86:. Gall claimed that the individual mental faculties could be associated precisely, in a one-to-one correspondence, with specific physical areas of the brain. For example, someone's level of intelligence could be literally "read off" from the size of a particular bump on his posterior parietal lobe. Phrenology's practice was debunked scientifically by Pierre Flourens in the 19th century. He destroyed parts of pigeons' and dogs' brains, called lesions, and studied the organisms' resulting dysfunction. He was able to conclude that while the brain localizes in some functions, it also works as a unit and is not as localized as earlier phrenologists thought. Before the early 20th century, Edward Bradford Titchener studied the modules of the mind through introspection. He tried to determine the original, raw perspective experiences of his subjects. For example, if he wanted his subjects to perceive an apple, they would need to talk about spatial characteristics of the apple and the different hues that they saw without mentioning the apple.
276:
the theory of domain-general rational thought has produced no such predictions or confirmations. 2. The rapidity of responses such as jealousy due to infidelity indicates a domain-specific dedicated module rather than a general, deliberate, rational calculation of consequences. 3. Reactions may occur instinctively (consistent with innate knowledge) even if a person has not learned such knowledge. One example being that in the ancestral environment it is unlikely that males during development learn that infidelity (usually secret) may cause paternal uncertainty (from observing the phenotypes of children born many months later and making a statistical conclusion from the phenotype dissimilarity to the cuckolded fathers). With respect to general purpose problem solvers, Barkow, Cosmides, and Tooby (1992) have suggested in
304:
that only a small part of the human genome can be functional in an information-carrying way if an impossibly high rate of lethal mutations is to be avoided, and that selection against lethal mutations would have stopped and reversed any increase in the amount of functional DNA long before it reached the amount that would be required for modularity of mind. It is argued that proponents of the theory of mind conflate this with the straw man argument of assuming no function in any non-protein-coding DNA when pointing at discoveries of some parts of
244:. According to Frankenhuis and Ploeger, domain-specificity means that "a given cognitive mechanism accepts, or is specialized to operate on, only a specific class of information". Information encapsulation means that information processing in the module cannot be affected by information in the rest of the brain. One example is that the effects of an optical illusion, created by low-level processes, persist despite high-level processing caused by conscious awareness of the illusion itself.
2670:
2696:
2683:
75:(e.g., a judgement remains a judgement whether it refers to a perceptual experience or to the conceptualization/comprehension process). The second can be characterized as a vertical view because it claims that the mental faculties are differentiated on the basis of domain specificity, are genetically determined, are associated with distinct neurological structures, and are computationally autonomous.
325:, an affective neuroscientist, point to the "remarkable degree of neocortical plasticity within the human brain, especially during development" and states that "the developmental interactions among ancient special-purpose circuits and more recent general-purpose brain mechanisms can generate many of the "modularized" human abilities that evolutionary psychology has entertained."
219:(1999) has argued that while these properties tend to occur with modules, one—information encapsulation—stands out as being the real signature of a module; that is the encapsulation of the processes inside the module from both cognitive influence and from cognitive access. One example is that conscious awareness that the
709:
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1994). Origins of Domain
Specificity: The Evolution of Functional Organization. In L.A. Hirschfeld and S.A. Gelmen, eds., Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in R. Cummins and D.D. Cummins, eds.,
337:
and that they are adaptive responses to local conditions, not past evolutionary environments. However, Buller has also stated that even if massive modularity is false this does not necessarily have broad implications for evolutionary psychology. Evolution may create innate motives even without innate
134:
tried to replace the mind with reflexes, which are, according to Fodor, encapsulated (cognitively impenetrable or unaffected by other cognitive domains) and non-inferential (straight pathways with no information added). Low-level processes are unlike reflexes in that they can be inferential. This can
295:
is no better at explaining human behavior than a theory with mind entirely a product of the environment. Even within evolutionary psychology there is discussion about the degree of modularity, either as a few generalist modules or as many highly specific modules. Other critics suggest that there is
251:. Evolutionary psychologists propose that the mind is made up of genetically influenced and domain-specific mental algorithms or computational modules, designed to solve specific evolutionary problems of the past. Modules are also used for central processing. This theory is sometimes referred to as
275:
A 2010 review by evolutionary psychologists Confer et al. suggested that domain general theories, such as for "rationality", has several problems: 1. Evolutionary theories using the idea of numerous domain-specific adaptions have produced testable predictions that have been empirically confirmed;
303:
Criticisms of the notion of modular minds from genetics include that it would take too much genetic information to form innate modularity of mind, the limits to the possible amount of functional genetic information being imposed by the number of mutations per generation that led to the prediction
263:
claimed that modules are units of mental processing that evolved in response to selection pressures. To them, each module was a complex computer that innately processed distinct parts of the world, like facial recognition, recognizing human emotions, and problem-solving. On this view, much modern
139:
argument, which posits that children do not only learn language from their environment, but are innately programmed with low-level processes that help them seek and learn language. The proximate stimulus, that which is initially received by the brain (such as the 2D image received by the retina),
328:
Philosopher David Buller agrees with the general argument that the human mind has evolved over time but disagrees with the specific claims evolutionary psychologists make. He has argued that the contention that the mind consists of thousands of modules, including sexually dimorphic jealousy and
70:
of the mind have been divided into two different theories of the nature of the faculties. The first can be characterized as a horizontal view because it refers to mental processes as if they are interactions between faculties such as memory, imagination, judgement, and perception, which are not
308:
having regulatory functions, while the actual argument of limited amount of functional DNA does acknowledge that some parts of non-coding DNA can have functions but putting bounds on the total amount of information-bearing genetic material regardless of whether or not it codes for proteins, in
300:, a task critics state is too limited in scope to test all relevant aspects of reasoning. Moreover, critics argue that Cosmides and Tooby's conclusions contain several inferential errors and that the authors use untested evolutionary assumptions to eliminate rival reasoning theories.
309:
agreement with the discoveries of regulatory functions of non-coding DNA extending only to parts of it and not be generalized to all DNA that does not code for proteins. The maximum amount of information-carrying heredity is argued to be too small to form modular brains.
364:
Merlin Donald argues that over evolutionary time the mind has gained adaptive advantage from being a general problem solver. The mind, as described by Donald, includes module-like "central" mechanisms, in addition to more recently evolved "domain-general" mechanisms.
290:
Several groups of critics, including psychologists working within evolutionary frameworks, argue that the massively modular theory of mind does little to explain adaptive psychological traits. Proponents of other models of the mind argue that the
147:
saw lower-level processes as continuous with higher-level processes, being inferential and cognitively penetrable (influenced by other cognitive domains, such as beliefs). The latter has been shown to be untrue in some cases, such as the
320:
definitions of the mind. Critics point out that these assumptions underlying evolutionary psychologists' hypotheses are controversial and have been contested by some psychologists, philosophers, and neuroscientists. For example,
192:
Fast speed: probably due to the fact that they are encapsulated (thereby needing only to consult a restricted database) and mandatory (time need not be wasted in determining whether or not to process incoming
235:
has caused confusion and dispute. In J.A. Fodor's views, modules can be found in peripheral and low-level visual processing, but not in central processing. Later, he narrowed the two essential features to
287:. Clune et al. (2013) have argued that computer simulations of the evolution of neural nets suggest that modularity evolves because, compared to non-modular networks, connection costs are lower.
42:. When one perceives an object, they take in not only the features of an object, but the integrated features that can operate in sync or independently that create a whole. Instead of just seeing
152:, which can persist despite a person's awareness of their existence. This is taken to indicate that other domains, including one's beliefs, cannot influence such processes.
892:
Buller, David J. and
Valerie Gray Hardcastle (2005) Chapter 4. "Modularity", in Buller, David J. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology. The MIT Press. pp. 127 – 201
58:, the subject may experience a rolling red ball. Binding may suggest that the mind is modular because it takes multiple cognitive processes to perceive one thing.
353:(2003) that there are serious philosophical, theoretical, and methodological problems with the entire enterprise of trying to localise cognitive processes in the
345:, in which mental activity is distributed across the brain and cannot be decomposed, even abstractly, into independent units. A staunch defender of this view is
38:, a system can be considered 'modular' if its functions are made of multiple dimensions or units to some degree. One example of modularity in the mind is
1541:
1398:
1366:
547:
880:
551:
155:
Fodor arrives at the conclusion that such processes are inferential like higher-order processes and encapsulated in the same sense as reflexes.
