–2): 51–81.
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888:"Mucormycosis"
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1197:Microbiology
1160:Fungi Online
1122:. Retrieved
1118:the original
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986:. Retrieved
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921:. Retrieved
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896:. Retrieved
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870:. Retrieved
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751:(2): 85–88.
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387:
376:
372:
362:
356:
290:
281:
268:
256:hydrophobins
248:cytoskeleton
225:
213:
193:mitochondria
174:
148:
140:
137:
129:
127:
109:
99:tomato sauce
42:
1490:WikiProject
1345:Pycniospore
1233:Lichenology
1114:"II: FUNGI"
923:20 November
898:10 December
717:2158/645742
406:cytoplasmic
394:zygomycetes
377:non-septate
364:Aspergillus
340:anastomosed
308:mycorrhizal
305:mutualistic
295:fungi form
44:Penicillium
1366:Haustorium
1325:Sporangium
1312:Teliospore
1124:2020-03-10
988:2007-02-11
872:2008-12-10
587:References
574:Hartig net
498:Laetiporus
439:Generative
381:coenocytic
338:and often
301:arbuscules
260:exocytosis
209:cellulosic
207:that have
132:(from
64:Ergosterol
41:Hyphae of
1381:Sporocarp
1376:Cell wall
1295:Ascospore
1290:Zygospore
1267:Structure
1141:Close-up
506:polypores
485:monomitic
473:polypores
297:haustoria
293:parasitic
205:oomycetes
189:ribosomes
181:cell wall
171:Structure
18:Monomitic
1506:Category
1466:Category
1416:Mushroom
1371:Mycelium
1330:Conidium
1308:Basidium
1248:Mycology
1096:Archived
1060:: 1–255.
1041:: 893–6.
964:15223059
832:17259546
783:15134716
775:10021365
726:22136757
568:Ascocarp
562:See also
548:cystidia
524:fusiform
516:trimitic
511:Trametes
455:fusiform
450:Skeletal
373:Aseptate
342:hyphae.
278:Behavior
240:vesicles
165:mycelium
157:oomycete
68:Ribosome
1478:Commons
1253:Mycosis
892:WebPath
823:1828937
753:Bibcode
544:hyaline
493:dimitic
481:agarics
461:Binding
413:budding
392:, some
357:Septate
332:lichens
324:lichens
320:gonidia
141:(huphḗ)
122:Conidia
86:. (12)
82:. (11)
72:Nucleus
1340:Oidium
1221:Branch
1201:Fungus
1078:
962:
848:
830:
820:
781:
773:
724:
633:
608:
457:shape.
336:felted
222:Growth
201:chitin
197:nuclei
185:septum
153:fungus
149:hyphae
74:. (8)
70:. (7)
58:. (3)
56:Septum
1411:Yeast
1361:Hypha
1354:Other
1299:Ascus
1276:spore
779:S2CID
389:Mucor
379:) or
346:Types
271:septa
177:cells
159:, or
136:
130:hypha
29:hyphy
1425:List
1406:Mold
1076:ISBN
960:PMID
925:2020
900:2008
846:ISBN
828:PMID
771:PMID
722:PMID
631:ISBN
606:ISBN
264:apex
254:and
1012:doi
952:doi
942:".
818:PMC
810:doi
761:doi
712:hdl
702:doi
698:327
663:doi
322:in
303:of
145:pl.
139:ὑφή
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