880:. He will inform them of the campaign, and they will assemble the following men and equipment...: one wagon with six cows and six men; one packhorse with saddle and equipment and two men, the leader and the driver...If the king moves the army to Italy, all the peasant farms shall contribute for that purpose their usual taxes (that is, probably an entire annual rent as an extraordinary tax). But if the army moves against Saxony, Flanders or elsewhere on this side of the Alps, only half that amount will be given. From these additional taxes the wagons and pack animals will be loaded with rations and other items necessary for the journey.
53:
505:
765:
979:(1206–1215) asked King Frederick II at the imperial court held at Eger (today Cheb in the Czech Republic) to confirm the marriage contract that Gerhoch II of Bergheim-Radeck, an archiepiscopal ministerial, had made with Bertha of Lonsdorf, a Passau ministerial. The couple had agreed, presumably with their lords' consent, that their first two children were to belong to Salzburg and the third to Passau, and that any remaining children would be divided equally between the two churches. Gerhoch and Bertha could confer their
703:
795:. Imperial courts increasingly rendered justice for ministerials, as when Count Frederick of Isenberg murdered Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne in 1225. The archiepiscopal ministerials brought an appeal (and the blood-stained clothing) to the Royal Court to demand justice. The count's brothers, the bishops of MĂĽnster and OsnabrĂĽck, were brought before the court for complicity, and bloodshed at the court was narrowly averted. Count Frederick was convicted
587:) disliked entering into servile relationships with other nobles, so lords of a necessity recruited bailiffs, administrators and officials from among their unfree servants who could also fulfill a household warrior role. From the 11th century the term came to denote functionaries living as members of the knightly class with either a lordship of their own or one delegated from a higher lord as well as some political influence (
551:) who were the first ministerials authoritatively recorded. His letters specify that not only were they considered exceptional by their superiors, but the ministerials also mentored their successors in a form of administrative apprenticeship program. This may be the origin of ministerials as individuals in a set position.
641:: ownership of real property (land, buildings and fixtures) that is independent of any superior landlord, but it should not be confused with anarchy as the owner of allodial land is not independent of his sovereign. Ministerials were found holding the four great offices necessary to run a great household:
889:
Cologne differentiated between his poorer and wealthier vassals. Ministerials with an annual income of 5 marks or more were required to go on campaign in person, but those with smaller incomes were offered the choice to go on the march or to give half the income of their fief that year as a military tax.
480:
were not legally free people, but held social rank. Legally, their liege lord determined whom they could or could not marry, and they were not able to transfer their lords' properties to heirs or spouses. They were, however, considered members of the nobility since that was a social designation, not
945:
Greater ministerials considered themselves above trading in money, as did many nobles of the era, but Freed notes a number of ministerials who couldn't afford to turn up their noses to income. Circa 1125, Timo served not only as the burgrave of
Salzburg but also as a merchant of the city. Ortolf of
962:
Ministerials were serfs, and as such could not move without expressed permission of their lord or lady, though in certain clergy lands they could take holy orders without permission. Ministerials were in many places forbidden to marry without permission, but in other places, their freedom to marry
888:
were grouped into threes; one went on campaign while the other two were responsible for equipping and victualing him. This ensured that those who were sent to war were prepared for war. this also shows that a military obligation didn't necessarily mean riding off with the army. The archbishops of
519:
defeated the Gauls and rewarded his
Germanic allies with Roman rank. Princes were awarded senatorial status and their lesser knights ('minores...milites') received Roman citizenship. He assigned these 'knights' to princes but urged the princes "to treat the knights not as slaves and servants but
740:
During the 12th century the old free nobility of
Salzburg even found it a wise strategy to surrender their freedom in return for the safety of Salzburg's patronage. Around 1145, Ulrich I of the lesser-noble Sims family chose to subjugate his household to the archbishop by marrying the Salzburg
741:
ministerial
Liutkarda von Berg. Their son, Ulrich II, was born into his mother's status as was the practice, but now the Simses enjoyed the protection of one of the most powerful houses in the region. This was a wise strategy, considering the weak Simses were surrounded by greedy neighbors.
987:
The usual rule was that children of a mixed-status marriage would have the legal standing of the lesser of the parents. The child of a free knight and an unfree ministerial, therefore, was a ministerial. The liege of the mother would be the child's liege, for the child "followed the womb"
843:) or lesser ministerials like the wealthy widow Diemut von Högl, who held four castles with ministerial chaplain, chamberlain and seneschal. The lesser ministerials were ones who held no subordinates at all, but rather held an office and may or may not have maintained arms and armor.
