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typically consist of reaction time, rather than accuracy, differences between compatible and incompatible trials. Research reveals that the existence of automatic imitation, which is a covert form of imitation, is distinct from spatial compatibility. It also indicates that, although automatic imitation is subject to input modulation by attentional processes, and output modulation by inhibitory processes, it is mediated by learned, long-term sensorimotor associations that cannot be altered directly by intentional processes. Many researchers believe that automatic imitation is mediated by the mirror neuron system. Additionally, there are data that demonstrate that our postural control is impaired when people listen to sentences about other actions. For example, if the task is to maintain posture, people do it worse when they listen to sentences like this: "I get up, put on my slippers, go to the bathroom." This phenomenon may be due to the fact that during action perception there is similar motor cortex activation as if a human being performed the same action (mirror neurons system).
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studying the ventral premotor cortex and the associated inferior parietal lobe, two regions in which epilepsy rarely occurs, and hence, single cell recordings in these regions are not usually done in humans. On the other hand, no one has to date looked for mirror neurons in the supplementary motor area or the medial temporal lobe in the monkey. Together, this therefore does not suggest that humans and monkeys have mirror neurons in different locations, but rather that they may have mirror neurons both in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobe, where they have been recorded in the monkey, and in the supplementary motor areas and medial temporal lobe, where they have been recorded from in human β especially because detailed human fMRI analyses suggest activity compatible with the presence of mirror neurons in all these regions.
681:. EEG recordings from motor areas are suppressed when someone watches another person move, a signal that may relate to mirror neuron system. This suppression was less in children with autism. Although these findings have been replicated by several groups, other studies have not found evidence of a dysfunctional mirror neuron system in autism. In 2008, Oberman et al. published a research paper that presented conflicting EEG evidence. Oberman and Ramachandran found typical mu-suppression for familiar stimuli, but not for unfamiliar stimuli, leading them to conclude that the mirror neuron system of children with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) was functional, but less sensitive than that of typical children. Based on the conflicting evidence presented by mu-wave suppression experiments,
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and emotional empathy. First, there is no relationship between motor empathy and the activity of mirror neurons. Second, there is only weak evidence of these neurons' activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and no evidence of emotional empathy associated with mirror neurons in key brain regions (inferior parietal lobule: IPL). In other words, there has not been an exact conclusion about the role of mirror neurons in empathy and if they are essential for human empathy. However, these brain regions are not quite the same as the ones which mirror hand actions, and mirror neurons for emotional states or empathy have not yet been described in monkeys.
391:. The patients had been implanted with intracranial depth electrodes to identify seizure foci for potential surgical treatment. Electrode location was based solely on clinical criteria; the researchers, with the patients' consent, used the same electrodes to "piggyback" their research. The researchers found a small number of neurons that fired or showed their greatest activity both when the individual performed a task and when they observed a task. Other neurons had anti-mirror properties: they responded when the participant performed an action, but were inhibited when the participant saw that action.
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do not exist in humans. They stated "Crucially, we found no signs of adaptation for motor acts that were first executed and then observed. Failure to find cross-modal adaptation for executed and observed motor acts is not compatible with the core assumption of mirror neuron theory, which holds that action recognition and understanding are based on motor simulation." However, in the same year, Kilner et al. showed that if goal directed actions are used as stimuli, both IPL and premotor regions show the repetition suppression between observation and execution that is predicted by mirror neurons.
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words fMRI activity or EEG rhythm suppression do not unequivocally index mirror neurons. Dinstein and colleagues found normal mirror neuron activity in people with autism using fMRI. In individuals with autism, deficits in intention understanding, action understanding and biological motion perception (the key functions of mirror neurons) are not always found, or are task dependent. Today, very few people believe an all-or-nothing problem with the mirror system can underlie autism. Instead, "additional research needs to be done, and more caution should be used when reaching out to the media."
815:
831:(through simulating observed actions) is based on assumptions that are clouded by unresolved philosophical issues. She makes the argument that intentions are understood (coded) at a more complex level of neural activity than that of individual neurons. Churchland states that "A neuron, though computationally complex, is just a neuron. It is not an intelligent homunculus. If a neural network represents something complex, such as an intention , it must have the right input and be in the right place in the neural circuitry to do that."
32:
278:
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observed action is goal-directed (object-directed action or a communicative gesture, which certainly has a goal too). How do they "know" that the definite action is goal-directed? At what stage of their activation do they detect a goal of the movement or its absence? In his opinion, the mirror neuron system can be activated only after the goal of the observed action is attributed by some other brain structures.
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region of the cingulate cortex led to reduced emotional contagion in the rats, so that observer rats showed reduced distress while witnessing another rat experience pain. The homologous part of the anterior cingulate cortex has been associated with empathy for pain in humans, suggesting a homology between the systems involved in emotional contagion in rodents and empathy/emotional contagion for pain in humans.
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implicitly (in the brain) to collect our own motor programs of observed actions and to get ready to reproduce the actions later. It is implicit training. Due to this, the observer will produce the action explicitly (in his/her behavior) with agility and finesse. This happens due to associative learning processes. The more frequently a synaptic connection is activated, the stronger it becomes.
772:. According to this theory, sleep paralysis leads to disinhibition of the mirror neuron system, paving the way for hallucinations of human-like shadowy beings. The deafferentation of sensory information during sleep paralysis is proposed as the mechanism for such mirror neuron disinhibition. The authors suggest that their hypothesis on the role of the mirror neuron system could be tested:
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311:. For example, a mirror neuron which fires when the monkey rips a piece of paper would also fire when the monkey sees a person rip paper, or hears paper ripping (without visual cues). These properties have led researchers to believe that mirror neurons encode abstract concepts of actions like 'ripping paper', whether the action is performed by the monkey or another animal.
140:. The function of the mirror system in humans is a subject of much speculation. Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system. To date, no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions.
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widely overblown. According to scientists such as Hickok, Pascolo, and
Dinstein, it is not clear whether mirror neurons really form a distinct class of cells (as opposed to an occasional phenomenon seen in cells that have other functions), and whether mirror activity is a distinct type of response or simply an artifact of an overall facilitation of the motor system.
690:...no clear cut evidence emerges for a fundamental mirror system deficit in autism. Behavioural studies have shown that people with autism have a good understanding of action goals. Furthermore, two independent neuroimaging studies have reported that the parietal component of the mirror system is functioning typically in individuals with autism.
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the measurements of neuron fire delay seem not to be compatible with standard reaction times, and pointed out that nobody has reported that an interruption of the motor areas in F5 would produce a decrease in action recognition. (Critics of this argument have replied that these authors have missed human neuropsychological and
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understanding is likewise an interesting and prima facie reasonable idea. However, despite its widespread acceptance, the proposal has never been adequately tested in monkeys, and in humans there is strong empirical evidence, in the form of physiological and neuropsychological (double-) dissociations, against the claim."
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Vladimir
Kosonogov sees another contradiction. The proponents of mirror neuron theory of action understanding postulate that the mirror neurons code the goals of others' actions because they are activated if the observed action is goal-directed. However, the mirror neurons are activated only when the
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Some anatomical differences have been found in the mirror neuron related brain areas in adults with autism spectrum disorders, compared to non-autistic adults. All these cortical areas were thinner and the degree of thinning was correlated with autism symptom severity, a correlation nearly restricted
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are active when the person performs an action and also when the person sees another individual performing an action. It has been suggested that these brain regions contain mirror neurons, and they have been defined as the human mirror neuron system. More recent experiments have shown that even at the
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Participants were expected to answer whether the correct word phase matched the corresponding action or intention word. The word phase had to be answered within 3000 ms, with a 1000 ms black screen between each image. The black screens purpose was for an adequate amount of time in between responses.
