212:, and wrote in 1947 about the spot's "location, shape, colour, histology, chemistry, genetic transmission, and racial distribution". He had previously spent several winters in Greenland, and wrote an overview in 1953 of what was known about the spot. He hypothesised that the age at which it faded in various populations might prove to be a distinguishing characteristic of those groups. Gessain claimed that the spot was first observed amongst the Inuit.
51:
595:) when she is slapping the baby's backside, telling it to be born. Others say it is because the baby does not want to leave the mother's womb, so Songzi Guanyin will kick it out, leaving the bruise. A small portion of people wrongfully believe it is caused when the doctor is slapping the baby's backside to make it cry. Scientifically, it is also referred to as
218:, a Danish priest and botanist, spent 1770â1778 in Greenland. His diaries, published in 1816 and translated into several European languages, contained much ethnographic information. He described the spot on newborns, saying he had seen it often when the infants were presented naked for baptism. A second Danish observer was doctor and zoologist
427:
populations; however, Starr's actual research states that "seven Mayan children presented the spot, three mixed children didn't have it"; Starr therefore does not make an absolute judgement, as he does not say how many mixed children were analyzed in total. Nowadays it is completely accepted that the
266:
in 1926, looking for children with these spots. In 1953 Dr
Saxtorph, medical advisor to the Greenland department (part of the Danish government), wrote that the Greenlanders do not like outsiders to see or discuss these birthmarks; "they doubtless feel as a reminiscence of the time when they lived on
245:
wrote in 1887 that his
Greenlandic interpreter Johannes Hansen (known as Hanserak) attested to the existence of the birthmark over the kidney region of newborns, which grows larger as they grow older. That year, the Danish anthropologist Soren Hansen drew the connection between the observations of
440:
suggests that socioeconomic factors influence the frequency of
Mongolian spots among newborns, as evidenced by the higher prevalence of 85% in newborns from a public institution, typically associated with lower socioeconomic status, compared to a 33% prevalence in newborns from private hospitals,
288:("Ethnological Sketch. Communications on Greenland", X., Copenhagen, 1887) announced the presence of the spot in the east part of Greenland. Bartels ("The So-Called 'Mongolian' Spots on Infants of Esquimaux", Ethnologic Review, 1903) received letters regarding it from East Greenland and also from
432:
populations have the
Mongolian spot and that its presence works as an indicator of the actual degree of mestizaje present in a given population, having its lower frequency in Uruguay with 36%, followed by Argentina with an incidence 44%, Mexico with 50%-52%, 68% in Hispanic-Americans and 88% in
418:
In a study published in
Hungary in 2013 a total of 2289 newborn infants underwent whole-body screening skin examinations. At least one skin manifestation was found in 63% of the neonates. The most frequently observed in pigmented lesions were congenital melanocytic naevi and Mongolian spot.
1758:
1363:
1719:
422:
Since the last century, extensive research has been made regarding the prevalence of said spot in populations of mixed
European-native American ancestry. A publication from 1905, citing field research made by the anthropologist Frederick Starr, states that the spot is not present in
415:, it was found out that 26% of the examined babies had the condition. It was noted the prevalence rate was 20% and 31% in boys and girls, respectively. The study also reported that no children born with light hair had the mark, meanwhile 47% of the children with dark hair having it.
448:
Central
American indigenous children were subjected to racism due to their slate grey nevus but progressive circles began to make having the slate grey nevus popular after the late 1960s. Highland Peruvians have the slate grey nevus.
241:, a German working in Tokyo, who described a dark blue mark on Japanese infants. He presented his findings in 1901 in Berlin, and from that point on, BĂ€lz's name was associated with certain skin cells containing pigment. Captain
166:
Male and female infants are equally predisposed to slate grey nevus. People who are not aware of the background of the slate grey nevus may mistake them for bruises, possibly resulting in mistaken concerns about abuse.
