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be to blow with effect the coals of sedition into the very heart of the kingdom. But, the efforts of
Armenia backed by Russia, would mean nothing, could we be sure of Georgia. But it is only recently that the Georgians, under Ghurghis Khan, revolted against the Shah. We know that the cousin of Ghurghis Khan is now at the court of St Petersburg. How can we doubt that as soon as this Armenian Christian has penetrated with his following into Persia, backed by Russia, Ghurghis Khan, who was once a Christian, who is probably a Christian in heart now, who is, moreover, the lineal descent of descendant of the ancient kings of Georgia, who can doubt but that he will turn Georgia, Kerman, and Kandahar against us, and strike a blow at the heart of the empire.
421:
640:, advanced with over 5,000 cavalrymen and defeated the Persian army. Over 18 months, the Persians dispatched four more armies, but each was defeated. On the last attempt, the Persians advanced with over 5,000 men, commanded by Mahammad Khan, and was repelled by the 500-man Afghan army, with the Persians suffering over 1,000 killed and wounded. Amongst the prisoners from the battle was Mahammad Khan and his three sons. In the wake of these defeats, the Persian court focused all the imperial resources of the Persian empire on Hotak. George's nephew Khusru Khan marched with a large Persian army to Kandahar against Hotak. Khusru scouted ahead after advancing to
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566:. They sent an ambassador, Jani Khan, to assure Hotak that George's death would be forgiven if they allowed a Persian garrison in Kandahar. Hotak imprisoned him to stall for time and delay Persia's preparations by refusing to answer the court. After hearing nothing from Jani Khan, the Persian court sent another ambassador, Muhammad Khan, to Kandahar. He was informed that he should "never make base proposals to men who are free". When the ambassador returned, the Persian court realized that war was the only option to subdue Hotak and his followers.
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thought to have started anything suspicious. Hotak returned to
Kandahar, enraging George, who had to appoint him back to his positions. George demanded that Hotak hand over his daughter to be his concubine. Hotak, insulted, communicated with the heads of other tribes in his tent and consulted on plans for rebellion. Mirwais asked the tribes to follow him, and they waited for him to give the signal.
466:. George, feeling safe in his governorship of Kandahar, allowed the larger part of his army to return to Persia. Hotak arrived at Isfahan, and appealed to the officials in the Persian court, and portrayed George as an enemy to them. He also demanded that Husayn investigate the charges against him, who acknowledged he was innocent and allowed him to retain his influential position at the court.
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524:– to stop paying tribute to George, who dispatched the majority of his Georgian troops to the region. Meanwhile, Hotak arranged members of the branch of the Ghilji tribe, with him being the chief and marched out to approach within a few miles of Kandahar. Hotak then invited the marching Georgians, including George, to a banquet, expressing his distaste for the Tarins' behaviour.
648:, leaving the passes unguarded. Khusru led his army of 42,000 through the pass where he met Hotak and his army. The Afghans, inferior in numbers, were defeated by Khusru, and with this victory, Khusru marched on to Kandahar. He demanded that Kandahar surrender to him, but the Afghans resisted. Hotak hastened to the south of Kandahar and mobilized a force of
506:. The ambassador had hundreds of followers supporting him to move toward the court. His goal was more influence over Persian import and export duties, and the story was expanded upon and greatly exaggerated. When it reached the court at Isfahan, many rumors added to the alarm, and Husayn had asked Hotak for counsel, who replied:
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many high-ranking officials sacked, George treated the
Afghans like slaves. When the Ghilji appealed to Husayn for proper representation without success, they planned a rebellion. The situation was unfavorable to them, because the best Persian general was entangled with a large Persian army occupying Kandahar.
