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innovations when it comes to glass manufacturing. In the 1820s the technique for moulding glass was discovered, and in the 1870s for blown glass. Besides new techniques, new types of glass were also being explored. One of these was Clutha glass, trademarked by James Couper & Sons in 1888. This glass, unlike the previous type of glass, had air bubbes purposely left, as it imitated ancient Roman glass which was in vogue at the time. Clutha line was designed by
Dresser from 1888 until 1896 and was retailed by the ever-present Liberty department store. Dresser focused on the form and practicality of his designs, and had a great understanding of manufacturing technique: "Glass has a molten state in which it can be blown into the most beautiful of shapes. This process is the work of but a few seconds. If material is worked in its most simple and befitting manner, the results are more beautiful than those which are arrived at by any roundabout method of production."
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architects and designed numerous interiors and exteriors for hotels, hospitals, banks, restaurants and houses. The architects would only give Neatby the rough outline, and he was able to interpret the spirit of the undertaking and continue from there, due to both his artistic sensibility and his training as an architect. He moved to London in 1890 and worked for
Doulton and Co. where he was in charge of Doulton's architectural department for the design and production of mural ceramics. He spent eleven years with the company, and it was during this period that he designed his most famous work, Meat Hall at
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craft-based hand block printing and hand weaving. He fully utilised these mediums with new patterns and unleashed creativity in pattern design, shining a new light and changing people's perception of home furnishings. Morris's most iconic forms were unique plant-based compositions, in wallpaper from 1864 and printed textiles from 1874. Plants native to
England were the essence of his design. C. F. A. Voysey made a huge contribution to the field. Although an architect by profession he was persuaded by his friend
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487:. "The Four" met at painting classes at the Glasgow School of Art in 1891. Frances MacDonald and Herbert MacNair married in 1899, and Margaret MacDonald and Charles Rennie Mackintosh married in 1900. Although all were great artists in their own right, MacDonald Mackintosh stood out in the field of painting; she greatly influenced Mackintosh and he praised her as a genius. Both sisters were influenced by the work of
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1650:"The most meaningful industrial designer, who turned his imagination and gift of discovery to the daily production of British industry... The powerful efforts of Mr. Dresser to raise the national design standard to which end he did not create costly individual objects, but instead turned to products for the middle class, indeed objects which would benefit the general public and which deserve every recognition".
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1489:. In 1901 Wadsworth, under the directorship of Solon, created a range called "Secessionist Ware". Named after the Vienna Secession which was very much in vogue post-1900, its stylised floral designs and strong use of line contributed significantly to the international movement. Even though Mackintosh did not create ceramics his design influence, both direct and indirect, is hard to overstate.
902:, who was a native of Glasgow and attended Glasgow School of Art from 1888 until 1895, completing his apprenticeship in the office of William Leiper (1839–1916), also developed a remarkable style. "The Hatrack" (1899–1902) in St Vincent Street is his most famous work, with much glass, a highly detailed Modern Style facade and a distinctive cupola that gave the buildings its nickname.
193:. Ruskin's influence on the formation of Arts and Crafts and the Modern Style is hard to overstate. The Arts and Crafts movement called for better treatment of decorative arts, believed all objects should be made beautiful, and took inspiration from folklore, medieval craftsmanship and design, and nature. An early prototype is
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was the name given to a range of original silver and jewellery that A. L. Liberty sponsored in 1898, and which was first exhibited at his shop in the spring of the following year. Although the mark registered at the
Goldsmiths' Company was entered in his name, the majority of the silver and jewellery
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with his great business skills fused the Arts and Crafts and Celtic
Britain aesthetics with popular demand for oriental design. He opened a second store in Paris in 1890. In the 1890s, Liberty collaborated with many British designers and artists, mainly working in the Arts and Crafts style that was
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from 1789 point to an even earlier origin of Art
Nouveau. Unlike in Europe, in Great Britain there had been no radical revolution, and artists and architects continued a spirit of innovation which was the essence of Arts and Crafts. Art Nouveau is a natural evolution of the Arts and Crafts movement.
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are of huge importance, influencing them all to an extent, although most artists were versatile and worked in many mediums and fields. Because of the evolution of Arts and Crafts to Modern Style, lines can be blurred and many designers, artists, and craftspeople worked in both styles simultaneously.