2087:
2817:
1982:
1962:
1898:
520:), a shaman spirit to whom people pray around childbirth, slapped the baby's behind to hasten the baby to quickly get out from the mother's womb. "Mongolian Mark", the middle third of the 2004â05 novel
399:
are born with slate grey nevus, as are about 46% of children in Latin
America, where they are associated with non-European descent. These spots also appear on 5â10% of babies of full Caucasian descent.
107:, a German anthropologist based in Japan, who erroneously believed it to be most prevalent among his Mongolian patients. It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by
2892:
2080:
1572:
2073:
246:
BĂ€lz in Japan and Saabye in
Greenland. "This cannot be a coincidence. It is not the first time that the resemblance between the Japanese and the Eskimo has been pointed out."
312:'s (Data on the Ethnography of Western Mexico, Part H., 1902) facts are corroborated by Herman (Aparecimiento de la Mancha Mongolica. Revista de Ethnologia, 1904). He cites
324:, "pan", and it is an insult to speak of it. It disappears in the tenth month. It is bluish-reddish (in these Native people), and is remarkable by its small size. The
250:, the Norwegian polar explorer, said that the spot was widespread in the mixed Danish-Inuit population of West Greenland. Soren Hansen confirmed this. A missionary in
3040:
262:, an Austrian linguist and ethnologist, spent the summer of 1906 on the West Coast of Greenland, and listed all the examples he came across. Gessain went to north
2908:
2312:
1401:
Egemen A, IkizoÄlu T, Ergör S, Mete Asar G, Yilmaz O (July 2006). "Frequency and characteristics of
Mongolian spots among Turkish children in Aegean region".
2341:
2307:
348:
Infants may be born with one or more slate grey nevus ranging from small area on the buttocks to a larger area on the back. The birthmark is prevalent among
810:
Circumscribed dermal melanosis (Mongolian spot)(1981) Kikuchi I, Inoue S. in "Biology and Diseases of Dermal Pigmentation", University of Tokyo Press, p83
1505:"The Sacral or so-Called 'Mongolian' Pigment Spots of Earliest Infancy and Childhood, with Especial Reference to Their Occurrence in the American Negro"
598:
293:
720:
has been used to joke those who act, think or speak like a baby because this Mongolian spot can be seen only in this period of human being's life.
2248:
176:
461:, Mongolian spots do not require treatment and in most cases disappear before adolescence. No cases of malignant degeneration have been reported.
505:
301:
919:
Kroon, Susanne; Clemmensen, Ole Jacob; Hastrup, Nina (September 1987). "Incidence of congenital melanocytic nevi in newborn babies in Denmark".
195:
2748:
2243:
3050:
2744:
536:
2556:
2336:
2331:
2321:
902:
3075:
2812:
2360:
2695:
3035:
2630:
2355:
2287:
801:
Die koerperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner.(1885) Baelz.E. Mittheil.d.deusch Gesell.f.Natur-u-Voelkerheilkunde Ostasiens. Bd.4.H.32
230:
hospital. He also says that "the observation made for the first time by Saabye about Inuit children has been completely confirmed by
1639:
3100:
2690:
2685:
143:) in the location of the spot. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower
1697:
1617:
3155:
2326:
2292:
1774:
1379:
316:(Pigmentary Spots, American Anthropologist, 1902,) and Starr (Sacral Spots of Mayan Indians, Science, New Series, xvii., 1903).
995:
Alper, Joseph C.; Holmes, Lewis B. (July 1983). "The Incidence and Significance of Birthmarks in a Cohort of 4,641 Newborns".
155:. It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the lower half to two-thirds of the dermis during their migration from the
2302:
2161:
786:
1428:
Csoma, Zsanett; Meszes, AngĂ©la; ĂbrahĂĄm, Rita; Bakki, Judit; Gyurkovits, Zita; KemĂ©ny, Lajos; Orvos, Hajnalka (March 2014).
