Miriam Van Waters - Knowledge

678:

detractor on the committee, likened her methods to those of communist regimes that ruled with an "iron hand", and he denounced her administration as "more damaging to the morals and mental health of young girls" than prostitution. Meanwhile, Van Waters' allies created Friends of the Framingham Reformatory, a committee that raised funds for Van Waters's defense and hired Claude Cross, a Harvard-trained lawyer, as chief counsel. An initial public hearing in November resolved nothing, and in December McDowell announced his intention to fire Van Waters in January, when office-holders, including a new governor, began their terms. This threat led to widespread statements of support for Van Waters by a variety of organizations such as

591:

resident physician and a resident chaplain, both of whom were women, and a system of day work for inmates who could be trusted outside the prison. Most of the inmates were serving time for prostitution, extramarital sex, "crimes against chastity", alcoholism, and other offenses known at the time as "crimes against public order", which in some cases included being homeless or being a "stubborn child". She emphasized rehabilitation rather than punishment, referred to the prison population as students rather than inmates or prisoners, relaxed the dress code, encouraged the women to talk to one another and to staff members, brought in guest speakers such as Frankfurter, Thompson, Dummer,

358: 851:

prison, led study groups, coordinated visitor activities, and became the institution's librarian in 1957. Gladding, Margaret Van Wagenen, Cynthia Thomas, Peter and George Hildebrandt, and Margaret Trapwell donated the correspondence, speeches, diaries, photographs, and other items between 1982 and 1994. The collection consists of 5 feet (1.5 m) of file boxes and folio folders, 57 folders of photographs, an audiotape, and other materials.

735:. On March 11, the three-member panel unanimously reversed McDowell's decision to fire Van Waters, finding no evidence of irregularities or errors of judgment on her part that were not made in good faith. They praised Van Waters's use of indenture and child-placement, dismissed the charges related to homosexuality, and agreed that Van Waters had operated within her legal authority even though she had not always done what McDowell ordered. 847:, Harvard University. Van Waters, Dorothy Kirchwey Brown, Margaret H. Davis, Ralph Van Waters, and Elizabeth Bode Van Waters donated the correspondence, diaries, case studies, and other materials to the library in 1969–1971, 1974–1975, and 1977. The collection consists of about 22 linear feet (6.7 m) of file boxes, 15 folders of photographs, 14 reels of audiotape, a reel of microfilm, a reel of motion-picture film, and other material. 31: 682:, the Women's City Club of Boston, the Massachusetts Council of Churches, the Massachusetts Association of Social Hygiene, and individuals such as Eleanor Roosevelt. On January 7, 1949, McDowell, listing 27 charges against her, fired Van Waters effective January 11. Van Waters, denying the charges, cited her legal right to an appeal, which McDowell granted. 831:

Freedman asserted that "...the reform movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries seems to have disappeared, and a new vengeance toward prisoners now pervades much of our culture." Chlup in the same year suggested that Van Waters' success with education in prison settings might provide a model for prison reform in the 21st century.

509:, which repeated her assertions that juvenile delinquency stemmed from families that failed to provide children with adequate attention and positive role models. In 1929, she was elected president of the National Conference of Social Work, the first woman from the western part of the United States to win the organization's top post. 703:, and speeches produced 2,000 pages of testimony, and on February 11, McDowell confirmed his decision to fire Van Waters on most of the charges he had brought against her, particularly her resistance to his authority as commissioner and to state law. Encouraged by broad public support, Van Waters appealed to Massachusetts Governor 137:, then called the Massachusetts Reformatory for Women. While in California, Van Waters established an experimental reformatory school, El Retiro, for girls age 14 to 19. In each case, Van Waters developed programs that favored education, work, recreation, and a sense of community over unalloyed incarceration and punishment. 636:, who viewed indenture as a way to circumvent their authority. Since the parole board members as well as Van Waters' immediate supervisor, the commissioner of corrections, were appointed by the governor, Van Waters' ability to run the reformatory as she wanted depended, as it had at El Retiro, on politics. 443:, Van Waters' career advancement in the Los Angeles juvenile justice system of the 1920s depended partly on her personal charisma and public-speaking skills, partly on a network of academic, legal, and social-service professionals, and partly on reform networks exemplified by women's clubs such as the 370:

After a brief stint with the Boston Children's Aid Society (BCAS) as a probation officer for girls awaiting trial or sentencing in juvenile court, Van Waters applied for work in Portland. She returned there in 1914 to become superintendent of the Frazer Detention Home, the poor condition of which was

810:

During the early years of her retirement, Van Waters moved into a three-bedroom apartment with two former inmates and staff members, Alice May and Irene Jenner, from the reformatory. Working mostly from home via correspondence and letters to the editor, she supported prison reform, civil rights, and

743:

Despite Van Waters' triumph in the hearings, renewed political attacks, changes in prison populations, and changing views about gender, led to new limits on Van Waters' authority. McDowell, until his retirement in 1951, continued to oppose non-domestic indenture and the parole board resisted many of

677:

In response to Dwyer's report, in June 1948 McDowell reduced Van Waters' authority, and the state legislature established an investigative committee to hold hearings on the matter after the 1948 elections in November. During the summer and fall, State Senator Michael Lopresti, Van Waters' most vocal

411:

Assisted by many other women reformers, she worked to modify the detention center to include health care, counseling, psychological assessment, improved diet, recreation, and other social services. In 1919, she founded El Retiro, an experimental school for girls aged 14 to 19 chosen from among those

244:

degree in 1883. In 1884 in Dubois, the site of his first posting as a clergyman, George met and married Maud. Their first child, Rachel, was born in 1885, the year the family moved to Greensburg. Rachel died there at age 2 and, in the same year, Miriam was born. In 1891, the family moved again, this