1020:
675:
Frankenhuis, W. E.; Ploeger, A. (2007). "Evolutionary
Psychology Versus Fodor: Arguments for and Against the Massive Modularity Hypothesis".
612:
1237:
1165:
2242:
765:
1338:
140:
cannot account for the resulting output (for example, our 3D perception of the world), thus necessitating some form of computation.
2530:
2132:
374:
1314:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter 3: Bridging the Theoretical Gap: from the Brain to Cognitive Theory (pp. 67–107).
719:
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive
Adaptations for Social Exchange. In Barkow, Cosmides, and Tooby 1992, 163–228.
2102:
2022:
1997:
1876:
1756:
1359:
955:
523:
470:
136:
2222:
1430:
2002:
1927:
1854:
1830:
1778:
317:
101:
revived the idea of the modularity of mind, although without the notion of precise physical localizability. Drawing from
2662:
2614:
2247:
1633:
1386:
384:
26:
may, at least in part, be composed of innate neural structures or mental modules which have distinct, established, and
30:
developed functions. However, different definitions of "module" have been proposed by different authors. According to
2042:
497:
128:
According to Fodor, a module falls somewhere between the behaviorist and cognitivist views of lower-level processes.
2743:
2675:
2282:
2067:
1859:
1352:
764:
Confer, J. C.; Easton, J. A.; Fleischman, D. S.; Goetz, C. D.; Lewis, D. M. G.; Perilloux, C.; Buss, D. M. (2010).
2733:
2277:
2257:
1970:
1715:
1423:
1418:
1391:
312:
Wallace (2010) observes that the evolutionary psychologists' definition of "mind" has been heavily influenced by
179:
Fodor (1983) states that modular systems must—at least to "some interesting extent"—fulfill certain properties:
2535:
2495:
2450:
2157:
1980:
1550:
1487:
1304:
1038:
Wallace, B. (2010). Getting Darwin Wrong: Why
Evolutionary Psychology Won't Work. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic.
409:
1049:
905:
Davies, Paul
Sheldon; Fetzer, James H.; Foster, Thomas R. (1995). "Logical reasoning and domain specificity".
2723:
2607:
2292:
2272:
2209:
1660:
1529:
1470:
1021:
http://modernpsychologist.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/EP-Neglecting-Neurobiology-in-Defining-the-Mind1.pdf
162:
he also argued that higher-level cognitive processes are not modular since they have dissimilar properties.
2758:
2455:
2227:
2047:
1670:
1638:
1546:
1116:
292:
1253:
2701:
2267:
1502:
106:
2738:
2162:
2032:
2012:
1791:
1536:
196:
Informational encapsulation: modules need not refer to other psychological systems in order to operate
189:
Limited accessibility: what central processing can access from input system representations is limited
2582:
2553:
2440:
2354:
2262:
2237:
2062:
2027:
1803:
785:
2475:
2359:
2232:
2052:
1985:
1847:
1820:
1675:
1450:
1413:
443:
313:
144:
613:"Is vision continuous with cognition? The case for cognitive impenetrability of visual perception"
2639:
2480:
2346:
2172:
2152:
2142:
1957:
1937:
1808:
1796:
1786:
1643:
1375:
342:
248:
220:
149:
2597:
2592:
2567:
2515:
2510:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2297:
2189:
1975:
1912:
1665:
1584:
1024:
907:
780:
651:
2624:
2587:
2485:
2394:
2389:
2364:
2092:
2072:
1922:
1842:
1815:
1746:
1514:
1196:
943:
1334:
Stone Age Minds: A conversation with evolutionary psychologists Leda
Cosmides and John Tooby
1027:
2577:
2384:
2369:
2337:
2324:
2185:
2097:
1965:
1932:
1907:
1761:
1725:
1619:
1589:
1408:
1261:
297:
1117:"Evolutionary Psychology, Meet Developmental Neurobiology: Against Promiscuous Modularity"
729:
Samuels, Richard (1998). "Evolutionary
Psychology and the Massive Modularity Hypothesis".