1263:
2822:
2407:
1735:
1537:
2297:
2065:
1593:
854:
3115:
3060:
1856:
1768:
1729:
1547:
1373:
1324:
1237:
1203:
1086:
831:
392:
377:
255:
2587:
2417:
2350:
1649:
1059:
442:
1904:
1185:
2700:
1673:
2604:
3125:
3105:
3055:
3025:
2902:
2675:
2380:
2253:
2238:
17:
2194:
2739:
2650:
2427:
1542:. M. Amer, R. A. C. Graham-Brown, S. N. Klaus, J. L. Pace. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 197.
336:) it is called "genipapo", from its resemblance in color (bluish-gray) to an indigenous fruit of Brazil, named
1846:
1076:
3065:
3018:
2645:
2568:
2282:
2228:
676:
313:
2473:
2165:
1227:
821:
754:
3090:
2807:
2467:
1365:
Atlas of Pediatric Cutaneous Biodiversity: Comparative Dermatologic Atlas of Pediatric Skin of All Colors
644:) which translates to 'Mongolian spot' as well as other skin conditions such as vitiligo and leucoderma.
2680:
2551:
2458:
878:
1879:
1763:. Princeton Legacy Library, Rand Corporation research study. Princeton University Press. p. 105.
1150:
200:, an academic journal covering the cultural anthropology of the Americas. Gessain spent time with the
2884:
2450:
2432:
2175:
1115:
219:
2725:
2713:
2671:
2657:
2635:
2625:
2621:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2478:
2002:
1040:- English information of Mongolian spot, written by Hironao NUMABE, M.D., Tokyo Medical University.
567:). Among common folk it is said to be caused by the Buddhist goddess of childbirth Songzi Guanyin (
237:
Gessain goes on to state that it was only in 1883 that an anthropologist mentions the spot. It was
683:
are insultingly referred to in Spanish by a number of terms which allude to the slate grey nevus.
3003:
2422:
2385:
2233:
1926:
1482:
3120:
3085:
3008:
2802:
2790:
2640:
2609:
2483:
2436:
2412:
1346:
2042:
1314:
1292:
2985:
2896:
2272:
2121:
898:
748:
672:
231:
2975:
2877:
2395:
1151:"Les taches congénitales dans la région sacro-lombaire considérées comme caractÚre de race"
285:
242:
111:. The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or deep brown.
2095:
44:
Mongolian spot, Mongolian blue spot, congenital dermal melanocytosis, dermal melanocytosis
8:
2783:
2662:
2212:
2170:
2153:
2143:
2126:
2096:
1986:
1539:
Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture
160:
120:
93:
724:
3045:
2561:
2258:
2204:
2184:
2135:
1991:
1476:
1195:
1191:
1020:
1008:
872:
487:
259:
1694:
1614:
972:
955:
932:
483:), meaning "to have a blue butt", which is a reference to immaturity or inexperience.
332:. In Brazil, among individuals of mixed Indigenous American and West African descent (
3070:
3030:
2952:
2827:
2771:
2705:
2370:
2013:
1852:
1764:
1725:
1645:
1543:
1457:
1449:
1410:
1369:
1320:
1233:
1199:
1153:[Congenital spots in the sacro-lumbar region considered to be a breed trait]
1082:
1055:
1012:
977:
936:
827:
782:
664:
470:
441:
which generally cater to families with higher socioeconomic status. According to the
270:
The presence or absence of the slate grey nevus was used by racial theorists such as
215:
201:
181:
63:
1024:
776:
99:
with wavy borders and an irregular shape. In 1883, it was described and named after
2957:
2592:
2403:
2375:
2053:
1516:
1441:
1430:"Birth marks and neonatal skin disorders. From angel kiss to epidermolysis bullosa"
1429:
1166:
1131:
1004:
967:
928:
530:
501:
401:
385:
337:
136:
123:
developmental conditionâthat is, one existing from birthâexclusively involving the
1592:
Magaña, Mario; Valerio, Julia; Mateo, Adriana; Magaña-Lozano, Mario (April 2005).