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in Italy. The styles co-existed and numerous artists contributed to both styles and played roles in developing them. A good example of this blurring of lines and distinction is
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, whose architecture work was very much in the Glasgow style, but parts of the interior in those
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Silver Studio, founded by Arthur Silver in 1880 and later inherited by his son Rex Silver, had its heyday roughly from 1890 to 1910 at the peak of Modern Style. The studio started with
Japanese-inspired designs and established an important relationship with the Liberty department store, for which
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fusing it with organic forms of plants and the simplicity of
Japanese design. This unique blend gave birth to the modern and distinct style for which he is known. He considered Scottish Baronial to be the national style of Scotland, and in 1890 he delivered a lecture to the Glasgow Architectural
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From a legislative and political standpoint, a significant moment for glass in
Britain was the abolition in 1851 of a tax on windows according to their size. This in turn led to larger windows, and greater use of glass in architecture and house design in general. The 19th century made important
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started his foray into the ceramics at Burmantofts Potteries working as the architectural ceramics designer; he was previously working as an architect. He spent six years working for the company, from 1894 to 1890, and was its leading designer during that period. Neatby worked closely with the
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Thanks to William Morris, this medium had a renaissance. He did away with luxurious jacquard weaved silk furnishings at one end of the luxury scale, and with cheap roller printed textiles and wallpapers at the other. The focus of his attention, in Arts and Crafts spirit, was on traditional
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made a significant contribution to the style; some claim he was the only English architect to have worked in the new style. Like all architects and artists working in the new style he displayed an affinity for nature motifs but his motif of choice was the tree.
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Association on the subject of Scottish Baronial: "How different is the study of Scottish Baronial architecture. Its original examples are at our doors... the monuments of our forefathers, the works of men bearing our own name". Along with his most famous work,
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was invading France, and that "the majority of designers and manufacturers are content to copy and disfigure English patterns." The huge popularity of these designs was reflected in that by 1906 the number of designs sold to European manufacturers was 40%.
1239:. Pearson is most famous for his work in copper, and his innovation of beating the copper out against a block of lead. Guild designs of belt buckles, jewellery, cutlery, and tableware were notable in influencing German and Austrian Art Nouveau artists.
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Poster from 1896 by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. It pays homage to Celtic tradition and Japanese design and its style and form were repeated numerous times by "The Four", with the earliest examples from 1885 at the latest. It would be replicated by the
858:. Along with built designs, there were several which were not built. He was moderately successful as an architect but his significance was only fully understood after his death and he was brought to fame. One of his designs built posthumously is the
1224:. Liberty & Co began producing Tudric in 1901 and continued to the 1930s. Tudric pewter was differentiated from other pewters by its better quality, it having a higher content of silver. Pewter is traditionally known as "the poor man's silver".
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Fertile ground for this new style was in Scotland, and Glasgow in particular. The city already had significant artistic activity, with the Glasgow Art Institute founded in 1879. As with most other European style variations, it was influenced by
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stated that William Morris and John Ruskin were precursors to Art Nouveau. British design was enormously influential at that time, and this became unbearable for some: writer Charles Genuys declared in 1897 that it was time to shake it off.
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and his interest in Japanese design added an important ingredient to the Modern Style. The Style existed in England as well, but artists there gravitated slightly more towards Arts and Crafts. The most prominent figures would be
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trend and its nationalistic tone. Archibald Knox was a prominent figure in the formation of a new style, which built on the foundation of Arts and Crafts with the conscious addition of Celtic elements, as he was from the
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is a standout figure: not only did he work with the most prominent ceramic manufacturers but became a crucial person behind James Couper & Sons' trademarking of Clutha glass, inspired by ancient Rome, in 1888.
1198:. Archibald Knox, a Manxman who had worked for Christopher Dresser, was one of the most gifted designers employed by the Silver Studio; he supplied the majority of Liberty metalwork designs between 1899 and 1912.
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in Bristol is another icon of Modern Style. Architectural work by Henry Williams celebrates the history of printing from Gutenberg to William Morris. The facade is decorated with tiles in designs by W. J. Neatby.
