417:
301:. An important figure in the early years of Khodabanda's reign was his wife Khayr Al-Nisa Begum, who helped secure her husband's reign. However her efforts to consolidate central power brought about opposition from the powerful Qizilbash tribes, who had her murdered in 1579. Khodabanda has been described as "a man of refined tastes but weak character". As a result, Khodabanda's reign was characterised by factionalism, with major tribes aligning themselves with Khodabanda's sons and future heirs. This internal chaos allowed foreign powers, especially the rivalling and neighboring
38:
409:
329:(tutor-mentor), the Qizilbash amir Muhammad Sharaf al-Din Oghli Takkalu, who was responsible for the massive public works in the 1540s which brought irrigations complexes, gardens, shrines and other public buildings to Herat. These efforts met with the approbation of Shah Tahmasp, and attracted to the city poets, illustrators and calligraphers, with whom Soltan-Mohammad became acquainted.
354:
of Ismail II, should be crowned as shah while in reality state affairs would be taken care of by Pari Khan Khanum. This suggestion, however, did not get the green light of most of the assembly since it would have swayed the balance of power among many
Qizilbash clans. Ultimately the assembly agreed to appoint Mohammad Khodabanda as shah.
336:, a contemporary biographer of poets. Muhammad brought a retinue of artists and pets with him to Shiraz, a city that had been a center of philosophic inquiry since the late fifteenth century and more recently as a venue for widely regarded manuscription illumination. Soltan-Mohammad was at Shiraz when his brother, the shah, died.
294:. Khodabanda had an eye affliction that rendered him nearly blind, and so in accordance with Persian Royal culture could not contend for the throne. However, following Ismail II's short and bloody reign Khodabanda emerged as the only heir, and so with the backing of the Qizilbash tribes became Shah in 1578.
353:
In order to clear up the succession crisis, the
Qizilbash chieftains agreed to appoint the future shah after a conference with each other and then notify Pari Khan Khanum of their settled choice. At first, they discussed the resolution that Shoja al-Din Mohammad Safavi, the eight-month-old infant son
361:
When
Mohammad Khodabanda was crowned shah, the Safavid aristocracy, officers, and provincial governors wanted approval from Pari Khan Khanum to give him a congratulating visit. Pari Khan Khanum's sphere of influence and authority was so dimensional that no one had the courage to visit Shiraz without
369:
Mohammad
Khodabanda and Mahd-e Olya entered the environs of Qazvin on 12 February 1578. This brought an end to the indisputable rule that Pari Khan Khanum had enjoyed for two months and 20 days. Although she was still the practical ruler of the state, she would now meet opposition from Mahd-e Olya
357:
The appointment of
Mohammad Khodabanda was supported and approved by Pari Khan Khanum, due to him being a man of old age, almost blind, and pleasure-seeking. Thus he was the appropriate successor, so Pari Khan Khanum could take advantage of his weakness and rule herself. She made an agreement with
349:
had resolved to have poisoned with the help of the mistresses of the inner harem in retaliation for his bad behaviour towards her. With Ismail II out of the way, Pari Khan Khanum regained her authority and control. Every state grandee, clan chieftains, officers and officials carried out the orders
393:
The
Qizilbash factions increasingly came to dominate Iran. In 1583 they forced the shah to hand over his vizier, Mirza Salman, for execution. The young Hamza Mirza took over the reins of state but on 6 December 1586 he too was murdered in mysterious circumstances.
344:
On 25 November 1577, Mohammad
Khodabanda's younger brother Ismail II died abruptly and without any initial signs of bad health. The court doctors, who checked the corpse, surmised that he may have died from poison. The general agreement was that his half-sister
366:, who was better known by her title of Mahd-e Olya, took control of his affairs. She was knowledgeable of her husband's deficiency and to atone for his lack of uprightness and quality she resolved to try to become the practical ruler of the Safavid state.