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and Tarins to march toward
Kandahar. He cut off enemy supply lines, laid waste to the land around Kandahar, and threatened enemy communications. Khusru tried to prolong the siege as long as he could, but he lost two-thirds of his force to scorched earth tactics and enemy counterattacks. Khusru called
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It is true that the conjuncture is formidable. If the Tsar of Russia had desired to send a peaceful mission to this country, he would not have selected an
Armenian as his agent. By sending a man, born a Persian subject, yet of his own faith, and of the ancient royal family of Armenia, his object must
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George noticed Hotak's great influence in the
Kandahar region, and viewed him as the only thing keeping the Ghilji from revolting in Kandahar. He was determined to strip Hotak of his influence and power, and ordered his arrest for conspiring against the government. Hotak was arrested along with many
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Prominent amongst the Ghilji chiefs during these events was
Mirwais Hotak – as head of one of the tribes, he was intelligent, well mannered, and one of the richest and most influential people in Kandahar. Hotak signed a petition to Husayn, and boosted the morale of his countrymen for a future revolt
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Hotak disguised a young-looking girl and dressed her to take the place of his daughter and sent her to George. Hotak was ready to rebel, but he had one obstacle in his way: When Gurgin Khan allowed the
Persians to return to Persia, he kept the Georgians of the army as his bodyguards. Hotak informed
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had revolted and sent George to
Kandahar ahead of a large Persian army. When he arrived, he saw that the Ghilji were not revolting, resisting oppression. Although the Ghilji were loyal to George, he preferred to strike fear into the Afghan tribes and treated the land as if he had conquered it. With
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On the fourth day after George's death, the rest of the
Georgian dispatch returned from their campaign to suppress the Tarins, numbering around 600 disciplined Georgian men. Hotak allowed them to approach within range of musket shot fire, then directed the guns to open up on the Georgian army. He
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George, not suspecting treachery, was slain. Hotak ordered George and his men stripped, and he and his allies wore their armor and set out for Kandahar, their appearance preventing suspicion. They entered the gates and attacked the Georgian army, cutting down the guards and admitting the awaiting
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Every Afghan hearing the speech felt inspired to defend the liberty granted to them. Hotak then assembled leading men of the different tribes and presented the situation to them: the Persians would likely send a punitive expedition. Hotak was given complete executive power, armed his forces, and
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The arguments sent Husayn into a panic. In fear of provoking Russia, he allowed Israel Ori to travel to Isfahan, and suspicion of George plagued both the court and the Shah. As a result, Husayn reappointed Hotak to his position to spy on George, and by any means, remove him from power if he was
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If there are any amongst you, who have not the courage to enjoy this precious gift of liberty now dropped down to you from heaven, let him declare himself; no harm shall be done to him, he shall be permitted to go in search of some new tyrant beyond the frontier of this happy
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487:"In the case of which the chief men of several tribes having been forced to take the oath of allegiance to a sovereign who was a heretic, are not the members of the tribe released from the oath when the sovereign ceases to observe the convention he had sworn to?"
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opened up another gate with over 5,000 cavalrymen to cut off the Georgian retreat; 600 Georgians managed to breach through the cavalry. Hotak pursued the Georgian army for days; though repelled, he inflicted heavy casualties on them.
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With the coup succeeding, Hotak assembled the inhabitants of Kandahar and made a speech about how the loss of George had weakened Persia, and the opportunity for freedom and liberty was now available to Afghans. Mirwais said:
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falling to his rule in such a scenario. He talked about George's power, and Husayn saw the possibility of Ghurghis's ambitions growing too big. Having achieved his goal, Hotak requested a pilgrimage to
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The replies were in the affirmative, so Hotak returned to Isfahan. He planned to depart to Kandahar, but decided to remain in the court of Isfahan to avoid arousing suspicion.
676:, allegedly for planning to give Kandahar's sovereignty back to Persia. In 1717, Mahmud exploited Husayn's political weakness and briefly conquered large parts of Persia.
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The retreating Georgians carried news of the revolution at Kandahar. The Persian court tried to solve the issue diplomatically due to fear of the Hotaks calling in the
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478:, which the court could not decline, and was granted permission. He wanted to obtain support and approval from religious leaders, so he asked two questions:
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In 1710, the Persians dispatched a force under Muhammad Khan to go to Kandahar and quell the rebellion. Hotak, hearing that the army was mostly made up of
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in the Kokaran section of Kandahar. He is regarded as one of Afghanistan's greatest national heroes and admired by many Afghans, especially the Pashtuns.
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The Persians tried one last time in 1713–1714 with an army led by Muhammad Rustum Khan, but he was forced to withdraw in 1714 from the Afghan armies.
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Hotak remained in power until his death in November 1715 and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz, who was later killed by Hotak's son
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Hotak explained to the court that George would be a ferocious enemy if he rebelled, with the governorship of Kandahar, Georgia, and
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Mirwais Khan Hotak, the Hotaki Ghilzai chieftain and nominal mayor of Qandahar was a much more formidable rival than Mir Samander.