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and this is reflected in their use of elongated figures and linear elements. MacDonald Mackintosh exhibited with her husband at the 1900 Vienna Secession, where they were an influence on
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were already designing two of its rooms. Waerndorfer invited the Mackintoshes to design the music room. That room was decorated with panels of MacDonald Mackintosh's art: the
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64:. The Modern Style provided the base and intellectual background for the Art Nouveau movement and was adapted by other countries, giving birth to local variants such as
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The group known as "The Four" made the biggest impact in the field of painting and the style in general. This group consisted of Charles Rennie Mackintosh, his friend
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Christopher Dresser was the most important ceramicist in England at the time. His interest in ceramics started in the 1860s and he worked for firms such as
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In Britain, one of the first leading graphic artists in what became Art Nouveau style was Aubrey Beardsley. He began with engraved book illustrations for
514:, the initial financer of the Wiener Werkstätte, was building a new villa outside Vienna showcasing the work of many local architects. Josef Hoffmann and
293:'s 8th exhibition. They were a huge influence on the artists of the Vienna Secession and the Viennese art scene. Modern Style artists strongly influenced
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several designs were produced. Many talented designers worked for the studio, including John Illingworth Kay, Harry Napper, and Archibald Knox. In 1897
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are recognised by art historians as the very first works in the new style. Mackmurdo's work shows the influence of another British illustrator
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by then evolving into Art Nouveau. The store became synonymous with the new style, to the extent that Art Nouveau is sometimes called
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was made by W. H. Haseler of Birmingham, who became a joint partner in the project, after designs supplied by Oliver Baker and the
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The most prominent architect of the Modern Style was Charles Rennie Mackintosh. He was based in Glasgow and took inspiration from
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Pieces designed by William Morris, Archibald Knox, and Christopher Dresser were on sale in a newly opened department store called
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to try designing wallpapers. One of his aphorisms was "To be simple is the end, not the beginning, of design". He was admired on
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on the exterior of stations gave them a distinct and somewhat flamboyant appearance. For the interiors he used a pleasant
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in 1893, which brought him fame. In the same year, he began engraving illustrations and posters for the art magazine
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The first appearance of the curving, sinuous forms that came to be called Art Nouveau is traditionally attributed to
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was a defining person in graphic design and drawing, and influenced painting and style in general. In textiles
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circle was also of tremendous importance, particularly the group closely associated with Mackintosh known as "
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The Art Nouveau Style: A Comprehensive Guide with 264 Illustrations by Stephan Tschudi Madsen, page 160-170
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An important influence on painting, and one of the formative influences on the Modern Style in general was
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which was founded by Morris and his followers. Through Morris, a formative and essential influence was the
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The Art Nouveau Style: A Comprehensive Guide with 264 Illustrations by Stephan Tschudi Madsen, page 167
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in Britain. The curving lines and intricate floral patterns attracted as much attention as the text.
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The most important person in the field of design in general, and architecture in particular, was
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William James Neatby (1860–1910)– Artist and Designer and Edward Mossforth Neatby (1888–1949)
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same buildings could lean more in the Arts and Crafts direction, particularly the furniture.
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2086:"Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Argyle Chair was designed to create intimate dining experience"
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2324:"New book tells of architect George Skipper who shaped Cromer - and was 'Norwich's Gaudi'"
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Levetus, Amelia S. (29 May 1909). "Glasgow Artists in Vienna: Kunstschau Exhibition".
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2011:"Chair | Mackmurdo, Arthur Heygate | V&A Search the Collections"
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Style of architecture, art, and design in the United Kingdom in the mid-1880s
2243:"Charles Rennie Mackintosh: The Father of Glasgow Style | Scotland.org"
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wrote in 1899, a magazine that had a great influence on shaping Art Nouveau.
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and people closely associated with him also known as "The Four", and the
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in 1883. They were soon adopted in the 1890s by Pre-Raphaelite painter
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were among the most important figures associated with Pre-Raphaelitism.
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which has 24 wooden bow-fronted shops with faience details designed by
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is a style of architecture, art, and design that first emerged in the
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2549:"The Democratic Dish: Mintons Secessionist Ware – the Minton Archive"
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2029:"Arts and Crafts movement | British and international movement"
846:, almost all buildings he created are notable and important such as
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Wikigallery - The May Queen 1900, by Margaret MacDonald Mackintosh.
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Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Masterpieces of Art by Gordon Kerr. 8
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862:. A recurring motif in his designs is what became known as the
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2592:"V&A · Objects of beauty: Art Nouveau glass and jewellery"
189:, which was championed and sometimes financially supported by
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Art Nouveau had its origins in Britain, mainly in the work of
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Dante Gabriel Rossetti (2003) by Treuherz, Julian, etc. 52-54
667:, who urged artists to "go to nature" for their inspiration.