520:

had become so hostile to Van Waters' methods that it fired Alma Holzschuh, the El Retiro supervisor favored by Van Waters, and replaced her with one more to their liking. Soon thereafter, policemen were used to control the students. Distraught by her loss of control over El Retiro and encouraged by

822:

In 1964, after falling and breaking a hip, Van Waters spent several months in a hospital. Recovered, she made her last journey to New Jersey to visit Thompson, with whom she remained close until Thompson's death, at age 95, in 1967. In 1971, Van Waters donated her books to the University of Oregon

685:

The subsequent hearing, for which McDowell was the judge as well as one of the examiners, began on January 13, 1949. Believing that McDowell would rule against her, Van Waters, Cross, and other supporters used the proceedings as a platform to present her to the public as an exemplary person and to

615:

For eight hours a day, the inmates made clothing and flags at the reformatory for the state or worked in the prison kitchens and its farm unit, and Van Waters supplemented the required work with voluntary educational courses in arts and crafts, literature, theater, singing, journalism, hiking, and

379:

with straps and rubber hoses. During her short tenure, Van Waters recruited volunteer medical doctors and a volunteer psychologist, hired a resident nurse, improved the children's diet, added a library, put the children to work cleaning, painting, and gardening, and banned corporal punishment. Her

850:

Others of her personal papers are part of the collection titled "Papers of Anna Spicer Gladding and Miriam Van Waters, 1885–1992" (MC 426) housed at the Schlesinger Library at Harvard. Gladding, hired in 1932 to teach in the nursery at Framingham, served as the organist and choir director for the

655:

who undermined the traditional social order. Van Water's resistance to authority, her use of indenture to place female prisoners in jobs that others might want, and her woman-centered personal life made her vulnerable to such reproach. In 1948, Elliot McDowell, the newly appointed commissioner of

590:

In March 1932, Van Waters began her new job at Framingham, where she served as superintendent for the next quarter-century. From the time of its opening in 1877, the reformatory had incorporated progressive ideas about how women's prisons should function. Framingham, governed by women, included a

460:

Between 1917 and 1927, Van Waters lived with other women in a residential complex known as the Colony. Among the residents during at least some of these years were her sister Rebekah, her long-time friends Sara Fisher and Elizabeth (Bess) Woods, and Shontz,. Philanthropists such as Dummer, social

668:

in Boston. Van Waters, who distinguished between supportive romantic relationships between women and predatory sexual aggression, did not consider herself to be a lesbian. Dwyer made no such distinction, and to prevent him or others from reading her private letters, Van Waters burned most of her

204:

justice, were among Van Waters' many admirers and political supporters, but her methods drew the ire of opponents who viewed them as over-lenient and ineffective. Opposition in Los Angeles led to her departure from California in 1932 and to much-publicized hearings in Massachusetts after she was

830:

Freedman says that Van Waters' legacy survived mainly via the interns and other young women for whom she served as mentor. Many of them continued to work for prison reform and pursued careers at women's prisons and reformatories and in some cases, universities, after Van Waters retired. In 1996

481:

spent time at the Colony when they visited Los Angeles. Shontz convinced Dummer to award a grant to Van Waters to undertake a national survey of women's penal institutions across the United States; taking a leave of absence from her work in Los Angeles, Van Waters began the survey in late 1920.

694:

The audience so often took an active role in the hearings that McDowell threatened to clear the auditorium if they did not cease their laughter, applause, or derisive sounds. Housewives, off-duty reformatory staff members, college students, workers on their lunch breaks, and friends filled the

256:

Miriam, as the eldest daughter, helped her mother with housekeeping and with the care of younger siblings, of which there were three more—Ruth, Rebekah, and George—by 1896 and another, Ralph, in 1905. Her mother, in failing health, often retreated to the Oregon coast or to her parents' home in

726:

During the second hearing, Dwyer presented McDowell's side of the case, questioned Van Waters for four days, including one day devoted to homosexuality, and called many other witnesses to testify, while Cross led the defense, calling on sympathetic witnesses, cross-examining McDowell, and

607:

Cottage housed up to 30 mothers and their babies. A nursery inside the prison accommodated up to 60 more babies whose mothers lived in the main building rather than in a cottage. A donor base of women philanthropists, including Thompson, provided funding for social welfare workers and

785:

Roughly coinciding with these difficulties at the prison were personal losses for Van Waters', including a decline in health. Her mother had died in 1948, and in 1953 her daughter was killed in an automobile crash. In her diaries from the mid-1950s, Van Waters mentioned bouts of

760:

During this era, when accusations about homosexuality were often paired with those about communism, Van Waters became close friends with Helen Bryan, who had been the executive secretary of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee (JAFRC). Bryan had served time in prison for

632:, kitchen helpers, hospital maids, and laundresses before returning to prison at night. To these, Van Waters added positions in local business and industry that needed workers, such as shoemakers, with a variety of skills. These changes displeased members of the state 205:

fired as Framingham superintendent in January 1949. Re-instated in March, she continued running the reformatory until 1957. After retiring, she remained in the town of Framingham, living in a woman-centered household, as she had often done, until her death in 1974.

603:, and expanded the women's freedom of movement within the prison and outside its walls. Federal funds made possible the construction in the mid-1930s of two cottages separate from the main reformry; Hodder Hall housed inmates between the ages of 17 and 21, and 773:'s Spain that they had helped resettle in the United States. After Van Waters found Bryan a temporary job at the reformatory, anti-communist rhetoric aimed at Bryan induced her to resign and led to a hunt for communists at Framingham. An informant for the 781:

and culminated shortly after Van Waters' retirement in 1957 with new rules that emphasized discipline, forbade fraternization between staff and inmates, and eliminated the program that allowed mothers and young babies to stay together at the reformatory.

