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financial culture of
Metropolitans had two main properties. Firstly, the methods of production and distribution of essential commodities sat in the hands of the Metropolitan. For instance, Sultan-Galiev highlighted how the majority of industry and its methods of circulation (such as banks) and methods of communication (like telegrams) had been monopolised by the Metropolitans so that these essential goods and services were exclusively enjoyed by mainly the population of Metropolitan countries. Significantly, Galiev did not blame this on the culture of Metropolitan countries, instead blaming the dynamic scene, the changing powers of the state. The second property was found in the efficiency of production and distribution and how it was maximised by parasitism and reactionary attitudes. Sultan-Galiev argued that the basis for this did not end with Monopoly Capitalism and imperialism, but its root was also not in the cultures or races of the Metropols. Sultan-Galiev explained that the process of having to resort to the aid of monopoly capital consisted of the following elements. Firstly, the primary element of the Metropolitan economy is the economy's access to cheap raw materials. Galiev cited the rate of exploitation and how it was retained by preventing the rise of nationalist and anti-colonialist sentiments in colonies by violently cracking down on any such movement. Secondly, Galiev argued that there was an unending competitive war between certain national groups for colonial holdings and estates. In other words, on the one hand, there is an ongoing increase in social conflicts between the metropolitans and their colonies, and on the other hand, the origins of national differences between the different strains of the leaders of metropolitans are also hidden here.
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because with my whole spirit I believe in the rightness of the
Bolsheviks’ cause. I know this; it is my conviction. Thus, nothing will remove it from my soul. I realize that only some of the bolsheviks were able to implement what was promised at the beginning of the revolution. only they stopped the war. Only they are striving to pass the nationalities’ fates into their own hands. Only they revealed who started the world war. What does not lead me to them? They also declared war on English imperialism, which oppresses India, Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia and Arabia. They are also the ones who raised arms against French imperialism, which enslaves Morocco, Algiers, and other Arab states of Africa. How could I not go to them? You see, they proclaimed the words, which have never been voiced since creation of the world in the history of the Russian state. Appealing to all Muslims of Russia and the East, they announced that Istanbul must be in Muslims’ hands. They did this while English troops, seizing Jerusalem, appealed to Jews with the words: ‘Gather together quickly in Palestine, we will create for you a European state.’
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to Galiev, the relationship between the metropolitan and the colonies is bi-directional. Firstly in the form of raw materials and work forces. Secondly, in terms of exploitation in the markets. Sultan-Galiev argued that this exploitation was not only carried out through slavery or military might. The intensification of colonialist policies to keep industrial products as permanent markets for sale is related to this issue. This last element of the development process of metropolitan material cultures, Sultan-Galiev believed, was particularly important for the relations between the colonies and the metropolitan, because this element constituted the main dynamics of the
Metropolitans and the main reason for all social deviations that occur in the development process of modern humanity.
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of the material and spiritual wealth of the “whites” has been stolen from the East, and built at the expense of the blood and sweat of hundreds of millions of laboring masses of “natives” of all colors and races. It was necessary for tens of millions of aborigines of
America and Africa to perish and for the rich culture of the Incas to be completely obliterated from the face of the earth in order that contemporary “freedom-loving” America, with her “cosmopolitan culture” of “progress and technology” might be formed. The proud skyscrapers of Chicago, New York, and other cities are built on the bones of the “redskins” and the Negroes tortured by inhuman plantation owners and on the smoking ruins of the destroyed cities of the Incas.
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subsequent "revolutionary earthquakes" (Sultan-Galiev provides the wave of revolutions that occurred in the wake of the first world war) and their effects in the politics of
Metropolitan nations. Sultan-Galiev believed that this disposition caused two important consequences. Firstly, the existing cultural material of the people of the Metropolitan, that being the division of the nation from private properties, collapses in on itself due to these contradictions. Secondly, linked to this is the development of conditions that provide the possibility of liberation for colonised nations. Conflict between Metropolitans thereby improves the standing of anti-colonial movements.
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518:. The reason for this was that if a revolution was to occur in an isolated manner, an imperialist country could easily exploit the resources of its colonies to defeat any revolutionary movement. However, if such a movement is co-ordinated with movements in colonies or conquered provinces, the chances of a revolution succeeding are increased, since the capabilities of the defending party to exploit and draw upon the resources of its colonial holdings are greatly weakened, if not vanquished entirely. Sultan-Galiev gave the examples of the failure of the
263:. He had a difficult and impoverished childhood. His father made very little money as a school teacher, not nearly enough to support his wife and 12 children, and was frequently transferred from place to place. In addition, there was considerable, lasting tension between his parents, because they came from very different layers of Tatar society. Sultan-Galiev later wrote, "My mother was the daughter of a prince – a noblewoman, while my father was a simple "Mishar," and this quite often stung the eyes of my father."