520:
rather to receive their services as the knights' lords and defenders. "Hence it is," the chronicler explained, "that German knights, unlike their counterparts in other nations, are called servants of the royal fisc and princely ministerials." In
752:. The remaining traces of the taint of servility gradually faded, and the "fiefs for service" turned into proper hereditable fiefs, partly also because impoverished free nobles, while reserving their personal free status, voluntarily became
580:
who were already tilling the land on a tenure.) These servants were entrusted with special responsibilities by their overlords, such as the management of a farm, administration of finances (chancery) or of various possessions. Free nobles
598:. The free nobles under a prince may have a bond of vassalage that let them get out of serving, so kings, princes, bishops and archbishops were able to recruit unfree persons into military service. Such a body made up the group called
958:
duties that other types of serfs performed, though some lieges would reserve the right to commandeer plow-teams and draft horses. Some ministerial women did perform household duties but were well-compensated for the chores.
851:
As with all medieval terms of vassalage, the duties, obligations and benefits varied by region and even individual negotiation or tradition. These are often recorded in the Holy Roman Empire in a document named a
954:
Nobility was a social distinction, so even the unfree ministerials were considered higher in precedence than a free commoner. Being of a noble estate, ministerials were exempt from the more odious of
814:). Other regions were not as open, for as late as the fifteenth century the documents of the Dutch province of Gelderland continued to distinguish between knights of noble and of ministerial birth.
967:. If a liege disliked any marriage, though, the liege could easily withdraw any lands or income held by his subject. Any marriage was subject to review or approval of the liege, as in Salzburg:
613:, who held administrative and military positions but were paid in either a fixed amount of coin or by a portion of the proceeds of mills, road or bridge tolls, or ferry fees or port taxes.
415:
699:
In the
Archbishopric of Salzburg the ministerials and clergy together elected Archbishop Gebhard in 1060, as well as every archbishop from 1147 to 1256 save for Conrad III (r. 1177–83).
748:—theretofore reserved for free warriors—was also being applied to ministerials. Over the course of the 13th century their status was slowly assimilated to that of the free nobility, or
473:
during that time. What began as an irregular arrangement of workers with a wide variety of duties and restrictions rose in status and wealth to become the power brokers of an empire.
558:(990-1039) who first referred to ministerials as a distinct class. He had them organized into a staff of officials and administrators. In documents they are referred to as
488:
Both women and men held the ministerial status, and the laws on ministeriales made no distinction between the sexes in how they were treated. The term is a post-classical
408:
528:
for the tight grip that
English lords held upon their knights gave them less freedom than their German counterparts who had codified (and well-defended) rights.
401:
994:
Not everyone agrees with this interpretation, as some examples allow for free lords to challenge this ruling and maintain their status as free knights.
864:
One constant is that all arrangements included a duty owed to the lord for military service. This could take the form of actual personal service by the
1706:
637:, which to begin with were not heritable, in return for which they provided knightly services. They were also allowed to possess, and often did hold,
485:
were trained knights, held military responsibilities and surrounded themselves with the trappings of knighthood, and so were accepted as noblemen.
897:
Ministerials fulfilled a range of offices that ran their lieges' fiefs for them. They were found in the four traditional offices of a household:
827:
Legally, a ministerial was a ministerial, bound by the rights and duties enumerated in their area. Socially, there was a distinction between the
568:(or "ministerials", as Anglicized by Benjamin Arnold) of the post-Classical period who were not in the royal household were at first bondsmen or
946:
Kai - also a
Salzburger - brokered the produce of his own vineyards. Gerhoh Itzling even appeared as a 'zechmeister' (guildmaster) in Salzburg.
876:) of the king is announced to the bishop (of Metz, in this case) the bishop will send an official to the abbot, and the abbot will assemble his
1687:
de
Battaglia, Otto Forst. “The Nobility in the European Middle Ages.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 5, no. 1 (Oct., 1962): 60-75.
913:. Conrad II von Kuchl served his succession of archbishop lieges as a financial adviser for forty years, Werner von Lengfelden was master of
1684:
Bachrach, Bernard S. “Charlemagne and the
Carolingian General Staff.” The Journal of Military History 66, no. 2 (April, 2002): 313-357.
1756:
1716:
Leyser, Karl. “Henry I and the
Beginnings of the Saxon Empire.” The English Historical Review 83, No. 326 (Jan., 1968): pp. 1–32.
839:, or armigerous soldiery. These could be either free knights (such as Werner of Bolland, who maintained 1,100 subordinate knights for
1700:
Freed, John B. “Medieval German Social History: Generalizations and Particularism.” Central European History 25, No. 1 (1992): 1-26.
1761:
1576:
1690:
Bosl, Karl. “Ruler and Ruled in the German Empire from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century.” In Cheyette, Fredric L. (ed.).