748:, in which she claimed that older lesbians in prisons preyed upon younger newcomers and converted them to homosexuality. Accusations about drug use and aggressive homosexuality at the reformatory led Van Waters to recruit a student, Katherine Gabel, from 505:, found Van Waters' book impressive and asked her to manage the juvenile delinquency fraction of the Harvard Crime Survey, which sought to determine the causes of crime and the best methods of prevention. In 1928, she completed a second book, 412:

sent to Juvenile Hall. The school, kept unlocked in a rural setting outside Los Angeles, favored education, work, and recreation as opposed to incarceration and punishment as antidotes to juvenile delinquency. According to journalist

545:

of the juvenile court whom she renamed Sarah Ann Van Waters. After taking a leave of absence in late 1929 to join Hoover's commission in January 1930, Van Waters formally resigned from the Los Angeles juvenile court in late 1930.

992:, a University of Oregon student who later became a widely known journalist, was among the contributors to the magazine. Van Waters praised Bryant's creativity but disapproved of her "drinking, smoking, and flashy dressing." 294:, public service, and politics. Her senior thesis was titled "The Relation of Philosophical Materialism to Social Radicalism". She served on student committees, joined the women's debate team, and became chief editor of the 756:

in the necks of ketchup bottles, and she saw one woman stab another in a fit of jealousy over a third woman. Van Waters subsequently labeled some inmates as "hard core" and asked to have them transferred to other prisons.

269:

open to everyone. She attended St. Helen's Hall, an Episcopal girls' school, for her secondary education, graduating in 1904. Remaining at St. Helen's for another year as a post-graduate student, she left Portland for the

493:(1925), detailing her juvenile-delinquency theories and supporting them with examples from court cases. The well-received and financially successful book helped establish Van Waters' national reputation. In 1926, 486:, a leading social service journal. Financed by Dummer, Van Waters took other leaves of absence during the 1920s to widely promote her ideas about child welfare and prison reform, citing El Retiro as a model. 148:

of St. David's Episcopalian Church. As the eldest daughter of an ailing mother, she often served as a surrogate mother, as she did later as a supervisor of imprisoned women and children. After graduating from

686:

promote her methods of penal reform. In both goals, they succeeded. The case drew national attention, and an audience of hundreds of people per session attended what some newspaper reports likened to the

919: 777:, after seeing terms of endearment in communications between Van Waters and Bryan, asserted that they were lesbians. The conservative resistance to Van Waters and her methods continued throughout the 286:

The university, about 150 miles (240 km) south of Portland, had a total enrollment of only about 500. Van Waters excelled academically, majoring in philosophy and focusing on courses related to

432:, the halfway house opened later in 1921 and over the rest of the decade served several hundred young women, each staying an average of four months. From 1920 through 1929, Van Waters, succeeding 664:. Dwyer concluded that the rumors were false, but his interrogations of staff and inmates led to broader charges of lesbian activity at Framingham, and he leaked details about his probe to the 257:

Pennsylvania, leaving Miriam in charge of the household. During these growing-up years, Miriam was strongly influenced by her father's love of books and scholarship, his participation in the

660:

at the reformatory. Dwyer, a former state policeman, sought evidence to confirm rumors that a Framingham inmate whose death had been reported as a suicide, had been murdered by a jealous

168:

Van Waters' public-speaking skills, assertive manner, and charisma drew national as well as local attention to her methods, and she was supported financially by philanthropists including

557:

and elsewhere. Encouraged by Thompson, Dummer, and Frankfurter, Van Waters relocated to Cambridge in 1931. In that same year, publication of her 175-page Wickersham Commission report,

375:

Juvenile Court. The detention center held boys and girls who, while in custody, were fed a poor diet, received scant medical attention, were given little to do, and were subjected to

399:. Her attempts during these years to start a second career as a writer of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry did not succeed. Despite health concerns, she took and passed a California 416:, El Retiro stood in sharp contrast to many early 20th-century prisons for women and children, where conditions were "foul, fetid and medieval". After meeting social reformer 516:

among voters and politicians who preferred methods more punitive than those favored by Van Waters. By 1927, the probation committee, a seven-member group appointed by the

695:

auditorium each day; those who could not gain entrance weathered the winter cold as they gathered around the windows and doorways to catch a glimpse of the proceedings.

403:

exam, then applied for the position of superintendent at the Los Angeles County Juvenile Hall, a detention center for girls. She began work there in August 1917.

134: 549:

During the latter half of the decade, Van Waters entered what was to be a strong, eventually intimate 40-year relationship with another wealthy philanthropist,

521:

her professional opportunities elsewhere, she planned a permanent move to the northeastern United States. Her parents had by then relocated from Portland to

125:, which spanned most of the years from 1914 through 1957, she served as superintendent of three prisons: Frazier Detention Home for boys and girls in 113:(October 4, 1887 – January 17, 1974) was an American prison reformer of the early to mid-20th century whose methods owed much to her upbringing as an 620:. A typical number of course offerings during Van Waters' tenure was 26 or more, according to Dominique T. Chlup, a professor of adult education at 2518: 428:

for women who had graduated from El Retiro and needed a safe place to stay while looking for work. Partly funded by Chicago philanthropist

325:

as the component of adolescent psychology most worthy of study. She preferred the interventionist approach of social reformers, especially

482:

Results were published in 1922 as "Where Girls Go Right: Some Dynamic Aspects of State Correctional Schools for Girls and Young Women" in

2523: 1001:

In 1954, the City of Portland converted the Frazer Detention Home site into a 3.9-acre (1.6 ha) public recreation area, Frazer Park.