2980:
2498:
2007:
1701:
1621:
1521:
1504:
1271:
1037:
906:
526:, is named after the title character's nevus, which obsesses her brother-in-law.
513:
381:
329:
309:
247:
205:
2818:
Keratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma syndrome
859:. American Medical Association. American Medical Association. 1908. p. 2262
281:
contained several accounts of the slate grey nevus on children in the Americas:
3095:
3013:
2795:
2766:
2616:
2580:
2534:
2493:
2189:
2112:
629:
522:
509:
361:
357:
289:
271:
251:
2018:
1971:
1800:
3149:
2942:
2862:
2446:
1453:
1295: ::Transcultural Medicine: Dealing with patients from different cultures
687:
407:
According to a 2006 study examining the Mongolian spot among newborns in the
325:
292:. In half-breed European-Esquimaux, Hansen says he has encountered it. Among
1170:
1052:
Harnessing fortune : personhood, memory and place in northeast Mongolia
660:
297:
238:
135:-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the
104:
2947:
2937:
2873:
2854:
2104:
1903:. Department of Anthropology, Cornell University. p. 6. Archived from
1805:
1461:
1414:
1081:(2, illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 180.
981:
680:
396:
305:
156:
1821:
1445:
1232:(3, illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90.
1135:
1016:
940:
3110:
2719:
2598:
2574:
2037:
1900:
The Indians of Colta: Essays on the Colta Lake Zone, Chimborazo (Ecuador)
437:
68:
2120:
1954:
1594:"Alteraciones cutĂĄneas del neonato en dos grupos de poblaciĂłn de MĂ©xico"
953:
2868:
2463:
2100:
1851:. Vox dictionaries. McGraw Hill Professional. 2012. pp. 184, 121.
1796:
369:
353:
320:
In Central America, according to these authorities, the spot is called
223:
144:
128:
1118:[Congenital pigment spot in the Eskimo people of Angmassalik]
956:"Prevalence of Congenital Nevus in 1000 Live Births in Granada, Spain"
3130:
2893:
Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of skin appendages
2048:
1293:
Transcultural Medicine: Dealing with patients from different cultures
445:
nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the slate grey nevus.
373:
349:
96:
50:
2848:
2733:
2545:
954:
PalĂĄu-LĂĄzaro, M.C.; BuendĂa-Eisman, A.; Serrano-Ortega, S. (2008).
263:
227:
152:
412:
1995:
777:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
429:
424:
365:
226:. In 1849 he wrote of the "mixed" babies he had delivered at the
148:
132:
108:
100:
1116:"La tache pigmentaire congénitale chez les Eskimo d'Angmassalik"
856:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 51
2777:
2626:
Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis
1966:
1596:[Skin lesions two cohorts of newborns in Mexico City].
1591:
542:
408:
209:
140:
89:
1721:
Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America
2967:
1481:. Vol. 23. American Dermatological Association. p.
1074:
739:, which relates to the word for blood and also means 'mole'.
458:
404:
babies have slate grey nevus at a frequencies of 90% to 96%.
333:
1400:
1975:
1316:
Transcultural Nursing â E-Book: Assessment and Intervention
279:
Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis, Volume 23
124:
1478:
Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis Volume 23
192:
or coloured birthmark, publishing multiple papers in the
3041:
Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of the hallux
2909:
Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder
1427:
909:. Health care guide discussing the Mongolian blue spot.
1536:
Parish, Lawrence C.; Millikan, Larry E., eds. (2012).
918:
391:
They occur in around 80% of Asians, and 80% to 85% of
1848:
Vox Super-Mini Medical Spanish and English Dictionary
1368:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 34.
