1097:
976:
the morpheme {-č}.Thereby, the Mojave language can be described as a subject-object-verb, SOV, language. Even with that SOV description, however, there are instances in which there aren't more than one or two specified, marked, or described noun phrases in a sentence because any noun phrase complement of a verb can be omitted as context determines. Moreover, word order is essential with utterances that contain a direct and an indirect object, in which both are unmarked by a morpheme. The basic form of such utterances is that the indirect object comes before the direct object. For example, here are tables in a three-line gloss of two sentences with captioned differences:
268:. The purpose of these schools was to assimilate Native American children from the ages of 10 to 18 into European American culture, thus weakening their native culture and making them more compliant with the governments territorial expansion. This was accomplished by shearing their hair, replacing their native dress, teaching them English, Math, History, and giving them vocational skills. The Mojave tribe were no exception. In 1890 Fort Mojave was opened by the Thomas J. Morgan, The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as an Indian school to serve children from the Mojave and Hualapai tribes. The school remained open until 1931 after the
1244:
3117:
2978:
2735:
179:
264:
also at this time that the concept of unilinear evolution was prevalent within the social sciences and society in general, because of this native peoples were thought of as lesser beings or "Noble
Savages" free from the burden of civilization yet encompassed by their baser instincts. As a means to lessen the altercation with the indigenous people of the west, the United States government began
966:
Tenses in Mojave are split up into present/past and future. The past and present tense are marked by the usage of -k, -m, and -pc^. The future tense is marked by the lack of any such marker. First person subjects are expressed through the usage of ?- while n^j represents first person arguments.
263:
At the turn of the 19th century the United States began expanding further west, and as it expanded settlers began encountering more Native
Americans. Many of these interactions resulted in violence and death as the settlers viewed the indigenous people as nuisances to their expansion westward. It is
975:
For the word order in the Mojave language, noun phrases containing the subject occur first with the verb occurring last in sentences with additional non-subject nouns, i.e. the object of a sentence, occurring between the subject and the verb. Also, the subject of a sentence is typically marked with
254:
movement of the 19th century when Mohave and other Native
American children were taken away from their parents and tribes to be placed in boarding schools, where they were prohibited from speaking their language. The schools went so far as to prohibit students from speaking their native tongue even
280:
All claims and examples in this section come from Munro (1974) unless otherwise noted. Mojave phonology is similar to that of
Maricopa. One difference is that in the 19th century Mohave speakers shifted the sounds and (similar to sh as in "shack") to (th as in "thick") and , respectively.
873:
The basic structure of a word in Mojave consists of a single vowel. Consonants can be added both prior to and following the vowel. Both derivational and inflectional morphemes are created by the addition of mostly prefixes, along with potential suffixes.
1115:
in northwest
Arizona, California and Nevada. Fort Mojave has about 22 elders who speak some Mojave." The project is also bringing elders together with younger people to teach the traditional Mojave "bird songs."
856:
Hubert McCord, one of the four tribal leaders of the Mojave tribe, is fluent in the Mojave language. McCord has worked with poet
Natalie Diaz, see revitalization below, documenting Mojave stories and songs.
1088:
which is used on its own and literally means in
English "to not", or with the suffix -poʔa:ve (the other variant is -poʔa:və) which is at times used with utterances that contain indefinite pronouns.
1084:
To negate in Mojave one would need to use one of the three apparent devices or methods. That is with the suffix -mot- which precedes a tense marker in lexical verbs, with the negative verb
967:
2nd person subjects and arguments are denoted by m- and 3rd is hallmarked by the lack of either of the two. Verbs are typically denoted via the addition of the suffixes -k and -m.
3618:
3613:
3102:
3097:
3092:
1546:
1605:
1862:
1793:
1783:
1773:
2773:
3016:
231:. Approximately 70% of the speakers reside in Arizona, while approximately 30% reside in California. It belongs to the River branch of the
3603:
189:
3155:
3598:
1709:
Penfield, S. D.; Tucker, B. V. (2011). "From documenting to revitalizing an endangered language: where do applied linguists fit?".
3608:
3623:
1855:
1739:
Weinberg, J. P.; Penfield, S. D. (2000). "Mohave
Language Planning: Where has it been and where should it go from here?".