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In 2009, Lingnau et al. carried out an experiment in which they compared motor acts that were first observed and then executed to motor acts that were first executed and then observed. They concluded that there was a significant asymmetry between the two processes that indicated that mirror neurons
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Although some in the scientific community have expressed excitement about the discovery of mirror neurons, there are scientists who have expressed doubts about both the existence and role of mirror neurons in humans. The consensus today seems to be that the importance of so-called mirror neurons is
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that selectively predicted an opponent's yet unknown decisions or covert state of mind. These "other-predictive neurons" differentiated between self and other decisions and were uniquely sensitive to social context, but they did not encode the opponent's observed actions or receipt of reward. These
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empathize with the person we're observing and, accounting for relevant differences, imagine what we would desire and believe in that scenario. Mirror neurons have been interpreted as the mechanism by which we simulate others in order to better understand them, and therefore their discovery has been
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Research from 2010 concluded that autistic individuals do not exhibit mirror neuron dysfunction, although the small sample size limits the extent to which these results can be generalized. A more recent review argued there was not enough neurological evidence to support this βbroken-mirror theoryβ
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Nevertheless, the similarities between automatic imitation, mirror effects, and motor mimicry have led some researchers to propose that automatic imitation is mediated by the mirror neuron system and that it is a tightly controlled laboratory equivalent of the motor mimicry observed in naturalistic
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experiences. Nevertheless, an experiment aimed at investigating the activity of mirror neurons in empathy conducted by
Soukayna Bekkali and Peter Enticott at the University of Deakin yielded a different result. After analyzing the report's data, they came up with two conclusions about motor empathy
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In 2008, Ilan
Dinstein et al. argued that the original analyses were unconvincing because they were based on qualitative descriptions of individual cell properties, and did not take into account the small number of strongly mirror-selective neurons in motor areas. Other scientists have argued that
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Many researchers have pointed out that the "broken mirrors" theory of autism is overly simplistic, and mirror neurons alone cannot explain the differences found in individuals with autism. First of all, as noted above, none of these studies were direct measures of mirror neuron activity - in other
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has speculated that mirror neurons may provide the neurological basis of human self-awareness. In an essay written for the Edge
Foundation in 2009 Ramachandran gave the following explanation of his theory: "... I also speculated that these neurons can not only help simulate other people's behavior
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In a recent study, done in 2022, sixteen hand actions were given for each assignment. The assignment pictured both an activity word phase and the intended word phase. The hand actions were selected in "trails" each introduced twice. One of the times was with a matching phase and the other time was
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Another study has suggested that human beings do not necessarily have more mirror neurons than monkeys, but instead that there is a core set of mirror neurons used in action observation and execution. However, for other proposed functions of mirror neurons the mirror system may have the ability to
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recorded from neurons while rats experienced pain or witnessed the pain of others, and has revealed the presence of pain mirror neurons in the rat's anterior cingulate cortex, i.e. neurons that respond both while an animal experiences pain and while witnessing the pain of others. Deactivating this
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has advanced the theory that mirror neurons are the byproduct of associative learning as opposed to evolutionary adaptation. She argues that mirror neurons in humans are the product of social interaction and not an evolutionary adaptation for action-understanding. In particular, Heyes rejects the
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Meta-analysis of imitation studies in humans suggest that there is enough evidence of mirror system activation during imitation that mirror neuron involvement is likely, even though no published studies have recorded the activities of singular neurons. However, it is likely insufficient for motor
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The term is commonly used to refer to cases in which an individual, having observed a body movement, unintentionally performs a similar body movement or alters the way that a body movement is performed. Automatic imitation rarely involves overt execution of matching responses. Instead the effects
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and colleagues have shown that people who are more empathic according to self-report questionnaires have stronger activations both in the mirror system for hand actions and the mirror system for emotions, providing more direct support for the idea that the mirror system is linked to empathy. Some
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specialized in the control of hand and mouth actions; for example, taking hold of an object and manipulating it. During each experiment, the researchers allowed the monkey to reach for pieces of food, and recorded from single neurons in the monkey's brain, thus measuring the neuron's response to
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both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Mirror neurons are not always physiologically distinct from other types of neurons in the brain; their main
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Recent research, which measured mu-wave suppression, suggests that mirror neuron activity is positively correlated with psychotic symptoms (i.e., greater mu suppression/mirror neuron activity was highest among subjects with the greater severity of psychotic symptoms). Researchers concluded that
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earlier brain processes. This could be the neural basis of introspection, and of the reciprocity of self awareness and other awareness. There is obviously a chicken-or-egg question here as to which evolved first, but... The main point is that the two co-evolved, mutually enriching each other to
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Many studies link mirror neurons to understanding goals and intentions. Fogassi et al. (2005) recorded the activity of 41 mirror neurons in the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) of two rhesus macaques. The IPL has long been recognized as an association cortex that integrates sensory information. The
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Human infant data using eye-tracking measures suggest that the mirror neuron system develops before 12 months of age and that this system may help human infants understand other people's actions. A critical question concerns how mirror neurons acquire mirror properties. Two closely related
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have expressed both scientific and philosophical objections to the theory that mirror neurons are responsible for understanding the intentions of others. In chapter 5 of her 2011 book, Braintrust, Churchland points out that the claim that mirror neurons are involved in understanding intentions
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In 2009, Greg Hickok published an extensive argument against the claim that mirror neurons are involved in action-understanding: "Eight
Problems for the Mirror Neuron Theory of Action Understanding in Monkeys and Humans." He concluded that "The early hypothesis that these cells underlie action
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Only the type of action, and not the kinematic force with which models manipulated objects, determined neuron activity. It was also significant that neurons fired before the monkey observed the human model starting the second motor act (bringing the object to the mouth or placing it in a cup).
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The mirror neurons found were located in the supplementary motor area and medial temporal cortex (other brain regions were not sampled). For purely practical reasons, these regions are not the same as those in which mirror neurons had been recorded from in the monkey: researchers in Parma were
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Many implicitly assume that the mirroring function of mirror neurons is due primarily to heritable genetic factors and that the genetic predisposition to develop mirror neurons evolved because they facilitate action understanding. In contrast, a number of theoretical accounts argue that mirror
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The integration of research on motor mimicry and automatic imitation could reveal plausible indications that these phenomena depend on the same psychological and neural processes. Preliminary evidence however comes from studies showing that social priming has similar effects on motor mimicry.
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In another study, sex-based differences among mirror neuron mechanisms was reinforced in that the data showed enhanced empathetic ability in females relative to males. During an emotional social interaction, females showed a greater ability in emotional perspective taking than did males when
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Another possible function of mirror neurons would be facilitation of learning. The mirror neurons code the concrete representation of the action, i.e., the representation that would be activated if the observer acted. This would allow us to simulate (to repeat internally) the observed action
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In humans, functional MRI studies have reported finding areas homologous to the monkey mirror neuron system in the inferior frontal cortex, close to Broca's area, one of the hypothesized language regions of the brain. This has led to suggestions that human language evolved from a gesture
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region of the monkey ventral premotor cortex. While these papers reported the presence of mirror neurons responding to hand actions, a subsequent study by Pier
Francesco Ferrari and colleagues described the presence of mirror neurons responding to mouth actions and facial gestures.
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and during a limited temporal window. Even if it has not yet been empirically demonstrated, it has been proposed that mirror neurons cause this behaviour and other imitative phenomena. Indeed, there is limited understanding of the degree to which monkeys show imitative behaviour.
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revealed that the mirror-neuron system of the observer indeed reflects the pattern of activity in the motor system of the sender, supporting the idea that the motor concept associated with the words is indeed transmitted from one brain to another using the mirror system
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performance/understanding system implemented in mirror neurons. Mirror neurons have been said to have the potential to provide a mechanism for action-understanding, imitation-learning, and the simulation of other people's behaviour. This hypothesis is supported by some
786:"higher mirror neuron activity may be the underpinning of schizophrenia sensory gating deficits and may contribute to sensory misattributions particularly in response to socially relevant stimuli, and be a putative mechanism for delusions and hallucinations."
239:
strongly suggests that humans have similar mirror neurons systems: researchers have identified brain regions which respond during both action and observation of action. Not surprisingly, these brain regions include those found in the macaque monkey. However,
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Therefore, IPL neurons "code the same act (grasping) in a different way according to the final goal of the action in which the act is embedded." They may furnish a neural basis for predicting another individual's subsequent actions and inferring intention.
776:"These ideas could be explored using neuroimaging, to examine the selective activation of brain regions associated with mirror neuron activity, when the individual is hallucinating an intruder or having an out-of-body experience during sleep paralysis ."
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imitation. Studies show that regions of the frontal and parietal lobes that extend beyond the classical mirror system are equally activated during imitation. This suggests that other areas, along with the mirror system are crucial to imitation behaviors.
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researchers observed that the human mirror system does not passively respond to the observation of actions but is influenced by the mindset of the observer. Researchers observed the link of the mirror neurons during empathetic engagement in patient care.
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interacting with another person face-to-face. However, in the study, data showed that when it came to recognizing the emotions of others, all participants' abilities were very similar and there was no key difference between the male and female subjects.
420:). However, if premotor neurons need to be trained by action in order to acquire mirror properties, it is unclear how newborn babies are able to mimic the facial gestures of another person (imitation of unseen actions), as suggested by the work of
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taken by some as a validation of simulation theory (which appeared a decade before the discovery of mirror neurons). More recently, Theory of Mind and
Simulation have been seen as complementary systems, with different developmental time courses.
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The function of mirror neurons in macaques remains unknown. Adult macaques do not seem to learn by imitation. Recent experiments by
Ferrari and colleagues suggest that infant macaques can imitate a human's face movements, though only as
555:, two phenomena associated with empathy, in rodents. That brain activity in the homologous brain region is associated with individual variability in empathy in humans suggests that a similar mechanism may be at play across mammals.
629:, given that this definitory property of human languages which is implemented in hierarchical recursive structure is flattened into linear sequences of phonemes making the recursive structure not accessible to sensory detection
752:, spinal reflex excitability, electroencephalography, have documented the presence of a gender difference in the human mirror neuron system, with female participants exhibiting stronger motor resonance than male participants.
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There are several competing models which attempt to account for our theory of mind; the most notable in relation to mirror neurons is simulation theory. According to simulation theory, theory of mind is available because we
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Further experiments confirmed that about 10% of neurons in the monkey inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex have "mirror" properties and give similar responses to performed hand actions and observed actions. In 2002
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social contexts. If true, then automatic imitation can be used as a tool to investigate how the mirror neuron system contributes to cognitive functioning and how motor mimicry promotes prosocial attitudes and behavior.
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to these brain regions. Based on these results, some researchers claim that autism is caused by impairments in the mirror neuron system, leading to disabilities in social skills, imitation, empathy and theory of mind.
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certain movements. They found that some neurons responded when the monkey observed a person picking up a piece of food, and also when the monkey itself picked up the food. The discovery was initially submitted to
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has cautioned that mu-wave suppression results cannot be used as a valid index for measuring the performance of mirror neuron systems. Recent research indicates that mirror neurons do not play a role in autism:
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Further evidence for this link comes from a recent study in which the brain activity of two participants was measured using fMRI while they were gesturing words to each other using hand gestures with a game of
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Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA (April 2008). "Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: the mirror neuron hypothesis".