1944:
1587:
1585:
1886:. Time Inc. June 30, 1947 – via Google Books.
296:, British Columbia, there are observations made by
258:, reported that the spots were common on children.
340:(a Native American word adopted into Portuguese).
2525:Diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma
1582:
1229:Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice
3147:
2249:Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
1159:Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris
2714:Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia
663:). The mark is common among Maya people of the
492:
2520:Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma
1724:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 239.
1671:
1598:BoletĂn mĂ©dico del Hospital Infantil de MĂ©xico
1535:
1075:Robert M. Reece; Stephen Ludwig, eds. (2001).
921:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
604:
574:
546:
478:
395:infants. Approximately 90% of Polynesians and
170:
3051:Congenital malformations of the dermatoglyphs
2081:
1078:Child Abuse: Medical Diagnosis and Management
960:Actas Dermo-SifiliogrĂĄficas (English Edition)
819:
734:
728:
654:
648:
596:
568:
534:
428:big majority of Mexico's and Latin America's
1496:
234:", who sent him a fetus pickled in alcohol.
193:
187:
1568:
1566:
994:
639:
633:
610:
580:
552:
504:explains the nevus as a bruise formed when
469:The slate grey nevus is referred to in the
3076:Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
2813:Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans
2244:Ichthyosisâsclerosing cholangitis syndrome
2088:
2074:
1502:
1474:
1361:
772:
770:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
49:
3036:Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck
2631:Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis
1756:
1708:, January 2012. Retrieved on 3 July 2017.
1628:, 16 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
1608:
1573:"El indio en nuestro arte e histiografĂa"
1520:
1319:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 176.
1187:Mongols in Western/American consciousness
971:
186:interested himself in what he called the
3101:Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma
2691:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
2686:Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris
2557:Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
1695:"Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés"
1644:. Oxford University Press. p. 414.
1615:"Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés"
1563:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1258:
1256:
274:(1852â1918), the French anthropologist.
1896:
1819:
1148:
1124:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
1113:
1109:
1107:
1105:
767:
464:
196:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
14:
3148:
1801:"'The butt is blue': the untold story"
1795:
1672:Castillo, F.; Bobbio, F. (June 1997).
1637:
1225:
1183:
1049:
894:
892:
890:
888:
702:) which translates to 'ink bottom' or
2162:Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
2069:
1717:
1676:[Skin markings in newborns].
1312:
1301:
1253:
714:) which translates to 'blue strain'.
139:), but are in the deeper region (the
2823:Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei
2408:Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
1102:
1760:The Foreign Powers in Latin America
1674:"Marcas cutåneas en recién nacidos"
1340:
1054:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
885:
254:, a traditional gathering place of
24:
3116:Superficial lymphatic malformation
3061:Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma
2530:Palmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert
2099:malformations and deformations of
1009:10.1111/j.1525-1470.1983.tb01093.x
781:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1720.
436:A study performed in hospitals of
376:), certain populations in Africa,
25:
3167:
2588:Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez
2418:Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
1940:
443:Mexican Social Security Institute
2701:Porokeratosis plantaris discreta
2658:Striate palmoplantar keratoderma
1475:Montgomery, Douglass W. (1905).
1347:"Epidemiology of Mongolian spot"
3126:Verrucous vascular malformation
3056:Congenital preauricular fistula
3026:Accessory nail of the fifth toe
2903:Template:Pigmentation disorders
2696:SchöpfâSchulzâPassarge syndrome
2676:Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa
2381:Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome
2254:Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa
2239:Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome
1919:
1890:
1872:
1839:
1813:
1789:
1750:
1711:
1688:
1665:
1631:
1529:
1468:
1421:
1394:
1355:
1286:
1219:
1177:
1142:
1068:
1043:
1031:
362:North and Central Asian peoples
127:. The blue colour is caused by
86:congenital dermal melanocytosis
3156:Cutaneous congenital anomalies
2740:Erythrokeratodermia variabilis
2651:Pachyonychia congenita type II
1822:"Cambodian-English Dictionary"
988:
947:
912:
847:
823:Atlas of pediatric dermatology
813:
804:
795:
13:
1:
3066:Cystic lymphatic malformation
3019:Cavernous venous malformation
2646:Pachyonychia congenita type I
2569:Corneodermatoosseous syndrome
2229:Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
1579:, retrieved 11 February 2020.