654:. At the beginning of 1937 he was again arrested, and was forced to make a confession; he was convicted of being the "organizer and factual leader of an anti-Soviet nationalistic group," who led an "active struggle against Soviet power" and the party "on the basis of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism, with the goal of tearing away from Soviet Russia Turkic-Tatar regions and establishing in them a bourgeois-democratic Turan state." In December 1939, he received the death sentence which was carried out on 28 January 1940 in Moscow.
914:(Kazan': Tatarskoe knyzhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2002), doc. 112, p. 384. Document 110 is the actual judgement, in which Sultan-Galiev is convicted of being the "organizer and factual leader of an anti-Soviet nationalistic group," who led an "active struggle against Soviet power" and the party "on the basis of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism, with the goal of tearing away from Soviet Russia Turkic-Tatar regions and establishing in them a bourgeois-democratic Turan state" (pp. 382-383).
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341:, initially under various pseudonyms, such as "Sukhoi ," Syn naroda ," "Uchitel'-tatarin ," "Karamas-kalinets," and then from 1914 under his own name. Over the same period, he also "secretly distributed anti-government proclamations in the Muslim villages of Ufa province and spoke out against the installation of Russian or Christianized Tatar teachers in Muslim schools.
569:, which was then used to make a shoe or a shirt and then sent back to the original country. However, the opposite method occurs in production of necessary consumer goods such as vehicles or machines. Sultan-Galiev thereby argued that it would be more moral to transform raw materials into necessary consumer goods in their country of origin.
934:Şenalp, Örsan and Khairdean, Asim (2019) A Program for the World Revolution from the East and the Spectre of the Colonial International: Translation of Sultan Galiev's "Some of Our Considerations on the Bases of the Socio-political, Economic, and Cultural Development of the Turkic People of Asia and Europe" And Other Historical Documents,
495:. His view that the proletariat of the imperialist core, together with its bourgeoisie, would continue oppressing the "toilers of the East" after a socialist revolution in the core would have been carried out can be seen in a speech of his during the ninth conference of the Tatar Oblast party committee:
274:(1851–1914). From a young age Sultan-Galiev studied the Russian language and read many of the Russian classics from his father's library. At his father's school, he studied from age 8 to 15, learning Tatar and Arabic, history, geography, and mathematics, while also receiving a basic understanding of the
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If it were possible to compute the degree of exploitation of the East by
Western capital, and in this connection, its indirect participation in the emergence of the power of the European and American bourgeoisie which have exploited it and continue to exploit it, then we would see that a lion’s share
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of colonial holdings (which made up a large portion of the world's population), on these grounds created inequality between the people of the
Metropolitan countries and those who lived in colonies. Sultan-Galiev argued for the importance of the effects of imperialist war and its consequences through
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Sultan-Galiev ordered these deviations by examining firstly, the exploitation of resources, especially in colonies in terms of the general interests of humanity. And secondly, the circulation of global production and the irrational order of this general circulation, resulting in a significant amount
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The second element was found in ensuring the cheap sale and production of industrial goods. Sultan-Galiev cited the development of production technology which took place through the exploitation of the industrial workers of the metropolitan countries and similar practices in the colonies. According
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He was freed, but with Lenin's death in 1924, he lost his only protector, and remained a political outcast, constantly watched by state security. In these years he spent his time travelling for the
Hunting Union and writing occasional reviews and translations. He was accompanied by his second wife
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If a revolution succeeds in
England, the proletariat will continue oppressing the colonies and pursuing the policy of the existing bourgeois government; for it is interested in the exploitation of these colonies. In order to prevent the oppression of the toiler of the East we must unite the Muslim
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I now move to my cooperation with the
Bolsheviks. I will say the following: I associate with them not from sycophancy. The love for my people, which lies inherently inside me, draws me to them. I go to them not with a goal to betray our nation, not in order to drink its blood. No! No! I go there
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Sultan-Galiev further argued that by the start of the 20th Century, the world had been divided into two camps: the imperialist and exploiting half of the world and the exploited half. Sultan-Galiev often referred to the members of the imperialist world as “Metropolitans”. Galiev argued that the
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In 1928, he was arrested a second time and sentenced to be shot in July 1930. However, in January 1931 his sentence was commuted to ten years of hard labour for nationalism and anti-Soviet activity. In 1934 he was released and given permission to live in the
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Sultan-Galiev also believed in what he called "Energetic Materialism" as a means of enabling Socialist revolution in colonised and exploited nations in the formation of a "Colonial International". The ideas of Energetic Materialism have been compared to the
459:'s army. His knowledge of national movements in the East won him the trust of Stalin and other highly placed Party and government figures. Sultan-Galiev carried out many tasks on the personal orders of Stalin. In April 1919 he again was rushed to the
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In a very long, autobiographical letter written shortly after his arrest (around 23 May 1923), Sultan-Galiev wrote, "I was born in Bashkiria in the Bashkir village of Shipaevo (in Russian it is called, I think, Belembeevo, Sterlitamakskii canton)."