385:). But she antagonised the Qizilbash who eventually asked the shah to remove her from power. When she refused to concede to their demands, a group of Qizilbash conspirators burst into the harem and strangled her on 26 July 1579.
374:, whilst being guarded by 4,000–5,000 private guards, inner-harem personal assistants and court attendants. However, Pari Khan Khanum was eventually strangled the same day by Khalil Khan Afshar under the orders of Madh-e Olya.
480:
crossed into Iran and captured Tabriz in 1585. Khodabanda sent Hamza Mirza to fight the
Ottomans but the young prince was murdered during this campaign and the city remained in Ottoman hands for 20 years.
501:
faction in the province, Murshid Quli Khan, decided the time was right to overthrow the shah and replace him with
Khodabanda's son Abbas Mirza, who was Murshid's ward. Murshid and Abbas rode to
332:
Soltan-Mohammad was named governor of Shiraz in 1572. He had acquired a reputation as a poet in Herat, one "noted for his education and cognitive acuity," according to prince
428:
bands attempted to invade north-east Iran before being repulsed by the governor of
Mashhad. The most important event of Khodabanda's reign was the war with the
358:
the Qizilbash chieftains that Mohammad Khodabanda would remain shah in name, whilst her and her envoys would continue controlling the interests of the state.
370:
and her allies. When they reached the city, Pari Khan Khanum showed up to gladly receive them with great grandeur and parade, sitting in a golden-spun
505:
where the prince was proclaimed the new shah of Iran in October 1587. Khodabanda made no attempt to challenge the coup and accepted his dethronement.
325:, he was named titular governor of Herat at the age of four, shortly after the city was recovered from the Uzbeks in 1537. The real power was his
1102:
1122:
448:. Shirvan fell before the end of the summer of 1578, by which fact the Ottomans had now control of almost all territories west of the
951:
297:
Khodabanda's reign was marked by a continued weakness of the crown and tribal infighting as part of the second civil war of the
815:
403:
1092:
1097:
468:, but he was captured in a remarkable counterattack led by Mirza Salman Jabiri and Hamza Mirza, and later executed in
825:
804:
783:
773:
593:
844:
603:
944:
473:
424:
Foreign powers took advantage of the factional discord in Iran court to seize territory for themselves.
37:
1112:
1107:
911:
51:
837:
The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
436:
began a war with Safavid Iran which was to last until 1590. In the first attack, the sultan's vizier
960:
290:
After the death of his father in 1576, Khodabanda was passed over in favour of his younger brother
937:
895:
855:
377:
Mahd-e Olya now took personal control of Iran and began to promote the career of her elder son,
229:
1087:
416:
1082:
1034:
8:
518:
477:
363:
276:
132:
1026:
437:
117:
43:
362:
her unambiguous approval. From the day Mohammad Khobanda was appointed shah, his wife
1117:
929:
921:
840:
821:
800:
779:
599:
513:
He lived in the capital for a time but was then apparently banished to the prison of
441:
264:
157:
139:
79:
371:
346:
333:
245:
1010:
873:
794:
554:
472:, the Safavid capital at that time. Another Ottoman army under the leadership of
465:
284:
253:
152:
452:
coast, and it also opened the way for an attack on what is nowadays the core of
1018:
461:
429:
302:
219:
1076:
1042:
408:
103:
964:
382:
310:
260:
20:
309:
in 1585. Khodabanda was finally overthrown in a coup in favour of his son
305:, to make territorial gains, including the conquest of the old capital of
449:
378:
298:
147:
817:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid periods
1050:
533:
Khodabanda was also a poet who wrote verse under the pen name "Fahmi".
457:
629:
The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric
1058:
994:
986:
904:
498:
433:
291:
272:
268:
209:
69:
460:, which were subsequently attacked in 1579 by a large contingent of
978:
494:
280:
598:. The Peoples of Asia. Vol. 9. Blackwell. pp. 172–173.
