20:
925:
220:
cover of metasediments. Internal thrusting in this unit is, like the Gföhl unit, dominantly south-vergent. The base of the Gföhl unit is formed by the "Variegated Series", an assemblage of different metamorphosed rock types. The
Drosendorf unit also contains orthogneisses with Proterozoic magmatic
270:
266:
103:
91:
305:(to the south) during the Variscan Orogeny. Some authors think the microcontinent stretched far enough to also encompass the pre-Variscan basement of the
206:
90:
over which the
Moldanubian Zone moved over the Saxothuringian Zone during the Variscan Orogeny. In the east the Moldanubian Zone is thrust over the
187:
222:
149:
233:
282:
226:
566:
1419:
1595:
236:
or "Monotonous Series" forms the lowest unit of the
Moldanubian Zone. It consists of high grade metamorphic rocks with both
1123:
417:
The mid-European segment of the
Variscides: tectonostratigraphic units, terrane boundaries and plate tectonic evolution
626:
538:
510:
402:
1464:
559:
467:
The
Variscan collage and orogeny (480±290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review
1216:
995:
867:
646:
1524:
1166:
1151:
1141:
685:
656:
1590:
1585:
877:
1580:
1108:
912:
780:
775:
552:
1196:
1324:
1246:
1093:
740:
485:
Gondwana-derived microcontinents – the constituents of the
Variscan and Alpine collisional orogens
202:
lenses occur too. All of these rocks have high metamorphic grades (granulite and eclogite facies).
1534:
1103:
1078:
1073:
1040:
852:
1276:
1161:
822:
770:
750:
725:
611:
273:. They consist of many different generations of intrusions often cutting through each other.
1156:
1377:
1372:
1035:
892:
790:
745:
8:
1519:
1474:
1449:
1406:
1271:
1206:
1176:
1068:
980:
960:
902:
897:
882:
837:
832:
807:
795:
631:
583:
141:
83:
673:
102:
The
Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif can be divided into two tectonic units: the
1544:
1424:
1266:
1118:
1005:
970:
872:
862:
812:
760:
710:
705:
700:
690:
668:
663:
651:
636:
621:
616:
606:
601:
596:
591:
213:
167:
157:
1504:
1357:
1098:
907:
857:
847:
827:
817:
802:
785:
765:
735:
730:
719:
695:
680:
641:
575:
534:
530:
506:
398:
294:
290:
1392:
1387:
1304:
1201:
1146:
1083:
1050:
1025:
1020:
1000:
990:
965:
933:
887:
842:
755:
715:
306:
175:
171:
72:
44:
24:
1539:
1514:
1414:
1309:
1256:
1221:
1186:
1045:
1030:
1015:
985:
950:
60:
19:
1088:
1469:
1459:
1444:
1314:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1226:
1060:
1010:
975:
955:
286:
1574:
1499:
1484:
1454:
1429:
1329:
1319:
1236:
1191:
1133:
517:
439:
107:
79:
52:
1559:
1549:
1382:
1241:
924:
237:
87:
64:
1529:
1339:
1334:
1261:
1231:
1113:
241:
210:
183:
179:
160:
153:
134:
16:
A tectonic zone in Europe formed during the
Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny
144:
of the
Moldanubian Zone sensu stricto is divided into three main units:
1509:
1489:
1211:
245:
199:
1434:
1251:
429:
Orogenic
Processes, Quantification and Modelling in the Variscan Belt
298:
262:
217:
191:
111:
40:
544:
133:
consists of high grade metamorphic rocks. The protoliths may have a
1439:
1362:
302:
261:
These three tectonic units and their contacts are cut off by large
249:
48:
309:, others think a string of small microcontinents more reasonable.
82:
in 1927. It has a generally higher grade of metamorphism than the
1554:
1494:
1479:
1367:
1349:
942:
56:
36:
362:(2003) for one reconstruction of this string of microcontinents
252:
occur, which were overprinted by granulite facies metamorphism.
195:
166:. It consists mostly of rocks of high metamorphic grade (up to
114:
68:
324:
Map is based on Franke (1992, 2000), Matte (2001), von Raumer
186:
with early Paleozoic magmatic crystallisation ages occur. The
163:
118:
194:
protolith. These meta-intrusive rocks are intercalated with
265:
intrusions of late Variscan ages. The largest ones are the
503:
Erdgeschichte – Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane
451:, Abhandlungen des Sächsischen Geologischen Landesamtes
78:
The Moldanubian Zone was introduced by German geologist
431:, Geological Society of London, Special Publications
383:
Phanerozoic structures and events in central Europe
297:was sandwiched in between the larger continents of
137:age, but their origins or ages are mostly unknown.
86:to the northwest. The contact between the two is a
421:Franke, W.; Haak, V.; Oncken, O. & Tanner, D.
1572:
505:, 325 pp., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (5th ed.),
477:Raumer, J.F. von; Stampfli, G.M. & Bussy, F.
395:A Continent Revealed - The European Geotraverse
182:. In the lower part of the Gföhl unit contains
531:Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV
527:Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe
560:
387:Blundell, D.J.; Freeman, R. & Mueller, S.