357:, where Sultan-Galiev began to write for a variety of newspapers. He seems to have absorbed amongst the city's diverse population of Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Russians, Tatars, and Iranians, a deep and growing dissatisfaction with the
400:), was set up under the chairmanship of Waxitov, with Sultan-Galiev as representative of the Russian Communist Party. He was appointed the chair of the Central Muslim Military Collegium when it was established in June 1918. He wrote for
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between colonial powers and wrote that such a race was not just against colonies, but against other Metropolitan countries. Sultan-Galiev noted that human energy was spent in a massive and inefficient way in order to maintain the
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Sultan-Galiev further believed that within an empire, those regions which have been conquered or colonised ought to be prioritised or worked alongside during a revolution, instead of there merely being a revolution restricted to
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Graduating from the Teacher's College in 1911, Sultan-Galiev began his career as a "half-starved village school teacher and librarian." In 1912 he also started to publish articles in various newspapers in Russian and
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361:, its resistance to reform, and handling of the war effort. Baku's political climate in combination with the 1916 anti-conscription uprising of Muslims in Central Asia led him to break with the reform-minded
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In December 1917, in response to some Tatars' accusations that he was betraying his own people to the Bolsheviks, Sultan-Galiev wrote a revealing explanation for his decision to join the Bolsheviks:
235:; he was imprisoned briefly in 1923 and expelled from the Communist Party. He was rearrested in 1928 and imprisoned for six years. He was then arrested again in 1937 and executed in 1940 during the
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The above "quotation" is an excerpt of the speech attributed to Sultan-Galiev. This was voiced at a conference in which Sultan-Galiev himself (already expelled from the party) did not participate.
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Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev: His Character and Fate, Sh. F. Mukhamedyarov and B. F. Sultanbekov, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 109-117, 1990 Society for Central Asian Studies.
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had oppressed Muslim society apart from a few big landowners and bourgeois. He was, despite this attempt at synthesis, thought of by the Bolsheviks as being excessively
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in June 1917, Sultan-Galiev was asked to become head of the Muslim section. In January 1918 the Central Commissariat of Muslim affairs in Inner Russia and Siberia (
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Though his parents could not afford to send him to a private school, Sultan-Galiev was able to learn a great deal from his father and at the latter's
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and the existing structures of production (the deviances mentioned prior) in an orderly manner. The prevention of the natural development of the
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Galiev extended his criticisms of colonialism and states that utilised colonialism to the Americas, where he denounced American actions against
305:. In 1913, he married Rauza Chanysheva, who became a leading figure in the women's movement. They separated after personal problems in 1918.
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I.R. Tagirov (ed.), Neizvestnyi Sultan-Galiev: Rassekrechennye dokumenty i materialy (Kazan': Tatarskoe knyzhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2002), p. 11.
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815:(Kazan’: Tatarskoe knizhskoe izdatel’stvo, 1992), p. 52. Sultan-Galiev's letter was published on 19 December 1917 in the newspaper
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played a large role in his personal transformation. With the war's outbreak, Sultan-Galiev and his wife Rauza Chanysheva moved to
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Considerations on the Basis of the Socio-Political, Economic and Cultural Development of the Turkic Peoples of Asia and Europe
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Bennigsen, Alexandre, Fayard (1986). 'Sultan Galiev, le père de la révolution tiers-mondiste (Les Inconnus de l'histoire)'
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in August 1918 and liquidating opposition after they had been driven out. He was also instrumental in ensuring that the
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of human energy being lost or destroyed. Galiev gave an example of the production and export of leather or cotton from
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1999 (8): 56. Mishar (Mişär) Tatars are an ethnic sub-group of the Volga Tatars, speaking a Western dialect of the
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Sultan-Galiev was a proponent of what is today seen as part of the economic and political school revolving around
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889:"Energetic Materialism: The Bogdanov Sultan Galiev Connection Historical Materialism Conference London"
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among the Tatars, but he was soon recalled to Moscow by Lenin to work on the nationality issue in the
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789:[Influence of the Revolution of 1905 on the Crimean Tatar national liberation movement].