1403:Turkish Journal of Pediatrics
973:10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70202-6
933:10.1016/s0190-9622(87)70223-0
760:
343:
189:tache pigmentaire congénitale
2474:Popliteal pterygium syndrome
2166:Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
1522:10.1525/aa.1907.9.1.02a00030
1313:Giger, Joyce Newman (2016).
755:List of cutaneous conditions
452:
58:Infant with slate grey nevus
7:
3106:RosenthalâKloepfer syndrome
3091:Omphalomesenteric duct cyst
2808:Keratolytic winter erythema
2468:Gerodermia osteodysplastica
1927:"Inupiat Eskimo Dictionary"
1820:Headley, Robert K. (1997).
1757:Goldhamer, Herbert (2015).
1503:Brennemann, Joseph (1907).
1050:Empson, Rebecca M. (2010).
742:
704:
692:
677:Ecuador, the native Indians
675:, which means "circle". In
634:
605:
590:the goddess of baby sending
575:
547:
328:spot is very well known in
171:Anthropological description
10:
3172:
2681:Focal acral hyperkeratosis
2428:Ellisâvan Creveld syndrome
751:, also known as stork bite
294:Indians of North Vancouver
175:The French anthropologist
2996:
2966:
2930:
2921:
2840:
2759:
2605:PapillonâLefĂšvre syndrome
2506:
2492:
2445:
2394:
2271:
2221:
2203:
2176:Harlequin-type ichthyosis
2152:
2134:
2111:
2028:
1948:
1638:Holmes, Lewis B. (2011).
1226:Miller, Carol A. (1999).
1184:Stuart, Kevin C. (1997).
905:January 19, 2017, at the
779:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
710:
698:
640:
597:
569:
535:
517:
493:
479:
220:Daniel Frederik Eschricht
62:
57:
48:
40:
35:
2479:Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
2195:SjögrenâLarsson syndrome
1897:Maynard, Eileen (1966).
1268:Tokyo Medical University
1190:(illustrated ed.).
1114:Gessain, Robert (1953).
826:. Wolfe. pp. 6â17.
667:where is referred to as
647:In Spanish it is called
533:, it is referred to as "
159:to the epidermis during
114:
3004:Aplasia cutis congenita
2423:Focal dermal hypoplasia
2386:Skin fragility syndrome
2234:Ichthyosis follicularis
1509:American Anthropologist
1362:Silverberg, N. (2012).
1171:10.3406/bmsap.1901.5961
498:, meaning "blue spot".
457:As a congenital benign
388:of mixed-race descent.
267:a low cultural level".
3121:Thyroglossal duct cyst
3086:Nasolacrimal duct cyst
3009:Amniotic band syndrome
2803:Dyskeratosis congenita
2791:Dyskeratosis congenita
2641:Pachyonychia congenita
2552:BartâPumphrey syndrome
2484:Van der Woude syndrome
2459:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
1718:Arias, Arturo (2007).
1264:"About Mongolian Spot"
899:"Mongolian blue spots"
877:: CS1 maint: others (
820:Bernard Cohen (1993).
735:
729:
716:
655:
649:
318:
194:
188:
2986:Nevus flammeus nuchae
2897:Template:Phakomatoses
2869:Hereditary lymphedema
2433:RappâHodgkin syndrome
2122:Congenital ichthyosis
1446:10.1556/OH.2014.29840
1136:10.3406/jsa.1953.2408
997:Pediatric Dermatology
749:Nevus flammeus nuchae
283:
161:embryonic development
2976:Capillary hemangioma
2878:Urticaria pigmentosa
2636:HowelâEvans syndrome
2396:Ectodermal dysplasia
2337:Generalized atrophic
1799:(October 15, 2008).
