Mollusca - Knowledge

805: 4070:, and it can only be made monophyletic if scaphopods and bivalves are excluded. A 2010 analysis recovered the traditional conchiferan and aculiferan groups, and showed molluscs were monophyletic, demonstrating that available data for solenogastres was contaminated. Current molecular data are insufficient to constrain the molluscan phylogeny, and since the methods used to determine the confidence in clades are prone to overestimation, it is risky to place too much emphasis even on the areas of which different studies agree. Rather than eliminating unlikely relationships, the latest studies add new permutations of internal molluscan relationships, even bringing the conchiferan hypothesis into question. 4166: 1335: 4242: 165: 9459: 2771: 1327: 2593: 2880: 2848: 472: 212: 11589: 4409: 4500: 2620: 125: 4459: 183: 1500: 1953: 11601: 2791: 2067: 2015: 1836: 145: 1713:, the foot acts as a sucker attaching the animal to a hard surface, and the vertical muscles clamp the shell down over it; in other molluscs, the vertical muscles pull the foot and other exposed soft parts into the shell. In bivalves, the foot is adapted for burrowing into the sediment; in cephalopods it is used for jet propulsion, and the tentacles and arms are derived from the foot. 3533:-like worm. Scientists disagree about this: Giribet and colleagues concluded, in 2006, the repetition of gills and of the foot's retractor muscles were later developments, while in 2007, Sigwart concluded the ancestral mollusc was metameric, and it had a foot used for creeping and a "shell" that was mineralized. In one particular branch of the family tree, the shell of 4529:, is "second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries. An estimated 200 million people in 74 countries are infected with the disease – 100 million in Africa alone." The parasite has 13 known species, two of which infect humans. The parasite itself is not a mollusc, but all the species have freshwater snails as 1370:. The Bivalvia would comprise about 14% of the total and the other five classes less than 2% of the living molluscs. In 2009, Chapman estimated the number of described living mollusc species at 85,000. Haszprunar in 2001 estimated about 93,000 named species, which include 23% of all named marine organisms. Molluscs are second only to 1668: 869:(also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis, or snail fever) is transmitted to humans by water snail hosts, and affects about 200 million people. Snails and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests, and accidental or deliberate introduction of some snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some 2557:

Classification into higher taxa for these groups has been and remains problematic. A phylogenetic study suggests the Polyplacophora form a clade with a monophyletic Aplacophora. Additionally, it suggests a sister taxon relationship exists between Bivalvia and Gastropoda, uniting them in the new clade

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Most molluscs have only one pair of gills, or even only a singular gill. Generally, the gills are rather like feathers in shape, although some species have gills with filaments on only one side. They divide the mantle cavity so water enters near the bottom and exits near the top. Their filaments have

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are molluscs that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over their gills. Most bivalves are filter feeders, which can be measured through clearance rates. Research has demonstrated that environmental stress can affect the feeding of bivalves

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Most molluscs are herbivorous, grazing on algae or filter feeders. For those grazing, two feeding strategies are predominant. Some feed on microscopic, filamentous algae, often using their radula as a 'rake' to comb up filaments from the sea floor. Others feed on macroscopic 'plants' such as kelp,

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Molluscs have been and still are an important food source for humans. Toxins that can accumulate in certain molluscs under specific conditions create a risk of food poisoning, and many jurisdictions have regulations to reduce this risk. Molluscs have, for centuries, also been the source of important

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to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem. They are particularly

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The acephalic molluscs (i.e., bivalves) also have this ring but it is less obvious and less important. The bivalves have only three pairs of ganglia— cerebral, pedal, and visceral— with the visceral as the largest and most important of the three functioning as the principal center of "thinking".

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Periodically, circular muscles at the hindgut's entrance pinch off and excrete a piece of the prostyle, preventing the prostyle from growing too large. The anus, in the part of the mantle cavity, is swept by the outgoing "lane" of the current created by the gills. Carnivorous molluscs usually have

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of Threatened Species included nearly 2,000 endangered non-marine molluscs. For comparison, the great majority of mollusc species are marine, but only 41 of these appeared on the 2004 Red List. About 42% of recorded extinctions since the year 1500 are of molluscs, consisting almost entirely of

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appear exceptionally vulnerable to extinction. Estimates of the numbers of non-marine molluscs vary widely, partly because many regions have not been thoroughly surveyed. There is also a shortage of specialists who can identify all the animals in any one area to species. However, in 2004 the

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and other early cephalopods crept along the seafloor instead of swimming, as their shells contained a "ballast" of stony deposits on what is thought to be the underside, and had stripes and blotches on what is thought to be the upper surface. All cephalopods with external shells except the

4353:) in several preindustrial societies. However, these "currencies" generally differed in important ways from the standardized government-backed and -controlled money familiar to industrial societies. Some shell "currencies" were not used for commercial transactions, but mainly as 2153:

and feeds on floating food particles by using the two bands of cilia around its "equator" to sweep food into the mouth, which uses more cilia to drive them into the stomach, which uses further cilia to expel undigested remains through the anus. New tissue grows in the bands of

4154:. In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global mollusc catch, netting almost 11,000,000 tonnes (11,000,000 long tons; 12,000,000 short tons). Within Europe, France remained the industry leader. Some countries regulate importation and handling of molluscs and other 4382:

is used by some water treatment plants to test for estrogen-mimicking pollutants from industrial agriculture. Several species of mollusca have been used as bioindicators of environmental stresses that can cause DNA damage. These species include the American oyster

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into the adult form. While metamorphosis is the usual state in molluscs, the cephalopods differ in exhibiting direct development: the hatchling is a 'miniaturized' form of the adult. The development of molluscs is of particular interest in the field of

1800:. A pair of metanephridia ("little kidneys") to the rear of and connected to the coelom extracts any re-usable materials from the urine and dumps additional waste products into it, and then ejects it via tubes that discharge into the mantle cavity. 1540:

on top. The shell is secreted by a mantle covering the upper surface. The underside consists of a single muscular "foot". The visceral mass, or visceropallium, is the soft, nonmuscular metabolic region of the mollusc. It contains the body organs.

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Morphological analyses tend to recover a conchiferan clade that receives less support from molecular analyses, although these results also lead to unexpected paraphylies, for instance scattering the bivalves throughout all other mollusc groups.

1378:' 52,000. About 200,000 living species in total are estimated, and 70,000 fossil species, although the total number of mollusc species ever to have existed, whether or not preserved, must be many times greater than the number alive today. 3524:

Because the relationships between the members of the family tree are uncertain, it is difficult to identify the features inherited from the last common ancestor of all molluscs. For example, it is uncertain whether the ancestral mollusc was

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and mucus, which is rotated by further cilia so it acts as a bobbin, winding the mucus string onto itself. Before the mucus string reaches the prostyle, the acidity of the stomach makes the mucus less sticky and frees particles from it.

1670: 3494:" were molluscs or closely related to molluscs, debates arise about the relationships between the classes of living molluscs. In fact, some groups traditionally classified as molluscs may have to be redefined as distinct but related. 5962:

Shigeno, S.; Sasaki, T.; Moritaki, T.; Kasugai, T.; Vecchione, M.; Agata, K. (January 2008). "Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from Nautilus embryonic development".

977:, the members of the three groups having been supposed to somewhat resemble the molluscs. As now known, these groups have no relation to molluscs, and very little to one another, so the name Molluscoida has been abandoned. 3556:. This would have been impermeable and thus forced the development of more sophisticated respiratory apparatus in the form of gills. Eventually, the cuticle would have become mineralized, using the same genetic machinery ( 1928:

The particles are sorted by yet another group of cilia, which send the smaller particles, mainly minerals, to the prostyle so eventually they are excreted, while the larger ones, mainly food, are sent to the stomach's

1008:(defining characteristics) to apply to all modern groups is difficult. The most general characteristic of molluscs is they are unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical. The following are present in all modern molluscs: 2189:

rasping the plant surface with its radula. To employ this strategy, the plant has to be large enough for the mollusc to 'sit' on, so smaller macroscopic plants are not as often eaten as their larger counterparts.

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are venomous and can sting painfully when handled, although many species are too small to pose much of a risk to humans, and only a few fatalities have been reliably reported. Their venom is a complex mixture of

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Steiner, M.; Li, G.; Qian, Y.; Zhu, M.; Erdtmann, B.D. (2007). "Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian small shelly fossil assemblages and a revised biostratigraphic correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China)".

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Mannino, M.A.; Thomas, K.D. (2002). "Depletion of a resource? The impact of prehistoric human foraging on intertidal mollusc communities and its significance for human settlement, mobility and dispersal".

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entering the mantle cavity, the gills' cilia may stop beating until the unwelcome intrusions have ceased. Each gill has an incoming blood vessel connected to the hemocoel and an outgoing one to the heart.

683:. Other than these common elements, molluscs express great morphological diversity, so many textbooks base their descriptions on a "hypothetical ancestral mollusc" (see image below). This has a single, " 4238:

several freshwater mussel species in the southeastern United States. The pearl industry is so important in some areas, significant sums of money are spent on monitoring the health of farmed molluscs.

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The body of a mollusc has a ventral muscular foot, which is adapted to different purposes (locomotion, grasping the substratum, burrowing or feeding) in different classes. The foot carries a pair of

2166:, the "equatorial" band of cilia nearest the apical tuft, develops into the velum ("veil"), a pair of cilia-bearing lobes with which the larva swims. Eventually, the larva sinks to the seafloor and 8051:

Jacobs, D.K.; Wray, C. G.; Wedeen, C. J.; Kostriken, R.; Desalle, R.; Staton, J. L.; Gates, R.D.; Lindberg, D.R. (2000). "Molluscan engrailed expression, serial organization, and shell evolution".

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Estimates of accepted described living species of molluscs vary from 50,000 to a maximum of 120,000 species. The total number of described species is difficult to estimate because of unresolved

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three kinds of cilia, one of which drives the water current through the mantle cavity, while the other two help to keep the gills clean. If the osphradia detect noxious chemicals or possibly

2688:, though arguably each of these may belong only to the stem lineage of their respective classes. However, the evolutionary history both of the emergence of molluscs from the ancestral group 6383:

Jensen, K. R. (February 1993). "Morphological adaptations and plasticity of radular teeth of the Sacoglossa (= Ascoglossa) (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) in relation to their food plants".

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Trigo, J.E.; Díaz Agras, G.J.; García-Álvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; Pérez, J.; Rolán, E.; Troncoso, J.S.; Urgorri, V. (2018). Troncoso, J.S.; Trigo, J.E.; Rolán, E. (eds.).

1976:(gullet). The pedal ganglia, which control the foot, are below the esophagus and their commissure and connectives to the cerebral and pleural ganglia surround the esophagus in a 4483:, some fast-acting and others slower but deadlier. The effects of individual cone-shell toxins on victims' nervous systems are so precise as to be useful tools for research in 7315:

Landing, E.; Geyer, G.; Bartowski, K.E. (2002). "Latest Early Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils, Trilobites, and Hatch Hill Dysaerobic Interval on the Quebec Continental Slope".

6151:"Indication for selfing in geographically separated populations and evidence for Pleistocene survival within the Alps: the case of Cylindrus obtusus (Pulmonata: Helicidae)" 1669: 4831:"Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Kermia–Pseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: A remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development" 5596:

Rosa, Rui; Lopes, Vanessa M.; Guerreiro, Miguel; Bolstad, Kathrin; Xavier, José C. (2017). "Biology and ecology of the world's largest invertebrate, the colossal squid (

2110:. The nephridia extract the gametes from the coelom and emit them into the mantle cavity. Molluscs that use such a system remain of one sex all their lives and rely on 4830: 6339: 2273:

of molluscs; for example, the table below shows seven living classes, and two extinct ones. Although they are unlikely to form a clade, some older works combine the

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Hagadorn, J.W. & Waggoner, B.M. (2002). "The Early Cambrian problematic fossil Volborthella: New insights from the Basin and Range". In Corsetti, F.A. (ed.).

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money, as a tradable commodity whose value differed from place to place, often as a result of difficulties in transport, and which was vulnerable to incurable

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Kocot, K. M.; Cannon, J. T.; Todt, C.; Citarella, M. R.; Kohn, A. B.; Meyer, A.; Santos, S. R.; Schander, C.; Moroz, L. L.; et al. (22 September 2011).

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Cherns, L. (December 2004). "Early Palaeozoic diversification of chitons (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) based on new data from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden".

4435:, which live around Australia and New Guinea, bite humans only if severely provoked, but their venom kills 25% of human victims. Another tropical species, 1992:

have eyes around the edges of their shells which connect to a pair of looped nerves and which provide the ability to distinguish between light and shadow.

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Particularly chapters "Boom and slump for the cowrie trade" (pages 64–79) and "The cowrie as money: transport costs, values and inflation" (pages 125–147)

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Passamaneck, Y.; Schander, C.; Halanych, K. (2004). "Investigation of molluscan phylogeny using large-subunit and small-subunit nuclear rRNA sequences".

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Because of the great range of anatomical diversity among molluscs, many textbooks start the subject of molluscan anatomy by describing what is called an

2915:, was long thought to be a cephalopod, but discoveries of more detailed fossils showed its shell was not secreted, but built from grains of the mineral 703:, and is secreted by a mantle covering the whole upper surface. The underside of the animal consists of a single muscular "foot". Although molluscs are 6701: 6149:

Kruckenhauser, Luise; Haring, Elisabeth; Tautscher, Barbara; Cadahía, Luis; Zopp, Laura; Duda, Michael; Harl, Josef; Sattmann, Helmut (13 June 2017).

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Wilson, N.; Rouse, G.; Giribet, G. (2010). "Assessing the molluscan hypothesis Serialia (Monoplacophora+Polyplacophora) using novel molecular data".

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cords serving the internal organs and the pedal ones serving the foot. Most pairs of corresponding ganglia on both sides of the body are linked by

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Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Mirande, J. Marcos; Szumik, Claudia A.; Arias, J. Salvador; Källersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009).

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Caron, J.B.; Scheltema, A.; Schander, C.; Rudkin, D. (13 July 2006). "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale".

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Cephalopods are primarily predatory, and the radula takes a secondary role to the jaws and tentacles in food acquisition. The monoplacophoran

1890:, "tongues", bearing many rows of chitinous teeth, which are replaced from the rear as they wear out. The radula primarily functions to scrape 8009:"The cell lineage of the polyplacophoran, Chaetopleura apiculata: variation in the spiralian program and implications for molluscan evolution" 2763:

are fragments of a genuinely mollusc-like radula. This appears to contradict the concept that the ancestral molluscan radula was mineralized.