674:. However the connection between mirror neuron dysfunction and autism is tentative and it remains to be demonstrated how mirror neurons are related to many of the important characteristics of autism.
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At the neuronal-level, in a 2015 study by Keren
Haroush and Ziv Williams using jointly interacting primates performing an iterated prisoner's dilemma game, the authors identified neurons in the
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Ferrari PF, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L (April 2003). "Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and communicative mouth actions in the monkey ventral premotor cortex".
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contains mirror neurons for pain, i.e. neurons responding both during the first-hand experience of pain and while witnessing the pain of others, and inhibition of this region leads to reduced
244:(fMRI) can examine the entire brain at once and suggests that a much wider network of brain areas shows mirror properties in humans than previously thought. These additional areas include the
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cingulate cells may therefore importantly complement the function of mirror neurons by providing additional information about other social agents that is not immediately observable or known.
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Reports on mirror neurons have been widely published and confirmed with mirror neurons found in both inferior frontal and inferior parietal regions of the brain. Recently, evidence from
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Botvinick M, Jha AP, Bylsma LM, Fabian SA, Solomon PE, Prkachin KM (March 2005). "Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain".
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with a misleading word phase. The action words were depicted in two to three words with each beginning with the word "to". For instance, "to point" (action) or "to spin" (intention).
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help humans understand the actions and intentions of other people. In addition, Iacoboni has argued that mirror neurons are the neural basis of the human capacity for emotions such as
5454:
Sommerville JA, Decety J (April 2006). "Weaving the fabric of social interaction: articulating developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the domain of motor cognition".
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Candidi M, Urgesi C, Ionta S, Aglioti SM (2008). "Virtual lesion of ventral premotor cortex impairs visual perception of biomechanically possible but not impossible actions".
2536:
Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T (February 2011). "Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain".
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In total, 15 mirror neurons fired vigorously when the monkey observed the "grasp-to-eat" motion, but registered no activity while exposed to the "grasp-to-place" condition.
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level of single participants, scanned using fMRI, large areas containing multiple fMRI voxels increase their activity both during the observation and execution of actions.
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published a special issue entirely devoted to mirror neuron research. Some researchers speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions, and thus contribute to
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is observed in (1) naturalistic social situations and (2) via measures of action frequency within a session rather than measures of speed and/or accuracy within trials.
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A few years later, the same group published another empirical paper, discussing the role of the mirror-neuron system in action recognition, and proposing that the human
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Oberman LM, Hubbard EM, McCleery JP, Altschuler EL, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA (July 2005). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders".
3843:
Molenberghs P, Hayward L, Mattingley JB, Cunnington R (January 2012). "Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas".
507:, and inferior frontal cortex) are active when people experience an emotion (disgust, happiness, pain, etc.) and when they see another person experiencing an emotion.
1862:
Kohler E, Keysers C, UmiltΓ MA, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (August 2002). "Hearing sounds, understanding actions: action representation in mirror neurons".
6985:
356:
It is not normally possible to study single neurons in the human brain, so most evidence for mirror neurons in humans is indirect. Brain imaging experiments using
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Murphy P, Brady N, Fitzgerald M, Troje NF (December 2009). "No evidence for impaired perception of biological motion in adults with autistic spectrum disorders".
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Cheng Y, Yang CY, Lin CP, Lee PL, Decety J (May 2008). "The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: a magnetoencephalography study".
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3249:
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For 4 other mirror neurons, the reverse held true: they activated in response to the experimenter eventually placing the apple in the cup but not to eating it.
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Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (February 2004). "Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain".
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Oberman L, Ramachandran VS (2009). "Reflections on the Mirror Neuron System: Their Evolutionary Functions Beyond Motor Representation". In Pineda JA (ed.).
2121:
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Yang CY, Decety J, Lee S, Chen C, Cheng Y (January 2009). "Gender differences in the mu rhythm during empathy for pain: an electroencephalographic study".
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Saygin AP, Wilson SM, Dronkers NF, Bates E (2004). "Action comprehension in aphasia: linguistic and non-linguistic deficits and their lesion correlates".
352:, viewed from the left. The inferior frontal lobe is the lower part of the blue area, and the superior parietal lobe is the upper part of the yellow area.
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Porter RJ, Lubker JF (September 1980). "Rapid reproduction of vowel-vowel sequences: evidence for a fast and direct acoustic-motoric linkage in speech".
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in neonates. Careful analysis suggests that 'imitation' of this single gesture may account for almost all reports of facial mimicry by new-born infants.
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van Baaren RB, Maddux WW, Chartrand TL, de Bouter C, van Knippenberg A (May 2003). "It takes two to mimic: behavioral consequences of self-construals".
1969:
Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B, Rozzi S, Chersi F, Rizzolatti G (April 2005). "Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding".
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2027:"The observation and execution of actions share motor and somatosensory voxels in all tested subjects: single-subject analyses of unsmoothed fMRI data"
532:
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Cheng Y, Decety J, Lin CP, Hsieh JC, Hung D, Tzeng OJ (June 2007). "Sex differences in spinal excitability during observation of bipedal locomotion".
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145:
723:." "Theory of mind" refers to our ability to infer another person's mental state (i.e., beliefs and desires) from experiences or their behaviour.
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studies have confirmed this as well. These results indicate the activation in mirror neuron related areas are unlikely to be just epiphenomenal.
3819:
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Molenberghs P, Cunnington R, Mattingley JB (July 2009). "Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis".
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Cheng YW, Tzeng OJ, Decety J, Imada T, Hsieh JC (July 2006). "Gender differences in the human mirror system: a magnetoencephalography study".
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Molenberghs P, Cunnington R, Mattingley JB (January 2012). "Brain regions with mirror properties: a meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies".
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In adult monkeys, mirror neurons may enable the monkey to understand what another monkey is doing, or to recognize the other monkey's action.
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have hypothesized that the mirror neuron system is important in giving rise to the intruder hallucination and out-of-body experiences during
3664:
Lamm C, Batson CD, Decety J (January 2007). "The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal".
387:(Current Biology, 2010) recorded from the brains of 21 patients who were being treated at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center for intractable
331:
A number of studies have shown that rats and mice show signs of distress while witnessing another rodent receive footshocks. The group of
1193:
Prather JF, Peters S, Nowicki S, Mooney R (January 2008). "Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication".
838:
theory advanced by V.S. Ramachandran that mirror neurons have been "the driving force behind the great leap forward in human evolution."
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in rats and mice, and reduced aversion towards harming others. This provides causal evidence for a link between pain mirror neurons, and
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Schulte-RΓΌther M, Markowitsch HJ, Shah NJ, Fink GR, Piefke M (August 2008). "Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy".
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Petrides M, Cadoret G, Mackey S (June 2005). "Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area".
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di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (1992). "Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study".
617:β a modality that some have suggested might represent the evolutionary precursor of human language. Analysis of the data using
5161:"Unaffected perceptual thresholds for biological and non-biological form-from-motion perception in autism spectrum conditions"
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Fay WH, Coleman RO (July 1977). "A human sound transducer/reproducer: temporal capabilities of a profoundly echolalic child".
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differentiating factor is their response patterns. By this definition, such neurons have been directly observed in humans and
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6143:
6124:
5407:"What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience"
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The mirror neurons can be activated only after the goal of the observed action has been attributed by other brain structures.
357:
241:
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Tranel D, Kemmerer D, Adolphs R, Damasio H, Damasio AR (May 2003). "Neural correlates of conceptual knowledge for actions".
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6321:
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studies reporting disruption of these areas do indeed cause action deficits without affecting other kinds of perception.)
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monkeys watched an experimenter either grasp an apple and bring it to his mouth or grasp an object and place it in a cup.
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A study published in April 2010 reports recordings from single neurons with mirror properties in the human brain. Mukamel
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7096:
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Neuropsychological studies looking at lesion areas that cause action knowledge, pantomime interpretation, and biological
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Perkins T, Stokes M, McGillivray J, Bittar R (October 2010). "Mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders".
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6435:
6302:
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Fan YT, Decety J, Yang CY, Liu JL, Cheng Y (September 2010). "Unbroken mirror neurons in autism spectrum disorders".
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883:
800:
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It has also been proposed that problems with the mirror neuron system may underlie cognitive disorders, particularly
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4424:"Automatic imitation of biomechanically possible and impossible actions: effects of priming movements versus goals"
3621:
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and colleagues reported that, in both humans and monkeys, the mirror system also responds to the sound of actions.
87:
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deficits have pointed to a causal link between the integrity of the inferior frontal gyrus and these behaviours.
6074:"Mirror neurons and imitation learning as the driving force behind "the great leap forward" in human evolution"
4542:
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A series of recent studies conducted by Yawei Cheng, using a variety of neurophysiological measures, including
6843:
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but can be turned 'inward'βas it wereβto create second-order representations or meta-representations of your
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212:, but was rejected for its "lack of general interest" before being published in a less competitive journal.
6453:(an overview of prominent research approaches based on interviews with Iacoboni, Hickok, Heyes and Gallese)
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Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M, Cattaneo L (January 2009). "Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance".
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Del Giudice M, Manera V, Keysers C (March 2009). "Programmed to learn? The ontogeny of mirror neurons".
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recruit other areas of the brain when doing its auditory, somatosensory, and affective components.
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Gallese V, Goldman A (December 1998). "Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading".
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Participants pressed on the keyboard "x" or "m" to indicate their responses in a yes/no format.
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abilities. Neuroscientists such as Marco Iacoboni have argued that mirror neuron systems in the
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Keysers C, Perrett DI (November 2004). "Demystifying social cognition: a Hebbian perspective".