812: 298:, a campus literary magazine. As a graduate student, she majored in psychology and was the teaching assistant for one of her professors, 711:, beginning March 4. The panel members were Caroline Putnam, a Catholic charities worker; Robert Clark, a county district attorney, and 2313:

Freedman, Estelle B. (2006b). "The Prison Lesbian: Race, Class, and the Construction of the Aggressive Female Homosexual, 1915–1965".

569:, she learned in November that she would soon be offered the position of superintendent at the Massachusetts Reformatory for Women at 566: 2332:

Freedman, Estelle B. (2006c). "The Burning of Letters Continues: Elusive Identities and the Historical Construction of Sexuality".

2503: 517: 844: 766: 720: 2268: 2419: 2381: 2360: 2341: 2322: 2303: 815:, an organization of Episcopalian women that promoted social justice, and she served as president of the local branch of the 2508: 1308: 2513: 502: 201: 2444: 731:

Dwyer. Henry F. Fielding, a lawyer appointed by the state attorney general to represent the prosecution, gave a weak

157:, majoring at first in philosophy and graduating in 1910 with a master's degree in psychology. Three years later, at 436:, served as a court-appointed referee presiding over hearings about cases involving boys and girls younger than 12. 2493: 639:

From 1932 through 1945, Van Waters' had sufficient political support for her methods, but that support waned after

561:, enhanced her reputation as an expert on juvenile justice. After declining a job offer from Pennsylvania Governor 234: 798:

that led to surgery and a long recuperation. About 500 people attended her retirement dinner, held in 1957 at the

774: 679: 189: 144:, she grew up in Portland after her father, a clergyman and Social Gospel advocate, accepted a position there as 1719:

Chlup, Dominique T (June 2006). "The Legacy of Miriam Van Waters: The Warden Who Would be Their Teacher First".

1611: 1511: 839:

Some of Van Waters' personal papers, titled "Papers of Miriam Van Waters, 1861–1971" (A-71), are housed at the

816: 241: 330: 529:, was unfinished, and in November 1929 Van Waters agreed to direct the juvenile-delinquency division of the 361:

Miriam Van Waters on May 1, 1914, the day she became superintendent of the Frazer Detention Home in Portland

172:, who helped pay for El Retiro and for leaves of absence from her supervisory duties to work on two books, 2294:

Freedman, Estelle B. (2006a). "Women's Institutions, Social Reform, and the Career of Miriam Van Waters".

2488: 1022: 604: 349:

in Boston and in her home town, Portland. She graduated from Clark in 1913 with a Ph.D. in anthropology.

451:, and church-affiliated welfare groups, and wrote a series of articles about the juvenile court for the 2498: 474: 453: 448: 218: 329:, in the lives of troubled teen-agers. In her third year at Clark, she changed advisors, from Hall to 184:, supported Van Waters financially and emotionally from the mid-1920s until Thompson's death in 1967. 570: 550: 533:, formally titled the National Committee on Law Observance and Enforcement, established by President 303: 181: 70: 920:"Where Girls Go Right: Some Dynamic Aspects of State Correctional Schools for Girls and Young Women" 526: 372: 311: 214: 162: 51: 1020:

as a prison superintendent who resembles Van Waters, in other films about women's prisons, and in

958:

El Retiro: The New School for Girls (Report). Sacramento: California State Board of Health. 1920.

621: 574: 522: 470: 337:

who favored cultural rather than genetic explanations for adolescent behavior. Her dissertation,

246: 217:. Her parents, George Browne and Maude Vosburg Van Waters, were from middle-class families from 145: 799: 413: 342: 114: 628:

program that under Hodder had allowed trusted inmates to work outside the prison as household

795: 644: 530: 2483: 2478: 762: 612:, psychiatric staff, and individual financial emergencies not covered by government funds. 429: 396: 388: 346: 321:

Van Waters admired Hall's intellect and use of quantitative data but resisted his focus on

271: 222: 169: 154: 82: 8: 840: 744:

Van Waters' recommendations. One of the board members, Katharine Sullivan, wrote a book,

687: 656:

corrections, and his deputy, Frank Dwyer, began an investigation that focused on alleged

444: 376: 823:

Library and her correspondence and professional files to the women's history archive at

387:

She recuperated over the next three years, first at a property owned by her family near

2371: 1728: 1064: 716: 665: 513: 498: 478: 197: 130: 2440: 2415: 2409: 2396: 2377: 2356: 2337: 2318: 2299: 1012: 959: 946: 900: 884: 868: 824: 700: 596: 494: 193: 185: 802:, after which her successor, Betty Cole Smith, became superintendent at Framingham. 380:

stay at Frazer ended abruptly in late 1914, when fatigue followed by a diagnosis of

2459: 770: 732: 440: 433: 307: 299: 266: 250: 158: 150: 126: 86: 2456: 787: 707:

for a re-hearing. Dever agreed, appointing a three-member panel to hear the case

629: 562: 315: 287: 226: 2269:"Papers of Anna Spicer Gladding and Miriam Van Waters, 1885–1992: A Finding Aid" 930:(9). New York: Survey Associates: 361–62. May 27, 1922 – via Google Books. 651:

policies was accompanied by campaigns to portray liberals such as Van Waters as

447:. She gave frequent lectures about child welfare and juvenile justice to clubs, 1017: 752:

to pose as an inmate. Gabel discovered that an inmate subculture was importing

712: 538: 534: 334: 275: 899:. No. 6 of the Wickersham Commission Reports. United States Government. 1931. 512:

While Van Waters' reputation grew nationally during the 1920s, it declined in

2472: 989: 950: 888: 872: 794:. In 1956, she fell and bruised her head, and later that year she suffered a 749: 708: 704: 657: 600: 425: 417: 400: 258: 118: 963: 357: 30: 841:

Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America

778: 640: 633: 592: 466: 462: 381: 141: 2400: 904: 326: 230: 1732: 652: 609: 554: 542: 421: 122: 625: 392: 2353:

Maternal Justice: Miriam Van Waters and the Female Reform Tradition

827:. She had a stroke in 1972 and died at home in Framingham in 1974. 791: 753: 728: 648: 322: 291: 237: 2437:

Their Sisters Keepers: Female Prison Reform in America: 1830–1930:

661: 262: 1751: 489:

With further help from Dummer, she was able to complete a book,

2334:

Feminism, Sexuality and Politics: Essays by Estelle B. Freedman

2315:

Feminism, Sexuality and Politics: Essays by Estelle B. Freedman

2296:

Feminism, Sexuality and Politics: Essays by Estelle B. Freedman

2213: 1799: 1555: 617: 306:

and social progress. In 1910, she was awarded a fellowship at

1852: 1850: 897:

Report on the Child Offender in the Federal System of Justice

314:, to pursue a doctorate in psychology under the guidance of 2107: 2105: 1910: 1862: 1619:. December 11, 1929. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com. 1395: 2237: 2225: 2189: 2165: 2129: 2117: 2042: 2030: 2018: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1946: 1934: 1898: 1886: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1739: 1683: 1659: 1591: 1567: 1491: 1443: 1431: 1419: 1407: 1205: 1099: 1097: 1383: 1359: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1289: 1277: 1265: 1253: 1217: 1193: 1084: 1082: 2102: 2078: 1623: 1371: 1181: 1133: 1121: 2249: 2201: 2177: 2153: 2141: 2090: 2066: 2054: 2006: 1958: 1922: 1874: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1695: 1671: 1647: 1635: 1579: 1543: 1531: 1479: 1467: 1455: 1094: 1065:"Papers of Miriam Van Waters, 1861–1971: A Finding Aid" 854:

Below is a partial list of Van Waters' published work.

585: 424:

in 1921, Van Waters promoted the idea of a Los Angeles

1241: 1229: 1169: 1079: 1040: 1157: 1145: 1109: 395:

and later an outpatient at Pottenger Sanatorium near

2336:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2317:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2298:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 811:the abolition of the death penalty. She joined the 669:22-year correspondence with Thompson in June 1948. 559:

The Child Offender in the Federal System of Justice

553:, who supported prison reform in her home state of 135:

Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Framingham

2393:The Lady at Box 99: The Story of Miriam Van Waters 1610: 1510: 318:, a specialist in child psychology and education. 281: 1727:(2). Correctional Education Association: 158–87. 525:; the Harvard Crime Survey, with headquarters in 2470: 1059: 1057: 1055: 805: 2439:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press: 1981: 883:. New York: Republic Publishing Company. 1925. 769:a list of JAFRC members and the refugees from 1052: 165:, she completed a doctorate in anthropology. 2355:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2373:Friend and Lover: The Life of Louise Bryant 943:The Adolescent Girl Among Primitive Peoples 813:Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross 2462:, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 339:The Adolescent Girl among Primitive People 29: 2407: 2331: 2312: 2293: 2271:. Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University 2111: 2084: 2072: 1377: 1067:. Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University 647:in 1945, a conservative backlash against 406: 2350: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2096: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2024: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1701: 1689: 1677: 1665: 1653: 1641: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1401: 1389: 1365: 1353: 1341: 1329: 1295: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1223: 1211: 1199: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1139: 1127: 1115: 1103: 1088: 1046: 867:. New York: New Republic Company. 1927. 384:made it impossible for her to continue. 356: 180:(1927). Another wealthy philanthropist, 2457:Papers of Miriam Van Waters, 1861-1971. 2369: 1187: 971: 541:of seven-year-old Betty Jean Martin, a 2471: 2390: 1629: 1283: 845:Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study 767:House Un-American Activities Committee 365: 213:Miriam Van Waters was born in 1887 in 1721:The Journal of Correctional Education 1718: 1707: 1512:"Social Work Head Given Wide Praise" 738: 672: 586:Early years at Framingham: 1932–1948 580: 537:. In that same year, she became the 352: 2519:20th-century American women writers 565:, as an administrator in the state 345:and her personal investigations of 249:of St. David's Episcopal Church in 13: 2524:20th-century American LGBTQ people 2429: 945:(Thesis). Clark University. 1913. 341:, was influenced by Chamberlain's 14: 2535: 2450: 302:. Her master's thesis focused on 133:Juvenile Hall for girls, and the 121:movement. During her career as a 2414:. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 643:. After the death of President 245:time to George's new posting as 2261: 1603: 1503: 1301: 1004: 995: 983: 834: 775:Federal Bureau of Investigation 699:Eighteen days of examinations, 680:Americans for Democratic Action 282:University education: 1905–1913 225:, in Maud's. After studying at 2504:LGBTQ people from Pennsylvania 1026:magazine stories of the 1950s. 817:Muscular Dystrophy Association 1: 2351:Freedman, Estelle B. (1996). 806:Retirement, death, and legacy 261:movement, and his use of the 208: 1033: 7: 2509:University of Oregon alumni 2395:. New York: Seabury Press. 2376:. New York: Horizon Press. 1612:"Appointed to Hoover Board" 1527:– via Newspapers.com. 912: 765:after refusing to give the 449:parent-teacher associations 10: 2540: 2391:Rowles, Burton J. (1962). 2370:Gardner, Virginia (1982). 2287: 1519:. July 5, 1929. p. 51 219:Rensselaer Falls, New York 153:, Van Waters attended the 2514:American prison reformers 2408:St. Johns, Adela (1974). 1010:Similar claims appear in 624:. Van Waters expanded an 577:, who had recently died. 551:Geraldine Morgan Thompson 304:philosophical materialism 240:from which he received a 200:law professor and then a 182:Geraldine Morgan Thompson 100: 92: 78: 71:Framingham, Massachusetts 59: 37: 28: 21: 1760:, pp. 188–195, 263. 1016:(1950), a film starring 976: 935: 857: 622:Texas A&M University 527:Cambridge, Massachusetts 312:Worcester, Massachusetts 215:Greensburg, Pennsylvania 163:Worcester, Massachusetts 52:Greensburg, Pennsylvania 16:American prison reformer 2494:Clark University alumni 2222:, pp. 341–42, 348. 1808:, pp. 186, 204–05. 1564:, pp. 123–24, 134. 575:Jessie Donaldson Hodder 523:Wellsboro, Pennsylvania 471:Sophonisba Breckinridge 439:According to historian 221:, in George's case and 721:U.S. solicitor general 697: 501:professor and later a 477:, and prison reformer 414:Adela Rogers St. Johns 407:Los Angeles: 1917–1931 362: 343:cross-cultural studies 692: 645:Franklin D. Roosevelt 531:Wickersham Commission 503:Supreme Court justice 360: 331:Alexander Chamberlain 972:Notes and references 865:Parents on Probation 763:contempt of Congress 507:Parents on Probation 461:reformers including 430:Ethel Sturges Dummer 397:Pasadena, California 389:Cannon Beach, Oregon 347:juvenile delinquency 272:University of Oregon 223:Dubois, Pennsylvania 178:Parents on Probation 170:Ethel Sturges Dummer 155:University of Oregon 83:University of Oregon 2460:Schlesinger Library 2411:Some Are Born Great 1919:, pp. 282–285. 1871:, pp. 276–280. 1617:Elmira Star-Gazette 1286:, pp. 107–110. 715:, then dean of the 690:. Freedman writes: 688:Scopes monkey trial 605:Jessie Wilson Sayre 445:Friday Morning Club 377:corporal punishment 366:Portland: 1914–1917 104:Sarah Ann (adopted) 2489:American feminists 2435:Estelle Freedman: 2246:, pp. 350–52. 2234:, pp. 348–49. 2198:, pp. 341–46. 2174:, pp. 334–35. 2138:, pp. 336–37. 2126:, pp. 324–26. 2051:, pp. 318–20. 2039:, pp. 308–10. 2027:, pp. 307–08. 2003:, pp. 296–97. 1991:, pp. 294–95. 1979:, pp. 291–97. 1907:, pp. 281–83. 1895:, pp. 280–81. 1859:, pp. 269–73. 1844:, pp. 274–75. 1832:, pp. 252–53. 1820:, pp. 250–51. 1748:, pp. 186–87. 1692:, pp. 180–83. 1668:, pp. 181–82. 1632:, pp. 204–05. 1600:, pp. 152–53. 1576:, pp. 144–45. 1500:, pp. 140–42. 1452:, pp. 109–14. 1440:, pp. 105–06. 1428:, pp. 104–05. 1416:, pp. 102–05. 1404:, p. 85, 144. 