296:
little empirical support in favor of the domain-specific theory beyond performance on the
8:
2644:
2409:
2194:
2112:
1653:
1597:
1524:
399:
183:
Domain specificity: modules only operate on certain kinds of inputs—they are specialised
2753:
2728:
2602:
2445:
2435:
2404:
2199:
2147:
2057:
2007:
1866:
1825:
1741:
1648:
1482:
1460:
1455:
1327:
by evolutionary psychologist Robert
Kurzban on modularity of mind, based on his book,
1188:
1139:
1090:
995:
924:
852:
829:
817:
746:
692:
643:
541:
379:
358:
330:
172:
114:
72:
2748:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2465:
2460:
2374:
2176:
1917:
1884:
1751:
1612:
1560:
1519:
1497:
1465:
1300:
1278:
1082:
951:
857:
798:
635:
529:
519:
493:
466:
423:
269:
83:
1192:
928:
696:
1894:
1835:
1624:
1567:
1270:
1180:
1143:
1131:
1094:
1072:
1064:
999:
987:
916:
847:
839:
790:
738:
684:
647:
627:
574:
278:
118:
1766:
283:
that a purely general problem solving mechanism is impossible to build due to the
2634:
2525:
2490:
2399:
2287:
2181:
2137:
2117:
1990:
1706:
1685:
1440:
593:
414:
404:
389:
334:
265:
1274:
2127:
2107:
2017:
1710:
1602:
1477:
1068:
766:"Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations"
305:
264:
human psychological activity is rooted in adaptations that occurred earlier in
216:
1333:
1324:
1222:
The New
Phrenology: The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes in the Brain.
1184:
1135:
991:
688:
631:
158:
Although he argued for the modularity of "lower level" cognitive processes in
2717:
2629:
2572:
2562:
2122:
1942:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1732:
1701:
1690:
1680:
1607:
1509:
1403:
533:
346:
322:
284:
256:
167:
742:
578:
418:
333:. He has suggested that the "modules" result from the brain's developmental
2419:
1720:
1697:
1282:
1086:
972:
861:
843:
802:
639:
102:
1344:
2558:
2470:
2414:
2252:
2037:
1736:
1555:
131:
110:
98:
31:
2505:
2500:
2217:
1952:
1492:
1341:
of a computer simulation of the evolution of modularity in neural nets.
1077:
920:
394:
260:
121:, he became a major proponent of the idea with the 1983 publication of
79:
1293:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press (Also available through CogNet).
750:
2167:
794:
27:
1291:
Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science
2619:
2379:
2084:
948:
Cognition and Conditionals: Probability and Logic in Human Thinking
206:
881:
The Seven Sins of Evolutionary Psychology. Evolution and Cognition
834:
565:
Laurence, Stephen (2001). "The Poverty of the Stimulus Argument".
78:
The vertical vision goes back to the 19th-century movement called
2520:
226:
710:
Minds, Brains, and Computers. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000, 523–543.
329:
parental investment modules, are unsupported by the available
513:
354:
341:
In contrast to modular mental structure, some theories posit
763:
23:
1028:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959354313480269
816:
Clune, Jeff; Mouret, Jean-Baptiste; Lipson, Hod (2013).
186:
Obligatory firing: modules process in a mandatory manner
518:(6th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
281:: Evolutionary Psychology and The Generation of Culture
1299:
Donald R. Griffin, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (
1050:"Evolutionary psychology: the emperor's new paradigm"
950:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 39–54.
944:"The Mental Logic Theory of Conditional Propositions"
941:
199:
Shallow outputs: the output of modules is very simple
1235:
A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness
875:
873:
871:
223:is an illusion does not correct visual processing.
904:
674:
490:Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology
868:
815:
731:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
567:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2715:
1114:
1297:Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness
973:"Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof"
1251:
1115:Buller, David J.; Hardcastle, Valerie (2000).
227:Evolutionary psychology and massive modularity
1360:
1254:"Modularity in cognition: Framing the debate"
361:of mental processes has yet to be developed.
357:. Part of this argument is that a successful
89:
546:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
516:An introduction to the history of psychology
1374:
1310:Shallice, Tim, & Cooper, Rick. (2011).
942:O'Brien, David; Manfrinati, Angela (2010).
247:Other perspectives on modularity come from
1367:
1353:
946:. In Oaksford, Mike; Chater, Nick (eds.).
550:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1076:
900:
898:
851:
833:
784:
591:
460:
2531:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
879:Panksepp, J. & Panksepp, J. (2000).
818:"The evolutionary origins of modularity"
757:
670:
668:
666:
664:
610:
564:
375:Automatic and Controlled Processes (ACP)
728:
492:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
441:
61:
2716:
1163:
1047:
895:
514:Hergenhahn, B. R., 1934–2007. (2009).
417:which proposes the mind is made up of
272:was forming the modern human species.
209:: there is a regularity of development
66:Historically, questions regarding the
2023:Psychological effects of Internet use
1348:
970:
661:
1224:Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
509:
507:
505:
484:
482:
461:Goldstein, E. Bruce (17 June 2014).
2003:Digital media use and mental health
1252:Barrett, H.C.; Kurzban, R. (2006).
448:Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy
442:Robbins, Philip (August 21, 2017).
13:
1634:Automatic and controlled processes
1329:Why Everyone (Else) is a Hypocrite
1245:
385:Jerry Fodor on mental architecture
14:
2770:
2043:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
502:
479:
2694:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2068:Mobile phones and driving safety
1318:
822:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1971:Computer-mediated communication
1227:
1214:
1157:
1108:
1041:
1032:
1013:
964:
935:
886:
809:
722:
713:
2248:Empathising–systemising theory
1551:female intrasexual competition
1488:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1166:"Get Over: Massive Modularity"
703:
604:
585:
558:
454:
435:
410:Peter Carruthers (philosopher)
176:, is devoted to this subject.
164:The Mind Doesn't Work That Way
1:
2608:Standard social science model
1661:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
620:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
429:
2456:Missing heritability problem
2048:Social aspects of television
1671:Evolution of nervous systems
1639:Computational theory of mind
1057:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
971:Lloyd, Elizabeth A. (1999).
293:computational theory of mind
7:
2702:Evolutionary biology portal
1275:10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.628
368:
202:Specific breakdown patterns
107:language acquisition device
10:
2775:
2663:Evolutionary psychologists
2536:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
2451:Human–animal communication
2163:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
2013:Imprinted brain hypothesis
1981:Human–computer interaction
1220:Uttal, William R. (2003).
1069:10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.003
212:Fixed neural architecture.
2657:
2583:Environmental determinism
2554:Cultural selection theory
2546:
2441:Evolutionary epistemology
2428:
2355:evolutionary neuroscience
2317:
2310:
2208:
2083:
2028:Rank theory of depression
1951:
1875:
1777:
1583:
1576:
1530:Parent–offspring conflict
1439:
1382:
1185:10.1007/s10539-004-1602-3
1164:Buller, David J. (2005).
1048:Buller, David J. (2005).
689:10.1080/09515080701665904
632:10.1017/S0140525X99002022
343:domain-general processing
242:information encapsulation
2476:Cultural group selection
2360:Biocultural anthropology
2053:Societal impacts of cars
1986:Media naturalness theory
1676:Fight-or-flight response
1312:The Organisation of Mind
1173:Biology & Philosophy
1019:Peters, Brad M. (2013).
677:Philosophical Psychology
488:Fodor, Jerry A. (1983).
117:and the implications of
2744:Evolutionary psychology
2676:Evolutionary psychology
2640:Sociocultural evolution
2481:Dual inheritance theory
1938:Personality development
1399:Theoretical foundations
1376:Evolutionary psychology
1289:Pylyshyn, Z.W. (1984).
1136:10.1023/A:1011573226794
1025:Theory & Psychology
992:10.1023/A:1006638501739
611:Pylyshyn, Z.W. (1999).
249:evolutionary psychology
137:poverty of the stimulus
97:In the 1980s, however,
68:functional architecture
2734:Cognitive architecture
2598:Social constructionism
2593:Psychological nativism
2568:Biological determinism
2516:Recent human evolution
2511:Punctuated equilibrium
2334:Behavioral epigenetics
2329:evolutionary economics
2298:Variability hypothesis
2243:Emotional intelligence
1976:Engineering psychology
1666:Evolution of the brain
980:Biology and Philosophy
908:Biology and Philosophy
844:10.1098/rspb.2012.2863
318:information processing
16:Psychology terminology
2625:Multilineal evolution
2588:Nature versus nurture
2547:Theoretical positions
2395:Functional psychology
2390:Evolutionary medicine
2365:Biological psychiatry
2073:Texting while driving
2063:Lead–crime hypothesis
1923:Cognitive development
1908:Caregiver deprivation
1419:Gene selection theory
773:American Psychologist
743:10.1093/bjps/49.4.575
592:Donaldson, J (2017).