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361:
297:
5542:"Neuronal prediction of opponent's behavior during cooperative social interchange in primates"
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Kosonogov V (October 2011). "Listening to action-related sentences impairs postural control".
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6848:
6682:
3152:
Kosonogov, V. (December 2012). "Why the Mirror Neurons Cannot Support Action Understanding".
2325:"From monkey mirror neurons to primate behaviours: possible 'direct' and 'indirect' pathways"
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have also put forward the idea that this function of the mirror neuron system is crucial for
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3469:"Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue?"
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6516:
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5010:"Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism"
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1978:
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1398:"Eight problems for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding in monkeys and humans"
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3510:"Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust"
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Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M (January 2010). "Mirror neurons: from discovery to autism".
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and are thought to make the observer feel what it feels like to move in the observed way.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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In humans, brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the
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4334:"Mapping the information flow from one brain to another during gestural communication"
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McCarthy RA, Warrington EK (2001). "Repeating without semantics: surface dysphasia?".
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The first animal in which researchers have studied mirror neurons individually is the
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Preston SD, de Waal FB (February 2002). "Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases".
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5220:"Reduced sensitivity to minimum-jerk biological motion in autism spectrum conditions"
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Diagram of the brain, showing the locations of the frontal and parietal lobes of the
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3771:"Mirror neuron brain regions contribute to identifying actions, but not intentions"
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to vocally mirror non-words and so to acquire the new word pronunciations. Such
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The mirror neuron system seems to be inherently inadequate to play any role in
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Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from developmental social neuroscience
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and Moore. One possibility is that the sight of tongue protrusion recruits an
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The subject of mirror neurons continues to generate intense debate. In 2014,
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4978:"Two systems for action comprehension in autism: mirroring and mentalizing."
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Some researchers claim there is a link between mirror neuron deficiency and
601:. Moreover, such vocal imitation can occur without comprehension such as in
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homologies between monkey premotor area F5 and human Broca's area. Rates of
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create the mature representation of self that characterizes modern humans."
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occurs automatically, fast and separately in the brain to
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1162:
Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V (May 1999).
932:
930:
928:
926:
408:
models postulate that mirror neurons are trained through
6986:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
5217:
3380:
2850:"Social neuroscience: mirror neurons recorded in humans"
2483:
2218:
1912:
1585:
How the brain got language: The mirror system hypothesis
6175:
1735:
5918:
4421:
3931:"Harm to Others Acts as a Negative Reinforcer in Rats"
3885:
2067:
923:
6420:
News And Views On the Neural Organization of Language
5588:
4071:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1913:
Gazzola V, Aziz-Zadeh L, Keysers C (September 2006).
6152:
5770:
2322:
1777:
1775:
1597:
296:. In these monkeys, mirror neurons are found in the
5927:
5631:
5158:
3987:
2119:
936:
789:
6176:Morsella E, Bargh JA, Gollwitzer PM, eds. (2009).
6065:
5378:Goldman A (1989). "Interpretation psychologized".
5351:Gordon R (1986). "Folk psychology as simulation".
4194:
4157:
3768:
3473:Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
2073:
2013:
1157:
1155:
16:"Mirror system" redirects here. For the band, see
6241:
5955:Lingnau A, Gesierich B, Caramazza A (June 2009).
5824:
5674:
5453:
5054:"Mirror neurons seen behaving normally in autism"
4422:Longo MR, Kosobud A, Bertenthal BI (April 2008).
4048:"Gesture, language origins, and right handedness"
3958:20.500.11755/ee7ae8ac-7393-4276-84ce-1bad1b8e5e0d
3620:
2877:20.500.11755/351f0172-b06b-41de-a013-852c64e197fa
1772:
1495:"Mirror neuron research: the past and the future"
1492:
1289:
1009:20.500.11755/c62977db-8a4e-4cc9-b82a-5013b52a0bc6
146:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
7281:
5266:
5047:
5045:
3706:
3663:
3147:
3145:
2535:
1065:Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine
6138:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
5717:
5539:
4736:
4734:
3769:Thompson EL, Bird G, Catmur C (November 2022).
3423:
3310:
3308:
2759:
2757:
2715:
2713:
2669:
2667:
2531:
2529:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2423:
2421:
2371:
2323:Ferrari PF, Bonini L, Fogassi L (August 2009).
2115:
2113:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1152:
1039:
1037:
1035:
6339:
6284:
5496:
5404:
4541:
4498:
4237:
3314:
3186:
2992:
2847:
2763:
2169:
2024:
1541:
1290:Akins CK, Klein ED, Zentall TR (August 2002).
1242:
1240:
153:skills, while others relate mirror neurons to
6488:
5869:
5711:
5668:
5625:
5582:
5533:
5447:
5398:
5042:
4975:
4457:
3616:
3614:
3271:Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews
3268:
3142:
1058:
6071:
4910:
4867:
4731:
4674:
4587:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4501:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4122:
4065:
4020:
3922:
3879:
3657:
3501:
3417:
3305:
3072:
2986:
2943:
2900:
2841:
2754:
2710:
2664:
2526:
2470:
2418:
2316:
2212:
2163:
2110:
1955:
1906:
1855:
1729:
1535:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1032:
491:. A large number of experiments using fMRI,
6502:
6242:Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC (September 2007).
5301:
4638:Heyes C (May 2011). "Automatic imitation".
4466:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
1784:"Action recognition in the premotor cortex"
1598:ThΓ©oret H, Pascual-Leone A (October 2002).
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1237:
973:
436:
173:In the 1980s and 1990s, neurophysiologists
6495:
6481:
5001:
4965:. Princeton University Press. p. 156.
4288:
3611:
3078:
7013:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
6445:"What's So Special about Mirror Neurons?"
6413:
6322:"Mirror neurons: still an open question?"
6259:
6224:
6039:
5990:
5980:
5901:
5852:
5842:
5753:
5743:
5565:
5430:
5327:
5243:
5194:
5184:
5084:
5025:
4960:
4850:
4801:
4714:
4606:
4463:
4367:
4357:
4325:
4188:
4171:
3956:
3946:
3794:
3586:
3525:
3484:
3200:
3151:
2875:
2865:
2781:
2737:
2631:
2509:
2445:
2393:
2348:
2299:
2289:
2240:
2195:
2122:"Mirror neurons: from origin to function"
2050:
1930:
1795:
1638:
1615:
1518:
1438:
1421:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1365:
1307:
1135:
1086:
1076:
1059:Acharya, Sourya; Shukla, Samarth (2012).
1007:
997:
6881:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
6425:
5070:
5051:
4743:Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research
4151:
3818:Gazzola, Aziz-Zadeh and Keysers (2006).
3121:
2427:
1703:Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research
1452:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1324:
1164:"Resonance behaviors and mirror neurons"
813:
457:
343:
276:
6948:
6319:
6133:
5377:
4158:McCarthy R, Warrington EK (June 1984).
4042:
3749:
3357:
2274:"Neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques"
1043:
979:
558:
7282:
6442:
6428:"The neurons that shaped civilization"
6114:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5350:
5236:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.010
5130:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.026
4932:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.010
4125:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
4116:
3231:
2909:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2719:
2642:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.016
1600:"Language acquisition: do as you hear"
1395:
1382:
1249:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1103:
951:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
646:In contrast with automatic imitation,
632:
23:Type of neuron associated with empathy
6947:
6869:
6743:High-context and low-context cultures
6514:
6476:
6205:Perspectives on Psychological Science
6101:
5540:Haroush K, Williams ZM (March 2015).
5308:Perspectives on Psychological Science
4637:
3035:
1582:
1449:
431:
358:functional magnetic resonance imaging
242:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7092:Computer processing of body language
6870:
5405:Meltzoff AN, Decety J (March 2003).
4390:
2764:Pobric G, Hamilton AF (March 2006).
1821:The European Journal of Neuroscience
539:Studies in rats have shown that the
25:
7107:List of facial expression databases
7097:Emotion recognition in conversation
6371:Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology
6153:Rizzolatti G, Sinigaglia C (2008).
5813:
4976:Hamilton A, Marsh L (August 2013).
4021:Ramachandran VS (January 1, 2009).
3888:American Journal of Medical Quality
3565:(5661). New York, N.Y.: 1157β1162.
2848:Keysers C, Gazzola V (April 2010).
13:
6094:
5603:10.1097/01.wnr.0000223393.59328.21
5392:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1989.tb00249.x
5365:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1986.tb00324.x
5304:"What Happened to Mirror Neurons?"
5302:Heyes C, Catmur C (January 2022).
2025:Gazzola V, Keysers C (June 2009).
759:
743:
14:
7321:
6991:Childhood disintegrative disorder
6407:
6342:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
5894:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.004
5825:Jalal B, Ramachandran VS (2017).
5456:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
4987:. Oxford: OUP. pp. 380β396.
4755:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014
3666:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
3189:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2129:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1493:Ferrari PF, Rizzolatti G (2014).
1402:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
884:Motor theory of speech perception
706:
589:expansion link to the ability of
378:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
360:(fMRI) have shown that the human
6056:
6007:
5948:
5791:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.180
5490:
5371:
5344:
5295:
5281:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02269.x
5260:
5211:
5095:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02098.x
4876:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
3857:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
3635:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.032
3438:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.064
3395:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.043
3364:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2550:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014
2428:Keum S, Shin HS (October 2019).
2233:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00783.x
1833:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02601.x
1639:Blakeslee S (January 10, 2006).