2487:"Charles R. Ashbee Biography - Infos for Sellers and Buyers"
2455:"Liberty of London and their punch marks on 'Tudric' Pewter"
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called him "fountainhead" and "the prophet" of Art Nouveau.
2136:"Mackintosh Architecture: The Catalogue - browse - display"
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made by W.H. Haseler of Birmingham. The chief designer was
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was a Londoner who designed a significant number of iconic
259:, so that the style was also known as the "Glasgow Style".
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Art Nouveau by Rosalind Ormiston and Michael Robinson, 132
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In 1902, the couple received a major Viennese commission:
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Art Nouveau by Rosalind Ormiston and Michael Robinson, 57
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Art Nouveau by Rosalind Ormiston and Michael Robinson, 58
2104:"NGV Vienna Art and Design: Influences on the Secession"
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is the earliest fully realised form of Art Nouveau; his
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style worldwide, and it represents the evolution of the
2405:"London Underground by Design by Mark Ovenden – review"
663:, following the advice of the art historian and critic
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In 1900, "The Four" and some English artists including
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The Royal Arcade, Norwich by George Skipper (1898–99)
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Astronomia sculpture with zodiac signs by Neatby at
2535:"In Depth: Dresser and Minton – the Minton Archive"
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20th Century Pattern Design By Lesley Jackson, 8-20
690:, which helped publicise European artists such as
1449:Antelope Charger in red lustreware, decorated by
72:. It was cultivated and disseminated through the
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2425:"Green, Leslie - Exploring 20th Century London"
2261:"Charles Rennie Mackintosh : Architecture"
456:, which affected the Arts and Crafts movement,
209:from 1883 and design for a cover for the essay
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2574:"Christopher Dresser - A designer for today?"
1105:by Arthur Brewill and Basil Baily (1903–1904)
201:and interiors by William Morris. The work of
2505:"John PEARSON | Cornwall Artists Index"
1996:
1994:
1981:"V&A · Arts and Crafts: an introduction"
237:which was in vogue with the addition of the
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2212:(in French). Baseline Co. Ltd. p. 99.
637:The Gift of Doves, 1904. by Herbert MacNair
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591:Floral Design, 1901 by Frances MacDonald
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2387:"Charles Harrison Townsend (1851-1928)"
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2198:Ormistone and Robinson (2013) pages 6–7
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503:, and artists who would later form the
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2291:"Spotlight: Charles Rennie Mackintosh"
1626:Harrods Meat Hall 1902 by W. J. Neatby
919:stations in his home city. His use of
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2342:"Art Nouveau in British Architecture"
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2140:www.mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk
301:, and inspired them to establish the
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2072:www.art-nouveau-around-the-world.org
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375:Songs of Innocence and of Experience
246:and interested in his Celtic roots.
220:Songs of Innocence and of Experience
105:. In the field of ceramic and glass
2360:"TheGlasgowStory: Hatrack Building"
1153:by Walter Aubrey Thomas (1908–1911)
1075:by Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1903)
1060:by Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1901)
289:were invited to participate in the
197:(1860), with architectural work by
52:in the mid-1880s. It was the first
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2611:The Met. Retrieved 4 December 2022
2322:Hurrell, Alex (30 November 2015).