3043:
1804:
1558:
693:
635:
2766:
1889:
3009:
1653:
2982:
2739:
1848:
1463:
858:
458:
265:
2790:
798:
792:
17:
1615:
1096:
2647:
1438:
1112:
2873:
3148:
3051:
2858:
2759:
1138:
505:
3121:
3002:
1177:
862:
818:
812:
543:
498:
165:
715:
711:
2959:
2891:
2708:
2603:
763:
757:
522:
392:
3280:
3264:
2447:
2143:
2130:
1183:
1171:
840:
834:
684:
650:
491:
399:
385:
376:
3188:
2383:
1823:
1243:
3527:
3466:
3141:
3061:
2521:
2452:
1671:
Munro, P. (1976b). "Subject copying, auxiliarization, and predicate raising: the Mojave evidence".
1554:
1108:
1101:
778:
772:
420:
3486:
2812:
1871:
1390:
550:
406:
2483:
3275:
3270:
2716:
2259:
2219:
2163:
2149:
1769:
598:
1994:
1329:
3480:
3383:
3253:
3248:
3213:
2840:
2408:
2322:
2316:
2304:
2156:
2137:
641:
591:
582:
2015:
2008:
255:
with their parents when they occasionally visited home; many parents did not speak
English.
3474:
3427:
2799:
2782:
2310:
2290:
1925:
1580:
605:
1980:
8:
3516:
3025:
2698:
2297:
1970:
1304:
478:
444:
309:
247:
3299:
2853:
2441:
2001:
1987:
3503:
3455:
3441:
3396:
3195:
2886:
2635:
2582:
2434:
2390:
2283:
2245:
2231:
2210:
2106:
2044:
1726:
1688:
304:
2422:
1258:
1257:
Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020).
156:
3434:
3418:
3389:
3352:
3331:
3229:
3222:
3181:
3172:
3066:
2896:
2652:
2499:
2470:
2457:
2428:
2416:
2376:
2366:
2329:
2184:
2123:
2117:
2051:
1730:
1692:
1659:
1649:
805:
537:
329:
314:
240:
1279:
3541:
3510:
3404:
3362:
3321:
3258:
3240:
3087:
2954:
2911:
2906:
2881:
2822:
2693:
2683:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2630:
2598:
2592:
2576:
2540:
2509:
2463:
2352:
2252:
2169:
2065:
2027:
1958:
1944:
1718:
1680:
625:
324:
299:
294:
251:
236:
1643:
3593:
3378:
3305:
3290:
3202:
3164:
2807:
2688:
2640:
2515:
2477:
2397:
2346:
2277:
2225:
2097:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2058:
2037:
1933:
1898:
1722:
726:
Mohave has five vowel qualities, with length distinction and the weak vowel /ə/.
670:
576:
319:
232:
208:
99:
91:
1778:
170:
3574:
3552:
3535:
3448:
3336:
3071:
2863:
2587:
2556:
2528:
2341:
2335:
2272:
2238:
2174:
2112:
1951:
1914:
1907:
1788:
370:
216:
1808:
1231:
1210:
3587:
3558:
3547:
3326:
2927:
2848:
2830:
2550:
2265:
2197:
2190:
1938:
1798:
739:
529:
427:
413:
342:
269:
212:
71:
27:
Native language of the Mohave people along the
Colorado River, United States
3521:
2488:
1663:
1610:
1470:
1125:
1120:
434:
1840:
139:
751:
734:
107:
2751:
1236:
1215:
1159:
859:
A video with audio of the language contains tribal elder McCord singing
826:
744:
224:
59:
2994:
1263:
1165:
1025:
An utterance with a marked subject (note the form of the word order):
786:
483:
149:
132:
178:
1684:
3133:
861:
as he took some of the tribe's youth on a short voyage around the
1111:"has facilitated workshops for both learners and speakers at the
220:
55:
228:
186:
1824:"House of Night: The Lost Creation Songs of the Mohave People"
1256:
1794:
Mojave basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
1371:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1475:
1359:
1805:"The Cultural Conservancy – Mojave Creation Songs"
1526:
1509:
3619:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
1637:(PhD dissertation). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
1756:
Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
3614:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
1347:
185:Mojave is classified as Severely Endangered by the
1547:"ASU center bringing new life to Native languages"
1488:
1419:
1100:Poet and Mojave language activist Natalie Diaz at
272:conclude off reservation Indian school a failure.
1407:
3585:
1738:
1581:"Cultural conservation: keeping languages alive"
1439:"Cultural conservation: keeping languages alive"
1377:
1779:OLAC resources in and about the Mohave language
1774:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1107:As of 2012, the Center for Indian Education at
1708:
1365:
1311:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1003:
3149:
3010:
2767:
1856:
1700:Penfield, S. D. (2005). "Mohave remembered".