790:Doubts concerning mirror neurons
641:
88:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
30:
6178:Oxford Handbook of Human Action
5831:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
5152:
5109:
5064:
4969:
4954:
4818:
4631:
4578:
4535:
4492:
4415:
4384:
4282:
4231:
4036:
4014:
3981:
3836:
3811:
3762:
3743:
3700:
3550:
3460:
3374:
3351:
3262:
3225:
3180:
3115:
3029:
2921:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.004
2798:
2611:
2579:Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M,
2572:
2365:
2265:
1977:(5722). New York, N.Y.: 662β7.
1870:(5582). New York, N.Y.: 846β8.
1812:
1694:
1651:
1632:
1591:
1576:
1486:
1464:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.007
1261:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.010
1168:Archives Italiennes de Biologie
7290:Central nervous system neurons
6515:
6464:. January 2005. Archived from
6449:Scientific American Guest Blog
6032:10.1523/jneurosci.2668-09.2009
5942:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.07.064
5689:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.062
2395:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4B59-6
1296:Animal Learning & Behavior
1283:
1186:
1052:
402:
1:
6295:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56021-2
6119:. National Geographic Books.
4478:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.05.007
3527:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2
3329:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01262-5
3050:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01661-2
2597:10.1126/science.286.5449.2526
2386:10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01260-0
2170:Keysers C, Gazzola V (2014).
1645:New York Times | Science
1617:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01251-4
1552:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56021-2
939:Annual Review of Neuroscience
917:
849:Associative sequence learning
418:Associative Sequence Learning
326:
272:
6102:Carey B (12 February 2008).
5745:10.1371/journal.pone.0002113
5646:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3280ebb486
5499:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
5186:10.1371/journal.pone.0013491
4303:10.1016/0093-934X(77)90034-7
4166:. 107 ( Pt 2) (2): 463β485.
3750:Jarrett C (March 25, 2019).
3709:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3317:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3081:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3038:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2995:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2720:Saygin AP (September 2007).
2447:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.013
2291:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040302
2076:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1790:. 119 ( Pt 2) (2): 593β609.
1715:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0
901:Simulation theory of empathy
896:Positron emission tomography
339:
288:imitating facial expressions
168:
134:primary somatosensory cortex
7:
7008:Nonverbal learning disorder
6586:Speech-independent gestures
6559:Facial Action Coding System
6020:The Journal of Neuroscience
4599:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1093
1738:Experimental Brain Research
1660:Experimental Brain Research
980:Keysers C (November 2009).
841:
575:
10:
7326:
6748:Interpersonal relationship
6549:Body-to-body communication
6117:The Myth of Mirror Neurons
5558:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.045
5511:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.002
5052:Callaway E (12 May 2010).
4961:Churcland PS (2011). "6".
4888:10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.026
4513:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
4443:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.489
3721:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.003
3093:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.007
3007:10.1016/j.tics.2004.09.005
1587:. Oxford University Press.
826:Neurophilosophers such as
466:
426:innate releasing mechanism
177:, Giuseppe Di Pellegrino,
15:
7239:
7213:
7153:
7146:
7120:
7084:
7048:
7021:
6958:
6954:
6943:
6876:
6865:
6821:
6798:
6761:
6713:
6648:
6527:
6523:
6510:
6354:10.1017/s0140525x02000018
3996:. Humana Press. pp.
3948:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.017
3678:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42
3588:21.11116/0000-0001-A020-5
3211:10.1017/s0140525x02000018
3166:10.1007/s11062-012-9327-4
2867:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.013
2819:10.1080/17470910701676269
2783:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.033
2688:10.1080/02643290244000248
2676:Cognitive Neuropsychology
2502:10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.024
2141:10.1017/S0140525X13000903
1932:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.072
1750:10.1007/s00221-009-2002-3
1358:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.004
1128:10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.045
999:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.026
737:anterior cingulate cortex
665:
541:anterior cingulate cortex
531:Christian Keysers at the
505:anterior cingulate cortex
251:
86:
74:
69:
64:
39:This article needs to be
7163:Behavioral communication
6329:Progress in Neuroscience
6217:10.1177/1745691611413392
6072:Ramachandran VS (2000).
5844:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00092
5320:10.1177/1745691621990638
3900:10.1177/1062860612464731
3283:10.1177/1534582304267187
1078:10.4103/0976-9668.101878
1044:Keysers C (2011-06-23).
869:Mirror-touch synesthesia
437:Understanding intentions
302:inferior parietal lobule
181:, Leonardo Fogassi, and
138:inferior parietal cortex
130:supplementary motor area
7300:Behavioral neuroscience
6603:Interpersonal synchrony
6504:Nonverbal communication
6182:Oxford University Press
6159:Oxford University Press
5982:10.1073/pnas.0902262106
4707:10.1126/science.1176269
4556:10.1111/1467-9280.14481
4359:10.1073/pnas.1001791107
4173:10.1093/brain/107.2.463
3579:10.1126/science.1093535
2374:Trends in Neurosciences
1991:10.1126/science.1106138
1884:10.1126/science.1070311
1797:10.1093/brain/119.2.593
1641:"Cells That Read Minds"
1583:Arbib MA (April 2012).
1414:10.1162/jocn.2009.21189
1342:"A mirror up to nature"
362:inferior frontal cortex
237:functional neuroimaging
195:ventral premotor cortex
121:species, and in birds.
7295:Cognitive neuroscience
7200:Monastic sign lexicons
6891:Emotional intelligence
6287:Understanding Emotions
5423:10.1098/rstb.2002.1261
4640:Psychological Bulletin
3136:10.1006/drev.1996.0006
2341:10.1098/rstb.2009.0062
2188:10.1098/rstb.2013.0175
1544:Understanding Emotions
1511:10.1098/rstb.2013.0169
1396:Hickok G (July 2009).
874:Mirroring (psychology)
819:
778:
692:
497:magnetoencephalography
493:electroencephalography
471:Stephanie Preston and
366:superior parietal lobe
353:
298:inferior frontal gyrus
289:
7190:Impression management
6414:Hickok G, Poeppel D.
6201:"Mirror Neuron Forum"
6104:"You remind me of me"
5027:10.1093/cercor/bhj069
4544:Psychological Science
4209:10.1093/neucas/7.1.77
4137:10.1044/jshr.2303.593
2221:Developmental Science
2043:10.1093/cercor/bhn181
817:
774:
688:
458:Learning facilitation
347:
280:
7205:Verbal communication
7158:Animal communication
7076:Targeted advertising
6593:Haptic communication
6438:on 10 February 2012.
6383:10.1038/ncpneuro0990
3486:10.3758/CABN.4.2.270
3124:Developmental Review
2739:10.1093/brain/awm162
854:Common coding theory
717:simulation theorists
559:Human self awareness
414:Associative learning
300:(region F5) and the
263:Associative Learning
246:somatosensory cortex
7214:Non-verbal language
7102:Gesture recognition
6949:Further information
6839:Emotion recognition
6790:Silent service code
6468:on 11 January 2006.
6248:Annals of Neurology
6026:(32): 10153β10159.
5973:2009PNAS..106.9925L
5882:Psychiatry Research
5736:2008PLoSO...3.2113C
5177:2010PLoSO...513491S
4831:Nature Neuroscience
4782:Nature Neuroscience
4699:2009Sci...325..880P
4350:2010PNAS..107.9388S
4252:1973Natur.244..522M
4094:10.1038/nature03628
4086:2005Natur.435.1235P
4080:(7046): 1235β1238.
3775:Human Brain Mapping
3571:2004Sci...303.1157S
2952:Nature Neuroscience
2807:Social Neuroscience
2732:(Pt 9): 2452β2461.
2591:(5449): 2526β2528.
2496:(8): 1301β1312.e6.
1983:2005Sci...308..662F
1876:2002Sci...297..846K
1215:10.1038/nature06492
1207:2008Natur.451..305P
859:Emotional contagion
828:Patricia Churchland
683:Patricia Churchland
633:Automatic imitation
549:emotional contagion
545:emotional contagion
333:Christian Keysers's
187:University of Parma
7240:Art and literature
7195:Meta-communication
7183:Passive-aggressive
7112:Sentiment analysis
6813:Non-verbal leakage
6320:Pascolo B (2013).
6136:The Empathic Brain
6134:Keysers C (2011).
6108:The New York Times
5930:Gait & Posture
5468:10.3758/BF03193831
4291:Brain and Language
3358:Gallese V (2001).
2182:(1644): 20130175.
1672:10.1007/bf00230027
1505:(1644): 20130169.
1309:10.3758/bf03192836
1046:The Empathic Brain
820:
766:V. S. Ramachandran
713:Philosophy of mind
564:V. S. Ramachandran
553:prosocial behavior
432:Possible functions
354:
290:
175:Giacomo Rizzolatti
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
6971:Asperger syndrome
6939:
6938:
6921:Social competence
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6663:Emotional prosody
6569:Subtle expression
6554:Facial expression
6443:Thomas B (2012).
6426:Ramachandran VS.
6261:10.1002/ana.21198
6191:978-0-19-530998-0
6168:978-0-19-921798-4
6145:978-1-4637-6906-2
6126:978-0-393-08961-5
6115:Hickok G (2014).
5967:(24): 9925β9930.
5597:(11): 1115β1119.
5417:(1431): 491β500.
5380:Mind and Language
5353:Mind and Language
5230:(14): 3275β3278.
5124:(14): 3225β3235.
4994:978-0-19-166880-7
4882:(10): 1239β1243.
4693:(5942): 880β883.
4408:978-0-262-13498-9
4344:(20): 9388β9393.
4246:(5417): 522β523.
4007:978-1-934115-34-3
3941:(6): 949β961.e7.