807:- Charles Rennie Mackintosh - 1901
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1168:by François Espinasse (1910–1911)
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1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1158:
1142:
1126:
1110:
1095:
1080:
1065:
1050:
1034:
1014:
1002:
986:
970:
950:
935:
924:glazed architectural terra-cotta
873:Another important architect was
793:
771:
756:
739:
734:, with cover by Beardsley (1893)
721:
699:
630:
612:
597:
583:
568:
553:
535:
405:
385:
367:
348:
333:
318:
2602:
2584:
2566:
2555:
2541:
2515:
2497:
2479:
2447:
2417:
2397:
2379:
2370:
2352:
2334:
2315:
2301:
2283:
2253:
2235:
2226:
2201:
2192:
2179:
2168:
2153:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2096:
812:
2078:
2060:
2051:
2021:
2003:
1973:
1964:
1229:Guild and School of Handicraft
1103:Christ Church Methodist Church
981:by Wimperis & Arber (1898)
839:Scottish Baronial architecture
287:Guild and School of Handicraft
227:
13:
1:
2900:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
2491:www.charles-robert-ashbee.com
1957:
1638:Orchard House by W. J. Neatby
852:Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow
848:Scotland Street School Museum
607:, 1903. by Margaret MacDonald
578:, 1900. by Margaret MacDonald
485:Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh
2429:www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk
1593:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
881:. His stand out work is the
7:
2309:"The Royal Arcade, Norwich"
1437:
1119:Russell Square tube station
1090:by George Pennington (1904)
764:Venus between Terminal Gods
747:John the Baptist and Salome
424:
10:
3617:
2596:Victoria and Albert Museum
1985:Victoria and Albert Museum
1707:
428:
341:Liberty (department store)
187:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
159:
154:
123:Important figures include
3488:
3457:
3406:
3271:
3008:
2967:
2842:
2755:
2673:
2655:
2187:Pioneers of Modern Design
1477:, Linthorpe, Old Hall at
1403:Journal of Decorative Art
1231:, established in 1888 by
906:Charles Harrison Townsend
253:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
141:Charles Harrison Townsend
87:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
1643:
1537:Clarissa Ault circa 1890
1387:Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo
893:Everard's Printing Works
832:Everard's Printing Works
649:Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo
328:(1874) cover for toybook
183:Arts and Crafts movement
58:Arts and Crafts movement
2665:History of construction
2649:History of architecture
2364:www.theglasgowstory.com
2346:www.buildinghistory.org
2033:Encyclopedia Britannica
1204:was the range name for
1174:Metalware and jewellery
1137:station by Green (1907)
1045:by Townsend (1898–1901)
856:Hill House, Helensburgh
2660:Architectural timeline
1652:
1567:Architectural ceramics
1454:
1380:Textiles and wallpaper
1187:
860:House for an Art Lover
834:
824:
714:: a tragedy in one act
466:Dante Gabriel Rossetti
464:and the Modern Style.
449:
268:Arthur Lasenby Liberty
195:Red House, Bexleyheath
174:
41:
3591:British art movements
3202:America and Australia
2822:Medieval Scandinavian
2208:Lahor, Jean (2007) .
1648:
1608:Watts Cemetery Chapel
1459:Linthorpe Art Pottery
1445:
1233:Charles Robert Ashbee
1181:
1058:Windy Hill, Kilmacolm
997:by Townsend (1895–99)
945:by Townsend (1892–94)
943:Bishopsgate Institute
883:Royal Arcade, Norwich
844:Glasgow School of Art
830:
822:Glasgow School of Art
820:
620:The Heart of the Rose
563:1899, by W. J. Neatby
438:
283:Charles Robert Ashbee
167:
125:Charles Robert Ashbee
76:department store and
35:
3444:Critical regionalism
2391:www.victorianweb.org
1572:William James Neatby
1151:Royal Liver Building
643:Graphics and drawing
446:John Everett Millais
217:, whose designs for
211:Wren's City Churches
171:Vienna Secessionists
149:William James Neatby
60:which was native to
3383:Stripped Classicism
3358:International style
3341:Rationalist-Fascist
2990:Portuguese Colonial
2740:Pre-Islamic Persian
2578:artserve.anu.edu.au
2509:cornwallartists.org
2328:Eastern Daily Press
2185:Pevsner, Nikolaus,
2068:"Art Nouveau in UK"
2015:V and A Collections
1184:Christopher Dresser
1073:The Willow Tearooms
995:Whitechapel Gallery
788:, 1899 by Beardsley
766:, 1895 by Beardsley
360:Christopher Dresser
308:In 1901 the writer
248:Christopher Dresser
107:Christopher Dresser
3388:Postconstructivism
3331:Streamline Moderne
2435:on 6 February 2012
2413:. 3 February 2013.
2376:Tschudi-Madson 280
2265:www.scotcities.com
1612:Mary Fraser Tytler
1579:department store.