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As the head has largely disappeared in bivalves, the mouth has been equipped with labial palps (two on each side of the mouth) to collect the

11820: 1972:(relatively large bundles of nerves). The ganglia above the gut are the cerebral, the pleural, and the visceral, which are located above the 8850:

Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F (November 2015). "DNA oxidation and DNA repair in gills of zebra mussels exposed to cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene".

2825:. Although most helcionellid fossils are only a few millimeters long, specimens a few centimeters long have also been found, most with more 7702:

Zong-Jie, F. (2006). "An introduction to Ordovician bivalves of southern China, with a discussion of the early evolution of the Bivalvia".

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Zhang, G.; Parry, L. A.; Vinther, J.; Ma, X. (2024). "A Cambrian spiny stem mollusk and the deep homology of lophotrochozoan scleritomes".

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may have pioneered the extraction of "imperial purple" during the Middle Minoan period in the 20th–18th centuries BC, centuries before the

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The mantle cavity, a fold in the mantle, encloses a significant amount of space. It is lined with epidermis, and is exposed, according to

1413:; and other lesser-known but similarly distinctive subgroups. The majority of species still live in the oceans, from the seashores to the 570:

species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000, and the proportion of undescribed species is very high. Many taxa remain poorly studied.

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in the interior, so the apical tuft and anus are pushed further apart as the animal grows. The trochophore stage is often succeeded by a

5530: 5029: 1553:, to sea, fresh water or air. The cavity was at the rear in the earliest molluscs, but its position now varies from group to group. The 782:

larvae, or miniature adults. The coelomic cavity is reduced. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion.

727:. The "generalized" mollusc's feeding system consists of a rasping "tongue", the radula, and a complex digestive system in which exuded 11917: 9235: 4513: 3571:

The evolutionary relationships within the molluscs are also debated, and the diagrams below show two widely supported reconstructions:

9128: 7430: 6796:"New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications" 6256:"How the Pacific Oyster Responds to Ocean Acidification: Development and Application of a Meta-Analysis Based Adverse Outcome Pathway" 4104:

in some preindustrial societies. A number of species of molluscs can bite or sting humans, and some have become agricultural pests.

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Steneck, R.S.; Watling, L. (July 1982). "Feeding capabilities and limitation of herbivorous molluscs: A functional group approach".

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Mus, M.M.; Palacios, T.; Jensen, S. (2008). "Size of the earliest mollusks: Did small helcionellids grow to become large adults?".

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Tantiwisawaruji, Sukanlaya; Rocha, Maria J.; Silva, Ana; Pardal, Miguel A.; Kovitvadhi, Uthaiwan; Rocha, Eduardo (31 August 2022).

11807: 10809: 8270:"A molecular palaeobiological hypothesis for the origin of aplacophoran molluscs and their derivation from chiton-like ancestors" 7487:

Marshall C.R.; Ward P.D. (1996). "Sudden and Gradual Molluscan Extinctions in the Latest Cretaceous of Western European Tethys".

2887: 2847: 1362:. In 1969, David Nicol estimated the probable total number of living mollusc species at 107,000 of which were about 12,000 7166: 9404: 9296: 9255: 8980: 8495: 8370: 7471: 7379: 7213: 6726: 6500: 5910: 5682: 5498: 5421: 5342: 5310: 5195: 5165: 4905: 4805: 4711: 1920:

At the tapered rear end of the stomach and projecting slightly into the hindgut is the prostyle, a backward-pointing cone of

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of the family Conidae can also kill, but their sophisticated, though easily produced, venoms have become important tools in

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and China, are thought to be early molluscs with rather snail-like shells. Shelled molluscs therefore predate the earliest

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period, 541–485.4 million years ago. However, the evolutionary history both of molluscs' emergence from the ancestral

6358: 6008:"A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated Scrobicularia plana (Bivalvia)" 4943: 4066:

are both separate, monophyletic lineages unrelated to the remaining molluscan classes; the traditional phylum Mollusca is

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Jones, J.B.; Creeper, J. (April 2006). "Diseases of Pearl Oysters and Other Molluscs: a Western Australian Perspective".

6834: 5145: 4951: 8215:"Phylogenetic support values are not necessarily informative: the case of the Serialia hypothesis (a mollusk phylogeny)" 9523: 8694: 4455:

that lasts longer than one month if untreated, and headaches and weakness persisting for up to a week even if treated.

2005: 1573:(reproductive organs) are in the mantle cavity. The whole soft body of bivalves lies within an enlarged mantle cavity. 809: 7622:

Gubanov, A.P.; Kouchinsky, A.V.; Peel, J.S. (2007). "The first evolutionary-adaptive lineage within fossil molluscs".

6978:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution: Early evolution of the animals" 5072:"Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons" 2720:, has been described by some paleontologists as "mollusc-like", but others are unwilling to go further than "probable 804: 9377: 9103:"Doctor snail—Lethal to fish and sometimes even humans, cone snail venom contains a pharmacopoeia of precision drugs" 5946: 2001: 1525:) to illustrate the most common features found within the phylum. The depiction is visually rather similar to modern 5839:"A comparative study of the ultrastructure and mineralogy of calcified land snail eggs (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)" 1902:, a cartilaginous supporting organ. The radula is unique to the molluscs and has no equivalent in any other animal. 11879: 11747: 9560: 4378:

useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed.

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A Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries: (Mollusca, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms)

7600: 6716: 6133: 8455: 8420: 5838: 3484:(evolutionary "family tree") of molluscs is a controversial subject. In addition to the debates about whether 9639: 9629: 9612: 4357:

displays at important occasions, such as weddings. When used for commercial transactions, they functioned as

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has been described as being "mollusc-like" because of its features which are shared with modern day molluscs.

2074: 1917:(tiny "hairs") drive the mucus towards the stomach, so the mucus forms a long string called a "food string". 843:

A handful of mollusc species are sometimes considered hazards or pests for human activities. The bite of the

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circulate and which encloses most of the other internal organs. These hemocoelic spaces act as an efficient

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Butterfield, N.J. (2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale".

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Wägele, H. (March 1989). "Diet of some Antarctic nudibranchs (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia)".

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Rosenberg, Gary (2014). "A new critical estimate of named species-level diversity of the recent mollusca".

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insert either "seeds" or beads into oysters. The "seed" method uses grains of ground shell from freshwater

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Civeyrel, L.; Simberloff, D. (October 1996). "A tale of two snails: is the cure worse than the disease?".

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Reese, D.S. (1987). "Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin".

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For millennia, molluscs have been a source of food for humans, as well as important luxury goods, notably

1792:), which is fairly short and opens into the hemocoel. The atria of the heart also function as part of the 11690: 11677: 10802: 8748:): Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, DNA damage and γH2AX signaling pathways" 4968: 1977: 902:, soft, first used by J. Jonston (Historiæ Naturalis, 1650) to describe a group comprising cephalopods. 11579: 4963: 3552:

The molluscan shell appears to have originated from a mucus coating, which eventually stiffened into a

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uses to remove water from compartments it has vacated as it grows, and which is also visible in fossil

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as environmental stress is recognized to affect the settlement, metamorphosis, and survival of larvae.

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The four most universal features defining modern molluscs are a soft body composed almost entirely of

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Emmanouil C, Sheehan TM, Chipman JK (April 2007). "Macromolecule oxidation and DNA repair in mussel (

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Budd GE, Jensen S (May 2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla".

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Yurchenko, Olga V.; Skiteva, Olga I.; Voronezhskaya, Elena E.; Dyachuk, Vyacheslav A. (April 2018).

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Runnegar, B.; Pojeta, J. Jr. (October 1974). "Molluscan Phylogeny: the Paleontological Viewpoint".

6471: 5488: 4447: 4379: 2836:. However, other scientists are not convinced these Early Cambrian fossils show clear signs of the 2587: 1334: 990: 656:) are by far the most diverse class and account for 80% of the total classified molluscan species. 31: 17: 7904: 7882: 7367: 6954: 5157: 1611:). Molluscs never use phosphate to construct their hard parts, with the questionable exception of 1587:

The mantle edge secretes a shell (secondarily absent in a number of taxonomic groups, such as the

11884: 11031: 9644: 9160:"Venomous mollusks: The risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: Conidae) in Brazil" 4117: 4051: 2920: 2829:-like shapes. The tiny specimens have been suggested to be juveniles and the larger ones adults. 2014: 1883: 1726: 724: 9209: 2220:

sea-slugs suck the sap from algae, using their one-row radula to pierce the cell walls, whereas

11617: 10795: 9516: 9464: 3521:. The diagram on the right summarizes a phylogeny presented in 2007 without the annelid worms. 2264: 2122:, functioning as both sexes; both of these methods require more complex reproductive systems. 2115: 2111: 2083: 1359: 764: 11861: 8668: 7181: 6490: 6454: 5898: 5070:

Giribet, G.; Okusu, A.; Lindgren, A.R.; Huff, S.W.; Schrödl, M.; Nishiguchi, M.K. (May 2006).

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Some molluscs sting or bite, but deaths from mollusc venoms total less than 10% of those from

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that identifies modern gastropods twists the internal organs so the anus lies above the head.

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is now thought to be the earliest undisputed cephalopod fossil, as its shell had septa and a

2581: 2239:. (An extensive list of molluscs with unusual feeding habits is available in the appendix of 1532:

The generalized mollusc is an unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical animal and has a single, "

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in numbers of living animal species — far behind the arthropods' 1,113,000 but well ahead of

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Raup, D.M.; Jablonski, D. (1993). "Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions".

4545:, can be serious crop pests, and when introduced into new environments, can unbalance local 2940:

is often interpreted as a cephalopod with 2 arms and no shell, but the Late Cambrian fossil

2242: 1457:, which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form, is one of the largest 11716: 11664: 10924: 9453: 9329: 9136: 8906: 8859: 8816: 8759: 8144: 7935: 7797: 7754: 7711: 7666: 7588: 7496: 7439: 7324: 7289: 7254: 7193: 7091: 7027: 6810: 6755: 6622: 6534: 6419: 6304: 6225: 6162: 5811: 5768: 5753: 5710: 5609: 5083: 5023: 4845: 4523:(also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever), a disease caused by the fluke worm 4047: 3526: 1762: 1647:

there are holes in the shell used for respiration and the release of egg and sperm, in the

1472: 1367: 756: 594: 11799: 8112: 8095: 7396: 6067:"Nervous system development in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia)" 164: 8: 7982: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 4428: 4413: 4079: 2837: 2740:, was a mollusc, and much of this centers on whether its feeding apparatus was a type of 2602: 2172: 1933:(a pouch with no other exit) to be digested. The sorting process is by no means perfect. 1766: 1418: 844: 760: 10787: 9333: 9071: 8910: 8863: 8820: 8763: 8601:

Turner, R.D.; Rosewater, J. (June 1958). "The Family Pinnidae in the Western Atlantic".

8148: 7801: 7758: 7715: 7670: 7592: 7500: 7328: 7293: 7258: 7197: 7095: 7031: 6977: 6814: 6759: 6626: 6538: 6423: 6308: 6229: 6166: 5815: 5772: 5714: 5613: 5087: 4849: 4427:

All octopuses are venomous, but only a few species pose a significant threat to humans.

11655: 11254: 10936: 10072: 9624: 9602: 9590: 9565: 9345: 9052: 9040: 8780: 8743: 8660: 8571: 8563: 8528: 8459: 8343: 8335: 8294: 8269: 8241: 8214: 8076: 7866: 7841: 7813: 7727: 7684: 7635: 7604: 7520: 7348: 7340: 7219: 7150: 7107: 7061: 6938: 6913: 6889: 6826: 6773: 6643: 6610: 6566: 6550: 6472:"Coexistence of hydroid-eating Nudibranchs: Do feeding biology and habitat use matter?" 6435: 6396: 6320: 6193: 6150: 6101: 6066: 6042: 6007: 5988: 5879: 5784: 5734: 5558: 5381: 5106: 5071: 4987: 4861: 4778: 2497:

seabed 1,800–7,000 metres (5,900–23,000 ft); one species 200 metres (660 ft)

1961: 1722: 1690: 1468: 1043: 736: 720: 598: 590: 206: 170: 9458: 7788:

Malinky, J.M. (2009). "Permian Hyolithida from Australia: The Last of the Hyoliths?".

5701:

Porter, S. (1 June 2007). "Seawater Chemistry and Early Carbonate Biomineralization".

5056: 11907: 11843: 11703: 11046: 10494: 10414: 9764: 9634: 9597: 9585: 9575: 9509: 9410: 9400: 9383: 9373: 9302: 9292: 9261: 9251: 9191: 9044: 9005: 8976: 8922: 8875: 8832: 8785: 8690: 8618: 8610: 8575: 8532: 8491: 8366: 8347: 8299: 8246: 8213:

Wägele, J.; Letsch, H.; Klussmann-Kolb, A.; Mayer, C.; Misof, B.; Wägele, H. (2009).

8195: 8160: 8117: 8068: 8064: 8030: 7964: 7949: 7930: 7871: 7770: 7731: 7512: 7467: 7375: 7352: 7223: 7209: 7158: 7053: 6997: 6943: 6881: 6722: 6683: 6648: 6558: 6496: 6277: 6198: 6180: 6129: 6106: 6088: 6047: 6029: 5980: 5942: 5906: 5871: 5788: 5726: 5678: 5563: 5494: 5417: 5338: 5306: 5201: 5191: 5161: 5111: 5045: 4911: 4901: 4811: 4801: 4717: 4707: 4675: 2770: 2236: 1781: 1604: 1050:

Other characteristics that commonly appear in textbooks have significant exceptions:

700: 189: 9349: 9176: 9159: 9056: 8944: 8664: 8463: 8080: 7817: 7688: 7608: 7111: 6893: 6570: 6439: 6324: 5992: 5883: 5738: 5442: 4865: 4782: 4241: 4134:, and this has often resulted in overfishing. Other commonly eaten molluscs include 1694: 11322: 11201: 11093: 11036: 10976: 10971: 10899: 10884: 9549: 9429: 9337: 9284: 9243: 9181: 9171: 9036: 8968: 8914: 8867: 8828: 8824: 8775: 8767: 8652: 8555: 8520: 8451: 8327: 8289: 8281: 8236: 8226: 8187: 8152: 8107: 8060: 8020: 7954: 7944: 7861: 7853: 7805: 7762: 7719: 7674: 7631: 7596: 7524: 7504: 7332: 7297: 7262: 7201: 7142: 7099: 7065: 7043: 7035: 6989: 6933: 6925: 6873: 6818: 6777: 6763: 6675: 6638: 6630: 6542: 6427: 6392: 6312: 6267: 6233: 6188: 6170: 6096: 6078: 6037: 6019: 5972: 5861: 5853: 5819: 5776: 5718: 5650: 5617: 5553: 5545: 5409: 5371: 5153: 5101: 5091: 4853: 4770: 4667: 4569: 4437: 4220: 3557: 2607: 2592: 1793: 1678: 1363: 1326: 986: 849: 664: 519: 9768: 8964: 8962: 8918: 7508: 7455: 6830: 11708: 11669: 11495: 11400: 11362: 11317: 11249: 11006: 10966: 10951: 10844: 10775: 10681: 10532: 10435: 10292: 9825: 9496: 8771: 7539: 7266: 7126: 6546: 5513: 5300: 4973: 4857: 4575: 4551: 4520: 4089: 2916: 2879: 2559: 2270: 1537: 1062: 866: 821: 688: 601: 578: 11682: 9158:

Haddad Junior, V.; Paula Neto, J.O.B.D.; Cobo, V.L.J. (September–October 2006).