1678:DermatologĂa Peruana
1641:Common Malformations
1149:Deniker, J. (1901).
465:Cultural terminology
433:highland Peruvians.
308:of Central America,
243:Gustav Frederik Holm
119:Mongolian spot is a
2663:Tyrosinemia type II
2213:X-linked ichthyosis
2171:Lamellar ichthyosis
2144:Ichthyosis vulgaris
2127:erythrokeratodermia
1274:on December 8, 2008
290:Esquimaux of Alaska
3046:Congenital lip pit
2610:HaimâMunk syndrome
2562:Vohwinkel syndrome
2437:HayâWells syndrome
2413:HayâWells syndrome
2259:Ichthyosis hystrix
2185:Netherton syndrome
2029:External resources
1700:2020-06-01 at the
1620:2020-06-01 at the
1196:Edwin Mellen Press
1192:Lewiston, New York
488:Mongolian language
222:, mainly based in
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3071:Median raphe cyst
3031:Bronchogenic cyst
2953:PHACE association
2917:
2916:
2836:
2835:
2828:Keratosis pilaris
2772:Keratosis pilaris
2726:Carvajal syndrome
2706:Spiny keratoderma
2371:Costello syndrome
2267:
2266:
2063:
2062:
1777:on April 25, 2016
1382:on April 26, 2016
788:978-1-4160-2999-1
690:, it is known as
665:Yucatan Peninsula
632:, it is known as
490:, it is known as
314:A. F. Chamberlain
304:(secondhand). In
216:Hans Egede Saabye
202:Huehuetla Tepehua
74:
73:
30:Medical condition
27:Type of birthmark
16:(Redirected from
3163:
2958:Sinus pericranii
2928:
2927:
2784:Darier's disease
2593:Olmsted syndrome
2504:
2503:
2404:Naegeli syndrome
2376:Kindler syndrome
2132:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2066:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1773:. Archived from
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:on June 10, 2016
1734:. Archived from
1715:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1635:
1629:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1589:
1580:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1436:(in Hungarian).
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:. Archived from
1359:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1310:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1260:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1121:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1028:
992:
986:
985:
975:
951:
945:
944:
916:
910:
896:
883:
882:
876:
868:
866:
864:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
792:
774:
738:
732:
719:
713:
712:
707:
701:
700:
695:
658:
652:
650:mancha mongĂłlica
643:
642:
637:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
602:
601:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
578:
576:SĂČng ZÇ GuÄn YÄ«n
572:
571:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
550:
540:
539:
519:
502:Korean mythology
496:
495:
482:
481:
402:African American
326:mulberry colored
260:Rudolf Trebitsch
199:
191:
185:
82:slate grey nevus
80:, also known as
53:
36:Slate grey nevus
33:
32:
21:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3135:
2997:Other/ungrouped
2992:
2981:Port-wine stain
2962:
2923:
2913:
2832:
2755:
2497:
2488:
2441:
2390:
2275:
2263:
2217:
2199:
2148:
2125:
2107:
2094:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2024:
2023:
1957:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1907:on May 30, 2008
1895:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1826:SEAlang Library
1818:
1814:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1702:Wayback Machine
1693:
1689:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1622:Wayback Machine
1613:
1609:
1590:
1583:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1440:(13): 500â508.