1455:
1399:Henry van de Velde
1188:
917:London Underground
835:
825:
800:Illustration from
781:, illustration in
707:The Dancers Reward
657:Aesthetic movement
653:Edward Burne-Jones
605:Opera Of The Winds
520:Opera of the Winds
470:Edward Burne-Jones
450:
444:by Pre-Raphaelite
175:
42:
3573:
3572:
2271:on 25 August 2010
1561:Secessionist 1906
1549:Dresser 1892–1894
1525:Dresser 1886–1889
1487:Léon-Victor Solon
1447:William De Morgan
1088:Pontefract Museum
673:Le Morte d'Arthur
524:Opera of the Seas
512:Fritz Waerndorfer
505:Wiener Werkstätte
481:Frances MacDonald
303:Wiener Werkstätte
133:Léon-Victor Solon
99:Cymric and Tudric
38:Frances MacDonald
16:(Redirected from
3608:
3465:Deconstructivism
3224:Spanish Colonial
2985:Spanish Colonial
2885:Western Chalukya
2693:Ancient Egyptian
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2467:on 14 March 2016
2466:
2460:. Archived from
2459:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2431:. Archived from
2421:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2267:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1661:
1635:
1623:
1604:
1588:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1429:
1417:le style Anglais
1393:by figures like
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1212:, together with
1162:
1146:
1130:
1114:
1099:
1084:
1069:
1054:
1038:
1018:
1006:
990:
974:
954:
939:
797:
775:
760:
743:
725:
703:
661:Aubrey Beardsley
634:
616:
601:
587:
572:
557:
545:circa 1890s, by
539:
528:Seven Princesses
493:Aubrey Beardsley
454:Pre-Raphaelitism
417:Arthur Mackmurdo
409:
398:Christopher Wren
394:Arthur Mackmurdo
392:Cover design by
389:
371:
352:
337:
322:
291:Vienna Secession
203:Arthur Mackmurdo
145:Arthur Mackmurdo
112:Aubrey Beardsley
70:Vienna Secession
21:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3601:Decorative arts
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3484:
3453:
3402:
3336:Totalitarianism
3326:New Objectivity
3267:
3120:Serbo-Byzantine
3115:Russo-Byzantine
3004:
2963:
2838:
2815:Islamic Persian
2751:
2669:
2651:
2646:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2410:TheGuardian.com
2403:
2402:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2017:. 21 June 2020.
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1691:
1688:
1679:
1676:
1663:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1615:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1471:Royal Worcester
1440:
1433:
1430:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1121:by Green (1906)
1115:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1043:Horniman Museum
1039:
1030:
1027:Arthur Wakerley
1019:
1010:
1007:
998:
991:
982:
975:
966:
955:
946:
940:
864:Mackintosh Rose
815:
808:
798:
789:
776:
767:
761:
752:
750:
744:
735:
728:First issue of
726:
717:
704:
692:Fernand Khnopff
645:
638:
635:
626:
622:circa 1903, by
617:
608:
602:
593:
592:
588:
579:
573:
564:
558:
549:
547:Bessie MacNicol
540:
477:Herbert MacNair
433:
427:
420:
410:
401:
390:
381:
372:
363:
353:
344:
338:
329:
323:
230:
162:
157:
120:C. F. A. Voysey
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Constructivism
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3294:Prairie School
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2827:Pre-Romanesque
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2757:1st millennium
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2583:
2565:
2554:
2540:
2523:
2514:
2496:
2478:
2446:
2416:
2396:
2378:
2369:
2351:
2333:
2314:
2300:
2297:. 7 June 2017.
2282:
2252:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2200:
2191:
2178:
2167:
2162:Glasgow Herald
2152:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2095:
2092:. 7 June 2018.
2077:
2059:
2050:
2038:
2020:
2002:
1990:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1670:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1415:reported that
1401:. In 1900 the
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1210:Archibald Knox
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1166:Michelin House
1164:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1001:
999:
992:
985:
983:
979:Palace Theatre
976:
969:
967:
963:Latham Withall
959:Fox and Anchor
956:
949:
947:
941:
934:
875:George Skipper
814:
811:
810:
809:
799:
792:
790:
777:
770:
768:
762:
755:
753:
745:
738:
736:
727:
720:
718:
705:
698:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
629:
627:
618:
611:
609:
603:
596:
594:
590:
589:
582:
580:
574:
567:
565:
559:
552:
550:
541:
534:
501:Josef Hoffmann
479:, and sisters
431:Glasgow School
426:
423:
422:
421:
413:Mahogany chair
411:
404:
402:
396:for a book on
391:
384:
382:
373:
366:
364:
354:
347:
345:
339:
332:
330:
324:
317:
299:Josef Hoffmann
257:Glasgow School
239:Celtic Revival
229:
226:
207:Mahogany chair
179:William Morris
161:
158:
156:
153:
137:George Skipper
116:William Morris
103:Archibald Knox
101:, designed by
91:Glasgow School
50:United Kingdom
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3613:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:New Classical
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
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3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Structuralism
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Functionalism
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
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3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:Expressionism
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Liberty style
3249:
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3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
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3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Neo-Manueline
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:Monumentalism
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Mediterranean
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
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3019:
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3007:
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2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Romano-Gothic
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
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2898:
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2760:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Ancient Roman
2726:
2724:
2723:Ancient Greek
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
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2510:
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2500:
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2430:
2426:
2420:
2412:
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2400:
2392:
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2382:
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2365:
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2347:
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2329:
2325:
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2304:
2296:
2292:
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2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2219:9781859956670
2215:
2211:
2210:L'Art nouveau
2204:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2164:. p. 11.