579:10.1093/bjps/52.2.217
22:is the notion that a
2724:Behavioural sciences
2578:Cultural determinism
2385:Evolutionary biology
2370:Cognitive psychology
2318:Academic disciplines
1966:Cognitive ergonomics
1933:Language acquisition
1913:Childhood attachment
1726:Wason selection task
1620:Behavioral modernity
1409:Cognitive revolution
1392:Evolutionary thought
1262:Psychological Review
463:Cognitive Psychology
444:"Modularity of Mind"
298:Wason selection task
221:MĂĽller-Lyer illusion
150:MĂĽller-Lyer illusion
113:as well as from the
62:Early investigations
2759:Metaphysics of mind
2645:Unilineal evolution
2410:Population genetics
2195:Sexy son hypothesis
2133:Hormonal motivation
2113:Concealed ovulation
1654:Dual process theory
1525:Parental investment
598:The Illusions Index
400:Neuroconstructivism
135:be demonstrated by
2603:Social determinism
2486:Fisher's principle
2446:Great ape language
2436:Cultural evolution
2405:Philosophy of mind
2238:Division of labour
2200:Westermarck effect
2148:Mating preferences
2058:Distracted driving
1792:Literary criticism
1649:Domain specificity
1629:modularity of mind
921:10.1007/BF00851985
828:(1755): 20122863.
380:Faculty psychology
351:The New Phrenology
331:empirical evidence
253:massive modularity
238:domain-specificity
231:The definition of
173:How the Mind Works
160:Modularity of Mind
123:Modularity of Mind
115:philosophy of mind
109:and other work in
92:Modularity of Mind
36:Modularity of Mind
20:Modularity of mind
2739:Cognitive science
2711:
2710:
2689:Psychology portal
2653:
2652:
2496:Hologenome theory
2466:Unit of selection
2461:Primate cognition
2375:Cognitive science
2306:
2305:
2177:Sexual attraction
2153:Mating strategies
1918:Cinderella effect
1848:Moral foundations
1752:Visual perception
1644:Domain generality
1613:Facial expression
1561:Sexual dimorphism
1520:Natural selection
1466:Hamiltonian spite
1202:on March 17, 2015
957:978-0-19-923329-8
525:978-0-495-50621-8
472:978-1-285-76388-0
424:Visual modularity
270:natural selection
119:optical illusions
84:Franz Joseph Gall
2766:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2315:
2314:
2311:Related subjects
2098:Adult attachment
1625:Cognitive module
1581:
1580:
1568:Social selection
1542:Costly signaling
1537:Sexual selection
1424:Modern synthesis
1369:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1286:
1258:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1195:. Archived from
1170:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1080:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
977:
968:
962:
961:
939:
933:
932:
902:
893:
890:
884:
877:
866:
865:
855:
837:
813:
807:
806:
795:10.1037/a0018413
788:
770:
761:
755:
754:
726:
720:
717:
711:
707:
701:
700:
672:
659:
658:
656:
650:. Archived from
617:
608:
602:
601:
589:
583:
582:
562:
556:
555:
545:
537:
511:
500:
486:
477:
476:
458:
452:
451:
439:
349:, who argues in
279:The Adapted Mind
166:, a reaction to
82:and its founder
34:, the author of
2774:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2649:
2635:Neoevolutionism
2542:
2526:Species complex
2491:Group selection
2429:Research topics
2424:
2400:Neuropsychology
2302:
2288:Substance abuse
2210:Sex differences
2204:
2118:Coolidge effect
2079:
1991:Neuroergonomics
1956:
1947:
1871:
1773:
1707:Folk psychology
1588:
1572:
1442:
1435:
1378:
1373:
1321:
1256:
1248:
1246:Further reading
1243:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
975:
969:
965:
958:
940:
936:
903:
896:
891:
887:
883:, 6:2, 108–131.