1673:International Journal of American Linguistics
1741:Coyote Papers: Working Papers in Linguistics
1606:"On Wednesday's NewsHour: Poet Natalie Diaz"
43:
1870:
3156:
3142:
3017:
3003:
2774:
2760:
1863:
1849:
1789:World Atlas of Language Structures: Mojave
177:
2781:
1699:
1465:Mojave Tribal Leader Hubert McCord Sings
1353:
1095:
190:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3024:
1119:The language preservation work of poet
14:
3586:
1753:
1670:
1641:
1603:
1578:
1532:
1520:
1503:
1425:
980:An utterance without a marked subject:
3137:
2998:
2755:
1844:
1784:California Language Archive: "Mojave"
1632:
1544:
1413:
1206:
1204:
1074:Jim-č havik kʷikʷay θinʸaʔa:k sukam-m
291:
1077:Jim-SUBJ sibling cow female sell-TNS
3163:
1572:
1443:ASU Now: Access, Excellence, Impact
1391:"Fort Mojave Indian School Records"
1123:on the reservation was featured on
24:
3604:Indigenous languages of California
1747:
1225:
1201:
25:
3635:
1828:Lost and Found Sound: The Stories
1763:
1091:
839:
833:
817:
811:
804:
797:
791:
777:
771:
762:
756:
692:
683:
649:
640:
634:
604:
597:
590:
581:
549:
542:
528:
521:
504:
497:
490:
457:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
375:
3116:
3115:
2977:
2976:
2734:
2733:
1242:
1017:dog rock-with 1SG.SUBJ-hit-tense
851:
266:American Indian boarding schools
3599:Indigenous languages of Arizona
1799:Mohave Indian Language (Mojave)
1626:
1597:
1538:
1456:
1431:
1383:
1286:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
1033:
1007:
235:language family, together with
3609:Indigenous languages of Nevada
1604:Brooks, Mary Jo (2012-06-20).
1322:
1297:
1272:
1250:
1151:
1113:Fort Mojave Indian Reservation
718:only occur in very few words.
13:
1:
1758:. Heyday Books: Berkeley, CA.
1585:Arizona State University News
1194:
1139:Mohave traditional narratives
1068:
868:
284:
1743:. Native American Languages.
1723:10.1080/09500782.2011.577219
1378:Weinberg & Penfield 2000
1309:American Heritage Dictionary
1178:American Heritage Dictionary
275:
7:
1579:Zrioka, Pete (2012-03-26).
1163:("alternate name Mojave"),
1132:
246:The Mojave language became
10:
3640:
3037:indicate extinct languages
1883:indicate extinct languages
1545:Shinn, Mary (2010-11-29).
1366:Penfield & Tucker 2011
1336:. HarperCollins Publishers
1334:Collins English Dictionary
1284:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1184:Collins English Dictionary
1175:("less commonly Mojave"),
1172:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1080:Jim sold his brother a cow
258:
3568:
3495:
3465:
3417:
3371:
3345:
3314:
3289:
3239:
3212:
3171:
3111:
3080:
3042:
3032:
2972:
2947:
2940:
2920:
2872:
2839:
2821:
2798:
2789:
2729:
2707:
2676:
2623:
2616:
2566:
2538:
2497:
2407:
2364:
2209:
2096:
2025:
1968:
1924:
1897:
1888:
1878:
1020:I hit the dog with a rock
970:
721:
669:
624:
575:
477:
443:
369:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
176:
164:
147:
130:
125:
88:
78:
66:
51:
42:
37:
32:
1702:Journal of the Southwest
1633:Munro, P. E. L. (1974).
1555:Arizona State University
1144:
1109:Arizona State University
1102:Arizona State University
1014:hatčoq ʔavi:-m ʔ-əta:v-k
878:Structure of a Syllable
3624:Yuman–Cochimí languages
3487:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
1872:Languages of California
1754:Hinton, Leanne (1994).
1642:Munro, Pamela (1976a).
1635:Topics in Mojave syntax
1221:(subscription required)
710:The retroflex phonemes
44:
2717:American Sign Language
1711:Language and Education
1104:
84:200 (2015 census)
2323:Southern Sierra Miwok
2317:Northern Sierra Miwok
1648:. New York: Garland.