2163:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2131:
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2099:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
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1432:Voysey (1893)
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:the Continent
1388:
1373:
1368:
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1359:
1355:
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1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:Silver Studio
1192:
1185:
1180:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1113:
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1059:
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1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
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989:
984:
980:
973:
968:
964:
960:
953:
948:
944:
938:
933:
932:
931:
930:terra-cotta.
929:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:
903:
901:
897:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
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849:
845:
840:
833:
829:
823:
819:
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804:
796:
791:
787:
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774:
769:
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748:
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733:
732:
724:
719:
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697:
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658:
654:
650:
633:
628:
625:
621:
615:
610:
606:
600:
595:
586:
581:
577:
576:The May Queen
571:
566:
562:
556:
551:
548:
544:
538:
533:
532:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Koloman Moser
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:William Blake
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
443:
442:
437:
432:
418:
414:
408:
403:
399:
395:
388:
383:
380:
379:William Blake
376:
370:
365:
361:
357:
351:
346:
342:
336:
331:
327:
321:
316:
315:
314:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:Koloman Moser
292:
288:
284:
279:
276:
275:
274:stile Liberty
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
249:
245:
240:
236:
225:
222:
221:
216:
215:William Blake
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
166:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:Great Britain
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3533:Mesoamerican
3480:Contemporary
3458:2000–present
3449:Neo-futurism
3429:Blobitecture
3256:Modern Style
3255:
3172:Neoclassical
2920:Indo-Islamic
2895:Great Seljuk
2880:Vijayanagara
2774:East Slavic
2688:Mesopotamian
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2557:
2543:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:the original
2428:
2419:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2317:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:the original
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1702:Dresser 1895
1690:Dresser 1895
1678:Dresser 1890
1664:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1570:
1513:Dresser 1886
1501:Dresser 1880
1456:
1451:John Pearson
1416:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1395:Victor Horta
1383:
1237:John Pearson
1226:
1218:Oliver Baker
1214:David Veazey
1200:
1189:
1133:The disused
928:bottle-green
913:Leslie Green
911:
904:
900:James Salmon
898:
891:
887:W. J. Neatby
872:
868:Glasgow Rose
867:
863:
836:
813:Architecture
802:
783:
778:
763:
751:by Beardsley
746:
729:
716:by Beardsley
710:
706:
687:
677:
671:
669:
659:illustrator
646:
624:W. J. Neatby
619:
604:
575:
560:
543:The Fur Coat
542:
527:
523:
519:
509:
497:Gustav Klimt
474:
462:Aestheticism
451:
439:
412:
374:
355:
326:Walter Crane
307:
280:
272:
261:
231:
218:
210:
206:
176:
129:Walter Crane
84:
77:
46:Modern Style
45:
43:
29:
18:Modern style
3596:Art Nouveau
3393:PWA Moderne
3279:Rationalism
3241:Art Nouveau
3229:Territorial
3209:Renaissance
3193:Queen Anne
3066:Elizabethan
2959:Plateresque
2954:Renaissance
2937:Sondergotik
2832:Carolingian
2778:Kievan Rus'
2609:Clutha vase
1023:Turkey Cafe
684:Oscar Wilde
665:John Ruskin
244:Isle of Man
228:Development
199:Philip Webb
191:John Ruskin
54:Art Nouveau
3580:Categories
3550:Portuguese
3424:Postmodern
3373:Organicism
3261:Modernisme
3246:Jugendstil
3105:Revivalism
3093:Industrial
3076:Portuguese
2850:Romanesque
2745:Achaemenid
2439:12 January
1958:References
1657:The Studio
1412:The Studio
1222:Rex Silver
1206:pewterware
803:Ver Sacrum
731:The Studio
688:The Studio
561:Dolcibella
526:, and the
429:See also:
377:(1789) by
310:Jean Lahor
82:magazine.