1628:(December 1968). "The German Aristocracy from the Ninth to the Early Twelfth Century: A Historical and Cultural Sketch".
684:) and judges in the administration of the imperial territories, and in the lay principalities. As Imperial ministerials (
1733:
Thompson, James Westfall. “German Feudalism.” The American Historical Review 28, No. 3 (Apr., 1923): pp. 440–474.
810:
formed an intrinsic part of the lower nobility, and in the 15th century formed the core of the German knightly class (
492:
word, meaning originally "servant" or "agent", in a broad range of senses, rather than the modern connotation of a
1703:
Freed, John B. "The Origins of the European Nobility: The Problem of the Ministerials.” Viator 7 (1976): 228-33.
42:
665:, or runners of estates) or castellans, having both military and administrative responsibilities. Conrad II of
1697:
Cormier, David J. "Unique Ministerials: Unfree Nobility." Compleat Anachronist, no. 159 (First Quarter, 2013)
555:
17:
929:
in 1282. Ministerials could also be assigned to claim unused or poorly defended border areas, as with
1746:
1751:
769:
594:
Kings placed military requirements upon their princes, who in turn, placed requirements upon their
1653:
868:
or a payment to fund others who went to war. The monastery of Maurmunster records the following:
726:(knight) of the archiepiscopal ministerialage who functioned as burgrave and also as a merchant.
622:
609:, who administered lands and estates for a liege and were paid from the proceeds of the land and
706:
The fortress of Hohensalzburg, overlooking Salzburg, Austria, was run by a ministerial castellan
1538:
Freed, John B. (July 1987). "Nobles, Ministerials and Knights in the Archdiocese of Salzburg".
983:
on each other, and their children would share their paternal and maternal inheritances equally.
1713:
Translated by Helga Braun and Richard Mortimer, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
493:
914:
898:
840:
654:
342:
8:
764:
1069:, ed. Ludwig Weiland, MGH SS 23 (Hanover, 1874), pp. 432–33, as quoted in Freed, RMGN 30
625:), and their duties and privileges, at first nebulous, became more clearly defined, the
515:
The origin of the ministerial pedigree is obscure. A mediaeval chronicler reported that
52:
1641:
1613:
1582:
1555:
1526:
1487:
934:
835:
ones in the order of precedence. Greater ministerials maintained their own subordinate
504:
921:
of Salzburg in 1261, then, at various times, as marshal between 1270 and 1295, and as
799:, all his ministerials were released from his service, and Frederick was captured and
621:
As the need for such service functions became more acute (as, for example, during the
1572:
532:
449:
389:
34:
1596:
Ganshof, François-Louis (1939). "Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne".
1665:
1633:
1605:
1587:
1547:
1518:
1479:
1467:
672:
From the reign of Archbishop Conrad II (1024–1039) they were employed as stewards (
445:
301:
165:
1498:
884:
In Bamberg the Carolingian method of providing for a campaign remained in effect.
358:
67:
1569:
Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100– 1343
543:. There he praises the great merits of his imperial staff, made up of household
1003:
964:
930:
800:
638:
218:
192:
153:
1609:
1740:
773:
516:
120:
115:
110:
702:
1669:
1637:
1509:
Freed, John B. (June 1986). "Reflections on the Medieval German Nobility".
693:
669:
was the financial adviser to four archbishops over the course of 40 years.
633:
period (1024–1125) into a new and much differentiated class. They received
213:
177:
125:
100:
95:
1625:
729:
By the 12th century a distinction was made between greater ministerials (
536:
508:
1036:
1008:
1617:
1559:
1530:
1491:
926:
539:
chief adviser, and described the running of the government in his work
470:
461:
132:
1645:
511:, Pippin, and a ministerial clerk; a 10th-century copy of the original
469:
who made up a large majority of what could be described as the German
910:
642:
583:
379:
275:
270:
260:
244:
79:
1551:
1522:
1483:
1413:
Freed, NB 67. Pope Hadrian IV (c. 1100-1159) reinforced this ruling.
955:
1023:
972:
922:
711:
710:
Ministerials could be drawn from different occupational groups. In
680:
363:
306:
285:
265:
255:
208:
203:
160:
137:
674:
902:
715:
650:
595:
521:
374:
337:
332:
223:
62:
1470:(April 2002). "Charlemagne and the Carolingian General Staff".
1018:
1013:
976:
918:
906:
791:, and only the monarchy and princes were permitted to maintain
749:
689:
658:
646:
630:
466:
353:
327:
311:
280:
182:
148:
980:
666:
548:
489:
316:
296:
234:
634:
569:
444:
and placed in positions of power and responsibility in the
441:
239:
187:
172:
90:
74:
1081:
1503:
History of the Art of War, Volume III: Medieval Warfare
1219:
963:
was recognized based on papal authority, deriving from
1138:
1105:
1093:
733:) who had their own vassals and lesser ministerials (
1243:
1231:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1377:
Freed, NB, 123. The type of guild is not specified.