453:
445:
199:
194:
121:
522:
514:
502:
490:
469:
425:
322:
306:
107:
350:
delivered by her deputies and served according to her word.
820:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–351.
256:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
959:
698:
643:
412:
Coin minted during the reign of Mohammad Khodabandeh
631:(London: I.B. Tauris, 2009) ("Mitchell"), p. 160.
525:some time between 21 July 1595 and 10 July 1596.
279:mother, Sultanum Begum Mawsillu, and grandson of
263:from 1578 until his overthrow in 1587 by his son
1074:
252:, born 1532; died 1595 or 1596), was the fourth
854:Parsadust, Manuchehr (2009). "PARIḴĀN ḴĀNOM".
796:Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran
945:
814:Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid period".
752:
440:invaded the Safavid territories comprising
388:
952:
938:
591:
587:
585:
36:
853:
775:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
662:
548:
546:
339:
415:
407:
267:. Khodabanda had succeeded his brother,
582:
552:
1103:Royalty and nobility with disabilities
1075:
834:
813:
792:
771:
704:
543:
381:(she cared little for her younger son
21:Mohamad Khodabandeh (Ilkhanid dynasty)
16:Safavid Shah of Iran from 1578 to 1587
1123:16th-century people from Safavid Iran
933:
493:launched a large-scale invasion of
249:
13:
528:
397:
14:
1134:
321:Born as Soltan-Mohammad Mirza in
42:Mohammad Khodabanda (detail) by
740:
731:
722:
710:
689:
484:
61:11 February 1578 – October 1587
839:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
799:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–218.
778:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–281.
677:
668:
634:
621:
612:
569:
553:Matthee, Rudi (28 July 2008),
508:
432:. In 1578, the Ottoman sultan
420:Mohammad Khodabandeh signature
1:
536:
404:Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90)
316:
592:Garthwaite, Gene R. (2005).
497:, the leader of the Ustajlu
271:. Khodabanda was the son of
7:
1093:16th-century Iranian people
10:
1139:
1098:16th-century Safavid shahs
772:Newman, Andrew J. (2008).
765:
401:
18:
974:
918:
909:
901:
894:
867:
747:Cambridge History of Iran
717:Cambridge History of Iran
684:Cambridge History of Iran
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57:
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35:
30:
579:, I.B.Tauris, 2004, p.42
389:Conflict over succession
19:Not to be confused with
835:Sicker, Martin (2001).
793:Babaie, Sussan (2004).
421:
413:
340:Initial power struggle
857:Encyclopaedia Iranica
640:Mitchell, pp. 160–61.
521:records him dying in
419:
411:
869:Mohammad Khodabanda
185:Mohammad Khodabandeh
1003:Mohammad Khodabanda
627:Colin P. Mitchell,
519:Iskandar Beg Munshi
364:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
238:Mohammad Khodabanda
230:Twelver Shi'a Islam
133:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
31:Mohammad Khodabanda
575:Andrew J. Newman,
438:Lala Mustafa Pasha
422:
414:
118:Imam Husayn Shrine
44:Ahmad Monshi Ghomi
1113:Safavid governors
1108:Governors of Fars
1070:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
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991:
983:
969:
928:
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919:Succeeded by
283:, founder of the
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1029:
1021:
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902:Preceded by
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625:
619:
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589:
580:
573:
567:
566:
565:
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550:
347:Pari Khan Khanum
251:
250:شاه محمد خدابنده
177:
176:
40:
28:
27:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
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1128:
1127:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
970:
958:
924:
915:
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896:Iranian royalty
884:
878:
877:
874:Safavid dynasty
870:
847:
828:
807:
786:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
745:
741:
736:
732:
727:
723:
715:
711:
707:, pp. 2–3.