9023:

Brazzelli, V.; Baldini, F.; Nolli, G.; Borghini, F.; Borroni, G. (March 1999). "

8191: 8156: 8025: 8008: 7842:"Deep molluscan phylogeny: synthesis of palaeontological and neontological data" 7432:

Proterozoic-Cambrian of the Great Basin and Beyond, Pacific Section SEPM Book 93

6914:"Deep molluscan phylogeny: synthesis of palaeontological and neontological data" 5003:

Little, L.; Fowler, H.W.; Coulson, J.; Onions, C.T., eds. (1964). "Malacology".

4165: 1607:), except the outermost layer, which in almost all cases is all conchiolin (see 11755: 11742: 11605: 11593: 11555: 11500: 11490: 11332: 11146: 11098: 11011: 10986: 10981: 10961: 10956: 10859: 10849: 10440: 10418: 10236: 10148: 10126: 10089: 9580: 9288: 9247: 8959: 6237: 5076:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4622: 4555:, has been introduced to many parts of Asia, as well as to many islands in the 4530: 3897: 3875: 3688: 3654: 3498: 3312: 3139: 3067: 2942: 2780: 2689: 2653: 2521: 2486: 2391: 2228: 2190: 1796:

by filtering waste products out of the blood and dumping it into the coelom as

1777: 1526: 1462: 1129: 1086: 1080: 794: 680: 637: 574: 476: 433: 412: 390: 312: 194: 150: 9414: 8871: 8744:"Effects of elevated temperature on 8-OHdG expression in the American oyster ( 8622: 8524: 8331: 7017: 6744:"The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism" 6679: 6272: 6255: 6175: 6083: 5823: 5621: 5514:

Barnes, R.S.K.; Calow, P.; Olive, P.J.W.; Golding, D.W.; Spicer, J.I. (2001).

5205: 4416:'s rings are a warning signal; this octopus is alarmed, and its bite can kill. 3529:(composed of repeating units)—if it was, that would suggest an origin from an 1758: 1655:

goes through all the chambers, and the eight plates that make up the shell of

471: 11901: 11279: 11264: 11226: 11151: 11087: 11073: 11021: 11016: 10930: 10919: 10914: 10894: 10889: 10864: 10585: 10489: 9988: 9213: 8614: 8477: 7766: 7131:

sp. (Caudofoveata) and the evolutionary implications for the Phylum Mollusca"

6281: 6184: 6092: 6033: 5780: 5018: 5002: 4959: 4915: 4815: 4721: 4560: 4374: 4354: 4310: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4216: 4093: 3835: 3615: 3436: 3409: 2502: 2339: 2278: 2208: 2167: 2119: 1582: 1490: 1477: 1236: 1025: 825: 427: 395: 327: 131: 77: 9433: 9387: 9306: 9265: 7679: 7650: 5961: 5857: 5722: 5413: 5096: 4671: 2086:, but with more complex variations. All produce eggs, from which may emerge 1813:

instead of the copper-based hemocyanin to carry oxygen through their blood.

965:

was formerly used to denote a division of the animal kingdom containing the

11640: 11588: 11475: 11470: 11445: 11420: 11410: 11337: 11206: 11080: 11041: 11026: 11001: 10996: 10941: 10874: 10691: 10686: 10574: 10430: 10316: 10202: 10105: 10084: 9954: 9905: 9861: 9842: 9195: 9048: 9009: 8926: 8879: 8836: 8789: 8303: 8285: 8265: 8250: 8231: 8199: 8164: 8072: 8034: 7968: 7931:"Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups" 7875: 7857: 7774: 7162: 7057: 7001: 6947: 6929: 6885: 6687: 6652: 6562: 6202: 6110: 6051: 5984: 5875: 5730: 5567: 5549: 5115: 4679: 4556: 4442: 4338:. Apparently, only the ruling classes were allowed to wear these chlamys." 4193: 4170: 4067: 4055: 3850: 3630: 3564:. The first mollusc shell almost certainly was reinforced with the mineral 3506: 2904: 2807: 2775: 2568: 2274: 2131: 1952: 1629: 1608: 1458: 1414: 1013: 1005: 862: 854: 629: 625: 552: 502: 455: 400: 8996:

Anderson, R.C. (1995). "Aquarium husbandry of the giant Pacific octopus".

8121: 8093: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7516: 7438:. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). pp. 135–150. Archived from 4895: 4445:

that can last for over a month even if treated correctly, and the bite of

3538: 1709:

as a lubricant to aid movement. In forms having only a top shell, such as

1024:, plates or shells. It overlaps the body with enough spare room to form a 1021: 882: 11781: 11649: 11530: 11505: 11450: 11425: 11347: 11342: 11307: 11297: 10991: 10904: 10652: 10623: 10609: 10599: 10184: 10000: 9913: 9695: 9423: 9096: 9094: 9092: 8096:"Investigation of molluscan phylogeny on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences" 6793: 5866: 5507: 4774: 4564: 4525: 4508: 4408: 4350: 4249: 4219:. Natural pearls form when a small foreign object gets stuck between the 4212: 3542: 3502: 3295: 3019: 2758: 2753: 2563: 2543: 2529: 2470: 2436: 2282: 2224: 2146: 2087: 1899: 1874: 1809:

or ram's horn snails, which are air-breathing snails that use iron-based

1805: 1613: 1454: 1291: 1098: 1074: 833: 772: 633: 417: 376: 256: 52: 8972:

Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook

7039: 6634: 6024: 5033:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 675. 4828: 4499: 4100:, and chemical compounds. Their shells have also been used as a form of 2619: 2285:. Two of the commonly recognized "classes" are known only from fossils. 1004:

Molluscs have developed such a varied range of body structures, finding

898: 857:

that can last over a month. Stings from a few species of large tropical

11563: 11525: 11455: 11435: 11430: 11415: 11385: 11357: 11312: 11302: 11274: 11269: 11211: 11186: 10879: 10854: 10749: 10734: 10729: 10710: 10705: 10633: 10580: 10550: 10542: 10484: 10358: 10350: 10333: 10113: 10025: 9978: 9918: 9880: 9854: 9700: 9685: 9341: 9186: 8567: 8481: 7959: 7824: 7579:

Schneider, J.A. (2001). "Bivalve systematics during the 20th century".

7344: 7154: 6877: 6554: 6431: 6316: 5976: 5668: 5666: 5641: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5385: 4588: 4475: 4463: 4323: 4277: 4235: 4059: 3964: 3755: 3675: 3546: 3534: 3510: 3486: 3219: 3080: 3014: 2991: 2968: 2937: 2745: 2709: 2659: 2648: 2625: 2454: 2440: 2422: 2409: 2331: 2305: 2217: 2066: 1969: 1835: 1810: 1769: 1730: 1596: 1588: 1558: 1446: 1438: 1410: 1110: 1092: 998: 966: 955: 951: 946: 858: 786: 617: 609: 582: 563: 499: 485: 439: 422: 407: 380: 371: 367: 362: 352: 347: 292: 154: 97: 62: 9501: 9399:(in Spanish). Vigo: Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo. 9089: 8339: 7809: 7301: 6993: 6789: 6787: 1659:

are penetrated with living tissue with nerves and sensory structures.

11786: 11729: 11480: 11460: 11352: 11231: 11166: 11156: 11141: 11136: 11117: 10869: 10715: 10662: 10657: 10628: 10617: 10566: 10561: 10513: 10425: 10212: 10207: 10169: 10018: 10010: 9939: 9891: 9812: 9799: 9780: 9775: 9734: 9132: 7205: 7103: 7077: 7075: 7048: 6822: 4598: 4546: 4484: 4467: 4421: 4362: 4358: 4315: 4245: 4185: 4180:

Most molluscs with shells can produce pearls, but only the pearls of

4174: 3949: 3934: 3799: 3740: 3725: 3595: 3565: 3491: 3481: 3382: 3351: 3228: 3224: 3186: 3163: 2979: 2964: 2947: 2910: 2895: 2891: 2870: 2833: 2822: 2812: 2795: 2735: 2721: 2715: 2700: 2683: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2597: 2199: 1973: 1738: 1702: 1684: 1652: 1618: 1566: 1494: 1453:

are among the most neurologically advanced of all invertebrates. The

1430: 1422: 1394: 1371: 1339: 994: 923: 870: 748: 735:

play various important roles. The generalized mollusc has two paired

704: 668: 641: 385: 358: 282: 269: 243: 223: 136: 124: 102: 11611: 8803:

Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F (January 2012). "Detection of 8-oxodG in

8559: 8546:

Stieglitz, R.R. (March 1994). "The Minoan Origin of Tyrian Purple".

7723: 7146: 6064: 5663: 5463: 5392: 5376: 5359: 2973: 2790: 1780:), which receive oxygenated blood from the gills and pump it to the 985:

The most universal features of the body structure of molluscs are a

182: 11734: 11634: 11600: 11515: 11510: 11485: 11465: 11440: 11405: 11395: 11390: 11221: 11196: 11176: 10836: 10739: 10646: 10638: 10593: 10556: 10537: 10526: 10508: 10502: 10363: 10304: 10177: 10058: 9947: 9831: 9722: 9713: 9619: 9394: 7013: 7011: 6784: 6148: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 4593: 4488: 4452: 4297: 4208: 4198: 4151: 4113: 4101: 4097: 4063: 4026: 3862: 3561: 3475:

worms as the analysis concentrated on fossilizable "hard" features.

3203: 3051:

do not comment on the position of this phylum in the tree of life.

3040: 3005: 2999: 2955: 2925: 2704: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2426: 2352: 2335: 2155: 2150: 2135: 1989: 1941: 1891: 1823: 1750: 1648: 1434: 1375: 1104: 974: 919: 829: 790: 712: 676: 444: 302: 174: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 11773: 9370:

The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation

9131:. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of 8969:

Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W.; Rifkin, J. (1996).

8360: 7072: 6768: 6743: 6216:

Marin, F.; Luquet, G. (October 2004). "Molluscan shell proteins".

6123: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5022: 4130:, have been an important food source since at least the advent of 2919:(silica), and it was not divided into a series of compartments by 1499: 11540: 11520: 11216: 11191: 11181: 11171: 11127: 11064: 10699: 10675: 10667: 10604: 10518: 10338: 10325: 10258: 10249: 10194: 10119: 9448: 7456:

Vickers-Rich, P.; Fenton, C.L.; Fenton, M.A.; Rich, T.H. (1997).

4706:(2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. 4331: 4327: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4181: 4155: 4147: 4135: 3919: 3710: 3553: 3530: 3514: 3472: 3365: 3232: 3124: 3047:

that may be molluscs. Authors who suggest they deserve their own

3010: 2987: 2832:

Some analyses of helcionellids concluded these were the earliest

2818: 2729: 2664: 2511: 2431: 2418: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2319: 2204: 2159: 2091: 1965: 1887: 1644: 1633: 1625:(sometimes with traces of aragonite) to construct the eggshells. 1622: 1600: 1550: 1450: 1426: 1402: 1036: 1017: 970: 779: 740: 692: 653: 621: 605: 586: 555: 107: 82: 8989: 7008: 6124:

Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Mollusca".

5635:

Lydeard, C.; Cowie, R.; Ponder, W.F.; et al. (April 2004).

5634: 5486: 2102:, a small cavity that surrounds the heart, into which they shed 1561:(chemical sensors) in the incoming "lane", the hindmost pair of 11380: 11372: 11241: 10744: 10478: 9678: 9665: 9536: 9533: 9469: 9465:

Researchers complete mollusk evolutionary tree; 26 October 2011

8212: 7279: 6005: 5936: 5212: 4579:

and went on to extirpate several native snail species instead.

4458: 4342: 4305: 4231: 4227: 4192:, are valuable. The best natural pearls are produced by marine 4127: 3518: 3199: 3048: 3025: 2826: 2741: 2693: 2396: 2373: 2361: 2323: 2232: 2099: 1857: 1840: 1789: 1773: 1742: 1710: 1656: 1592: 1533: 1382: 1122: 1118: 798: 775: 708: 696: 684: 672: 660: 567: 559: 505: 495: 233: 4621:

is still used in the United States — see the reasons given by

4330:

who received their insignia from the Roman Emperor were given

3471:

A possible "family tree" of molluscs (2007). Does not include

2692:, and of their diversification into the well-known living and 801:

forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists.

11721: 11289: 11161: 9022: 8263: 7928: 5941:, vol. 11. Form and Function, New York: Academic Press, 5673:

Healy, J.M. (2001). "The Mollusca". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.).

5337:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 481. 4952: 4944: 4542: 4480: 4365:

if more efficient transport or "goldrush" behavior appeared.

4346: 4285: 4272:

shells, "fetched its weight in silver" in the fourth century

4269: 4189: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4085: 3236: 3191: 2983: 2414: 2327: 2311: 2221: 2142: 2127: 2107: 2095: 1930: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1895: 1797: 1785: 1754: 1746: 1706: 1637: 1570: 1442: 1406: 1386: 1351: 1343: 1207: 936: 927: 890: 837: 817: 744: 732: 728: 716: 645: 613: 7428: 6741: 4567:. Attempts to control it by introducing the predatory snail 2203:

uses its radula in the usual fashion, but its diet includes

1776:-carrier. The heart consists of one or more pairs of atria ( 1636:, and an inner layer consisting of laminated calcite, often 797:

and of their diversification into the well-known living and

755:, and all have sensors to detect chemicals, vibrations, and 11327: 10819: 9428:. Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). 9157: 9129:"Cone Shell Mollusc Poisoning, with Report of a Fatal Case" 8742:

Rahman MF, Billah MM, Kline RJ, Rahman MS (December 2023).