3820:"Current Biology"
3787:10.1002/hbm.26036
3781:(16): 4901β4913.
2626:(13): 1788β1804.
2335:(1528): 2311β23.
1610:(21): R736βR737.
1201:(7176): 305β310.
992:(21): R971βR973.
906:Speech repetition
764:Baland Jalal and
619:Granger Causality
599:speech perception
595:speech repetition
583:cytoarchitectonic
485:Christian Keysers
374:motion perception
230:Christian Keysers
102:
101:
97:
60:
59:
7317:
7151:
7150:
7128:Ray Birdwhistell
6956:
6955:
6945:
6944:
6871:Broader concepts
6867:
6866:
6844:First impression
6525:
6524:
6512:
6511:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6458:"Mirror Neurons"
6452:
6439:
6434:. Archived from
6422:
6416:"Talking Brains"
6402:
6365:
6336:
6326:
6316:
6281:
6263:
6238:
6228:
6195:
6172:
6149:
6130:
6111:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6043:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5994:
5984:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5936:(Suppl. 1): 65.
5925:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5846:
5822:
5811:
5810:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5552:(6): 1233β1245.
5537:
5531:
5530:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5434:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5224:Neuropsychologia
5215:
5209:
5208:
5198:
5188:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5118:Neuropsychologia
5113:
5107:
5106:
5088:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5020:(9): 1276β1282.
5005:
4999:
4998:
4982:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4926:(5): 1558β1565.
4920:Neuropsychologia
4914:
4908:
4907:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4738:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4652:10.1037/a0022288
4635:
4629:
4628:
4610:
4593:(5): 1093β1102.
4582:
4576:
4575:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4361:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4260:10.1038/244522a0
4235:
4229:
4228:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3995:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3960:
3950:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3825:. Archived from
3824:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3629:(4): 1744β1753.
3618:
3609:
3608:
3590:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3529:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3432:(4): 1833β1840.
3421:
3415:
3414:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3204:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3033:
3027:
3026:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2879:
2869:
2860:(8): R353βR354.
2845:
2839:
2838:
2813:(3β4): 388β400.
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2635:
2620:Neuropsychologia
2615:
2609:
2608:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2544:(3): 2492β2502.
2533:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2449:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2244:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2037:(6): 1239β1255.
2022:
2011:
2010:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1827:(8): 1703β1714.
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1744:(3β4): 223β237.
1733:
1727:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1408:(7): 1229β1243.
1393:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1337:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1030:
1029:
1011:
1001:
982:"Mirror neurons"
977:
971:
970:
934:
719:concerning our "
603:speech shadowing
533:Social Brain Lab
513:Vittorio Gallese
481:Vittorio Gallese
201:monkey to study
183:Vittorio Gallese
94:edit on Wikidata
91:
62:
61:
55:
52:
46:
34:
33:
26:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7261:
7252:Mimoplastic art
7235:
7226:Tactile signing
7209:
7142:
7116:
7080:
7044:
7017:
6950:
6935:
6911:Social behavior
6872:
6853:
6817:
6808:Microexpression
6794:
6778:One-bit message
6757:
6709:
6644:
6564:Microexpression
6519:
6506:
6501:
6462:NOVA scienceNOW
6456:
6410:
6405:
6324:
6305:
6192:
6169:
6157:. Oxford (UK):
6146:
6127:
6097:
6095:Further reading
6092:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6012:
6008:
5953:
5949:
5926:
5919:
5874:
5870:
5823:
5814:
5775:
5771:
5716:
5712:
5673:
5669:
5630:
5626:
5587:
5583:
5538:
5534:
5495:
5491:
5452:
5448:
5403:
5399:
5376:
5372:
5349:
5345:
5300:
5296:
5265:
5261:
5216:
5212:
5157:
5153:
5114:
5110:
5086:10.1.1.621.6275
5069:
5065:
5050:
5043:
5014:Cerebral Cortex
5006:
5002:
4995:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4959:
4955:
4915:
4911:
4872:
4868:
4823:
4819:
4774:
4770:
4739:
4732:
4679:
4675:
4636:
4632:
4583:
4579:
4540:
4536:
4497:
4493:
4462:
4458:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4401:. p. 257.
4391:Moro A (2008).
4389:
4385:
4330:
4326:
4287:
4283:
4236:
4232:
4193:
4189:
4156:
4152:
4121:
4117:
4070:
4066:
4050:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3986:
3982:
3935:Current Biology
3927:
3923:
3884:
3880:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3767:
3763:
3756:Research Digest
3748:
3744:
3705:
3701:
3662:
3658:
3619:
3612:
3555:
3551:
3506:
3502:
3465:
3461:
3422:
3418:
3379:
3375:
3356:
3352:
3323:(12): 493β501.
3313:
3306:
3267:
3263:
3252:
3230:
3226:
3202:10.1.1.554.2794
3185:
3181:
3154:Neurophysiology
3150:
3143:
3120:
3116:
3077:
3073:
3034:
3030:
3001:(11): 501β507.
2991:
2987:
2948:
2944:
2905:
2901:
2854:Current Biology
2846:
2842:
2803:
2799:
2770:Current Biology
2762:
2755:
2718:
2711:
2672:
2665:
2633:10.1.1.544.9071
2616:
2612:
2577:
2573:
2534:
2527:
2490:Current Biology
2482:
2471:
2426:
2419:
2370:
2366:
2321:
2317:
2270:
2266:
2217:
2213:
2168:
2164:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2088:10.1038/nrn2833
2072:
2068:
2031:Cerebral Cortex
2023:
2014:
1967:
1956:
1919:Current Biology
1911:
1907:
1860:
1856:
1817:
1813:
1780:
1773:
1734:
1730:
1699:
1695:
1656:
1652:
1637:
1633:
1604:Current Biology
1596:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1562:
1540:
1536:
1491:
1487:
1448:
1439:
1394:
1383:
1346:Current Biology
1338:
1325:
1288:
1284:
1245:
1238:
1191:
1187:
1174:(2β3): 85β100.
1160:
1153:
1116:Current Biology
1108:
1104:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1033:
986:Current Biology
978:
974:
935:
924:
920:
915:
890:On Intelligence
879:Motor cognition
844:
792:
783:
770:sleep paralysis
762:
760:Sleep paralysis
746:
744:Sex differences
709:
668:
644:
635:
578:
561:
509:David Freedberg
469:
460:
439:
434:
405:
342:
329:
275:
254:
171:
126:premotor cortex
98:
56:
50:
47:
44:
35:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7323:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7133:Charles Darwin
7130:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7027:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6962:
6960:
6952:
6951:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6829:Affect display
6825:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6804:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6715:Social context
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6623:Pupil dilation
6620:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6521:
6520:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6454:
6440:
6423:
6409:
6408:External links
6406:
6404:
6403:
6366:
6337:
6317:
6303:
6282:
6254:(3): 213β218.
6239:
6211:(4): 369β407.
6196:
6190:
6173:
6167:
6150:
6144:
6131:
6125:
6112:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6064:
6055:
6006:
5947:
5917:
5888:(3): 233β239.
5868:
5812:
5785:(1): 393β403.
5769:
5710:
5677:Brain Research
5667:
5640:(9): 887β890.
5624:
5581:
5532:
5505:(5): 194β196.
5489:
5462:(2): 179β200.
5446:
5397:
5386:(3): 161β185.
5370:
5359:(2): 158β171.
5343:
5314:(1): 153β168.
5294:
5275:(9): 981β988.
5259:
5210:
5171:(10): e13491.
5151:
5108:
5079:(8): 881β892.
5063:
5041:
5000:
4993:
4968:
4953:
4909:
4866:
4843:10.1038/nn1611
4817:
4794:10.1038/nn1611
4768:
4749:(2): 190β198.
4730:
4673:
4646:(3): 463β483.
4630:
4577:
4550:(4): 334β339.
4534:
4507:(6): 893β910.
4491:
4472:(5): 742β745.
4456:
4437:(2): 489β501.
4414:
4407:
4383:
4324:
4297:(3): 396β402.
4281:
4230:
4187:
4150:
4131:(3): 593β602.
4115:
4064:
4035:
4013:
4006:
3980:
3921:
3878:
3851:(1): 608β615.
3835:
3832:on 2007-06-30.
3810:
3761:
3742:
3715:(5): 197β203.
3699:
3656:
3610:
3549:
3500:
3479:(2): 270β278.
3459:
3416:
3389:(1): 312β319.
3373:
3350:
3304:
3261:
3224:
3179:
3160:(6): 499β502.
3141:
3130:(2): 149β161.
3114:
3087:(10): 489β95.
3071:
3044:(6): 253β261.
3028:
2985:
2964:10.1038/nn1729
2942:
2915:(1): 341β349.
2899:
2840:
2797:
2776:(5): 524β529.
2753:
2709:
2682:(3): 409β432.
2663:
2610:
2571:
2525:
2469:
2417:
2380:(5): 188β194.
2364:
2315:
2264:
2227:(2): 350β363.
2211:
2162:
2135:(2): 177β192.
2109:
2082:(6): 417β428.
2066:
2012:
1954:
1925:(18): 1824β9.
1905:
1854:
1811:
1771:
1728:
1709:(2): 131β141.
1693:
1666:(1): 176β180.
1650:
1631:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1534:
1485:
1458:(4): 575β583.
1437:
1381:
1352:(1): R13βR18.
1323:
1302:(3): 275β281.
1282:
1255:(7): 975β980.
1236:
1185:
1151:
1122:(8): 750β756.
1102:
1071:(2): 118β124.