1181:("also Mojave"), and
1099:
3052:Colorado River Numic
3044:Indigenous languages
2783:Languages of Arizona
2311:Central Sierra Miwok
3081:Immigrant languages
3026:Languages of Nevada
2648:Californian Spanish
879:
227:, and southwestern
2636:California English
2567:Language isolates
2260:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
2246:Kings River Yokuts
2232:Buena Vista Yokuts
1105:
877:
3581:
3580:
3575:extinct languages
3413:
3412:
3399:
3397:Havasupai dialect
3392:
3281:Southeastern Pomo
3265:Northeastern Pomo
3131:
3130:
2992:
2991:
2968:
2967:
2936:
2935:
2921:Language isolates
2749:
2748:
2725:
2724:
2612:
2611:
2144:Southeastern Pomo
2131:Northeastern Pomo
1535:, pp. 65–72.
1523:, pp. 24–25.
1240:(19th ed., 2016)
1219:(18th ed., 2015)
963:
962:
849:
848:
708:
707:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
338:
198:
197:
16:(Redirected from
3631:
3395:
3390:Hualapai dialect
3388:
3315:Delta–California
3312:
3311:
3189:New River Shasta
3158:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3119:
3118:
3088:American English
3019:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2980:
2979:
2945:
2944:
2796:
2795:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2737:
2736:
2631:American English
2621:
2620:
2604:Plains Sign Talk
2569:and unclassified
2384:New River Shasta
1895:
1894:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1807:. Archived from
1772:overview at the
1759:
1744:
1734:
1705:
1696:
1667:
1638:
1620:
1619:
1614:. Archived from
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1557:. Archived from
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1208:
1188:
1157:"Mohave" as per
1155:
1070:
1035:
1009:
1005:
880:
876:
843:
837:
821:
815:
808:
801:
795:
781:
775:
766:
760:
729:
728:
717:
713:
696:
687:
653:
644:
638:
608:
601:
594:
585:
553:
546:
532:
525:
508:
501:
494:
461:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
379:
363:
358:
353:
348:
341:
336:
289:
288:
252:manifest destiny
219:in northwestern
192:
181:
159:
142:
135:
94:
47:
30:
29:
21:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3564:
3528:Western Jicaque
3491:
3461:
3409:
3367:
3341:
3310:
3285:
3235:
3208:
3167:
3165:Hokan languages
3162:
3132:
3127:
3107:
3076:
3062:Northern Paiute
3038:
3028:
3023:
2993:
2988:
2964:
2932:
2916:
2868:
2859:Southern Paiute
2835:
2817:
2785:
2780:
2750:
2745:
2721:
2703:
2672:
2641:Chicano English
2608:
2602:
2568:
2562:
2534:
2522:Southern Patwin
2493:
2453:Northern Paiute
2442:Luiseño-Juaneño
2403:
2360:
2205:
2092:
2021:
1964:
1920:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1770:Mojave language
1766:
1750:
1748:Further reading
1656:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1551:The State Press
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1502:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1211:Mojave language
1209:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1135:
1129:in March 2012.
1094:
1082:
1072:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1026:
1022:
1012:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
871:
854:
724:
287:
278:
261:
223:, southeastern
209:native language
194:
193:
184:
155:
138:
131:
121:
95:
92:Language family
90:
81:
80:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
18:Mohave language
15:
12:
11:
5:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3467:Tequistlatecan
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2941:Non-Indigenous
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2813:Western Apache
2810:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2617:Non-Indigenous
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2239:Gashowu Yokuts
2235:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1820:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1765:
1764:External links
1762:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1717:(4): 291–305.
1706:
1697:
1685:10.1086/465398
1668:
1654:
1639:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:on 2020-01-21.
1596:
1571:
1537:
1525:
1508:
1487:
1474:. 2012-06-20.
1455:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1321:
1296:
1271:
1249:
1224:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:("or Mojave").
1149:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1093:
1092:Revitalization
1090:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1027:
1024:
1023:
998:
990:
982:
979:
978:
972:
969:
961:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
888:
885:
883:
870:
867:
863:Colorado river
853:
850:
847:
846:
844:
831:
829:
823:
822:
809:
802:
789:
783:
782:
769:
767:
754:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
723:
720:
706:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
690:
688:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
647:
645:
632:
630:
628:
622:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
602:
595:
588:
586:
579:
573:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
547:
540:
534:
533:
526:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
502:
495:
488:
486:
481:
475:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
441:
440:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
380:
373:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
339:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
283:
277:
274:
260:
257:
217:Colorado River
196:
195:
183:
182:
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
153:
145:
144:
136:
128:
127:
126:Language codes
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
98:
96:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
68:
64:
63:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3636:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Southern Pomo
3274:
3272:
3271:Northern Pomo
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:Indo-European
2946:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2874:Yuman-Cochimí
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2709:Sign language
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:Indo-European
2622:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:Valley Yokuts
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:Klamath-Modoc
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2164:Southern Pomo
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:Northern Pomo
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1811:on 2012-05-12
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:(2): 99–112.