878:
869:
814:
810:
786:10.1.1.601.8691
768:
762:
758:
727:
723:
718:
714:
708:
704:
673:
662:
654:
615:
609:
605:
590:
586:
563:
559:
539:
538:
526:
512:
503:
487:
480:
473:
465:. p. 109.
459:
455:
440:
436:
432:
415:Society of Mind
405:Neuroplasticity
390:Language module
371:
266:human evolution
229:
205:Characteristic
105:'s idea of the
95:
73:domain specific
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2692:
2679:
2666:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2179:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:Mind-blindness
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1711:theory of mind
1704:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Baldwin effect
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1287:
1269:(3): 628–647.
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1213:
1179:(4): 881–891.
1156:
1130:(3): 307–325.
1124:Brain and Mind
1107:
1063:(6): 277–283.
1040:
1031:
1012:
986:(2): 211–233.
963:
956:
934:
894:
885:
867:
808:
779:(2): 110–126.
756:
737:(4): 575–602.
721:
712:
702:
660:
657:on 2008-05-11.
626:(3): 341–423.
603:
584:
573:(2): 217–276.
557:
524:
501:
478:
471:
453:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
370:
367:
306:non-coding DNA
228:
225:
214:
213:
210:
203:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
94:
88:
63:
60:
28:evolutionarily
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2771:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Neo-Darwinism
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Functionalism
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Connectionism
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:indeterminism
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Schizophrenia
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Mental health
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Mate guarding
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Age disparity
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Schizophrenia
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:Mental health
1954:
1953:Human factors
1950:
1944:
1943:Socialization
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:paternal bond
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1767:NaĂŻve physics
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:Motor control
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:Ophidiophobia
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Arachnophobia
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:Display rules
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Kin selection
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Adaptationism
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:Online videos
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
967:
959:
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:
901:
899:
889:
882:
876:
874:
872:
863:
859:
854:
849:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
767:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
716:
706:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
669:
667:
665:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
607:
599:
595:
594:"Muller Lyer"
588:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
553:
549:
543:
535:
531:
527:
521:
517:
510:
508:
506:
499:
498:0-262-56025-9
495:
491:
485:
483:
474:
468:
464:
457:
449:
445:
438:
434:
425:
422:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:William Uttal
344:
339:
336:
332:
326:
324:
323:Jaak Panksepp
319:
315:
310:
307:
301:
299:
294:
288:
286:
285:frame problem
282:
280:
273:
271:
267:
262:
258:
257:Leda Cosmides
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
234:
224:
222:
218:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
175:
174:
169:
168:Steven Pinker
165:
161:
156:
153:
151:
146:
143:In contrast,
141:
138:
133:
129:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
69:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2661:
2420:Sociobiology
2278:Neuroscience
2258:Intelligence
1804:Anthropology
1757:Color vision
1742:Multitasking
1721:Flynn effect
1716:Intelligence
1698:Folk biology
1628:
1441:Evolutionary
1328:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1176:
1172:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1127:
1123:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1060:
1056:
1043:
1034:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
983:
979:
966:
947:
937:
912:
906:
888:
825:
821:
811:
776:
772:
759:
734:
730:
724:
715:
705:
680:
676:
652:the original
623:
619:
606:
597:
587:
570:
566:
560:
515:
489:
462:
456:
447:
437:
363:
350:
340:
327:
311:
302:
289:
277:
274:
252:
246:
241:
237:
232:
230:
215:
178:
171:
163:
159:
157:
154:
145:cognitivists
142:
132:Behaviorists
130:
127:
122:
103:Noam Chomsky
96:
91:
77:
67:
65:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
19:
18:
2559:Determinism
2471:Coevolution
2415:Primatology
2253:Gender role
2158:Orientation
2038:Screen time
1895:Affectional
1877:Development
1556:Mate choice
1483:By-products
1451:Adaptations
1414:Cognitivism
1078:10843/13182
915:(1): 1–37.
338:knowledge.
314:cognitivism
111:linguistics
99:Jerry Fodor
32:Jerry Fodor
2718:Categories
2506:Population
2501:Lamarckism
2347:behavioral
2325:Behavioral
2273:Narcissism
2218:Aggression
2008:Hypophobia
1998:Depression
1885:Attachment
1867:Universals
1831:Psychology
1809:Biological
1797:Musicology
1787:Aesthetics
1686:Basophobia
1493:Exaptation
1471:Reciprocal
1305:0226308650
1005:October 6,
683:(6): 687.