1051:
1031:
972:
945:(1): 169β192.
921:
919:
916:
914:
913:
911:Spindle neuron
908:
903:
898:
893:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
843:
840:
791:
788:
782:
779:
761:
758:
745:
742:
729:subconsciously
721:theory of mind
708:
707:Theory of mind
705:
667:
664:
643:
640:
634:
631:
577:
574:
560:
557:
468:
465:
459:
456:
451:
450:
447:
438:
435:
433:
430:
404:
401:
341:
338:
328:
325:
294:macaque monkey
274:
271:
259:Hebbian Theory
253:
250:
179:Luciano Fadiga
170:
167:
151:theory of mind
100:
99:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
67:
66:
58:
57:
38:
36:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7322:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Motor control
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7221:Sign language
7219:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7066:Freudian slip
7064:
7062:
7061:Lie detection
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7040:Mirror neuron
7038:
7036:
7032:
7031:Limbic system
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6996:Rett syndrome
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:Social skills
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6901:People skills
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:Communication
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6868:
6864:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:Multi-faceted
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:Display rules
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6703:Voice quality
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:Body language
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6493:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6335:(1β4): 25β82.
6334:
6330:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6304:9780444521828
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5922:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5058:New Scientist
5055:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3520:(3): 655β64.
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:(2): 71β100.
3276:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3236:(in French).
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1561:9780444521828
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
927:
922:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
839:
836:
835:Cecilia Heyes
832:
829:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:
796:
787:
777:
773:
771:
767:
757:
753:
751:
741:
738:
733:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
684:
680:
675:
673:
663:
659:
655:
651:
649:
648:motor mimicry
642:Motor mimicry
639:
630:
628:
623:
620:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
573:
570:
565:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Frans de Waal
464:
455:
448:
445:
444:
443:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
370:
367:
363:
359:
351:
346:
337:
334:
324:
321:
318:
312:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
287:
283:
279:
270:
268:
264:
260:
249:
247:
243:
238:
233:
231:
225:
222:
218:
213:
211:
210:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
115:
111:
107:
106:mirror neuron
95:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
68:
65:Mirror system
63:
54:
42:
37:
28:
27:
19:
18:Mirror System
7056:Cold reading
7049:Applications
7039:
7023:Neuroanatomy
6668:Paralanguage
6466:the original
6461:
6448:
6436:the original
6431:
6419:
6377:(1): 24β34.
6374:
6370:
6345:
6341:
6332:
6328:
6286:
6251:
6247:
6208:
6204:
6180:. New York:
6177:
6154:
6135:
6116:
6107:
6081:. Retrieved
6077:
6067:
6058:
6023:
6019:
6009:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5933:
5929:
5885:
5881:
5871:
5834:
5830:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5730:(5): e2113.
5727:
5723:
5713:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5057:
5017:
5013:
5003:
4984:
4971:
4962:
4956:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4837:(1): 28β30.
4834:
4830:
4820:
4788:(1): 28β30.
4785:
4781:
4771:
4746:
4742:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4434:
4430:
4417:
4393:
4386:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4203:(1): 77β87.
4200:
4196:
4190:
4163:
4153:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4058:
4054:
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
4016:
3991:
3983:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3827:the original
3813:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3755:
3745:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3672:(1): 42β58.
3669:
3665:
3659:
3626:
3622:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3320:
3316:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3237:
3234:L' EncΓ©phale
3233:
3227:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3157:
3153:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3041:
3037:
3031:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2958:(7): 878β9.
2955:
2951:
2945:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2773:
2769:
2729:
2725:
2679:
2675:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2541:
2537:
2493:
2489:
2440:(1): 78β86.
2437:
2433:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2281:
2278:PLOS Biology
2277:
2267:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2132:
2128:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2034:
2030:
1974:
1970:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1787:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1543:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1455:
1451:
1405:
1401:
1349:
1345:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1252:
1248:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1171:
1167:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1045:
989:
985:
975:
942:
938:
888:
833:
825:
821:
809:
805:
797:
793:
784:
775:
763:
754:
747:
734:
725:
710:
701:
697:
693:
689:
676:
669:
660:
656:
652:
645:
636:
624:
611:
579:
568:
562:
538:
530:
526:
522:
470:
461:
452:
440:
406:
397:
393:
384:
382:
371:
355:
330:
322:
313:
306:
291:
267:Canalization
265:Theory, and
255:
234:
226:
217:Broca's area
214:
208:
172:
144:
142:
123:
105:
103:
48:
40:
7035:Limbic lobe
6800:Unconscious
6783:Missed call
6753:Social norm
6728:Conventions
6618:Eye contact
6348:(1): 1β72.
5683:: 176β184.
5634:NeuroReport
5591:NeuroReport
3240:(1): 9β20.
3195:(1): 1β72.
2581:Bekkering H
2284:(9): e302.
2242:2318/133096
703:of autism.
477:Jean Decety
403:Development
159:human brain
70:Identifiers
7284:Categories
7168:Aggressive
7138:Paul Ekman
7121:Key people
7085:Technology
7071:Poker tell
6916:Social cue
6723:Chronemics
6673:Intonation
6517:Modalities
5779:NeuroImage
4963:Braintrust
4608:2066/63130
4055:Psycoloquy
4044:Skoyles JR
3894:(1): 6β7.
3845:NeuroImage
3623:NeuroImage
3426:NeuroImage
3383:NeuroImage
2538:NeuroImage
918:References
587:vocabulary
495:(EEG) and
327:In rodents
284:(newborn)
273:In monkeys
191:electrodes
136:, and the
51:April 2020
7173:Assertive
6981:Fragile X
6966:Aprosodia
6959:Disorders
6906:Semiotics
6834:Deception
6640:Proxemics
6630:Olfaction
6613:Oculesics
6598:Imitation
6432:TED talks
5081:CiteSeerX
4399:MIT Press
4197:Neurocase
3975:212424287
3299:145310279
3246:110778688
3197:CiteSeerX
3174:254867235
2628:CiteSeerX
2464:203932127
1688:206772150
1048:. Kindle.
607:echolalia
517:aesthetic
340:In humans
309:behaviour
221:homologue
169:Discovery
7003:Dyssemia
6849:Intimacy
6769:Emoticon
6678:Loudness
6608:Laughter
6544:Kinesics
6535:Blushing
6528:Physical
6391:19129788
6362:12625087
6313:17015092
6270:17721988
6235:25520744
6083:13 April
6050:19675249
6001:19497880
5912:22510432
5863:28293186
5807:10461927
5799:18514546
5764:18461176
5724:PLOS ONE
5705:40145972
5697:19083993
5662:16295878
5654:17515795
5619:18811017
5611:16837838
5576:25728667
5527:18930071
5519:17344090
5484:14689479
5476:16892982
5441:12689375
5338:34241539
5289:20524939
5254:19632248
5205:20976151
5165:PLOS ONE
5146:12495492
5138:19666038
5103:19508497
5036:16306324
4948:14280719
4940:18304590
4904:15141982
4896:20598548
4861:16327784
4812:16327784
4763:15993757
4725:19679816
4660:21280938
4617:12757151
4564:12807406
4529:11818459
4521:10402679
4486:21705230
4451:18377184
4378:20439736
4319:29492873
4225:12988855
4217:11239078
4102:15988526
4046:(2000).
4028:July 26,
3967:32142701
3916:12645544
3908:23288854
3873:13951700
3865:21840404
3805:35906896
3729:17347026
3686:17214562
3651:13988152
3643:17175173
3605:14727944
3597:14976305
3536:14642287
3495:15460933
3446:18353686
3411:24988672
3403:15734365
3370:: 33β50.
3345:10108122
3337:21227300
3291:15537986
3256:13554627
3219:12625087
3101:16126449
3066:15602731
3058:11390296
3015:15491904
2972:16783366
2937:37871374
2929:21782846
2886:21749952
2835:37390465
2827:18979387
2792:16527749
2748:17660183
2696:20957578
2658:11622224
2650:15351628
2605:10617472
2558:20946964
2520:30982647
2456:31600517
2359:19620103
2310:16953662
2259:15093476
2251:19143807
2206:24778372
2157:52873194
2149:24775147
2104:12221575
2096:20445542
2061:19020203
1999:15860620
1941:16979560
1900:16923101
1892:12161656
1841:12752388
1758:19760408
1626:12419204
1570:17015092
1529:24778369
1472:19914284
1432:19199415
1376:18177704
1318:12391793
1277:25620637
1269:19580913
1223:18202651
1180:10349488
1146:20381353
1097:23225972
1026:12668046
1018:19922849
959:15217330
842:See also
615:charades
591:children
576:Language
422:Meltzoff
389:epilepsy
350:cerebrum
317:neonates
282:Neonatal
219:was the
155:language
7310:Mimicry
7257:Subtext
7178:Passive
7147:Related
6738:Habitus
6683:Prosody
6635:Posture
6576:Gesture
6399:2979216
6278:3225339
6226:4266473
6041:2788150
5992:2701024
5969:Bibcode
5903:3545445
5854:5329044
5755:2361218
5732:Bibcode
5567:4364450
5432:1351349
5329:8785302
5245:2779370
5196:2956672
5173:Bibcode
4852:3713227
4803:3713227
4716:2764469
4695:Bibcode
4687:Science
4668:6975248
4572:8458849
4369:2889063
4346:Bibcode
4276:4220775
4268:4621131
4248:Bibcode
4182:6722512
4145:7421161
4110:4397762
4082:Bibcode
3796:9582378
3737:1996468
3694:2828843
3567:Bibcode
3559:Science
3454:1827514
3109:1594505
3023:8039741
2980:2409686
2894:3609747
2585:Science
2566:6021487
2511:6488290
2404:9610880
2350:2865083
2301:1560174
2197:4006178
2052:2677653
2007:5720234
1979:Bibcode
1971:Science
1949:5223812
1872:Bibcode
1864:Science
1849:1915143
1806:8800951
1766:3342808
1723:8713554
1680:1301372
1520:4006175
1480:2578537
1423:2773693
1367:2517574
1231:4344150
1203:Bibcode
1137:2904852
1088:3510904
967:1729870
864:Empathy
489:empathy
467:Empathy
410:Hebbian
286:macaque
203:neurons
199:macaque
197:of the
193:in the
189:placed
185:at the
163:empathy
119:primate
81:D059167
41:updated
7231:Tadoma
6976:Autism
6931:Unsaid
6896:Nunchi
6773:Smiley
6693:Stress
6688:Rhythm
6658:Affect
6650:Speech
6397:
6389:
6360:
6311:
6301:
6276:
6268:
6233:
6223:
6188:
6165:
6142:
6123:
6048:
6038:
5999:
5989:
5910:
5900:
5861:
5851:
5837:: 92.