1311:. City of Portland 717:Harvard Law School 701:cross-examinations 616:how to live after 567:welfare department 518:county supervisors 514:Los Angeles County 499:Harvard Law School 479:George W. Kirchwey 371:of concern to the 363: 229:, George attended 131:Los Angeles County 2499:Lesbian feminists 2421:978-0-385-08769-8 2383:978-0-8180-0233-5 2362:978-0-226-26149-2 2343:978-0-8078-5694-9 2324:978-0-8078-5694-9 2305:978-0-8078-5694-9 1955:, p. 288–89. 1943:, p. 286–87. 1392:, pp. 98–99. 1368:, pp. 90–94. 1356:, pp. 77–83. 1344:, pp. 73–74. 1332:, pp. 66–67. 1298:, pp. 64–65. 1274:, pp. 62–63. 1262:, pp. 60–61. 1226:, pp. 43–44. 1214:, p. 46, 48. 1202:, pp. 31–33. 1190:, pp. 24–25. 1142:, pp. 18–20. 1130:, pp. 13–17. 881:Youth in Conflict 825:Radcliffe College 739:Decline (1950–57) 673:Crisis: 1948–1949 597:Eleanor Roosevelt 581:East Coast career 495:Felix Frankfurter 491:Youth in Conflict 353:West Coast career 194:Felix Frankfurter 186:Eleanor Roosevelt 174:Youth in Conflict 111:Miriam Van Waters 108: 107: 23:Miriam Van Waters 2531: 2425: 2404: 2387: 2366: 2347: 2328: 2309: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1716: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1514: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1106:, pp. 8–12. 1101: 1092: 1086: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1061: 1050: 1044: 1027: 1023:True Confessions 1008: 1002: 999: 993: 987: 967: 954: 931: 908: 892: 876: 771:Francisco Franco 733:closing argument 441:Estelle Freedman 434:Orfa Jean Shontz 420:at Jane Addam's 373:Multnomah County 308:Clark University 300:Henry D. Sheldon 267:settlement house 251:Portland, Oregon 159:Clark University 151:secondary school 127:Portland, Oregon 117:involved in the 87:Clark University 66: 63:January 17, 1974 47: 45: 33: 19: 18: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2453: 2432: 2430:Further reading 2422: 2384: 2363: 2344: 2325: 2306: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1717: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1517:Oakland Tribune 1509: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1095: 1091:, pp. 4–6. 1087: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1053: 1049:, pp. 6–7. 1045: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 988: 984: 979: 974: 957: 941: 938: 918: 915: 895: 879: 863: 860: 837: 808: 788:viral pneumonia 746:Girls on Parole 741: 675: 588: 583: 563:Gifford Pinchot 473:; psychiatrist 409: 368: 355: 316:G. Stanley Hall 284: 227:Oberlin College 211: 79:Alma mater 74: 68: 64: 55: 49: 48:October 4, 1887 43: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2537: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2464: 2463: 2452: 2451:External links 2449: 2448: 2447: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2405: 2388: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2348: 2342: 2329: 2323: 2310: 2304: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2260: 2258:, p. 359. 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2210:, p. 347. 2200: 2188: 2186:, p. 338. 2176: 2164: 2162:, p. 322. 2152: 2150:, p. 286. 2140: 2128: 2116: 2114:, p. 170. 2112:Freedman 2006c 2101: 2099:, p. 331. 2089: 2087:, p. 155. 2085:Freedman 2006b 2077: 2073:Freedman 2006a 2065: 2063:, p. 332. 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2015:, p. 306. 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1967:, p. 289. 1957: 1945: 1933: 1931:, p. 284. 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1883:, p. 280. 1873: 1861: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1796:, p. 198. 1786: 1784:, p. 236. 1774: 1772:, p. 200. 1762: 1750: 1738: 1706: 1704:, p. 185. 1694: 1682: 1680:, p. 180. 1670: 1658: 1656:, p. 163. 1646: 1644:, p. 179. 1634: 1622: 1602: 1590: 1588:, p. 115. 1578: 1566: 1554: 1552:, p. 132. 1542: 1540:, p. 144. 1530: 1502: 1490: 1488:, p. 137. 1478: 1476:, p. 130. 1466: 1464:, p. 126. 1454: 1442: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1382: 1380:, p. 223. 1378:St. Johns 1974 1370: 1358: 1346: 1334: 1322: 1300: 1288: 1276: 1264: 1252: 1240: 1228: 1216: 1204: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1144: 1132: 1120: 1108: 1093: 1078: 1051: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1018:Agnes Moorhead 1003: 994: 981: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 968: 955: 937: 934: 933: 932: 914: 911: 910: 909: 893: 877: 859: 856: 836: 833: 807: 804: 796:brain aneurysm 740: 737: 713:Erwin Griswold 674: 671: 587: 584: 582: 579: 539:legal guardian 535:Herbert Hoover 454:Evening Herald 408: 405: 367: 364: 354: 351: 335:anthropologist 296:Oregon Monthly 283: 280: 210: 207: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 94: 93:Known for 90: 89: 80: 76: 75: 69: 67:(aged 86) 61: 57: 56: 50: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2536: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2445:0-472-10008-4 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2256:Freedman 1996 2252: 2245: 2244:Freedman 1996 2240: 2233: 2232:Freedman 1996 2228: 2221: 2220:Freedman 1996 2216: 2209: 2208:Freedman 1996 2204: 2197: 2196:Freedman 1996 2192: 2185: 2184:Freedman 1996 2180: 2173: 2172:Freedman 1996 2168: 2161: 2160:Freedman 1996 2156: 2149: 2148:Freedman 1996 2144: 2137: 2136:Freedman 1996 2132: 2125: 2124:Freedman 1996 2120: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2097:Freedman 1996 2093: 2086: 2081: 2075:, p. 42. 