8387:"China catches almost 11 m tonnes of molluscs in 2005" 8134: 7365: 7337:

10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0287:LECSSF>2.0.CO;2

6452: 5937:

Wilbur, Karl M.; Trueman, E.R.; Clarke, M.R., eds. (1985),

5656:

10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2

5531:"First-ever observations of a live giant squid in the wild" 5457: 5152:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 455–602. 4123: 3195: 3029: 2357: 2315: 2103: 1705:, which act as balance sensors. In gastropods, it secretes 1562: 1554: 1398: 1390: 1347: 1032: 649: 534: 144: 9474: 9319: 8484:, cited by Athenaeus (12:526) around 200 BC; according to 7601:

10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1119:BSDTC>2.0.CO;2

7082:

Butterfield, N.J. (May 2008). "An Early Cambrian Radula".

5430: 5332: 4541:

Some species of molluscs, particularly certain snails and

4326:, "stated that the five hereditary satraps (governors) of 2936:

s classification is uncertain. The Middle Cambrian fossil

1632:) made of organic matter, a middle layer made of columnar 1330:

Diversity and variability of shells of molluscs on display

997:, and the organization of the nervous system. Many have a 528: 10817: 9422:

Bell, F. J.; Kirkpatrick, Randolph; Smith, E. A. (1901).

8600: 8589:

Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged)

8456:

10.2983/0730-8000(2006)25[233:DOPOAO]2.0.CO;2

8390: 8316: 8050: 7839: 5677:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 120–171. 5595: 1628:

The shell consists of three layers: the outer layer (the

1437:. About 80% of all known mollusc species are gastropods. 954:. The scientific study of molluscs is accordingly called 768: 752: 558:

of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest

9240:

Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance

8684: 6608: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5185: 5069: 4466:

can be dangerous to shell collectors, but are useful to

1180:

Dorsal concentration of internal organs (visceral mass)

914:) to describe a particular type of soft nut. The use of 767:, but more complex variations occur. Nearly all produce 10468: 8892: 8741: 8419:. United Kingdom: Food Standards Agency. Archived from 8274:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

8094:

Winnepenninckx, B; Backeljau, T; De Wachter, R (1996).

7744: 7648: 6918:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6475: 5538:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5181: 5179: 5177: 4795: 3032:-builders in the Cretaceous, but became extinct in the 2748:

worms. Nicholas Butterfield, who opposes the idea that

1621:, those gastropods that lay eggs with a hard shell use 785:

Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods,

8490:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 8441: 7486: 6794:

Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007).

2923:

as those of fossil shelled cephalopods and the living

2138:

in the easternmost snail populations of this species.

1504:

Anatomical diagram of a hypothetical ancestral mollusc

1381:

Molluscs have more varied forms than any other animal

640:

is the largest known extant invertebrate species. The

11577: 8513:

Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens

7621: 7560:

Pojeta, J. (2000). "Cambrian Pelecypoda (Mollusca)".

7359: 7314: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6340:"Xenophyophores (Protozoa, Sarcodina) in the diet of 5319: 4308:) secreted by several bivalve molluscs, particularly 2082:

The simplest molluscan reproductive system relies on

1016:

part of the body wall is a mantle (or pallium) which

906:

is used in classical Latin as an adjective only with

597:

species. The phylum is typically divided into 7 or 8

543: 540: 537: 9421: 9164:

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

8849: 8802: 8006: 6611:"Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships" 5528: 5464:

Ponder, Winston F. & Lindberg, David R. (2004).

5249: 5174: 4703:

Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World

531: 9210:"The Carter Center Schistosomiasis Control Program" 8938: 8936: 7924: 7922: 5052:. National Council for Science and the Environment. 4829:Fedosov, Alexander E.; Puillandre, Nicolas (2012). 4657: 1830: 1617:. While most mollusc shells are composed mainly of 1277:

Snails, yes; slugs, mostly yes (internal vestigial)