336:
334:
281:The Moldanubian Zone is interpreted as the
23:Most important structures and zones of the
567:
553:
110:("Moldanubicum"). The last contains large
106:(or "Bohemicum") and the Moldanubian Zone
47:(400 to 300 million years ago, during the
331:
449:Gliederung des varistischen Gebirgsbaues
18:
397:, 297 pp., Cambridge University Press,
94:, which is also generally lower grade.
1573:
574:
548:
190:is an orthogneiss with an Ordovician
276:
205:The Gföhl unit was thrust over the
13:
14:
1607:
923:
129:The Moldanubicum or Moldanubian
124:
71:and contains the highest grade
55:periods). The Moldanubian Zone
352:
343:
318:
1:
1596:Geology of the Czech Republic
1217:European Cenozoic Rift System
368:
256:
63:and the southern part of the
45:Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny
25:Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny
174:). These can be metamorphic
7:
1407:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
75:of Variscan age in Europe.
10:
1612:
271:Central Bohemian Batholith
97:
1405:
1348:
1285:
1175:
1132:
1059:
941:
932:
921:
582:
1325:Jan Mayen Microcontinent
328:(2003) and Walter (2003)
312:
267:South Bohemian Batholith
248:) protoliths. Lenses of
1267:Peri-Caspian Depression
996:Hallandian-Danopolonian
43:zone formed during the
1109:Scandinavian Mountains
627:Bosnia and Herzegovina
293:. This small piece of
221:crystallisation ages (
209:, which consists of a
198:(meta-sediment). Some
28:
1277:White Sea Rift System
104:Teplá-Barrandian Zone
22:
1383:Fennoscandian Craton
1378:East European Craton
349:Ziegler (1990), p 50
92:Moravo-Silesian Zone
1272:Timan-Pechora Basin
1207:Dnieper–Donets Rift
1124:Western Carpathians
405:, pp. 164–179.
301:(to the north) and
291:Cadomia or Armorica
244:) and sedimentary (
142:tectonostratigraphy
84:Saxothuringian Zone
35:is in the regional
1591:Geology of Austria
1586:Geology of Germany
1425:Calanques de Piana
1179:basins and grabens
29:
1581:Geology of Europe
1568:
1567:
1505:Monte San Giorgio
1401:
1400:
1358:Armorican terrane
1162:Mediterranean Sea
576:Geology of Europe
487:, Tectonophysics
435:, pp. 35–61.
295:continental crust
240:(orthogneiss and
73:metamorphic rocks
1603:
1465:Jungfrau-Aletsch
1450:Giant's Causeway
1388:Sarmatian Craton
1305:Aegean Sea Plate
1202:Central Lowlands
1197:Baltic Sea Basin
1177:Intracontinental
939:
938:
934:Geologic regions
927:
878:Northern Ireland
569:
562:
555:
546:
545:
520:
496:
491:, pp. 7–22.
478:
460:
455:, pp. 1–39.
442:
422:
410:
388:
376:
363:
356:
350:
347:
341:
338:
329:
322:
307:Armorican Massif
277:Tectonic history
172:granulite facies
33:Moldanubian Zone
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1415:Aeolian Islands
1397:
1344:
1310:Anatolian Plate
1292:microcontinents
1290:
1287:Tectonic plates
1281:
1257:Pannonian Basin
1247:North Sea Basin
1222:Hellenic Trench
1187:Aquitaine Basin
1178:
1171:
1128:
1061:Mountain ranges
1055:
928:
919:
781:North Macedonia
578:
573:
516:
494:
476:
458:
438:
420:
408:
386:
374:
371:
366:
358:See Von Raumer
357:
353:
348:
344:
339:
332:
323:
319:
315:
279:
259:
207:Drosendorf unit
148:At the top the
127:
100:
61:Bohemian Massif
17:
12:
11:
5:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:Jurassic Coast
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Geirangerfjord
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Eurasian Plate
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:Adriatic Plate
1296:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Limagne Graben
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:Atlantic Ocean
1138:
1136:
1134:Oceanic basins
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:Massif Central
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Sveconorwegian
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:
936:
930:
929:
922:
920:
918:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
868:United Kingdom
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
799:
798:
793:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
677:
676:
666:
661:
660:
659:
649:
647:Czech Republic
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
586:
580:
579:
572:
571:
564:
557:
549:
543:
542:
514:
492:
474:
456:
436:
406:
370:
367:
365:
364:
351:
342:
330:
316:
314:
311:
287:microcontinent
278:
275:
258:
255:
254:
253:
230:
216:with an early
203:
126:
123:
99:
96:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Monte Perdido
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Curonian Spit
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Moesian Plate
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Iberian Plate
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:Molasse Basin
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Barents Basin
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:Norwegian Sea
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Bay of Biscay
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Ore Mountains
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
944:
940:
937:
935:
931:
926:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
741:Liechtenstein
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
675:
674:Ă…land Islands
672:
671:
670:
667:
665:
662:
658:
657:Faroe Islands
655:
654:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
570:
565:
563:
558:
556:
551:
550:
547:
540:
539:90-6644-125-9
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
518:Ziegler, P.A.