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and was elected to the All-Russia Muslim Council created by it. In July that year he went to
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Cited by Z.I. Gimranov at the Ninth Conference of the Tatar Obkom in the
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Fatima Yerzina, whom he had married in 1918, and their two children.
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Kakınç, Halit, Wizart Yayınları (2017). 'Kizil Turan: Sultangaliyev'
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after Kolchak's spring offensive had forced the Red Army to abandon
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masses in a communist movement that will be our own and autonomous.
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and living in Bashkiria since the late middle ages; for more see
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Neizvestnyi Sultan-Galiev: Rassekrechennye dokumenty i materialy
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The Idea of Muslim National Communism: On Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
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Photograph together with his second wife Fatima Erzina in 1919.
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acted as his secretary. In the Muskom, Sultan-Galiev also met
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Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
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deviations and he was arrested and expelled from the party.
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to help shore up the morale of the Tatar 21st division at
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by the Marxist–Leninist Research Bureau, Report #3, 1995.
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he was active in organising the defence of Kazan against
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of his youth and move towards revolutionary socialism.
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Communist University of the Toilers of the East alumni
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Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev. Stat’I, vystupleniia, dokumenty
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Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev: stati, vystupleniia, dokumenty
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I. G. Gizzatullin, D. R. Sharafutdinov (compilers),
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in the early 1920s. He was the architect of Muslim "
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212:; 13 July 1892 – 28 January 1940), also known as
201:[ˌmirsæˈjetxæɪˌdærɣæˈliulɯsɔlˌtɑnɣæˈliəf]
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1887:Alexander Shatravka
1797:Irina Ratushinskaya
1767:Alexandr Podrabinek
1747:Yekaterina Peshkova
1622:Myroslav Marynovych
1607:Nadezhda Mandelstam
1497:Zoya Krakhmalnikova
1447:Ephraim Kholmyansky
1417:Sofiya Kalistratova
791:New Voice of Crimea
716:, originating from
520:Spartacist Uprising
259:, then part of the
214:Mirza Sultan-Galiev
2143:Soviet politicians
2057:Alexander Zinoviev
2047:Venedikt Yerofeyev
2027:Vladimir Voinovich
2007:Tatyana Velikanova
1787:Anatoly Pristavkin
1657:Yosef Mendelevitch
1537:Mikhail Leontovich
1352:Sergei Grigoryants
1322:Alexander Ginzburg
1312:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
1222:Andrey Derevyankin
1157:Alexander Bolonkin
1097:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
962:Matthieu Renault,
938:, Volume 2, No. 2
927:McCauley, Martin.
608:
437:
309:Political activity
291:Russian literature
289:An avid reader of
229:national communism
168:National Communism
2128:Soviet dissidents
2118:Muslim socialists
2070:
2069:
2032:Michael Voslenski
1977:Alexander Tarasov
1957:Nadiya Svitlychna
1847:Shmuel Schneurson
1772:Grigory Pomerants
1687:Alexander Nekrich
1627:Grigorii Maksimov
1617:Valeriy Marchenko
1612:Anatoly Marchenko
1517:Anatoly Kuznetsov
1407:Boris Kagarlitsky
1327:Yevgenia Ginzburg
1317:Vladimir Gershuni
1242:Mustafa Dzhemilev
1207:Lydia Chukovskaya
1197:Boris Chichibabin