525: 522: 8177: 7397:"Shell microstructures in Early Cambrian molluscs" 6976:Budd, Graham E.; Jensen, Sören (11 January 2017). 6859: 6857: 6855: 6509: 5043: 4986:Aristotle. "Book I part 1, Book IV part 1, etc.". 3513:. The other members of the Lophotrochozoa are the 9367: 7985:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 7907:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 7885:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 7247:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7081: 6957:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 6863: 6742:Fedonkin, M.A.; Waggoner, B.M. (28 August 1997). 6128:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 290–291. 5493:(2 ed.). W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 4–5. 5190:(2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. p. 702. 5150:Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe 3036:. Even so, bivalves remain abundant and diverse. 1964:organized around a number of paired ganglia, the 1745:are reduced to fairly small spaces enclosing the 667:with a significant cavity used for breathing and 11899: 11104:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms 9485:Online biomonitoring of bivalve activity, 24/7: 8933: 8417:"Importing fishery products or bivalve molluscs" 7919: 7480: 7243: 7186:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 7182:"The Cambrian 'basement' of gastropod evolution" 7179: 6803:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 6488: 6253: 5487:Raup, David M. & Stanley, Steven M. (1978). 5436: 4894:Ponder, W. F.; Lindberg, David R., eds. (2008). 3043:are a class of extinct animals with a shell and 2491:ancient lineage of molluscs with cap-like shells 1956:Simplified diagram of the mollusc nervous system 581:. They are highly diverse, not just in size and 8897:L.) gill following exposure to Cd and Cr(VI)". 8710: 8545: 8361:Garrow, J.S.; Ralph, A.; James, W.P.T. (2000). 8128: 7578: 6852: 6718:Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion 5299:Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). 4630: 3497:Molluscs are generally regarded members of the 1461:, surpassed in weight but not in length by the 1280:Octopuses, no; cuttlefish, nautilus, squid, yes 731:and microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called 9063: 8087: 7124: 6912:Sigwart, J. D.; Sutton, M. D. (October 2007). 6907: 6905: 6903: 6700:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 6524: 6294: 5404:Haszprunar, G. (2001). "Mollusca (Molluscs)". 5403: 4893: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4162:that can sometimes accumulate in the animals. 3545:; but this is difficult to reconcile with the 2727:There is an even sharper debate about whether 1643:In some forms the shell contains openings. In 577:phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named 30:"Mollusk" redirects here. For other uses, see 10803: 9517: 8046: 8044: 8007:Henry, J.; Okusu, A.; Martindale, M. (2004). 7459:The Fossil Book: A Record of Prehistoric Life 7173: 6911: 6469: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5696: 5694: 5468:(Press release). World Congress of Malacology 5143: 4699: 1960:The cephalic molluscs have two pairs of main 885:and mollusk are both derived from the French 711:tends to be small. The main body cavity is a 9368:Sturm, C.; Pearce, T.A.; Valdes, A. (2006). 9278: 8485: 8002: 8000: 7840:Sigwart, J.D.; Sutton, M.D. (October 2007). 7701: 7366:Frýda, J.; Nützel, A.; Wagner, P.J. (2008). 6735: 6254:Ducker, James; Falkenberg, Laura J. (2020). 5357: 4900:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3013:. "Modern-looking" bivalves appeared in the 2481:seabed 200–3,000 metres (660–9,840 ft) 2194:by altering the energy budget of organisms. 1071:Supposed universal Molluscan characteristic 918:in biological taxonomy by Jonston and later 9904: 9470:Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods 9233: 8942: 8807:gill cells exposed to model contaminants". 8510: 8257: 7781: 7237: 6900: 6585:"Molluscabase — Cricoconarida †" 6337: 6288: 6215: 5905:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. 5672: 5529:Kubodera, T.; Mori, K. (22 December 2005). 5333:Ponder, W.F.; Lindberg, D.R., eds. (2008). 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 4686: 4573:proved disastrous, as the predator ignored 4054:comparisons concluded the molluscs are not 2637:Good evidence exists for the appearance of 1765:. The blood of these molluscs contains the 1569:(kidneys) known as "Organs of bojanus" and 1544: 1338:About 80% of all known mollusc species are 889:, which originated from the post-classical 10810: 10796: 9878: 9524: 9510: 9457: 9279:Barker, G.M. (2002). Barker, G. M. (ed.). 9100: 8704: 8635: 8206: 8041: 7651:"The early Cambrian helcionelloid mollusc 7559: 7540:"A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda" 7394: 7370:. In Ponder, W.F.; Lindberg, D.R. (eds.). 6975: 6665: 6376: 5925: 5795: 5700: 5691: 5637:"The global decline of nonmarine mollusks" 5360:"The Number of Living Species of Molluscs" 5144:Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S., eds. (2017). 5048:. In Jorgensen, A.; Cleveland, C. (eds.). 4234:, and overharvesting for this purpose has 4158:, mainly to minimize the poison risk from 2878: 2465:marine 6–7,000 metres (20–22,966 ft) 2240: 2065: 1886:. Most molluscs have muscular mouths with 747:, in species that have one, encircles the 10071: 9185: 9175: 8779: 8365:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 370. 8293: 8240: 8230: 8111: 8024: 7997: 7958: 7948: 7865: 7678: 7047: 6937: 6767: 6642: 6602: 6453:Publishers, Bentham Science (July 1999). 6385:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 6271: 6209: 6192: 6174: 6100: 6082: 6041: 6023: 5865: 5754:"Discussion of early Cambrian "molluscs"" 5751: 5654: 5557: 5375: 5158:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549443.003.0010 5105: 5095: 4760: 4741: 4563:. In the 1990s, this species reached the 4549:. One such pest, the giant African snail 1803:Exceptions to the above are the molluscs 1676:A 50-second video of snails (most likely 1061:Whether characteristic is found in these 9938: 9862:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives) 9810: 9069: 8995: 8685:Hogendorn, J. & Johnson, M. (2003). 7118: 6492:Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution 5186:Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2003). 5122: 5017: 4651: 4498: 4457: 4407: 4240: 4164: 4046:However, an analysis in 2009 using both 2789: 2769: 2752:was a mollusc, has written that earlier 2618: 2591: 1951: 1834: 1666: 1498: 1419:significant part of the freshwater fauna 1333: 1325: 989:with a significant body cavity used for 803: 470: 10835: 9663: 9531: 9397:Guía de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia 9004:. Boston: New England Aquarium: 14–23. 8657:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123127 8180:Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 8137:Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 7787: 7462:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 7372:Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca 7273: 7169:from the original on 29 September 2023. 7125:Cruz, R.; Lins, U.; Farina, M. (1998). 5335:Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca 4897:Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca 4617:The formerly dominant British spelling 4314:, to attach themselves to the sea bed. 2508:fossils; probable ancestors of bivalves 14: 11900: 11063: 9856:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives) 9826:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives) 9126: 8591:1976. G. & C. Merriam Co., p. 307. 7374:. California Press. pp. 239–264. 7127:"Minerals of the radular apparatus of 6409: 6382: 5801: 4304:produced from the long silky threads ( 4122:Molluscs, especially bivalves such as 2794:Spirally coiled shells appear in many 2050: 1898:off rocks, and is associated with the 1749:and gonads. The main body cavity is a 1268:Primitive forms, yes; modern forms, no 11616: 11615: 10791: 9797: 9505: 8113:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025577 6714: 6708: 6249: 6247: 5896: 5836: 4985: 3034:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 2863: 2527:fossils; snail-like molluscs such as 2045: 2030: 1716: 808:Fossilized ammonite displayed at the 585:structure, but also in behaviour and 11836:2238c7b7-0848-4046-90a6-49c686652bff 11761:064ca66d-38c4-4454-8d16-64c5e8fa0292 10127:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms) 7983:"Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa" 5903:An Introduction to the Invertebrates 5518:(3 ed.). UK: Blackwell Science. 4604: 4280:. The discovery of large numbers of 4073: 3574: 3537:is thought to have evolved from the 2853: 2696:forms, is still vigorously debated. 2055: 2040: 2035: 1913:, to which the food sticks. Beating 1425:. Molluscs are extremely diverse in 1149:Internal, cannot extend beyond body 9072:"An octopus bite and its treatment" 5441:. Australian Museum. Archived from 4744:"Mollusckque — Mollusk vs. Mollusc" 4403: 4341:Mollusc shells, including those of 2025: 2020: 24: 10161: 9967: 9724:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives) 9360: 9041:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06025.x 8687:The Shell Money of the Slave Trade 7846:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 7649:Gubanov, A.P.; Peel, J.S. (2003). 7636:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00534.x 6397:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00883.x 6244: 5897:Moore, Janet (21 September 2006). 5439:"Recognising research on molluscs" 4796:Taylor, P.D.; Lewis, D.N. (2005). 4494: 4491:makes it easy to synthesize them. 4264:products were made from molluscs. 3505:larvae and, in the case of living 3143:("limpet-like", "living fossils") 2784:is thought to be an early mollusc. 2269:Opinions vary about the number of 2006:Reproductive system of cephalopods 1689:) feeding on the sea floor in the 810:National Museum of the Philippines 25: 11929: 11918:Extant Cambrian first appearances 9442: 8711:Université Bordeaux; et al. 7537: 6721:. Elsevier Science. p. 152. 5761:Journal of the Geological Society 5005:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 4398: 4107: 2967:became extinct by the end of the 2699:Debate occurs about whether some 2258: 2134:. There is strong evidence for 2094:larvae, or miniature adults. Two 2002:Reproductive system of gastropods 1947: 1433:regions, but can be found at all 840:in some preindustrial societies. 759:. The simplest type of molluscan 11599: 11587: 10768:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species 9475:Rotterdam Natural History Museum 9313: 9272: 9227: 9202: 9151: 9120: 9016: 8947:. Australian Venom Research Unit 8886: 8843: 8796: 8735: 8678: 8629: 8594: 8582: 8065:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00077.x 7950:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x 6470:Lambert, W.J. (1 October 1991). 4933:. Oxford University press. 2023. 4368: 2908:, some fossils of which predate 2846: 2744:or more similar to that of some 2614: 2013: 1831:Eating, digestion, and excretion 1733:, whose circulatory systems are 1515:hypothetical generalized mollusc 518: 463:85,000 recognized living species 210: 181: 163: 143: 123: 50: 9177:10.1590/S0037-86822006000500015 8539: 8504: 8470: 8435: 8409: 8379: 8354: 8310: 8171: 8100:Molecular Biology and Evolution 7975: 7897: 7738: 7695: 7642: 7615: 7572: 7562:American Malacological Bulletin 7553: 7531: 7449: 7422: 7388: 7308: 6969: 6659: 6577: 6482: 6463: 6446: 6403: 6331: 6142: 6117: 6058: 5999: 5955: 5899:"§10.5 What are the Aculifera?" 5890: 5830: 5745: 5628: 5589: 5522: 5480: 5351: 5037: 5011: 4996: 4979: 4937: 4763:American Malacological Bulletin 3509:, a feeding structure called a 1995: 9955:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) 9101:Concar, D. (19 October 1996). 8975:. UNSW Press. pp. 65–68. 8829:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.001 8689:. Cambridge University Press. 8264:Vinther, J.; Sperling, E. A.; 5837:Tompa, A. S. (December 1976). 5516:The Invertebrates: A synthesis 4922: 4887: 4822: 4789: 4754: 4735: 4611: 4506:created by the penetration of 4487:, and the small size of their 4318:, writing on the Persian wars 4300:is a fine, rare, and valuable 4268:, made from the ink glands of 4188:, whose shells are lined with 1905:Molluscs' mouths also contain 1816: 1651:a string of tissue called the 1519:hypothetical ancestral mollusc 832:. Their shells have also been 462: 27:Phylum of invertebrate animals 13: 1: 9798: 9322:Biodiversity and Conservation 8919:10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.01.009 8645:Annual Review of Anthropology 8488:Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists 8444:Journal of Shellfish Research 8363:Human Nutrition and Dietetics 7509:10.1126/science.274.5291.1360 7404:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6459:. Bentham Science Publishers. 5406:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 5305:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. 4644: 4373:Bivalve molluscs are used as 4226:The two methods of culturing 3299:(spicule-covered, worm-like) 2817:in Early Cambrian rocks from 2707:fossils really are molluscs. 2566:may also be in Mollusca (see 1565:and the exit openings of the 980: 508:, whose members are known as 10567:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins 8772:10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100079 7267:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.046 6547:10.1126/science.186.4161.311 5298: 4858:10.1080/14772000.2012.753137 4838:Systematics and Biodiversity 4800:. Harvard University Press. 4629:, see the reasons given in: 3501:, a group defined by having 3054: 2677:) towards the middle of the 2575: 2404:rocky tidal zone and seabed 2247:Journal of Molluscan Studies 1321: 1042:There are two pairs of main 1039:open into the mantle cavity. 922:may have been influenced by 876: 847:is often fatal, and that of 679:), and the structure of the 604:, of which two are entirely 7: 10624:Chelicerates inc. arachnids 10364:Phoronida (horseshoe worms) 10179:Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 10090:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms) 9979:Loricifera (corset animals) 8943:Alafaci, A. (5 June 2018). 8638:"The Anthropology of Money" 8636:Maurer, B. (October 2006). 8192:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.028 8157:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.016 8053:Evolution & Development 8026:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.027 6682:(inactive 16 August 2024). 6344:(Mollusca, Monoplacophora)" 6260:Frontiers in Marine Science 5466:"Phylogeny of the Molluscs" 5044:Hogan, C. Michael. (2010). 4582: 4256:and wearing numerous pearls 3560:) as most other bilaterian 2997:The Early Cambrian fossils 2629:(fossil pictured) from the 1978:circumesophageal nerve ring 1937:simpler digestive systems. 1265:One or more valves/ shells 1212:No ceca in some Aplacophora 1175:Small, only at "front" end 719:circulates; as such, their 566:. The number of additional 10: 11934: 10514:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish 10260:Annelida (segmented worms) 10085:Chaetognatha (arrow worms) 10001:Onychophora (velvet worms) 9289:10.1079/9780851993201.0000 9248:10.1079/9780851993201.0000 9242:. CRC Press. p. 305. 9238:. In Barker, G. M. (ed.). 8752:Fish Shellfish Immunol Rep 8268:; Peterson, K. J. (2011). 6495:. Blackwell. p. 221. 6238:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.07.009 5598:Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni 5490:Principles of Paleontology 5358:Nicol, David (June 1969). 5007:. Oxford University press. 4953: 4945: 4132:anatomically modern humans 4111: 4077: 2978:. However, the shell-less 2950:, a strand of tissue that 2810:, which first appear over 2767: 2585: 2579: 2262: 2183: 2178: 1999: 1784:, which pumps it into the 1591:) that consists of mainly 1580: 1488: 1484: 1121:, a rasping "tongue" with 944:"soft"), which he applied 937: 928: 29: 11624: 11553: 11371: 11288: 11240: 11125: 11116: 11059: 10831: 10827: 10822:phyla/divisions by domain 10764: 10562:Asterozoans inc. starfish 10464: 10457: 10408: 10359:Brachiopoda (lamp shells) 10349: 10340:Ectoprocta (moss animals) 10324: 10315: 10300: 10291: 10276: 10269: 10245: 10234: 10193: 10185:Gastrotricha (hairybacks) 10168: 10157: 10146: 10098: 10080: 10067: 10056: 10009: 9996: 9987: 9974: 9963: 9931: 9914:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) 9900: 9889: 9874: 9850: 9841: 9821: 9806: 9793: 9758: 9733: 9709: 9694: 9686:Ctenophora (comb jellies) 9674: 9659: 9543: 9236:"Snails and schistosomes" 8872:10.1007/s10646-015-1536-3 8525:10.1017/s0068245400020438 8332:10.1080/00438240120107477 7180:Parkhaev, P. Yu. (2007). 6715:Cabej, Nelson R. (2019). 6680:10.1017/s000632310000548x 6489:Clarkson, E.N.K. (1998). 6456:Current Organic Chemistry 6273:10.3389/fmars.2020.597441 6176:10.1186/s12862-017-0977-0 6084:10.1186/s12983-018-0259-8 5824:10.1080/00241160410002180 5752:Yochelson, E. L. (1975). 5622:10.1007/s00300-017-2104-5 5437:Hancock, Rebecca (2008). 4931:Oxford English Dictionary 4625:(1996). For the spelling 4345:, were used as a kind of 3962: 3947: 3932: 3917: 3910: 3895: 3888: 3873: 3866: 3848: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3753: 3738: 3723: 3708: 3701: 3686: 3679: 3652: 3628: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3589: 3432: 3405: 3379: 3362: 3355: 3344: 3310: 3293: 3286: 3217: 3184: 3177: 3161: 3154: 3137: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3078: 3071: 3024:. One bivalve group, the 2347:marine, freshwater, land 2297:Described living species 2141:The most basic molluscan 1851: 1059: 691:on top, which is made of 589:, as numerous groups are 573:Molluscs are the largest 461: 454: 343: 338: 207:Scientific classification 205: 117: 48:Cambrian Stage 2 – Recent 41: 10120:Rotifera (wheel animals) 9919:Priapulida (penis worms) 7767:10.1126/science.11537491 6668:Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 6155:BMC Evolutionary Biology 5781:10.1144/gsjgs.131.6.0661 4742:Rosenberg, Gary (1996). 