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736:"Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran: The Western Borderlands v. the Eastern Frontier Zone"
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if necessary. After the petition failed, Mirwais advocated submission to the Safavids for the time being.
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for a retreat, but Hotak advanced. The Persian army was destroyed and Khusru was killed.
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894:"AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722–1922)"
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History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878
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spread word of his successes to other tribes to encourage them to join the revolt.
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The mausoleum of Mirwais Hotak in the Kokaran section of Kandahar, Afghanistan
482:"Is it lawful for Muslamans to take up arms to free themselves from the yoke?"
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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
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Around the same time that Mirwais returned from Mecca, he learned of an
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1352:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 163–165.
1325:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 478–484.
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Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/5: Ḵamsa of Jamāli–Karim Devona
1315:"Kandahar iv. From The Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era"
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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/2: Golšani–Great Britain IV
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region, now southern Afghanistan. Hotak is widely known as
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Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
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Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics
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was a Georgian-Safavid general who was defeated by the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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358:, Afghanistan, and the short-lived founder of the
710:Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism
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1213:. Archived from the original on October 26, 2005
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365:In 1709, after overthrowing and assassinating
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373:governor, Hotak declared independence of the
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192:(as governor of Kandahar under the Safavids)
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785:. Princeton University Press. p. 322.
385:(ميرويس بابا)—"Mirwais the Grandfather" in
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1313:Matthee, Rudi; Mashita, Hiroyuki (2010).
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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596:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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2576:17th-century people from Safavid Iran
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520:the Tarins – tribal governors of the
230:November 1715 (aged 41–42)
1254:. London: Elibron.com. p. 234.
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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833:. New York: Perennial. p. 30.
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1454:April 1709 – November 1715
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1401:Nölle-Karimi, Christine (2020).
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1248:Malleson, George Bruce (1878).
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34:needs additional citations for
2148:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
1419:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
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462:other compatriots and sent to
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570:Clashes with the Persian army
554:Map of the Hotak dynasty 1715
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171:: 21 April 1709–November 1715
2541:18th-century Afghan monarchs
1205:"Mir Wais Hotak (1709–1715)"
904:Packard Humanities Institute
734:Matthee, Rudi (2015-09-01).
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152:Sketch work of Mirwais Hotak
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2020:Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
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139:Emir of Greater Afghanistan
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404:for trying to revolt in
2195:Monarchs of Afghanistan
2093:Second Anglo-Afghan War
2063:Third Battle of Panipat
2043:First Battle of Panipat
1953:People's Peace Movement
1837:Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
1388:Matthee, Rudi (2015a).
899:Edward Granville Browne
679:Hotak is buried in his
528:Afghans from the rear.
412:strongly suspected the
322:Mir Ways ibn Shah 'Alam
2025:Anti-Pashtun sentiment
1832:Adam Khan and Durkhani
1417:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1367:Matthee, Rudi (2011).
1340:Matthee, Rudi (2002).
781:Dupree, Louis (1980).
705:History of Afghanistan
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1800:northern Afghanistan
1612:Najib Khan Yousafzai
602:improve this article
342:; 1673-1715) was an
43:improve this article
2482:Mohammad Zahir Shah
2477:Mohammad Nadir Shah
2446:Habibullāh Kalakāni
2350:Mohammad Yaqub Khan
2340:Mohammad Afzal Khan
2284:Shah Shujah Durrani
2279:Mahmud Shah Durrani
2123:Waziristan campaign
1990:Pashtun nationalism
1717:Mohammad Najibullah
1450:Emir of Afghanistan
398:George XI of Kartli
367:George XI of Kartil
247:Kokaran, Kandahar,
159:Emir of Afghanistan
2345:Mohammad Azam Khan
2325:Dost Mohammad Khan
2274:Zaman Shah Durrani
2269:Timur Shah Durrani
2264:Ahmad Shah Durrani
2068:Battle of Nowshera
2058:Battle of Gulnabad
1961:Religious-military
1895:Ahmad Shah Durrani
1632:Malalai of Maiwand
1617:Dost Mohammad Khan
1607:Ahmad Shah Durrani
1587:Aimal Khan Mohmand
1582:Kalu Khan Yusufzai
1435:Political offices
1407:. In Fleet, Kate;
1210:Nancy Hatch Dupree
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1080:, p. 222-224.