1426:
1422:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1182:
1178:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
993:
989:
952:
948:
917:
913:
907:Wayback Machine
897:
886:
870:
869:
862:
860:
853:
852:
848:
838:
836:
834:
818:
814:
809:
805:
800:
796:
789:
775:
768:
763:
745:
727:, is it called
656:mancha de Baelz
622:
619:
616:
613:
592:
589:
586:
583:
564:
561:
558:
555:
467:
455:
393:Native American
382:Latin Americans
380:, non-European
346:
330:Afro-Brazilians
248:Fridtjof Nansen
232:Captain HolbĂžll
179:
173:
117:
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:Mongolian spots
15:
12:
11:
5:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Poland anomaly
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Mongolian spot
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3014:Branchial cyst
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:Lelis syndrome
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2769:
2767:Meleda disease
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2617:Camisa disease
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:Naxos syndrome
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2538:
2537:
2535:Meleda disease
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2494:Hyperkeratosis
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2190:CHIME syndrome
2187:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2115:
2113:Genodermatosis
2109:
2108:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1979:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:Classification
1942:
1941:External links
1939:
1936:
1935:
1918:
1889:
1871:
1858:978-0071788632
1857:
1838:
1812:
1788:
1770:978-1400869152
1769:
1749:
1731:978-1452913162
1730:
1710:
1687:
1680:(in Spanish).
1664:
1650:
1630:
1607:
1600:(in Spanish).
1581:
1562:
1549:978-1461226147
1548:
1528:
1495:
1467:
1434:Orvosi Hetilap
1420:
1393:
1375:978-1461435648
1374:
1354:
1339:
1326:978-0323400046
1325:
1300:
1285:
1252:
1239:978-0781720762
1238:
1218:
1205:978-0773484436
1204:
1198:. p. 95.
1176:
1165:(1): 274â281.
1141:
1130:(1): 301â332.
1101:
1088:978-0781724449
1087:
1067:
1060:
1042:
1038:Mongolian Spot
1030:
987:
946:
927:(3): 422â426.
911:
884:
846:
833:978-1563750199
832:
812:
803:
794:
787:
765:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
744:
741:
620:Mongolian spot
523:The Vegetarian
510:Samsin Halmoni
466:
463:
454:
451:
345:
342:
300:as well as by
272:Joseph Deniker
252:Bethel, Alaska
177:Robert Gessain
172:
169:
116:
113:
78:Mongolian spot
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3168:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Encephalocele
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:Developmental
2920:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2885:HaileyâHailey
2883:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:immune system
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:keratinopathy
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1928:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1653:
1651:9780195136029
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1604:(2): 117â122.
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1381:
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2276:and related
2038:MedlinePlus
1797:Zimmer, Ben
1657:October 27,
1488:October 27,
606:MÄng GÇ BÄn
438:Mexico City
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374:Polynesians
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129:melanocytes
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2101:integument
2097:Congenital
2014:DiseasesDB
1880:"The Maya"
1278:October 1,
761:References
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573:, pinyin:
430:mixed-race
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239:Erwin BĂ€lz
224:Copenhagen
204:people in
121:congenital
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101:Mongolians
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3131:Birthmark
2924:anomalies
2891:see also
2369:related:
2222:Ungrouped
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1454:0030-6002
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562:blue mark
494:Ń
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368:(chiefly
366:Oceanians
358:Southeast
306:the Mayas
153:shoulders
137:epidermis
97:birthmark
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3150:Category
2849:cadherin
2734:connexin
2672:punctate
2546:connexin
2054:derm/271
1998:757.386)
1978:D22.505)
1831:July 21,
1698:Archived
1618:Archived
1462:24659743
1415:17172067
1351:MedScape
1025:40012139
982:18206096
903:Archived
743:See also
717:Tut Muek
705:Ken Kram
693:Tut Muek
548:qīng hén
471:Japanese
411:city of
338:genipapo
264:Labrador
228:lying-in
149:buttocks
92:, flat,
2931:Midline
2516:diffuse
2447:Elastic
2008:D049328
1996:CDC/BPA
1911:May 17,
1864:May 17,
1781:May 17,
1742:May 17,
1555:May 17,
1386:May 17,
1245:May 17,
1211:May 17,
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