4536: 4380:Potamopyrgus antipodarum 2588:Evolution of cephalopods 1737:. Although molluscs are 1576: 1545:Mantle and mantle cavity 771:, from which may emerge 32:Mollusk (disambiguation) 11032:Thermodesulfobacteriota 10334:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa 10306:Nemertea (ribbon worms) 10027:Tardigrada (waterbears) 10020:Arthropoda (arthropods) 9434:10.5962/bhl.title.46558 9070:Anderson, R.C. (1999). 7790:Journal of Paleontology 7680:10.1111/1475-4983.00334 7581:Journal of Paleontology 7395:Kouchinsky, A. (2000). 7317:Journal of Paleontology 7084:Journal of Paleontology 6357:: 95–98. Archived from 5858:10.1002/jmor.1051500406 5723:10.1126/science.1137284 5414:10.1038/npg.els.0001598 5097:10.1073/pnas.0602578103 5030:Encyclopædia Britannica 4969:A Greek–English Lexicon 4672:10.1126/science.ado0059 4118:List of edible molluscs 4052:molecular phylogenetics 3517:worms and seven marine 2976: million years ago 2913: million years ago 2815: million years ago 2738: million years ago 2718: million years ago 2686: million years ago 1884:intracellular digestion 1662: 626:neurologically advanced 10509:Anthozoans inc. corals 10208:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa 9481:Mussel Watch Programme 9281:Molluscs As Crop Pests 8548:Biblical Archaeologist 8286:10.1098/rspb.2011.1773 8232:10.1186/1742-9994-6-12 7858:10.1098/rspb.2007.0701 7368:"Paleozoic Gastropoda" 6930:10.1098/rspb.2007.0701 6218:Comptes Rendus Palevol 5550:10.1098/rspb.2005.3158 4700:Chapman, A.D. (2009). 4517: 4471: 4417: 4391:) and the blue mussel 4334:(or cloaks) made from 4260:Other luxury and high- 4257: 4177: 2994:) are abundant today. 2799: 2785: 2634: 2611: 2265:List of mollusc orders 2116:internal fertilization 2112:external fertilization 2084:external fertilization 1957: 1879: 1698: 1506: 1364:fresh-water gastropods 1355: 1331: 816:luxury goods, notably 812: 789:, and bivalves in the 765:external fertilization 551:). Around 76,000 488: 11857:Paleobiology Database 11260:Neocallimastigomycota 10639:Hexapods inc. insects 9949:Nematoda (roundworms) 9283:. CABI Publications. 8945:"Blue ringed octopus" 8746:Crassostrea virginica 8486:Gulick, C.B. (1941). 8013:Developmental Biology 7445:on 11 September 2006. 5965:Journal of Morphology 5846:Journal of Morphology 5050:Encyclopedia of Earth 4960:Liddell, Henry George 4631:Brusca & Brusca. 4502: 4461: 4429:Blue-ringed octopuses 4411: 4385:Crassostrea virginica 4244: 4168: 4112:Further information: 3549:origins of spicules. 2793: 2773: 2622: 2595: 2582:Evolution of molluscs 2090:larvae, more complex 1955: 1838: 1675: 1502: 1489:Further information: 1337: 1329: 1154:Broad, muscular foot 935:(the soft ones; < 807: 751:. Most molluscs have 624:, are among the most 474: 11756:Fauna Europaea (new) 10925:Coprothermobacterota 9832:Chordata (chordates) 9454:Encyclopedia of Life 9234:Brown, D.S. (1994). 8805:Dreissena polymorpha 8219:Frontiers in Zoology 6589:www.molluscabase.org 6338:Tendal O.S. (1985). 6126:Invertebrate Zoology 6071:Frontiers in Zoology 5675:Invertebrate Zoology 5600:): a short review". 5302:Invertebrate Zoology 4875:on 10 September 2021 4798:Fossil Invertebrates 4775:10.4003/006.032.0204 4389:Dreissena polymorpha 4207:, which live in the 3020:488 to 443 2759:515 to 510 2281:into one class, the 2114:. Some molluscs use 1763:hydrostatic skeleton 1481:non-marine species. 1473:terrestrial molluscs 1421:and the terrestrial 671:, the presence of a 10282:Mollusca (molluscs) 9767:of the animal root 9477:Shell Image Gallery 9334:1996BiCon...5.1231C 8911:2007AqTox..82...27E 8864:2015Ecotx..24.2009M 8821:2012MRGTE.741....1M 8764:2023FSIR....400079R 8723:on 13 November 2016 8476:The fourth-century 8149:2004MolPE..32...25P 7880:For a summary, see 7802:2009JPal...83..147M 7759:1993Sci...260..971R 7716:2006GeolJ..41..303Z 7671:2003Palgy..46.1073G 7593:2001JPal...75.1119S 7501:1996Sci...274.1360M 7329:2002JPal...76..287L 7294:2008Geo....36..175M 7259:2007PPP...254...67S 7198:2007GSLSP.286..415P 7135:Biological Bulletin 7096:2008JPal...82..543B 7040:10.1038/nature04894 7032:2006Natur.442..159C 6952:For a summary, see 6840:on 22 November 2012 6815:2007GSLSP.286..157F 6760:1997Natur.388..868F 6635:10.1038/nature10382 6627:2011Natur.477..452K 6539:1974Sci...186..311R 6478:on 3 December 2021. 6424:1989MarBi.100..439W 6364:on 30 November 2012 6342:Neopilina galatheae 6309:1982MarBi..68..299S 6230:2004CRPal...3..469M 6167:2017BMCEE..17..138K 6025:10.3390/ani12172248 5816:2004Letha..37..445C 5773:1975JGSoc.131..661. 5715:2007Sci...316.1302P 5614:2017PoBio..40.1871R 5088:2006PNAS..103.7723G 5024:"Molluscoida" 4850:2012SyBio..10..447F 4414:blue-ringed octopus 4080:Molluscs in culture 2626:Kimberella quadrata 2603:Monachoides vicinus 2386:marine, freshwater 2241:GRAHAM, A. (1955). 2235:and others feed on 2173:ocean acidification 2162:stage in which the 2022:Apical tuft (cilia) 1909:that secrete slimy 1767:respiratory pigment 1723:circulatory systems 845:blue-ringed octopus 761:reproductive system 721:circulatory systems 11255:Blastocladiomycota 10495:Calcareous sponges 9680:Porifera (sponges) 9495:2016-11-13 at the 9342:10.1007/BF00051574 9139:on 7 November 2012 9029:Contact Dermatitis 8674:on 16 August 2007. 8423:on 30 October 2012 8397:on 23 January 2016 7704:Geological Journal 6982:Biological Reviews 6878:10.1002/bies.20507 6432:10.1007/BF00394819 6317:10.1007/BF00409596 5977:10.1002/jmor.10564 5364:Systematic Zoology 4989:History of Animals 4531:intermediate hosts 4518: 4472: 4418: 4258: 4178: 3541:(small spines) of 2800: 2786: 2635: 2612: 2600:by the land snail 2475:worm-like molluscs 2136:self-fertilization 2027:Prototroch (cilia) 1958: 1880: 1717:Circulatory system 1699: 1691:Gulf of California 1507: 1417:, but some form a 1356: 1350:), including this 1332: 1169:Modified into arms 813: 612:molluscs, such as 489: 171:Atlantic surf clam 11895: 11894: 11844:Open Tree of Life 11618:Taxon identifiers 11575: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11549: 11548: 11112: 11111: 11055: 11054: 11047:Verrucomicrobiota 10785: 10784: 10760: 10759: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10036: 10035: 9927: 9926: 9870: 9869: 9789: 9788: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9406:978-84-8158-787-6 9298:978-0-85199-320-1 9257:978-0-7484-0026-3 8982:978-0-86840-279-6 8497:978-0-674-99380-8 8372:978-0-443-05627-7 8320:World Archaeology 8280:(1732): 1259–68. 7810:10.1666/08-094R.1 7473:978-0-486-29371-4 7381:978-0-520-25092-5 7302:10.1130/G24218A.1 7215:978-1-86239-233-5 7026:(7099): 159–163. 6994:10.1111/brv.12239 6728:978-0-12-814312-4 6502:978-0-632-05238-7 5912:978-1-139-45847-4 5684:978-0-19-551368-4 5500:978-0-7167-0022-7 5423:978-0-470-01617-6 5344:978-0-520-25092-5 5312:978-0-03-025982-1 5197:978-0-87893-097-5 5167:978-0-19-954944-3 4907:978-0-520-25092-5 4807:978-0-674-01972-0 4713:978-0-642-56860-1 4666:(6708): 528–532. 4605:Explanatory notes 4448:Octopus rubescens 4387:, zebra mussels ( 4205:Pinctada mertensi 4074:Human interaction 4058:; in particular, 4039: 4038: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4010: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3992: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3793: 3792: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3765: 3665: 3664: 3641: 3640: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3447: 3421: 3420: 3394: 3393: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3323: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3247: 3022:million years ago 2958:shells. However, 2804: 2803: 2761:million years ago 2555: 2554: 2243:"Molluscan diets" 2077:Trochophore larva 2042:Metatroch (cilia) 1988:Some such as the 1673: 1605:calcium carbonate 1318: 1317: 1157:Reduced or absent 1128:Absent in 20% of 701:calcium carbonate 469: 468: 334: 190:Tonicella lineata 16:(Redirected from 11925: 11913:Protostome phyla 11888: 11887: 11875: 11874: 11865: 11864: 11852: 11851: 11839: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11816: 11815: 11803: 11802: 11790: 11789: 11777: 11776: 11764: 11763: 11751: 11750: 11738: 11737: 11725: 11724: 11712: 11711: 11699: 11698: 11686: 11685: 11673: 11672: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11613: 11612: 11604: 11603: 11592: 11591: 11583: 11323:Anthocerotophyta 11202:Hemimastigophora 11123: 11122: 11094:Nitrososphaerota 11061: 11060: 11037:Thermomicrobiota 10977:Kiritimatiellota 10972:Ignavibacteriota 10937:Deferribacterota 10900:Campylobacterota 10885:Bdellovibrionota 10833: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10789: 10788: 10466: 10465: 10422: 10322: 10321: 10298: 10297: 10274: 10273: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10166: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10078: 10077: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10061: 9994: 9993: 9972: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9936: 9935: 9902: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9876: 9875: 9848: 9847: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9808: 9807: 9795: 9794: 9772: 9707: 9706: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9661: 9660: 9572: 9552: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9503: 9502: 9461: 9437: 9418: 9391: 9354: 9353: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9189: 9179: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9135:. Archived from 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9098: 9087: 9086: 9076: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9025:Octopus apollyon 9020: 9014: 9013: 8998:Drum and Croaker 8993: 8987: 8986: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8940: 8931: 8930: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8783: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8719:. Archived from 8708: 8702: 8700: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8667:. Archived from 8642: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8393:. Archived from 8383: 8377: 8376: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8297: 8266:Briggs, D. E. G. 8261: 8255: 8254: 8244: 8234: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8115: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8028: 8004: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7962: 7952: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7879: 7869: 7852:(1624): 2413–9. 7837: 7822: 7821: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7710:(3–4): 303–328. 7699: 7693: 7692: 7682: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7495:(5291): 1360–3. 7484: 7478: 7477: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7437: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7401: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7206:10.1144/SP286.31 7177: 7171: 7170: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7104:10.1666/07-066.1 7079: 7070: 7069: 7051: 7015: 7006: 7005: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6951: 6941: 6924:(1624): 2413–9. 6909: 6898: 6897: 6861: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6839: 6833:. Archived from 6823:10.1144/SP286.12 6800: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6699: 6691: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6522: 6507: 6506: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6474:. Archived from 6467: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6348: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6178: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6104: 6086: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6027: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5934: 5923: 5922: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5869: 5843: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5758: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5570:. Archived from 5561: 5544:(1581): 2583–6. 5535: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5401: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5330: 5317: 5316: 5296: 5247: 5210: 5209: 5183: 5172: 5171: 5141: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5099: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4977: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4874: 4868:. Archived from 4835: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4750:on 3 March 2012. 4746:. Archived from 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4655: 4638: 4636: 4615: 4570:Euglandina rosea 4441:, causes severe 4438:Octopus apollyon 4404:Stings and bites 3913: 3912: 3898:Monoplacophorans 3891: 3890: 3876:Polyplacophorans 3869: 3868: 3829: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3813: 3704: 3703: 3689:Monoplacophorans 3682: 3681: 3655:Polyplacophorans 3609: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3490:and any of the " 3358: 3357: 3347: 3346: 3313:Polyplacophorans 3289: 3288: 3180: 3179: 3157: 3156: 3140:Monoplacophorans 3118: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3095: 3074: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3023: 3009:are regarded as 2977: 2935: 2914: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2850: 2816: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2739: 2719: 2687: 2608:sexual selection 2294:Major organisms 2288: 2287: 2254: 2098:sit next to the 2069: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2017: 1944:from its mucus. 1878: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1794:excretory system 1679:Natica chemnitzi 1674: 1527:monoplacophorans 1366:and 35,000 1206:Large digestive 1054: 1053: 940: 939: 931: 930: 850:Octopus apollyon 699:reinforced with 632:—and either the 579:marine organisms 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 326: 215: 214: 185: 167: 147: 127: 112: 49: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11898: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11883: 11878: 11870: 11868: 11860: 11855: 11847: 11842: 11834: 11832: 11824: 11819: 11811: 11806: 11798: 11793: 11785: 11780: 11772: 11767: 11759: 11754: 11746: 11741: 11733: 11728: 11720: 11715: 11707: 11702: 11694: 11689: 11681: 11676: 11668: 11663: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11620: 11610: 11598: 11586: 11578: 11576: 11567: 11545: 11496:Gnathostomulida 11401:Xenacoelomorpha 11367: 11363:Flowering plant 11318:Marchantiophyta 11284: 11250:Chytridiomycota 11236: 11108: 11051: 11007:Planctomycetota 10967:Gemmatimonadota 10952:Elusimicrobiota 10845:Acidobacteriota 10823: 10816: 10786: 10781: 10756: 10682:Phylactolaemata 10470: 10460: 10459: 10445: 10436:Xenambulacraria 10412: 10368: 10345: 10311: 10293:Kryptotrochozoa 10287: 10265: 10235: 10222: 10213:Monoblastozoa ( 10189: 10147: 10134: 10106:Micrognathozoa 10094: 10057: 10032: 10005: 9983: 9959: 9923: 9890: 9879: 9866: 9837: 9811: 9802: 9785: 9762: 9746: 9729: 9698: 9690: 9664: 9655: 9654: 9570: 9548: 9539: 9530: 9497:Wayback Machine 9445: 9440: 9407: 9380: 9363: 9361:Further reading 9358: 9357: 9328:(10): 1231–52. 9318: 9314: 9299: 9277: 9273: 9258: 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9156: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9109: 9099: 9090: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9021: 9017: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8967: 8960: 8950: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8891: 8887: 8848: 8844: 8801: 8797: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8640: 8634: 8630: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8560:10.2307/3210395 8544: 8540: 8509: 8505: 8498: 8475: 8471: 8440: 8436: 8426: 8424: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8359: 8355: 8315: 8311: 8262: 8258: 8211: 8207: 8176: 8172: 8133: 8129: 8106:(10): 1306–17. 8092: 8088: 8049: 8042: 8005: 7998: 7988: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7927: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7881: 7838: 7825: 7786: 7782: 7753:(5110): 971–3. 7743: 7739: 7724:10.1002/gj.1048 7700: 7696: 7647: 7643: 7620: 7616: 7577: 7573: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7364: 7360: 7313: 7309: 7278: 7274: 7242: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7216: 7178: 7174: 7147:10.2307/1543051 7123: 7119: 7080: 7073: 7016: 7009: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6910: 6901: 6862: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6713: 6709: 6693: 6692: 6664: 6660: 6621:(7365): 452–6. 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6533:(4161): 311–7. 6523: 6510: 6503: 6487: 6483: 6468: 6464: 6451: 6447: 6408: 6404: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6351:Galathea Report 6346: 6336: 6332: 6293: 6289: 6252: 6245: 6214: 6210: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6122: 6118: 6063: 6059: 6004: 6000: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5935: 5926: 5913: 5895: 5891: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5800: 5796: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5671: 5664: 5633: 5629: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5402: 5393: 5377:10.2307/2412618 5356: 5352: 5345: 5331: 5320: 5313: 5297: 5250: 5213: 5198: 5184: 5175: 5168: 5142: 5123: 5068: 5057: 5042: 5038: 5016: 5012: 5001: 4997: 4984: 4980: 4974:Perseus Project 4942: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4808: 4794: 4790: 4759: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4714: 4698: 4687: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4635:(2nd ed.). 