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:0-8240-1970-9
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:Mojave Syntax
1640:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1561:on 2013-04-12
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1354:Penfield 2005
1350:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1001:
996:
993:
988:
985:
977:
968:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
933:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
907:
906:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
882:
881:
875:
866:
864:
860:
852:Audio example
845:
842:
836:
832:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
814:
810:
807:
803:
800:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
774:
770:
768:
765:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:
727:
719:
704:
702:
700:
698:
695:
691:
689:
686:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
668:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
652:
648:
646:
643:
637:
633:
631:
629:
627:
623:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
589:
587:
584:
580:
578:
574:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
527:
524:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
493:
489:
487:
485:
482:
480:
476:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
460:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
383:
381:
378:
374:
372:
368:
362:
357:
352:
347:
344:
340:
335:
334:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
282:
273:
271:
270:Meriam Report
267:
256:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Mohave people
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160: Mohave
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72:Mohave people
69:
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36:
31:
19:
3570:
3557:
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3526:
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3481:Tequistlatec
3479:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3384:Upland Yuman
3357:
3298:
3263:
3254:Eastern Pomo
3249:Central Pomo
3228:
3221:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3120:
3056:
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2981:
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2305:Plains Miwok
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2218:
2196:
2189:
2179:
2162:
2157:Central Pomo
2155:
2148:
2138:Eastern Pomo
2136:
2129:
2122:
2105:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2026:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1969:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1913:
1906:
1880:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1755:
1740:
1737:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1644:
1634:
1627:Bibliography
1616:the original
1611:PBS NewsHour
1609:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1550:
1540:
1528:
1479:. Retrieved
1471:PBS NewsHour
1469:
1464:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1445:. 2012-03-26
1442:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1283:
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1227:
1214:
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1164:
1158:
1153:
1126:PBS NewsHour
1124:
1121:Natalie Diaz
1118:
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709:
279:
262:
245:
204:
200:
199:
148:
112:
3475:Huamelultec
3428:Coahuilteco
3214:Palaihnihan
2841:Uto-Aztecan
2484:Tübatulabal
2409:Uto Aztecan
2291:Coast Miwok
1533:Munro 1976a
1521:Munro 1976a
1504:Munro 1976a
1426:Munro 1976b
1399:December 5,
250:during the
108:River Yuman
3588:Categories
2800:Athabaskan
2791:Indigenous
2699:Vietnamese
2298:Lake Miwok
1995:Purisimeño
1926:Athabaskan
1890:Indigenous
1833:2012-09-11
1815:2012-09-11
1590:2012-09-11
1565:2012-09-11
1481:2019-12-06
1449:2019-12-06
1414:Munro 1974
1340:2017-07-09
1315:2017-07-09
1290:2017-07-09
1237:Ethnologue
1216:Ethnologue
1195:References
1160:Ethnologue
1010:-hit-tense
869:Morphology
285:Consonants
248:endangered
225:California
215:along the
104:Core Yuman
60:California
3573:indicate
3559:Yana/Yahi
3517:Jicaquean
3504:Chimariko
3456:Mamulique
3442:Comecrudo
3196:Okwanuchu
2887:Havasupai
2583:Chimariko
2435:Kitanemuk
2391:Okwanuchu
2284:Bay Miwok
2253:Palewyami
2107:Chimariko
2052:Ramaytush
2045:Chochenyo
2016:Ventureño
2009:Barbareño
1971:Chumashan
1731:144213616
1704:: 81–105.