1182:Vladimir Bukovsky
1172:Vladimir Bougrine
1018:Soviet dissidents
583:productive forces
493:dependency theory
477:national question
453:Zeki Velidi Togan
359:tsarist autocracy
323:Nariman Narimanov
272:Ismail Gasprinski
189:
173:
172:
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2037:Anatoly Yakobson
1997:Valentin Turchin
1907:Andrei Sinyavsky
1897:Yurii Shukhevych
1892:Vladimir Shelkov
1877:Avital Sharansky
1867:Igor Shafarevich
1792:Boris Pustyntsev
1677:Viktor Nekipelov
1587:Kronid Lyubarsky
1577:Levko Lukyanenko
1542:Alexander Lerner
1522:Eduard Kuznetsov
1507:Yuri Kublanovsky
1472:Anatoly Koryagin
1372:Paruyr Hayrikyan
1347:Pyotr Grigorenko
1332:Anatoly Gladilin
1302:Alexander Galich
1252:Abulfaz Elchibey
1227:David Devdariani
1142:Nikolai Berdyaev
1137:Arkadiy Belinkov
1107:Chabua Amirejibi
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959:by Sultan Galiev
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156:Anti-imperialism
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18:
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2073:
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2022:Georgi Vladimov
1967:Vasyl Symonenko
1962:Ivan Svitlichny
1932:Pitirim Sorokin
1922:Sergei Soldatov
1912:Vladimir Slepak
1882:Natan Sharansky
1872:Varlam Shalamov
1842:Dmitri Savitski
1837:Andrei Sakharov
1807:Arseny Roginsky
1762:Leonid Plyushch
1752:Viktoras Petkus
1727:Boris Pasternak
1697:Vasile Odobescu
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1647:Mykhailo Melnyk
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1357:Vasily Grossman
1292:Balys Gajauskas
1282:Moysey Fishbein
1277:Viktor Fainberg
1237:Yuri Druzhnikov
1187:Valery Chalidze
1132:Vasile Bătrânac
1092:Vasily Aksyonov
1087:Mikhail Agursky
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922:Further reading
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868:on 29 June 2020
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1857:Victor Serge
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1802:Eliyahu Rips
1712:Raisa Orlova
1632:Roy Medvedev
1597:Vasyl Makukh
1442:Ivan Kandyba
1392:Bohdan Horyn
1306:
1127:Anna Barkova
1122:Mykola Bakay
1117:Gunārs Astra
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866:the original
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793:(in Russian)
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115:Soviet Union
105:(1940-01-28)
2088:1940 deaths
2083:1892 births
2017:Georgi Vins
1852:Iryna Senyk
1722:Lagle Parek
1642:Naum Meiman
1527:Malva Landa
1462:Lev Kopelev
1267:Efim Etkind
1247:Ivan Dziuba
1212:Yuli Daniel
1192:Lev Chernyi
1069:Helsinki-86
931:(1997) p 90
797:23 February
636:pan-Islamic
632:nationalist
624:nationalism
439:During the
351:World War I
286:) in 1907.
249:Elembet'evo
164:Pan-Turkism
122:Nationality
75: [
2098:Bolsheviks
2077:Categories
1972:Les Tanyuk
1952:Vasyl Stus
1707:Yuri Orlov
1672:Ion Moraru
1287:Ilya Gabay
1232:Ivan Drach
872:15 January
681:2022-02-04
658:References
640:pan-Turkic
579:status quo
481:Narkomnats
473:the Whites
445:the Whites
427:Revolution
394:Narkomnats
197:pronounced
136:Politician
132:Occupation
72:Elembetevo
64:1892-07-13
1987:Enn Tarto
1567:Jüri Lina
1512:Jüri Kukk
1452:Yuliy Kim
574:arms race
451:, led by
441:Civil War
386:Bolshevik
301:into the
257:Bashkiria
233:Comintern
221:Bolshevik
87:Bashkiria
1827:Ain Saar
1377:Ivan Hel
1074:Memorial
718:Mordovia
628:religion
620:tolerant
541:—
522:and the
503:—
363:Jadidism
239:period.
216:, was a
152:Movement
612:Marxism
565:to the
469:Izhevsk
465:Malmyzh
457:Kolchak
299:Pushkin
295:Tolstoy
206:Russian
818:Koyash
722:Tatars
592:Vpered
487:Theory
398:Muskom
370:Moscow
280:Sharia
268:maktab
237:Stalin
111:Moscow
675:(PDF)
563:India
559:Tibet
374:Kazan
339:Tatar
327:Kazan
276:Quran
218:Tatar
180:Tatar
126:Tatar
79:]
874:2022
799:2023
638:and
626:and
355:Baku
319:Baku
297:and
278:and
100:Died
58:Born
622:of
561:or
471:to
2079::
1031::
860:.
747:^
634:,
533:.
526:.
255:,
251:,
208::
204:;
195:,
186:,
182::
166:,
162:,
158:,
113:,
89:,
85:,
81:,
77:ru
1060:
1010:e
1003:t
996:v
891:.
876:.
801:.
684:.
178:(
66:)
62:(
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