79:The Studio
66:Jugendstil
36:Poster by
3511:Dravidian
3470:Neomodern
3434:High-tech
3414:Brutalism
3407:1950–2000
3351:Stalinist
3284:Mycenaean
3272:1900–1950
3110:Byzantine
3086:Ukrainian
3071:Naryshkin
3036:Edwardian
3009:1750–1900
2980:Palladian
2975:Manueline
2968:1500–1750
2843:1000–1500
2783:Muscovite
2770:Byzantine
2718:Classical
2706:Mycenaean
2683:Neolithic
2295:ArchDaily
458:Symbolism
448:(1851–52)
356:Wave bowl
285:with his
235:Japonisme
3523:Japanese
3501:Colonial
3489:Regional
3439:Arcology
3378:Art Deco
3368:Futurism
3311:De Stijl
3214:Romanian
3132:Egyptian
3127:Colonial
3081:Siberian
2891:Islamic
2860:Ottonian
2855:Galician
2765:Sasanian
2733:Herodian
2713:Etruscan
2247:Scotland
1475:Watcombe
1467:Wedgwood
1438:Ceramics
805:magazine
786:magazine
749:, 1893–4
425:Painting
181:and the
95:The Four
68:and the
3560:Spanish
3555:Russian
3496:Chinese
3316:Bauhaus
3219:Russian
3197:Britain
3179:Moorish
3162:Baroque
3152:Mission
3098:British
3061:Petrine
3056:Maltese
3051:Italian
3041:English
3016:Baroque
2915:Ottoman
2910:Timurid
2875:Hoysala
2871:Indian
2810:Fatimid
2805:Abbasid
2800:Moorish
2795:Umayyad
2790:Islamic
2697:Aegean
2471:21 June
2275:21 June
1708:Gallery
1595:(1896).
1577:Harrods
1463:Mintons
1453:(1880s)
1182:Jug by
921:oxblood
879:Norwich
655:and by
441:Ophelia
264:Liberty
160:Origins
155:History
74:Liberty
3565:Somali
3545:Newari
3528:Korean
3506:Indian
3398:Googie
3304:Cubism
3289:Modern
3189:Pueblo
3167:Rococo
3137:Gothic
3046:French
3021:Andean
2995:Mughal
2932:Gothic
2905:Mamluk
2865:Norman
2701:Minoan
2216:
2189:(1936)
2145:5 June
2090:Dezeen
1614:(1898)
1479:Hanley
1220:, and
1202:Tudric
1191:Cymric
1186:, 1884
1135:Strand
1029:(1900)
965:(1898)
854:, and
779:Isolde
712:Salomé
679:Salome
522:, the
419:(1883)
400:(1883)
362:(1880)
343:(1875)
40:(1896)
3516:Hindu
3234:Tudor
3142:Mayan
3031:Dutch
3026:Czech
2949:Aztec
2944:Incan
2465:(PDF)
2458:(PDF)
1644:Glass
3538:Maya
3346:Nazi
3000:Sikh
2473:2020
2441:2022
2277:2020
2214:ISBN
2147:2017
1483:Ault
1481:and
1397:and
1227:The
1149:The
1117:The
1041:The
1021:The
993:The
977:The
957:The
491:and
483:and
468:and
297:and
118:and
44:The
2675:BCE
1610:by
1025:by
961:by
866:or
784:Pan
682:by
415:by
358:by
3582::
2594:.
2576:.
2526:^
2507:.
2489:.
2427:.
2407:.
2389:.
2362:.
2344:.
2326:.
2293:.
2263:.
2245:.
2138:.
2088:.
2070:.
2041:^
2031:.
2013:.
1993:^
1983:.
1473:,
1469:,
1465:,
1461:,
1216:,
870:.
850:,
709:,
499:,
460:,
305:.
151:.
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
2641:e
2634:t
2627:v
2598:.
2580:.
2551:.
2537:.
2511:.
2493:.
2475:.
2443:.
2393:.
2366:.
2348:.
2330:.
2311:.
2279:.
2249:.
2222:.
2149:.
2106:.
2074:.
2035:.
1987:.
173:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