4616: 4612: 4607: 4585: 4576:Achatina fulica 4552:Achatina fulica 4539: 4521:Schistosomiasis 4497: 4495:Disease vectors 4474:All species of 4406: 4401: 4371: 4276:, according to 4173:farm in Seram, 4120: 4110: 4090:mother of pearl 4082: 4076: 4040: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3666: 3642: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3422: 3395: 3334: 3325: 3298: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3222: 3189: 3142: 3057: 3028:, became major 3018: 2972: 2933: 2917:silicon dioxide 2909: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2811: 2757: 2734: 2714: 2682: 2617: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2560:Pleistomollusca 2340:sea butterflies 2267: 2261: 2186: 2181: 2130:species of the 2080: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2008: 1998: 1950: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1866: = Muscles 1863: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1833: 1819: 1721:Most molluscs' 1719: 1687:stercusmuscaram 1667: 1665: 1585: 1579: 1547: 1505: 1497: 1487: 1385:. They include 1324: 1319: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 983: 879: 867:Schistosomiasis 822:mother of pearl 778:, more complex 521: 517: 325: 209: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 186: 178: 177: 168: 159: 158: 157: 148: 140: 139: 128: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11931: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11876: 11866: 11853: 11840: 11830: 11817: 11804: 11791: 11778: 11765: 11752: 11743:Fauna Europaea 11739: 11726: 11713: 11700: 11687: 11674: 11661: 11646: 11630: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11609: 11608: 11596: 11573: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11561: 11559: 11556:Incertae sedis 11551: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11501:Micrognathozoa 11498: 11493: 11491:Acanthocephala 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11377: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11333:Lycopodiophyta 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11294: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11246: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11147:Ancyromonadida 11144: 11139: 11133: 11131: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11099:Thermoproteota 11096: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11069: 11067: 11057: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11012:Pseudomonadota 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10987:Mycoplasmatota 10984: 10982:Lentisphaerota 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10962:Fusobacteriota 10959: 10957:Fibrobacterota 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10860:Armatimonadota 10857: 10852: 10850:Actinomycetota 10847: 10841: 10839: 10825: 10824: 10815: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10792: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10647:Platyhelminths 10643: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10474: 10472: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10441:Centroneuralia 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10355: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10336: 10330: 10328: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10277: 10271: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10256: 10246: 10240: 10237:Lophotrochozoa 10232: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10174: 10172: 10163: 10152: 10149:Platytrochozoa 10144: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10123: 10111: 10108:(Limnognathia) 10102: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10062: 10054: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10023: 10015: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9944: 9942: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9910: 9908: 9895: 9884: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9804: 9803: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9738: 9737:(Triploblasts) 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9720: 9718:and relatives) 9710: 9704: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9675: 9669: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9645:Mesomycetozoea 9642: 9637: 9627: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9581:Diaphoretickes 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9529: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9444: 9443:External links 9441: 9439: 9438: 9419: 9405: 9392: 9378: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9312: 9297: 9271: 9256: 9226: 9201: 9170:(5): 498–500. 9150: 9119: 9088: 9062: 9015: 8988: 8981: 8958: 8932: 8895:Mytilus edulis 8885: 8858:(9): 2009–16. 8842: 8795: 8734: 8703: 8696:978-0521541107 8695: 8677: 8628: 8593: 8581: 8538: 8503: 8496: 8469: 8434: 8408: 8378: 8371: 8353: 8326:(3): 452–474. 8309: 8256: 8205: 8186:(1): 187–193. 8170: 8127: 8086: 8040: 8019:(1): 145–160. 7996: 7974: 7943:(3): 211–230. 7918: 7905:"The Mollusca" 7896: 7883:"The Mollusca" 7823: 7796:(1): 147–152. 7780: 7737: 7694: 7665:(5): 1073–87. 7641: 7614: 7587:(6): 1119–27. 7571: 7552: 7530: 7479: 7472: 7448: 7421: 7387: 7380: 7358: 7323:(2): 287–305. 7307: 7272: 7236: 7214: 7192:(1): 415–421. 7172: 7141:(2): 224–230. 7117: 7090:(3): 543–554. 7071: 7007: 6988:(1): 446–473. 6968: 6955:"The Mollusca" 6899: 6872:(12): 1161–6. 6851: 6809:(1): 157–179. 6783: 6734: 6727: 6707: 6658: 6601: 6576: 6508: 6501: 6481: 6462: 6445: 6418:(4): 439–441. 6412:Marine Biology 6402: 6391:(2): 135–155. 6375: 6330: 6303:(3): 299–319. 6297:Marine Biology 6287: 6243: 6208: 6141: 6134: 6116: 6057: 5998: 5954: 5947: 5924: 5911: 5889: 5852:(4): 861–887. 5829: 5810:(4): 445–456. 5794: 5744: 5709:(5829): 1302. 5690: 5683: 5662: 5649:(4): 321–330. 5627: 5608:(9): 1871–83. 5588: 5577:on 3 June 2016 5521: 5506: 5499: 5479: 5456: 5445:on 30 May 2009 5429: 5422: 5391: 5350: 5343: 5318: 5311: 5248: 5211: 5196: 5173: 5166: 5146:"10. Molluscs" 5121: 5082:(20): 7723–8. 5055: 5036: 5021:, ed. (1911). 5019:Chisholm, Hugh 5010: 4995: 4978: 4936: 4921: 4906: 4886: 4844:(4): 447–477. 4821: 4806: 4788: 4769:(2): 308–322. 4753: 4734: 4712: 4685: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4623:Gary Rosenberg 4609: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4538: 4535: 4496: 4493: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4399:Harm to humans 4397: 4393:Mytilus edulis 4370: 4367: 4215:waters of the 4109: 4108:Uses by humans 4106: 4078:Main article: 4075: 4072: 4037: 4036: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3499:Lophotrochozoa 3470: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3166:(tusk shells) 3160: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3068:Lophotrochozoa 3062: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3053: 2960:Plectronoceras 2943:Plectronoceras 2886: 2885: 2877: 2852: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2802: 2801: 2787: 2781:Yochelcionella 2690:Lophotrochozoa 2654:Plectronoceras 2623:The enigmatic 2616: 2613: 2580:Main article: 2577: 2574: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2525: 2522:Helcionelloida 2518: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2487:Monoplacophora 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2392:Polyplacophora 2388: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2260: 2259:Classification 2257: 2229:Vetigastropoda 2191:Filter feeders 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2126:is an endemic 2120:hermaphrodites 2073: 2072: 2064: 2019: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 1997: 1994: 1949: 1948:Nervous system 1946: 1832: 1829: 1818: 1815: 1759:coelomic fluid 1753:through which 1718: 1715: 1695:Puerto Peñasco 1664: 1661: 1603:hardened with 1581:Main article: 1578: 1575: 1546: 1543: 1503: 1486: 1483: 1463:colossal squid 1354:(a sea snail). 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1260:Small, simple 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1235:Large complex 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130:Neomeniomorpha 1126: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1087:Monoplacophora 1084: 1081:Polyplacophora 1078: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1029: 1006:synapomorphies 982: 979: 878: 875: 795:Lophotrochozoa 739:, or three in 715:through which 681:nervous system 638:colossal squid 477:Cornu aspersum 467: 466: 459: 458: 452: 451: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 437: 434:Helcionelloida 431: 425: 420: 415: 413:Monoplacophora 405: 404: 403: 398: 393: 391:Polyplacophora 383: 374: 365: 355: 341: 340: 336: 335: 320: 316: 315: 313:Lophotrochozoa 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 273: 272: 267: 260: 259: 254: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 203: 202: 187: 180: 179: 169: 162: 161: 160: 151:Common octopus 149: 142: 141: 129: 122: 121: 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11930: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11867: 11863: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11827: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11651: 11647: 11642: 11636: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11614: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11280:Basidiomycota 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11265:Glomeromycota 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11227:Stramenopiles 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11152:Apusomonadida 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11089: 11088:Nanoarchaeota 11085: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11074:Euryarchaeota 11071: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11022:Spirochaetota 11020: 11018: 11017:Rhodothermota 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10947:Dictyoglomota 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10931:Cyanobacteria 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10920:Chrysiogenota 10918: 10916: 10915:Chloroflexota 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10895:Calditrichota 10893: 10891: 10890:Caldisericota 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10865:Atribacterota 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10821: 10813: 10808: 10806: 10801: 10799: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10777: 10776:dubious phyla 10773: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10575:Hemichordates 10572: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10490:Glass sponges 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10431:Deuterostomia 10429: 10427: 10424: 10420: 10417:of Bilateria 10416: 10411: 10410: 10407: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10250:Cycliophora ( 10248: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10233: 10218: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10145: 10129: 10128: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10060: 10055: 10029: 10028: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9989:Panarthropoda 9986: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9930: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9893: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9877: 9873: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9662: 9658: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9608:Stramenopiles 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9571:(major groups 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9527: 9522: 9520: 9515: 9513: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9379:1-58112-930-0 9375: 9372:. Universal. 9371: 9366: 9365: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9215: 9214:Carter Center 9211: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9123: 9108: 9107:New Scientist 9104: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9035:(3): 169–70. 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8965: 8963: 8946: 8939: 8937: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8899:Aquat Toxicol 8896: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8852:Ecotoxicology 8846: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8747: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8707: 8698: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8507: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8438: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8045: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8003: 8001: 7984: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7923: 7906: 7900: 7884: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7659:Palaeontology 7656: 7654: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7541: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7452: 7441: 7434: 7433: 7425: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7012: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6956: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6769:10.1038/42242 6765: 6761: 6757: 6754:(6645): 868. 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6711: 6703: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6674:(2): 253–95. 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6458: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6343: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5950: 5948:0-12-728702-7 5944: 5940: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5919: 5918:Polylacophora 5914: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5867:2027.42/50263 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5695: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602:Polar Biology 5599: 5592: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5467: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5188:Invertebrates 5182: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4964:Scott, Robert 4961: 4957: 4949: 4940: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4634: 4633:Invertebrates 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4561:Pacific Ocean 4558: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4504:Skin vesicles 4501: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4433:Hapalochlaena 4431:in the genus 4430: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4375:bioindicators 4369:Bioindicators 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355:social status 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4311:Pinna nobilis 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288:suggests the 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266:Tyrian purple 4263: 4255: 4254:Tyrian purple 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217:Pacific Ocean 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201:margaritifera 4200: 4195: 4194:pearl oysters 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094:Tyrian purple 4091: 4087: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048:morphological 4044: 4035: 4028: 4016: 4015: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3836:Solenogastres 3831: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3801: 3789: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3616:Solenogastres 3611: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3547:embryological 3544: 3543:aplacophorans 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3474: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3437:Odontogriphus 3430: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3410:Orthrozanclus 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3329: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296:Aplacophorans 3291: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2872: 2859: = Septa 2849: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2809: 2808:Helcionellids 2806:However, the 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2733:, from about 2732: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2717: 2713:, from about 2712: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2615:Fossil record 2609: 2606:is a form of 2605: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544:Cricoconarida 2542: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503:Rostroconchia 2501: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2300:Distribution 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2279:Solenogasters 2276: 2272: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2213:Stannophyllum 2210: 2209:xenophyophore 2206: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2168:metamorphoses 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2068: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882:Molluscs use 1876: 1859: 1842: 1837: 1828: 1825: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729:, except for 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1583:Mollusc shell 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:archi-mollusc 1501: 1496: 1492: 1491:Mollusc shell 1482: 1479: 1478:IUCN Red List 1474: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459:invertebrates 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237:metanephridia 1234: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1026:mantle cavity 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 948: 943: 934: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900: 895: 892: 888: 884: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 851: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:Tyrian purple 823: 819: 811: 806: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:invertebrates 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 562:phylum after 561: 557: 554: 548: 515: 511: 507: 504: 501: 497: 493: 487: 484:) — a common 483: 482:Helix aspersa 479: 478: 473: 464: 460: 457: 453: 446: 443: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 428:Rostroconchia 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 402: 399: 397: 396:Solenogastres 394: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 382: 378: 375: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 356: 354: 350: 349: 345: 344: 342: 337: 333: 329: 324: 321: 318: 317: 314: 311: 309:Superphylum: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 294: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 213: 208: 204: 196: 192: 191: 184: 176: 172: 166: 156: 152: 146: 138: 134: 133: 132:Helix pomatia 126: 116: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11625: 11562: 11554: 11535: 11476:Orthonectida 11471:Gastrotricha 11446:Nematomorpha 11421:Chaetognatha 11411:Hemichordate 11338:Pteridophyta 11207:Malawimonada 11081:Korarchaeota 11042:Thermotogota 11027:Synergistota 11002:Nitrospirota 10997:Nitrospinota 10942:Deinococcota 10875:Bacteroidota 10774:Potentially 10769: 10723: 10722: 10698: 10692:Gymnolaemata 10687:Stenolaemata 10676:Ectoproctans 10674: 10645: 10616: 10592: 10586:Pterobranchs 10573: 10549: 10525: 10501: 10477: 10471:within phyla 10469:Major groups 10339: 10326:Bryozoa s.l. 10317:Lophophorata 10305: 10281: 10280: 10259: 10251: 10214: 10203:Orthonectida 10178: 10125: 10118: 10107: 10026: 10019: 9948: 9906:Scalidophora 9855: 9843:Ambulacraria 9830: 9743:(see below↓) 9723: 9715: 9679: 9630:Opisthokonta 9488: 9452: 9424: 9396: 9369: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9280: 9274: 9239: 9229: 9217:. Retrieved 9204: 9167: 9163: 9153: 9141:. Retrieved 9137:the original 9122: 9110:. Retrieved 9106: 9082: 9079:The Festivus 9078: 9065: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8971: 8949:. Retrieved 8905:(1): 27–35. 