703:
699:
695:Savory pp.73–74
694:
690:
682:
678:
674:Savory pp.71–73
673:
669:
661:
644:
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635:
626:
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613:
606:
590:
583:
574:
570:
561:
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556:Safavid dynasty
551:
544:
539:
531:
529:Art and culture
511:
487:
466:Adil Giray Khan
406:
400:
398:Foreign threats
391:
342:
319:
285:Safavid dynasty
171:
153:Abu Talib Mirza
102:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
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663:Parsadust 2009
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462:Crimean Tatars
402:Main article:
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303:Ottoman Empire
273:Shah Tahmasp I
240:(also spelled
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1043:Soltan Hoseyn
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827:9780521200943
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785:9780857716613
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165:Tahmasp Mirza
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161:
159:
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154:
151:
149:
146:
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109:
105:
104:Alamut Castle
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1088:1590s deaths
1002:
965:Safavid Iran
912:Shah of Iran
910:
886:
879:
872:
856:
836:
816:
795:
774:
754:
746:
742:
733:
724:
719:p.257, p.260
716:
712:
700:
691:
683:
679:
670:
636:
628:
623:
614:
595:The Persians
594:
577:Safavid Iran
576:
571:
560:, retrieved
555:
532:
512:
488:
485:End of reign
478:Ferhat Pasha
423:
392:
376:
368:
360:
356:
352:
343:
331:
326:
320:
311:Shah Abbas I
296:
289:
241:
237:
236:
52:Shah of Iran
25:
1083:1532 births
1062:(1732–1736)
1054:(1722–1732)
1046:(1694-1722)
1038:(1666–1694)
1030:(1642–1666)
1022:(1629–1642)
1014:(1587–1629)
1006:(1577–1587)
998:(1576–1577)
990:(1524–1576)
982:(1501–1524)
968:(1501–1736)
758:Savory p.70
737:Savory p.75
728:Savory p.74
705:Sicker 2001
618:Newman p.41
517:, although
509:Final years
474:Osman Pasha
450:Caspian Sea
383:Abbas Mirza
379:Hamza Mirza
299:Safavid era
242:Khodabandeh
162:Hasan Mirza
148:Hamza Mirza
66:Predecessor
1077:Categories
1051:Tahmasp II
1035:Suleiman I
916:1578–1587
846:027596891X
605:1557868603
537:References
458:Azerbaijan
317:Early life
168:Shah Begum
1059:Abbas III
995:Ismail II
987:Tahmasp I
905:Ismail II
499:Qizilbash
489:When the
464:, led by
434:Murad III
334:Sam Mirza
292:Ismail II
269:Ismail II
210:Tahmasp I
76:Successor
70:Ismail II
1118:Mawsillu
1027:Abbas II
979:Ismail I
749:pp.261–2
562:9 August
495:Khurasan
430:Ottomans
281:Ismail I
277:Turcoman
226:Religion
1011:Abbas I
922:Abbas I
766:Sources
454:Armenia
446:Shirvan
442:Georgia
265:Abbas I
254:Safavid
246:Persian
200:Safavid
195:Dynasty
158:Abbas I
129:Consort
122:Kerbala
80:Abbas I
961:Rulers
885:
843:
824:
803:
782:
602:
523:Qazvin
515:Alamut
503:Qazvin
491:Uzbeks
470:Qazvin
372:litter
323:Tabriz
307:Tabriz
216:Mother
206:Father
124:, Iraq
114:Burial
108:Qazvin
887:Died:
880:Born:
686:p.254
426:Uzbek
275:by a
180:Names
140:Issue
58:Reign
1019:Safi
889:1595
882:1532
841:ISBN
822:ISBN
801:ISBN
780:ISBN
600:ISBN
564:2012
476:and
456:and
444:and
327:lala
261:Iran
257:shah
98:Died
93:1532
90:Born
963:of
259:of
1079::
645:^
584:^
545:^
313:.
287:.
248::
244:;
120:,
106:,
953:e
946:t
939:v
860:.
849:.
830:.
809:.
788:.
665:.
608:.
23:.
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