2074: 2069: 2062: 2061:Freedman 1996 2057: 2050: 2049:Freedman 1996 2045: 2038: 2037:Freedman 1996 2033: 2026: 2025:Freedman 1996 2021: 2014: 2013:Freedman 1996 2009: 2002: 2001:Freedman 1996 1997: 1990: 1989:Freedman 1996 1985: 1978: 1977:Freedman 1996 1973: 1966: 1965:Freedman 1996 1961: 1954: 1953:Freedman 1996 1949: 1942: 1941:Freedman 1996 1937: 1930: 1929:Freedman 1996 1925: 1918: 1917:Freedman 1996 1913: 1906: 1905:Freedman 1996 1901: 1894: 1893:Freedman 1996 1889: 1882: 1881:Freedman 1996 1877: 1870: 1869:Freedman 1996 1865: 1858: 1857:Freedman 1996 1853: 1851: 1843: 1842:Freedman 1996 1838: 1831: 1830:Freedman 1996 1826: 1819: 1818:Freedman 1996 1814: 1807: 1806:Freedman 1996 1802: 1795: 1794:Freedman 1996 1790: 1783: 1782:Freedman 1996 1778: 1771: 1770:Freedman 1996 1766: 1759: 1758:Freedman 1996 1754: 1747: 1746:Freedman 1996 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1703: 1702:Freedman 1996 1698: 1691: 1690:Freedman 1996 1686: 1679: 1678:Freedman 1996 1674: 1667: 1666:Freedman 1996 1662: 1655: 1654:Freedman 1996 1650: 1643: 1642:Freedman 1996 1638: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1598:Freedman 1996 1594: 1587: 1586:Freedman 1996 1582: 1575: 1574:Freedman 1996 1570: 1563: 1562:Freedman 1996 1558: 1551: 1550:Freedman 1996 1546: 1539: 1538:Freedman 1996 1534: 1523:September 19, 1518: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1498:Freedman 1996 1494: 1487: 1486:Freedman 1996 1482: 1475: 1474:Freedman 1996 1470: 1463: 1462:Freedman 1996 1458: 1451: 1450:Freedman 1996 1446: 1439: 1438:Freedman 1996 1434: 1427: 1426:Freedman 1996 1422: 1415: 1414:Freedman 1996 1410: 1403: 1402:Freedman 1996 1398: 1391: 1390:Freedman 1996 1386: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1366:Freedman 1996 1362: 1355: 1354:Freedman 1996 1350: 1343: 1342:Freedman 1996 1338: 1331: 1330:Freedman 1996 1326: 1315:September 13, 1310: 1309:"Frazer Park" 1304: 1297: 1296:Freedman 1996 1292: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1272:Freedman 1996 1268: 1261: 1260:Freedman 1996 1256: 1250:, p. 54. 1249: 1248:Freedman 1996 1244: 1238:, p. 50. 1237: 1236:Freedman 1996 1232: 1225: 1224:Freedman 1996 1220: 1213: 1212:Freedman 1996 1208: 1201: 1200:Freedman 1996 1196: 1189: 1184: 1178:, p. 29. 1177: 1176:Freedman 1996 1172: 1166:, p. 30. 1165: 1164:Freedman 1996 1160: 1154:, p. 23. 1153: 1152:Freedman 1996 1148: 1141: 1140:Freedman 1996 1136: 1129: 1128:Freedman 1996 1124: 1118:, p. 20. 1117: 1116:Freedman 1996 1112: 1105: 1104:Freedman 1996 1100: 1098: 1090: 1089:Freedman 1996 1085: 1083: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1048: 1047:Freedman 1996 1043: 1039: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1007: 998: 991: 990:Louise Bryant 986: 982: 965: 961: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861: 855: 852: 848: 846: 842: 832: 828: 826: 820: 818: 814: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 783: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 758: 755: 751: 750:Smith College 747: 736: 734: 730: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 696: 691: 689: 683: 681: 670: 667: 666:tabloid press 663: 659: 658:homosexuality 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 613: 611: 606: 602: 601:Margaret Mead 598: 594: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 458: 456: 455: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 426:halfway house 423: 419: 418:Mary Bartelme 415: 404: 402: 401:civil service 398: 394: 391:, then as an 390: 385: 383: 378: 374: 359: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 279: 277: 273: 268: 265:as a kind of 264: 260: 259:Social Gospel 254: 252: 248: 243: 239: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 206: 203: 202:Supreme Court 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 119:Social Gospel 116: 112: 103: 99: 96:Prison reform 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 72: 62: 58: 53: 40: 36: 32: 27: 20: 2465: 2436: 2410: 2392: 2372: 2352: 2333: 2314: 2295: 2273:. Retrieved 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1724: 1720: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1616: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1557: 1545: 1533: 1521:. Retrieved 1516: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1445: 1433: 1421: 1409: 1397: 1385: 1373: 1361: 1349: 1337: 1325: 1313:. Retrieved 1303: 1291: 1279: 1267: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1219: 1207: 1195: 1188:Gardner 1982 1183: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1135: 1123: 1111: 1069:. Retrieved 1042: 1021: 1011: 1006: 997: 985: 942: 927: 923: 896: 880: 864: 853: 849: 838: 835:Bibliography 829: 821: 809: 800:Harvard Club 784: 779:McCarthy era 759: 745: 742: 725: 719:and later a 698: 693: 684: 676: 641:World War II 638: 634:parole board 614: 593:Robert Frost 589: 573:, replacing 558: 548: 511: 506: 490: 488: 483: 467:Edith Abbott 463:Grace Abbott 459: 452: 438: 410: 386: 382:tuberculosis 369: 338: 320: 295: 285: 255: 212: 177: 173: 167: 142:Pennsylvania 139: 115:Episcopalian 110: 109: 65:(1974-01-17) 2484:1974 deaths 2479:1887 births 1630:Rowles 1962 1284:Rowles 1962 653:subversives 610:internships 475:Adolf Meyer 327:Jane Addams 288:progressive 231:Bexley Hall 176:(1925) and 2473:Categories 2275:January 6, 1071:August 23, 924:The Survey 705:Paul Dever 571:Framingham 555:New Jersey 484:The Survey 422:Hull House 209:Early life 190:first lady 123:penologist 44:1887-10-04 1034:Citations 951:576732296 889:255039505 873:602538702 754:narcotics 729:rebutting 630:domestics 626:indenture 393:inpatient 278:in 1905. 235:Episcopal 1733:23282707 964:56813855 913:Articles 792:pleurisy 649:New Deal 323:genetics 292:feminism 242:divinity 238:seminary 140:Born in 101:Children 2288:Sources 709:de novo 662:lesbian 290:ideas, 263:rectory 198:Harvard 2443: 2418: 2401:381901 2399: 2380: 2359: 2340: 2321: 2302: 1731: 962: 949: 905:923706 903: 887: 871: 618:parole 599:, and 469:, and 276:Eugene 247:rector 192:, and 146:rector 73:, U.S. 54:, U.S. 1729:JSTOR 1013:Caged 977:Notes 936:Other 858:Books 333:, an 233:, an 2441:ISBN 2416:ISBN 2397:OCLC 2378:ISBN 2357:ISBN 2338:ISBN 2319:ISBN 2300:ISBN 2277:2018 1525:2017 1317:2017 1073:2017 960:OCLC 947:OCLC 901:OCLC 885:OCLC 869:OCLC 790:and 543:ward 497:, a 196:, a 188:, a 60:Died 38:Born 310:in 274:in 161:in 2475:: 2104:^ 1849:^ 1725:57 1723:. 1709:^ 1615:. 1515:. 1096:^ 1081:^ 1054:^ 928:48 926:. 922:. 843:, 819:. 723:. 595:, 465:, 457:. 253:. 129:; 85:, 2424:. 2403:. 2386:. 2365:. 2346:. 2327:. 2308:. 2279:. 1735:. 1319:. 1075:. 966:. 953:. 907:. 891:. 875:. 46:) 42:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index