515:
512:
511:3-11-017697-1
508:
504:
500:
493:
490:
486:
482:
475:
472:
469:, Terra Nova
468:
464:
457:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
434:
430:
426:
418:
414:
407:
404:
403:0-521-42948-X
400:
396:
392:
384:
380:
373:
372:
361:
355:
346:
340:Franke (2000)
337:
335:
327:
321:
317:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
274:
272:
268:
264:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:orthogneisses
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:
145:
143:
138:
136:
132:
131:sensu stricto
122:
120:
116:
113:
109:
108:sensu stricto
105:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Franz Kossmat
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Carboniferous
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
1550:Stevns Klint
1393:Volgo–Uralia
1242:Moscow Basin
1147:Arctic Ocean
1084:Dinaric Alps
1036:Svecofennian
526:
522:
502:
498:
488:
484:
480:
470:
466:
462:
452:
448:
444:
432:
428:
424:
416:
412:
394:
390:
382:
378:
359:
354:
345:
325:
320:
280:
260:
234:Ostrong unit
184:amphibolites
139:
130:
128:
125:Moldanubicum
101:
77:
65:Black Forest
39:of Europe a
32:
30:
1560:Thingvellir
1530:Rhine Gorge
1340:Tisza Plate
1335:Pelso Plate
1262:Paris Basin
1232:Mezen Basin
981:Dalslandian
913:Isle of Man
853:Switzerland
776:Netherlands
533:(2nd ed.),
440:Kossmat, F.
283:lower crust
242:amphibolite
211:Proterozoic
188:Gföhl Gneis
168:amphibolite
161:crystalline
135:Proterozoic
1575:Categories
1515:Nærøyfjord
1510:Mount Etna
1490:Messel Pit
1460:High Coast
1212:Ebro Basin
1006:Laxfordian
976:Carpathian
971:Caledonian
961:Belomorian
823:San Marino
771:Montenegro
751:Luxembourg
726:Kazakhstan
612:Azerbaijan
495:Walter, R.
473:, 122-128.
409:Franke, W.
375:Franke, W.
369:Literature
257:Intrusions
246:paragneiss
229:gneisses).
200:peridotite
150:Gföhl unit
27:in Europe.
1435:Dolomites
1252:Oslo Rift
1157:Black Sea
1074:Apennines
893:Gibraltar
791:Jan Mayen
746:Lithuania
584:Countries
459:Matte, P.
299:Laurussia
263:batholith
218:Paleozoic
192:granitoid
178:but also
176:sediments
156:of south-
112:granitoid
57:crops out
1545:St Kilda
1535:Scandola
1525:Plitvice
1440:Durmitor
1420:Aggtelek
1373:Cimmeria
1363:Avalonia
1350:Terranes
1104:Pyrenees
1079:Caucasus
1051:Variscan
1031:Timanide
1026:Scourian
1021:Scandian
1001:Hellenic
991:Grampian
966:Cadomian
903:Guernsey
898:Alderney
883:Scotland
838:Slovenia
833:Slovakia
808:Portugal
796:Svalbard
632:Bulgaria
303:Gondwana
269:and the
250:eclogite
214:basement
49:Devonian
41:tectonic
1555:Surtsey
1540:Ĺ kocjan
1495:Meteora
1485:Laponia
1480:Kvarken
1368:Baltica
1114:Sudetes
1046:Uralian
1016:Saamian
986:Gothian
951:Acadian
943:Orogens
873:England
863:Ukraine
813:Romania
761:Moldova
711:Ireland
706:Iceland
701:Hungary
691:Germany
686:Georgia
669:Finland
664:Estonia
652:Denmark
637:Croatia
622:Belgium
617:Belarus
607:Austria
602:Armenia
597:Andorra
592:Albania
289:called
238:igneous
223:Svetlik
196:marbles
158:vergent
115:plutons
98:Geology
59:in the
37:geology
1455:Glarus
1011:Lopian
956:Alpine
908:Jersey
858:Turkey
848:Sweden
828:Serbia
818:Russia
803:Poland
786:Norway
766:Monaco
736:Latvia
731:Kosovo
720:Sicily
696:Greece
681:France
642:Cyprus
537:
509:
419:, in:
401:
385:, in:
360:et al.
326:et al.
164:nappes
119:nappes
88:thrust
69:Vosges
1520:Pirin
1119:Urals
888:Wales
843:Spain
756:Malta
716:Italy
313:Notes
285:of a
227:Dobra
154:stack
1475:Komi
1089:Harz
1069:Alps
535:ISBN
523:1990
507:ISBN
499:2003
481:2003
463:2001
445:1927
425:eds.
413:2000
399:ISBN
391:eds.
379:1992
232:The
225:and
152:, a
140:The
117:and
67:and
51:and
31:The
1289:and
489:365
433:179
427:);
393:):
170:or
1577::
529:,
525::
521:;
501::
497:;
483::
479:;
471:13
465::
461:;
447::
443:;
415::
411:;
381::
377:;
333:^
121:.
722:)
718:(
568:e
561:t
554:v
541:.
513:.
453:1
423:(
389:(
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