5805:
5797:
5762:
5752:
5703:
5695:
5660:
5652:
5617:
5609:
5574:
5564:
5525:
5517:
5482:
5474:
5439:
5429:
5336:
5326:
5287:
5252:
5242:
5203:
5193:
5144:
5136:
5101:
5083:
5034:
4991:
4946:
4938:
4902:
4894:
4859:
4849:
4810:
4800:
4761:
4723:
4713:
4666:
4658:
4625:729948
4623:
4615:
4570:
4562:
4527:
4519:
4484:
4449:
4405:
4376:
4366:
4317:
4311:907878
4309:
4274:
4266:
4240:Nature
4223:
4215:
4180:
4143:
4108:
4100:
4074:Nature
4004:
3973:
3965:
3914:
3906:
3871:
3863:
3803:
3793:
3735:
3727:
3692:
3684:
3649:
3641:
3603:
3595:
3544:766157
3542:
3534:
3514:Neuron
3493:
3452:
3444:
3409:
3401:
3343:
3335:
3297:
3289:
3253:
3244:
3217:
3199:
3172:
3107:
3099:
3064:
3056:
3021:
3013:
2978:
2970:
2935:
2927:
2892:
2884:
2833:
2825:
2790:
2746:
2702:
2694:
2656:
2648:
2630:
2603:
2564:
2556:
2518:
2508:
2462:
2454:
2434:Neuron
2412:679023
2410:
2402:
2357:
2347:
2308:
2298:
2257:
2249:
2204:
2194:
2155:
2147:
2102:
2094:
2059:
2049:
2005:
1997:
1947:
1939:
1898:
1890:
1847:
1839:
1804:
1764:
1756:
1721:
1686:
1678:
1624:
1568:
1558:
1527:
1517:
1478:
1470:
1430:
1420:
1374:
1364:
1316:
1275:
1267:
1229:
1221:
1195:Nature
1178:
1144:
1134:
1095:
1085:
1024:
1016:
965:
957:
679:autism
672:autism
666:Autism
627:syntax
501:insula
479:, and
385:et al.
261:, the
252:Origin
209:Nature
132:, the
128:, the
110:neuron
6762:Other
6395:S2CID
6325:(PDF)
6274:S2CID
5803:S2CID
5701:S2CID
5658:S2CID
5615:S2CID
5523:S2CID
5480:S2CID
5142:S2CID
4981:(PDF)
4944:S2CID
4900:S2CID
4664:S2CID
4621:S2CID
4568:S2CID
4525:S2CID
4427:(PDF)
4315:S2CID
4272:S2CID
4221:S2CID
4164:Brain
4106:S2CID
4061:(24).
4051:(PDF)
4000:β62.
3971:S2CID
3912:S2CID
3869:S2CID
3830:(PDF)
3823:(PDF)
3733:S2CID
3690:S2CID
3647:S2CID
3601:S2CID
3540:S2CID
3450:S2CID
3407:S2CID
3341:S2CID
3295:S2CID
3250:INIST
3170:S2CID
3105:S2CID
3062:S2CID
3019:S2CID
2976:S2CID
2933:S2CID
2890:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2726:Brain
2704:16131
2700:S2CID
2654:S2CID
2562:S2CID
2460:S2CID
2408:S2CID
2255:S2CID
2153:S2CID
2125:(PDF)
2100:S2CID
2003:S2CID
1945:S2CID
1896:S2CID
1845:S2CID
1788:Brain
1762:S2CID
1684:S2CID
1476:S2CID
1273:S2CID
1227:S2CID
1022:S2CID
963:S2CID
416:(see
114:fires
112:that
108:is a
92:[
7247:Mime
6698:Tone
6581:List
6387:PMID
6358:PMID
6309:PMID
6299:ISBN
6266:PMID
6231:PMID
6186:ISBN
6163:ISBN
6140:ISBN
6121:ISBN
6085:2013
6078:Edge
6046:PMID
5997:PMID
5908:PMID
5859:PMID
5795:PMID
5760:PMID
5693:PMID
5681:1251
5650:PMID
5607:PMID
5572:PMID
5546:Cell
5515:PMID
5472:PMID
5437:PMID
5334:PMID
5285:PMID
5250:PMID
5201:PMID
5134:PMID
5099:PMID
5032:PMID
4989:ISBN
4936:PMID
4892:PMID
4857:PMID
4808:PMID
4759:PMID
4721:PMID
4656:PMID
4613:PMID
4560:PMID
4517:PMID
4482:PMID
4447:PMID
4403:ISBN
4374:PMID
4307:PMID
4264:PMID
4213:PMID
4178:PMID
4141:PMID
4098:PMID
4030:2011
4002:ISBN
3963:PMID
3904:PMID
3861:PMID
3801:PMID
3725:PMID
3682:PMID
3639:PMID
3593:PMID
3532:PMID
3491:PMID
3442:PMID
3399:PMID
3333:PMID
3287:PMID
3242:OCLC
3215:PMID
3097:PMID
3054:PMID
3011:PMID
2968:PMID
2925:PMID
2882:PMID
2823:PMID
2788:PMID
2744:PMID
2692:PMID
2646:PMID
2601:PMID
2554:PMID
2516:PMID
2452:PMID
2400:PMID
2355:PMID
2306:PMID
2247:PMID
2202:PMID
2145:PMID
2092:PMID
2057:PMID
1995:PMID
1937:PMID
1888:PMID
1837:PMID
1802:PMID
1754:PMID
1719:PMID
1676:PMID
1622:PMID
1566:PMID
1556:ISBN
1525:PMID
1468:PMID
1428:PMID
1372:PMID
1314:PMID
1265:PMID
1219:PMID
1176:PMID
1142:PMID
1093:PMID
1014:PMID
955:PMID
605:and
551:and
511:and
483:and
364:and
76:MeSH
6379:doi
6350:doi
6291:doi
6256:doi
6221:PMC
6213:doi
6036:PMC
6028:doi
5987:PMC
5977:doi
5965:106
5938:doi
5898:PMC
5890:doi
5886:201
5849:PMC
5839:doi
5787:doi
5750:PMC
5740:doi
5685:doi
5642:doi
5599:doi
5562:PMC
5554:doi
5550:160
5507:doi
5464:doi
5427:PMC
5419:doi
5415:358
5388:doi
5361:doi
5324:PMC
5316:doi
5277:doi
5240:PMC
5232:doi
5191:PMC
5181:doi
5126:doi
5091:doi
5022:doi
4928:doi
4884:doi
4847:PMC
4839:doi
4798:PMC
4790:doi
4751:doi
4711:PMC
4703:doi
4691:325
4648:doi
4644:137
4603:hdl
4595:doi
4552:doi
4509:doi
4474:doi
4439:doi
4364:PMC
4354:doi
4342:107
4299:doi
4256:doi
4244:244
4205:doi
4168:doi
4133:doi
4090:doi
4078:435
3953:hdl
3943:doi
3896:doi
3853:doi
3791:PMC
3783:doi
3717:doi
3674:doi
3631:doi
3583:hdl
3575:doi
3563:303
3522:doi
3481:doi
3434:doi
3391:doi
3325:doi
3279:doi
3207:doi
3162:doi
3132:doi
3089:doi
3046:doi
3003:doi
2960:doi
2917:doi
2872:hdl
2862:doi
2815:doi
2778:doi
2734:doi
2730:130
2684:doi
2638:doi
2593:doi
2589:286
2546:doi
2506:PMC
2498:doi
2442:doi
2438:104
2390:hdl
2382:doi
2345:PMC
2337:doi
2333:364
2296:PMC
2286:doi
2237:hdl
2229:doi
2192:PMC
2184:doi
2180:369
2137:doi
2084:doi
2047:PMC
2039:doi
1987:doi
1975:308
1927:doi
1880:doi
1868:297
1829:doi
1792:doi
1746:doi
1742:200
1711:doi
1668:doi
1612:doi
1548:doi
1515:PMC
1507:doi
1503:369
1460:doi
1418:PMC
1410:doi
1362:PMC
1354:doi
1304:doi
1257:doi
1211:doi
1199:451
1172:137
1132:PMC
1124:doi
1083:PMC
1073:doi
1004:hdl
994:doi
947:doi
801:TMS
750:MEG
711:In
569:own
412:or
7286::
7033:/
6771:/
6542:/
6460:.
6447:.
6430:.
6418:.
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