1693:144595156
1264:Glottolog
1166:Glottolog
1056:θinʸaʔa:k
1000:ʔ-əta:v-k
995:rock-with
484:voiceless
479:Fricative
445:Affricate
310:Retroflex
276:Phonology
150:Glottolog
133:ISO 639-3
67:Ethnicity
3435:Cotoname
3353:Maricopa
3332:Kumeyaay
3230:Atsugewi
3223:Achumawi
3182:Konomihu
3122:Category
3067:Shoshoni
2983:Category
2897:Maricopa
2892:Hualapai
2740:Category
2653:Armenian
2471:Tataviam
2458:Panamint
2429:Kawaiisu
2417:Cahuilla
2377:Konomihu
2211:Penutian
2185:Kumeyaay
2124:Atsugewi
2118:Achomawi
1981:Obispeño
1330:"Mohave"
1305:"Mohave"
1280:"Mohave"
1259:"Mohave"
1133:See also
305:Alveolar
241:Maricopa
157:moha1256
45:Hamakhav
3571:Italics
3542:Salinan
3511:Esselen
3419:Pakawan
3405:Yavapai
3363:Quechan
3322:Cocopah
3300:Cochimí
3259:Kashaya
3173:Shastan
3103:Chinese
3098:Tagalog
3093:Spanish
3035:Italics
2960:Spanish
2955:English
2912:Yavapai
2907:Quechan
2882:Cocopah
2854:Oʼodham
2694:Tagalog
2684:Chinese
2668:Russian
2663:Punjabi
2658:Persian
2599:Takelma
2593:Salinan
2577:Esselen
2510:Nomlaki
2500:Wintuan
2464:Serrano
2367:Shastan
2353:Nisenan
2330:Maiduan
2170:Kashaya
2066:Awaswas
2002:Ineseño
1988:Cruzeño
1959:Wailaki
1945:Mattole
1881:Italics
1664:2401368
1064:sukam-m
1048:kʷikʷay
1043:sibling
992:ʔavi:-m
740:Central
371:Plosive
330:Glottal
315:Palatal
259:History
237:Quechan
221:Arizona
211:of the
207:is the
56:Arizona
3594:Mohave
3379:Paipai
3358:Mojave
3306:Kiliwa
3241:Pomoan
3203:Shasta
3057:Mojave
2902:Mojave
2823:Tanoan
2808:Navajo
2689:Korean
2541:Yukian
2516:Patwin
2478:Tongva
2423:Cupeño
2398:Shasta
2347:Konkow
2226:Yokuts
2180:Mojave
2087:Chalon
2080:Rumsen
2073:Mutsun
2059:Tamyen
2038:Karkin
2028:Ohlone
1934:Tolowa
1729:
1691:
1662:
1652:
1232:Mohave
1086:kava:r
1059:female
984:hatčoq
971:Syntax
722:Vowels
626:Liquid
538:voiced
325:Uvular
300:Dental
295:Labial
229:Nevada
205:Mojave
201:Mohave
187:UNESCO
171:Mojave
143:Mohave
113:Mohave
74:(2007)
70:2,000
62:, U.S.
52:Region
38:Mojave
33:Mohave
3553:Washo
3536:Karuk
3496:Other
3449:Garza
3346:River
3337:Tipai
3291:Yuman
3072:Washo
2864:Yaqui
2677:Asian
2588:Karuk
2557:Wappo
2529:Wintu
2342:Maidu
2336:Chico
2278:Miwok
2273:Wintu
2175:Washo
2113:Karuk
2098:Hokan
1952:Cahto
1915:Yurok
1908:Wiyot
1899:Algic
1727:S2CID
1689:S2CID
1394:(PDF)
1145:Notes
1067:sell-
1040:havik
1029:Jim-č
752:Close
735:Front
671:Glide
577:Nasal
359:plain
349:plain
337:plain
320:Velar
233:Yuman
100:Yuman
3548:Seri
3327:Ipai
2928:Zuni
2849:Hopi
2831:Tewa
2551:Yuki
2448:Mono
2198:Yahi
2191:Yana
1939:Hupa
1660:OCLC
1650:ISBN
1401:2019
1034:SUBJ
1032:Jim-
1008:SUBJ
827:Open
745:Back
714:and
364:rnd.
354:rnd.
343:rnd.
239:and
58:and
3522:Tol
3372:Pai
2489:Ute
1719:doi
1681:doi
1476:PBS
1266:4.3
1234:at
1213:at
1069:TNS
1051:cow
1004:1SG
987:dog
947:-c
944:-c
938:c-
935:c-
916:-c
910:c-
787:Mid
716:/ʈ/
712:/ɳ/
459:t͡ʃ
203:or
166:ELP
140:mov
3590::
2596:,
2590:,
2586:,
2580:,
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523:h
506:ʂ
499:s
492:θ
435:ʔ
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