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2108:Siege of Malakand
2098:Battle of Maiwand
2000:Afghan (ethnonym)
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1943:Khudai Khidmatgar
1712:Abdul Ahad Momand
1642:Abdur Rahman Khan
1627:Victor of Maiwand
1592:Darya Khan Afridi
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1457:Succeeded by
1359:978-0-933273-62-7
1332:978-1-934283-28-8
1292:Axworthy, Michael
691:in his 2004 book
689:George Washington
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2048:Battle of Chausa
2010:Bannu Resolution
1937:Citizens' groups
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1933:
1885:Abdul Hamid Baba
1807:Pashtun clothing
1752:Manzoor Pashteen
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1622:Wazir Akbar Khan
1536:Barakzai dynasty
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2157:
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2029:
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1932:
1919:
1875:Khushal Khattak
1846:
1780:Pashtun cuisine
1775:Pashtun culture
1761:
1552:Alauddin Khilji
1540:
1531:Durrani dynasty
1502:
1501:-related topics
1496:
1462:
1453:
1445:
1413:Rowson, Everett
1390:"Solṭān Ḥosayn"
1381:
1360:
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1285:Further reading
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339:ميرويس خان هوتک
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58:"Mirwais Hotak"
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5:
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2417:
2412:
2405:
2403:Amanullah Khan
2399:
2397:
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2256:Durrani Empire
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2138:Tribal revolts
2135:
2130:
2125:
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2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Tirah campaign
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
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2060:
2055:
2053:Malandari Pass
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2028:
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2012:
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1860:Amir Kror Suri
1856:
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1847:
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1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Pashtun tribes
1819:
1817:Pashto singers
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:Pashtunization
1792:
1787:
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1657:Amanullah Khan
1654:
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1472:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1409:Krämer, Gudrun
1398:
1385:
1380:978-0857731814
1379:
1373:. I.B.Tauris.
1364:
1358:
1337:
1331:
1310:
1305:978-1850437062
1304:
1298:. I.B.Tauris.
1286:
1283:
1260:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1196:
1194:, p. 234.
1184:
1182:, p. 233.
1172:
1170:, p. 232.
1160:
1158:, p. 231.
1145:
1143:, p. 230.
1130:
1118:
1116:, p. 228.
1106:
1104:, p. 226.
1094:
1092:, p. 225.
1082:
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1058:
1046:
1044:, p. 220.
1034:
1032:, p. 219.
1019:
1017:, p. 218.
1007:
1005:, p. 215.
995:
993:, p. 213.
978:
976:, p. 212.
966:
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930:
916:
885:
872:
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816:
814:, p. 227.
801:
791:
773:
746:(3): 431–463.
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724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
707:
700:
697:
661:
658:
632:
631:
600:. Please help
586:
584:
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568:
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402:Safavid Empire
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15:
9:
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2371:Jehandad Khan
2368:
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2361:
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2348:
2346:
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2341:
2338:
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2335:Sher Ali Khan
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1983:controversies
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1908:
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1905:Ajmal Khattak
1903:
1901:
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1896:
1893:
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1890:Hussain Hotak
1888:
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1742:Malalai Kakar
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1723:
1722:Mohammed Omar
1720:
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1667:Mulla Powinda
1665:
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1597:Mirwais Hotak
1595:
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1580:
1578:
1577:Sher Shah Sur
1575:
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1555:
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1526:Hotak dynasty
1524:
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1365:
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1355:
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1347:
1343:
1342:"Gorgin Khan"
1338:
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1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