8902: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8815:(1–2): 1–6. 8812: 8808: 8804: 8798: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8737: 8725:. Retrieved 8721:the original 8714: 8706: 8686: 8680: 8669:the original 8648: 8644: 8631: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8554:(1): 46–54. 8551: 8547: 8541: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8487: 8472: 8450:(1): 233–8. 8447: 8443: 8437: 8425:. Retrieved 8421:the original 8411: 8399:. Retrieved 8395:the original 8381: 8362: 8356: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8277: 8273: 8259: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8143:(1): 25–38. 8140: 8136: 8130: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8059:(6): 340–7. 8056: 8052: 8016: 8012: 7987:. Retrieved 7977: 7940: 7934: 7909:. Retrieved 7899: 7887:. Retrieved 7849: 7845: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7644: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7543:. Retrieved 7533: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7458: 7451: 7440:the original 7431: 7424: 7412:. Retrieved 7410:(2): 119–150 7407: 7403: 7390: 7371: 7361: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7227:. Retrieved 7189: 7185: 7175: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7087: 7083: 7023: 7019: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6959:. Retrieved 6921: 6917: 6869: 6865: 6842:. Retrieved 6835:the original 6806: 6802: 6751: 6747: 6737: 6717: 6710: 6696:cite journal 6671: 6667: 6661: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6592:. Retrieved 6588: 6579: 6530: 6526: 6491: 6484: 6476:the original 6465: 6455: 6448: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6368:14 September 6366:. Retrieved 6359:the original 6354: 6350: 6341: 6333: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6263: 6259: 6224:(6–7): 469. 6221: 6217: 6211: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6125: 6119: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6018:(17): 2248. 6015: 6011: 6001: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5939:The Mollusca 5938: 5917: 5916: 5902: 5892: 5849: 5845: 5832: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5767:(6): 661–2. 5764: 5760: 5747: 5706: 5702: 5674: 5646: 5640: 5630: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5579:. Retrieved 5572:the original 5541: 5537: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5489: 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5443:the original 5432: 5405: 5370:(2): 251–4. 5367: 5363: 5353: 5334: 5301: 5187: 5149: 5079: 5075: 5049: 5039: 5028: 5013: 5004: 4998: 4988: 4981: 4967: 4939: 4930: 4924: 4896: 4889: 4877:. Retrieved 4870:the original 4841: 4837: 4824: 4797: 4791: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4748:the original 4737: 4725:. Retrieved 4702: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4574: 4568: 4557:Indian Ocean 4550: 4540: 4524: 4519: 4507: 4473: 4470:researchers. 4446: 4443:inflammation 4436: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4372: 4340: 4335: 4319: 4309: 4281: 4259: 4225: 4204: 4197: 4179: 4171:pearl oyster 4121: 4083: 4068:polyphyletic 4056:monophyletic 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029:" hypothesis 3963: 3948: 3933: 3918: 3896: 3874: 3851:Caudofoveata 3849: 3834: 3802:" hypothesis 3754: 3739: 3724: 3709: 3687: 3653: 3631:Caudofoveata 3629: 3614: 3570: 3551: 3535:conchiferans 3523: 3507:Lophophorata 3496: 3485: 3479: 3435: 3433: 3408: 3406: 3381: 3380: 3364: 3363: 3311: 3294: 3218: 3185: 3162: 3138: 3123: 3079: 3038: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2959: 2951: 2941: 2931:Volborthella 2930: 2924: 2905:Volborthella 2903: 2902: 2831: 2805: 2779: 2776:Helcionellid 2754:microfossils 2749: 2728: 2726: 2724:", if that. 2708: 2698: 2668: 2658: 2652: 2642: 2636: 2624: 2601: 2569:Tentaculites 2567: 2556: 2528: 2430: 2275:Caudofoveata 2268: 2250: 2246: 2211: 2207:such as the 2198: 2196: 2187: 2140: 2132:Eastern Alps 2123: 2081: 1996:Reproduction 1986: 1982:nerve collar 1981: 1959: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1919: 1904: 1881: 1849: = Food 1820: 1804: 1802: 1720: 1700: 1683: 1677: 1642: 1630:periostracum 1627: 1612: 1609:periostracum 1586: 1557:, a pair of 1548: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1467: 1415:abyssal zone 1380: 1357: 1239:("kidneys") 1060: 1049: 1003: 984: 962: 960: 945: 941: 932: 915: 911: 907: 903: 897: 893: 886: 880: 863:neurological 855:inflammation 848: 842: 814: 784: 675:(except for 658: 572: 513: 509: 503:invertebrate 491: 490: 481: 475: 401:Caudofoveata 357: 346: 322: 299:(unranked): 289:(unranked): 276: 263: 250: 240:Subkingdom: 188: 130: 36: 11782:iNaturalist 11650:Wikispecies 11531:Brachiopoda 11506:Cycliophora 11451:Onychophora 11426:Kinorhyncha 11348:Ginkgophyta 11343:Cycadophyta 11308:Chlorophyta 11298:Glaucophyta 10992:Myxococcota 10910:Chlorobiota 10905:Chlamydiota 10750:Tusk shells 10735:Cephalopods 10706:Polychaetes 10653:Turbellaria 10634:Crustaceans 10610:Secernentea 10600:Chromadorea 10581:Acorn worms 10551:Echinoderms 10543:Vertebrates 10485:Demosponges 10419:is disputed 9881:Protostomia 9769:is disputed 9696:ParaHoxozoa 9187:11449/30709 9127:Livett, B. 8713:"MolluSCAN 8609:(38): 294. 7960:11336/78055 7253:(1–2): 67. 6594:19 February 5971:(1): 1–17. 5952:page 4 4929:"mollusc". 4565:West Indies 4526:Schistosoma 4512:. (Source: 4509:Schistosoma 4476:cone snails 4464:cone snails 4351:shell money 4250:Justinian I 4223:and shell. 4213:subtropical 3965:Cephalopods 3756:Cephalopods 3503:trochophore 3220:Cephalopods 3081:Brachiopods 2681:period, c. 2649:cephalopods 2596:The use of 2564:Tentaculita 2530:Latouchella 2471:Aplacophora 2459:tusk shells 2410:Cephalopoda 2332:nudibranchs 2283:Aplacophora 2253:(3–4): 144. 2225:nudibranchs 2218:Sacoglossan 2149:, which is 2147:trochophore 2118:and/or are 2088:trochophore 1970:commissures 1962:nerve cords 1900:odontophore 1875:Odontophore 1817:Respiration 1806:Planorbidae 1731:cephalopods 1725:are mainly 1614:Cobcrephora 1589:nudibranchs 1455:giant squid 1439:Cephalopoda 1411:cephalopods 1368:terrestrial 1292:Odontophore 1183:Not obvious 1099:Cephalopoda 1075:Aplacophora 1065:of Molluscs 1044:nerve cords 1020:calcareous 967:brachiopods 963:Molluscoida 859:cone shells 787:cephalopods 773:trochophore 737:nerve cords 723:are mainly 634:giant squid 595:terrestrial 500:protostomic 418:Cephalopoda 377:Tentaculita 293:Protostomia 257:ParaHoxozoa 11902:Categories 11564:Parakaryon 11526:Entoprocta 11461:Arthropoda 11456:Tardigrada 11436:Priapulida 11431:Loricifera 11416:Echinoderm 11386:Ctenophora 11358:Gnetophyta 11313:Charophyta 11303:Rhodophyta 11275:Ascomycota 11270:Zygomycota 11212:Metamonada 11187:Euglenozoa 11172:Ciliophora 10880:Balneolota 10855:Aquificota 10730:Gastropods 10711:Clitellata 10618:Arthropods 10557:Sea lilies 10503:Cnidarians 10421:; see also 10351:Brachiozoa 10114:Syndermata 10073:Gnathifera 9771:; see also 9716:Trichoplax 9714:Placozoa ( 9701:Planulozoa 9487:MolluSCAN 9449:"Mollusca" 9415:1107124658 8758:: 100079. 8727:28 January 8623:1419933002 8482:Theopompus 8480:historian 7936:Cladistics 7655:Vostokova" 7653:Anabarella 7630:(2): 155. 7568:: 157–166. 7538:Monks, N. 7414:4 November 7288:(2): 175. 7229:1 November 6161:(1): 138. 6135:0030259827 5642:BioScience 5581:22 October 5206:1154002552 4727:12 January 4645:References 4589:Land snail 4547:ecosystems 4451:can cause 4336:lana pinna 4284:shells on 4278:Theopompus 4236:endangered 4186:gastropods 4169:Saltwater 4060:Scaphopoda 3950:Gastropods 3935:Scaphopods 3741:Gastropods 3726:Scaphopods 3676:Conchifera 3511:lophophore 3492:halwaxiids 3487:Kimberella 3352:Halwaxiids 3315:(chitons) 3225:nautiloids 3187:Gastropods 3164:Scaphopods 3015:Ordovician 2992:cuttlefish 2969:Cretaceous 2965:nautiloids 2938:Nectocaris 2890:Septa and 2834:gastropods 2823:trilobites 2796:gastropods 2746:polychaete 2722:bilaterian 2710:Kimberella 2703:and Early 2660:Nectocaris 2639:gastropods 2598:love darts 2586:See also: 2455:Scaphopoda 2437:belemnites 2427:nautiluses 2423:cuttlefish 2318:including 2306:Gastropoda 2263:See also: 2164:prototroch 2151:planktonic 2124:C. obtusus 2000:See also: 1811:hemoglobin 1770:hemocyanin 1739:coelomates 1703:statocysts 1597:conchiolin 1469:Freshwater 1447:cuttlefish 1423:ecosystems 1409:and other 1401:and other 1395:gastropods 1393:and other 1372:arthropods 1340:gastropods 1111:Scaphopoda 1093:Gastropoda 999:calcareous 981:Definition 956:malacology 952:cuttlefish 947:inter alia 933:ta malákia 929:τὰ μαλάκια 881:The words 871:ecosystems 865:research. 763:relies on 705:coelomates 642:gastropods 618:cuttlefish 610:Cephalopod 591:freshwater 583:anatomical 564:Arthropoda 486:land snail 480:(formerly 440:Gastropoda 423:Scaphopoda 408:Conchifera 368:Halwaxiida 348:Kimberella 339:Subgroups 155:cephalopod 11481:Dicyemida 11353:Pinophyta 11232:Telonemia 11167:Cryptista 11157:Breviatea 11142:Amoebozoa 11137:Alveolata 11118:Eukaryote 10870:Bacillota 10716:Sipuncula 10663:Monogenea 10658:Trematoda 10629:Myriapods 10594:Nematodes 10538:Tunicates 10533:Lancelets 10527:Chordates 10519:Myxozoans 10426:Nephrozoa 10415:phylogeny 10215:Salinella 10170:Rouphozoa 10011:Tactopoda 9940:Nematoida 9892:Ecdysozoa 9813:Bilateria 9800:Bilateria 9781:Benthozoa 9776:Eumetazoa 9765:phylogeny 9735:Bilateria 9625:Amoebozoa 9603:Alveolata 9591:Cryptista 9566:Eukaryota 9219:3 October 9143:3 October 9133:Melbourne 9112:3 October 8951:3 October 8809:Mutat Res 8651:: 15–36. 8615:0075-3920 8603:Johnsonia 8576:163601220 8533:129588313 8519:: 201–6. 8427:2 October 8401:3 October 8348:161085658 8225:(1): 12. 7989:2 October 7911:2 October 7889:2 October 7732:129430674 7353:130381069 7224:130979274 7129:Falcidens 7049:1912/1404 6961:2 October 6866:BioEssays 6282:2296-7745 6185:1471-2148 6093:1742-9994 6077:(1): 10. 6034:2076-2615 5789:219540340 5408:. Wiley. 5046:"Calcium" 4916:152581003 4816:912402392 4722:457073196 4599:Sea snail 4489:molecules 4485:neurology 4468:neurology 4422:jellyfish 4363:inflation 4359:commodity 4316:Procopius 4246:Byzantine 4184:and some 4175:Indonesia 4136:octopuses 3817:Molluscs 3800:Aculifera 3596:Aculifera 3587:Molluscs 3566:aragonite 3562:skeletons 3558:engrailed 3527:metameric 3482:phylogeny 3383:Halkieria 3229:ammonites 3204:sea hares 3099:Mollusca 3055:Phylogeny 3045:operculum 2980:Coleoidea 2948:siphuncle 2896:nautiloid 2892:siphuncle 2871:Siphuncle 2774:The tiny 2701:Ediacaran 2644:Aldanella 2631:Ediacaran 2576:Evolution 2441:ammonites 2419:octopuses 2336:sea hares 2227:and some 2200:Neopilina 1974:esophagus 1782:ventricle 1685:Cerithium 1653:siphuncle 1619:aragonite 1567:nephridia 1559:osphradia 1495:Pollicina 1451:octopuses 1435:latitudes 1431:temperate 1376:chordates 1322:Diversity 1123:chitinous 995:excretion 991:breathing 975:tunicates 971:bryozoans 961:The name 924:Aristotle 904:Molluscus 887:mollusque 877:Etymology 828:dye, and 749:esophagus 669:excretion 622:octopuses 599:taxonomic 593:and even 456:Diversity 386:Aculifera 359:Shishania 283:Nephrozoa 270:Bilateria 244:Eumetazoa 230:Kingdom: 224:Eukaryota 137:gastropod 11908:Molluscs 11683:Mollusca 11670:Mollusca 11656:Mollusca 11635:Wikidata 11626:Mollusca 11541:Annelida 11536:Mollusca 11516:Phoronid 11511:Nemertea 11486:Rotifera 11466:Flatworm 11441:Nematoda 11406:Chordate 11396:Cnidaria 11391:Placozoa 11222:Rhizaria 11197:Haptista 11177:Cercozoa 10837:Bacteria 10740:Bivalves 10724:Molluscs 10700:Annelids 10059:Spiralia 9666:Animalia 9620:Amorphea 9598:Rhizaria 9586:Hacrobia 9576:Excavata 9561:Bacteria 9493:Archived 9388:69028066 9350:43071631 9307:52761130 9266:52761130 9196:17160331 9085:: 45–46. 9057:35988014 9049:10073455 8927:17331596 8880:26438356 8837:22009068 8790:36589260 8717:project" 8665:51797573 8464:85652762 8304:21976685 8251:19555513 8200:19647088 8165:15186794 8081:25274057 8073:11256378 8035:15242797 7969:34879616 7876:17652065 7818:85924056 7775:11537491 7689:84893338 7609:85583173 7545:21 March 7167:Archived 7163:28570844 7112:86083492 7058:16838013 7002:26588818 6948:17652065 6894:29130876 6886:17120226 6688:10881389 6653:21892190 6571:46429653 6563:17839855 6440:83444088 6325:84207061 6203:28610555 6111:29681988 6052:36077968 5993:13109195 5985:17654542 5884:52844967 5876:30257539 5739:27418253 5731:17540895 5568:16321779 5116:16675549 4866:55028766 4783:86761029 4680:39088612 4594:Sea slug 4583:See also 4453:necrosis 4424:stings. 4298:Sea silk 4252:clad in 4248:Emperor 4209:tropical 4199:Pinctada 4182:bivalves 4152:scallops 4114:Seashell 4102:currency 4098:sea silk 4064:Bivalvia 4027:Testaria 3920:Bivalves 3863:Testaria 3711:Bivalves 3539:spicules 3239:, etc.) 3125:Bivalves 3041:Hyolitha 3017:period, 3011:bivalves 3006:Pojetaia 3000:Fordilla 2956:ammonite 2952:Nautilus 2926:Nautilus 2869: = 2705:Cambrian 2679:Cambrian 2674:Fordilla 2670:Pojetaia 2665:bivalves 2551:extinct 2370:geoducks 2366:scallops 2353:Bivalvia 2237:hydroids 2231:feed on 2205:protists 2156:mesoderm 2047:Mesoderm 1990:scallops 1966:visceral 1942:detritus 1892:bacteria 1873: = 1856: = 1824:sediment 1778:auricles 1751:hemocoel 1741:, their 1697:, Mexico 1649:nautilus 1645:abalones 1638:nacreous 1441:such as 1427:tropical 1403:bivalves 1360:synonymy 1105:Bivalvia 1037:genitals 1022:spicules 1018:secretes 920:Linnaeus 916:mollusca 894:mollusca 830:sea silk 791:Cambrian 741:bivalves 713:hemocoel 693:proteins 677:bivalves 514:mollusks 510:molluscs 492:Mollusca 445:Bivalvia 328:Linnaeus 323:Mollusca 319:Phylum: 303:Spiralia 234:Animalia 220:Domain: 42:Mollusca 18:Molluscs 11606:Biology 11594:Animals 11580:Portals 11521:Bryozoa 11217:Provora 11192:Jakobea 11182:Discoba 11128:Protist 11065:Archaea 10818:Extant 10745:Chitons 10668:Cestoda 10605:Enoplea 10479:Sponges 10252:Symbion 10195:Mesozoa 9635:Animals 9556:Archaea 9532:Extant 9451:at the 9330:Bibcode 9027:bite". 9010:4748345 8907:Bibcode 8860:Bibcode 8817:Bibcode 8781:9798191 8760:Bibcode 8568:3210395 8295:3282371 8242:2710323 8145:Bibcode 8122:8952075 7867:2274978 7798:Bibcode 7755:Bibcode 7747:Science 7712:Bibcode 7667:Bibcode 7624:Lethaia 7589:Bibcode 7525:1837900 7517:8910273 7497:Bibcode 7489:Science 7464:269–272 7345:1307143 7325:Bibcode 7290:Bibcode 7282:Geology 7255:Bibcode 7194:Bibcode 7155:1543051 7092:Bibcode 7066:4431853 7028:Bibcode 6939:2274978 6844:10 July 6811:Bibcode 6778:4395089 6756:Bibcode 6644:4024475 6623:Bibcode 6555:1739764 6535:Bibcode 6527:Science 6420:Bibcode 6305:Bibcode 6226:Bibcode 6194:5470289 6163:Bibcode 6102:5896133 6043:9454602 6012:Animals 5812:Bibcode 5804:Lethaia 5769:Bibcode 5711:Bibcode 5703:Science 5610:Bibcode 5559:1559985 5472:9 March 5449:9 March 5386:2412618 5107:1472512 5084:Bibcode 4972:at the 4954:μαλακός 4946:μαλάκια 4879:11 July 4846:Bibcode 4660:Science 4627:mollusc 4619:mollusk 4343:cowries 4332:chlamys 4328:Armenia 4294:Tyrians 4290:Minoans 4232:mussels 4156:seafood 4148:oysters 4128:mussels 3554:cuticle 3531:annelid 3515:annelid 3473:annelid 3366:Wiwaxia 3350:† 3233:octopus 3200:limpets 3026:rudists 2988:octopus 2971:period 2838:torsion 2819:Siberia 2778:fossil 2750:Wiwaxia 2730:Wiwaxia 2663:?) and 2651:(e.g., 2641:(e.g., 2538:marine 2535:extinct 2516:marine 2512:extinct 2449:marine 2432:Spirula 2397:chitons 2378:rudists 2374:mussels 2362:oysters 2324:limpets 2320:abalone 2271:classes 2233:sponges 2184:Feeding 2179:Ecology 2160:veliger 2092:veliger 2060:= cilia 2032:Stomach 1888:radulae 1843:at work 1743:coeloms 1711:limpets 1657:chitons 1634:calcite 1623:calcite 1601:protein 1551:habitat 1536:-like" 1485:Anatomy 1063:classes 1001:shell. 942:malakós 938:μαλακός 896:, from 883:mollusc 853:causes 780:veliger 687:-like" 654:abalone 636:or the 628:of all 606:extinct 602:classes 587:habitat 556:species 506:animals 175:bivalve 11872:230454 11869:uBio: 11849:802117 11833:NZOR: 11735:1MOLLP 11641:Q25326 11381:Sponge 11373:Animal 10770:bolded 9613:Plants 9550:Domain 9534:animal 9413: 9403: 9386: 9376: 9348: 9305: 9295: 9264: 9254: 9212:. The 9194: 9055: 9047: 9008: 8979: 8925: 8878: 8835: 8788: 8778: 8693: 8663: 8621: 8613: 8574: 8566: 8531: 8494: 8462: 8369: 8346: 8340:827879 8338: 8302: 8292: 8249: 8239: 8198: 8163: 8120: 8079: 8071: 8033: 7967: 7874: 7864: 7816: 7773: 7730: 7687: 7607: 7523: 7515: 7470: 7378: 7351: 7343: 7222: 7212: 7161: 7153: 7110: 7064: 7056: 7020:Nature 7000: 6946: 6936: 6892: 6884: 6831:331187 6829: 6776: 6748:Nature 6725: 6686: 6651: 6641: 6615:Nature 6569: 6561: 6553: 6499: 6438: 6323: 6280: 6201: 6191: 6183: 6132: 6109: 6099: 6091: 6050: 6040: 6032: 5991: 5983: 5945: 5909: 5882: 5874: 5787: 5737: 5729: 5681: 5566: 5556: 5497: 5420: 5384: 5341: 5309: 5204: 5194: 5164: 5114: 5104: 4914: 4904: 4864: 4814: 4804: 4781: 4720: 4710: 4678: 4481:toxins 4306:byssus 4302:fabric 4262:status 4228:pearls 4221:mantle 4160:toxins 4150:, and 4144:whelks 4140:squids 4086:pearls 4034: 3192:snails 3049:phylum 2867: 2857: 2827:limpet 2742:radula 2694:fossil 2383:20,000 2344:70,000 2312:snails 2291:Class 2100:coelom 2096:gonads 1907:glands 1877:"belt" 1871: 1864: 1858:Radula 1854: 1847: 1841:radula 1839:Snail 1790:artery 1788:(main 1774:oxygen 1772:as an 1735:closed 1593:chitin 1571:gonads 1534:limpet 1449:, and 1407:squids 1387:snails 1383:phylum 1344:snails 1125:teeth 1119:Radula 1057: 1014:dorsal 987:mantle 973:, and 899:mollis 818:pearls 799:fossil 776:larvae 743:. 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