430:References
395:Modularity
335:plasticity
261:John Tooby
80:phrenology
2754:Semantics
2729:Cognition
2351:cognitive
2343:Affective
2228:Cognition
2182:Sexuality
2168:Pair bond
1928:Education
1585:Cognition
1503:Inclusive
1443:processes
1431:Criticism
1206:March 23,
1149:March 23,
1100:March 23,
835:1207.2743
781:CiteSeerX
542:cite book
534:234363300
2749:Ethology
2620:Memetics
2380:Ethology
2338:genetics
2173:Physical
2138:Jealousy
2093:Activity
1899:maternal
1855:Religion
1843:Morality
1821:Language
1702:taxonomy
1515:Mismatch
1461:Cheating
1456:Altruism
1325:RSA talk
1283:16802884
1233:Donald,
1193:34306536
1087:15925806
929:83429932
862:23363632
803:20141266
697:96445244
640:11301517
369:See also
359:taxonomy
217:Pylyshyn
207:ontogeny
90:Fodor's
2521:Species
2293:Suicide
2128:Fantasy
2108:Arousal
1890:Bonding
1779:Culture
1603:Display
1590:Emotion
1498:Fitness
1387:History
1144:5664009
1095:6901180
1000:1929648
853:3574393
648:9482993
316:and/or
268:, when
52:plastic
40:binding
2699:
2686:
2673:
2263:Memory
2223:Autism
2190:female
2123:Desire
1860:Origin
1836:Speech
1826:Origin
1598:Affect
1303:
1281:
1191:
1142:
1093:
1085:
1023:(PDF)
998:
954:
927:
860:
850:
801:
783:
751:688132
749:
695:
646:
638:
532:
522:
496:
469:
419:agents
233:module
193:input)
56:moving
54:, and
2233:Crime
1816:Crime
1747:Sleep
1737:skill
1577:Areas
1339:Video
1257:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
1189:S2CID
1169:(PDF)
1140:S2CID
1120:(PDF)
1091:S2CID
1053:(PDF)
996:S2CID
976:(PDF)
925:S2CID
830:arXiv
769:(PDF)
747:JSTOR
693:S2CID
655:(PDF)
644:S2CID
616:(PDF)
355:brain
48:round
2186:male
1547:Male
1301:ISBN
1279:PMID
1208:2013
1151:2013
1102:2013
1083:PMID
1007:2014
952:ISBN
858:PMID
799:PMID
636:PMID
552:link
548:link
530:OCLC
520:ISBN
494:ISBN
467:ISBN
259:and
240:and
24:mind
2085:Sex
1762:Eye
1271:doi
1267:113
1181:doi
1132:doi
1073:hdl
1065:doi
988:doi
917:doi
848:PMC
840:doi
826:280
791:doi
739:doi
685:doi
628:doi
575:doi
170:'s
44:red
2720::
1277:.
1265:.
1259:.
1187:.
1177:20
1175:.
1171:.
1138:.
1126:.
1122:.
1089:.
1081:.
1071:.
1059:.
1055:.
994:.
984:19
982:.
978:.
923:.
913:10
911:.
897:^
870:^
856:.
846:.
838:.
824:.
820:.
797:.
789:.
777:65
775:.
771:.
745:.
735:49
733:.
691:.
681:20
679:.
663:^
642:.
634:.
624:22
622:.
618:.
596:.
571:52
569:.
544:}}
540:{{
528:.
504:^
481:^
446:.
255:.
125:.
50:,
46:,
2561:/
2353:/
2349:/
2345:/
2336:/
2327:/
2188:/
2184:/
2175:/
1955:/
1901:/
1897:/
1735:/
1709:/
1700:/
1627:/
1587:/
1549:/
1368:e
1361:t
1354:v
1307:)
1285:.
1273::
1239:.
1210:.
1183::
1153:.
1134::
1128:1
1104:.
1075::
1067::
1061:9
1009:.
990::
960:.
931:.
919::
864:.
842::
832::
805:.
793::
753:.
741::
699:.
687::
630::
600:.
581:.
577::
554:)
536:.
475:.
450:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.