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1279:public domain
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1192:Malleson 1878
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1168:Malleson 1878
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1156:Malleson 1878
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1141:Malleson 1878
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1135:
1127:
1126:Malleson 1878
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1114:Malleson 1878
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1103:
1102:Malleson 1878
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1078:Malleson 1878
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1062:
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1054:Malleson 1878
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1042:Malleson 1878
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1030:Malleson 1878
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1003:Malleson 1878
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974:Malleson 1878
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831:
826:
825:Ewans, Martin
820:
813:
812:Malleson 1878
808:
806:
798:
794:
792:0-691-03006-5
788:
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749:
745:
741:
740:The Historian
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646:Helmand River
643:
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628:
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603:
599:
593:
592:
591:single source
587:This section
585:
576:
575:
567:
565:
564:Mughal Empire
560:
552:
548:
543:
538:
532:Hotak dynasty
529:
525:
523:
522:Pishin Valley
517:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
486:
485:
481:
480:
479:
477:
472:
467:
465:
455:
451:
445:Rise to power
439:
435:
432:) during the
431:
427:
422:
418:
415:
411:
410:Sultan Husayn
407:
403:
399:
390:
388:
384:
380:
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368:
363:
361:
360:Hotak dynasty
357:
353:
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331:
327:
323:
315:
312:
308:
305:
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298:
294:
290:
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286:Hotak dynasty
284:
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258:
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245:
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237:Hotak dynasty
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209:
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202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:Hotak dynasty
167:
163:
160:
156:
149:
144:
141:
140:
135:
124:Mirwais Hotak
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2504:indicates a
2501:
2486:
2409:Abd-al Karim
2407:
2369:
2233:Ashraf Hotak
2228:Mahmud Hotak
2217:
2210:Hotak Empire
2015:Kalabagh Dam
1995:Pashtunistan
1812:Pashto media
1732:Ashraf Ghani
1727:Hamid Karzai
1687:Faqir of Ipi
1677:Sartor Faqir
1652:Soraya Tarzi
1647:Mahmud Tarzi
1602:Mahmud Hotak
1596:
1567:Ibrahim Lodi
1521:Suri dynasty
1516:Lodi dynasty
1448:
1416:
1393:
1369:
1349:
1322:
1295:
1265:. Retrieved
1250:
1246:
1215:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1010:
998:
969:
958:. Retrieved
943:
919:
908:. Retrieved
906:. p. 29
897:
888:
877:. Retrieved
862:
855:
844:. Retrieved
829:
819:
796:
782:
776:
743:
739:
729:
692:
678:
671:
655:
635:
620:
611:
588:
561:
557:
545:
540:
535:
526:
518:
514:
509:
493:
490:
468:
460:
448:
429:
425:
396:
383:Mīrwais Bābā
382:
379:Mīrwais Nīkə
378:
375:Loy Kandahar
364:
325:
321:
320:
274:Husayn Hotak
270:Mahmud Hotak
221:Safavid Iran
137:
105:
99:October 2021
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2536:1715 deaths
2531:1673 births
2088:Ambela Pass
2034:Battles and
2005:Durand Line
1910:Kabir Stori
1870:Rahman Baba
1785:Pashtunwali
1737:Arfa Siddiq
1557:Bahlul Lodi
1545:Key figures
1443:Gurgin Khan
944:Afghanistan
783:Afghanistan
693:Afghanistan
314:Sunni Islam
249:Afghanistan
190:Gurgin Khan
186:Predecessor
129:ميرويس هوتک
2525:Categories
2468:(restored)
2330:Akbar Khan
1981:Topics and
1915:Ghani Khan
1900:Hamza Baba
1880:Nazo Tokhi
1865:Pir Roshan
1827:Loya jirga
1707:Daoud Khan
1702:Zahir Shah
1672:Bacha Khan
1662:Nadir Shah
1637:Saidu Baba
1267:2010-11-03
1261:1402172788
1217:2010-10-01
960:2010-09-27
954:0816050562
910:2010-10-01
902:. London:
879:2010-09-27
873:1850437068
846:2010-09-27
840:0060505087
716:References
500:Israel Ori
393:Background
304:Nazo Tokhi
295:Salim Khan
181:April 1709
177:Coronation
69:newspapers
2506:localized
2355:Ayub Khan
2078:Herat War
2036:conflicts
1757:Ali Wazir
1697:Wali Khan
1682:Umra Khan
1572:Gaju Khan
1508:Dynasties
1425:1873-9830
768:143393018
760:0018-2370
721:Citations
681:mausoleum
614:June 2022
606:citations
598:talk page
350:tribe of
197:Successor
1415:(eds.).
1294:(2006).
1226:cite web
827:(2002).
699:See also
638:Persians
496:Armenian
430:Candahar
428:region (
356:Kandahar
352:Pashtuns
310:Religion
233:Kandahar
217:Kandahar
2511:monarch
2502:Italics
2488:Salemai
1968:Taliban
1767:Culture
1499:Pashtun
1348:(ed.).
1321:(ed.).
1243:Sources
650:Balochs
464:Isfahan
406:Georgia
281:Dynasty
83:scholar
2461:
2430:
2392:
2309:
2253:
1924:Groups
1790:Pashto
1423:
1377:
1356:
1329:
1302:
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