1198:
1150:
1117:
1048:
1694:New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1968.
1505:(Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1982)
1738:
817:
779:By the 13th century Bavarian law held that the
524:there was no group of knights referred to as
409:
1721:Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1056.
1546:(3). University of Chicago Press: 575–611.
787:) held a position higher than the ordinary
576:, or household servants (as opposed to the
1692:Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe.
1604:(2). Cambridge University Press: 147–175.
949:
499:
416:
402:
1586:
917:'s huge kitchen, and Ulrich II served as
822:
1652:
1571:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1466:
1111:
1099:
1087:
763:
744:By the end of the 12th century the term
701:
503:
494:high-ranking politician or administrator
440:) were a class of people raised up from
1595:
1517:(3). Oxford University Press: 553–575.
1144:
971:In July 1213 Archbishop Eberhard II of
759:
14:
1739:
1730:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
1632:(41). Oxford University Press: 25–53.
1624:
1457:
1425:3:171, no. 666 as cited in Freed, NB 1
1225:
1054:
1042:
616:
605:There were two sorts of ministerials:
455:The word and its German translations,
1566:
1537:
1508:
1249:
1237:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1123:
940:
45:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
1045:, pp. 12–29 and especially 69.
975:(1200–1246) and Bishop Manegold of
806:By the 13th and 14th centuries the
768:Portrait of the famous ministerial
737:) who had no vassals of their own.
591:the exercise of offices at court).
24:
1678:
846:
25:
1773:
1757:Nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
892:
718:a Timo appears in 1125/47 in the
465:, came to describe those unfree
193:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
51:
1437:
1428:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1210:
1658:The American Historical Review
1404:Arnold, 54. Freed, NB 49 n 81.
1303:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte
1129:
1072:
1060:
27:European medieval social class
13:
1:
1762:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
1723:New York: Longman Inc., 1991.
1135:Delbrück 101–103, 111 note 10
1029:
1656:(1923). "German Feudalism".
1598:Cambridge Historical Journal
1501:, trans. Walter Renfroe Jr.
818:Certain vassal relationships
178:Crown prince, Crown princess
7:
1711:Medieval Germany 1056-1273.
1472:Journal of Military History
1460:German Knighthood 1050–1300
1305:as quoted in Delbrück 101–2
997:
859:
10:
1778:
1511:American Historical Review
1462:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1450:
722:(book of traditions) as a
1610:10.1017/S1474691300003358
1458:Arnold, Benjamin (1985).
133:Grand duke, Grand duchess
1654:Thompson, James Westfall
770:Ulrich von Liechtenstein
1567:Freed, John B. (1995).
1423:Salzburger Urkundenbuch
1067:Chronicon Ebersheimense
990:partus sequitor ventrem
950:Rights and restrictions
692:, and particularly the
623:Investiture Controversy
500:Origins to 11th century
43:Imperial, royal, noble,
1443:Arnold 1985, pp. 68-69
1216:Delbrűck, 254, note 17
985:
882:
823:Social differentiation
776:
707:
562:, or ministerial men.
512:
380:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
969:
870:
831:ministerials and the
772:(1200–1275) from the
767:
735:ministeriales minores
731:ministeriales maiores
705:
535:(d. 826) was Emperor
507:
256:Viscount, Viscountess
204:Marquess, Marchioness
138:Archduke, Archduchess
80:High king, High queen
1670:10.1086/ahr/28.3.440
1638:10.1093/past/41.1.25
1468:Bachrach, Bernard S.
915:Hohensalzburg Castle
841:Frederick Barbarossa
760:13th century onwards
266:Burgrave, Burgravine
209:Margrave, Margravine
1588:10.7591/j.ctvn1tb2j
1299:Alsatia diplomatica
856:or "service code."
801:broken on the wheel
696:, imperial polity.
686:Reichsministerialen
617:11th–12th centuries
333:Baronet, Baronetess
1728:Fiefs and Vassals.
1630:Past & Present
941:Trade and commerce
935:Hohenwerfen Castle
777:
708:
688:) they upheld the
513:
1726:Reynolds, Susan.
1719:Reuter, Timothy.
1707:Haverkamp, Alfred
1578:978-1-5017-4256-9
1270:Freed, NMK. 600.
872:When a campaign (
629:developed in the
560:ministerialis vir
541:De ordine palatii
533:Adalard of Corbie
450:Holy Roman Empire
426:
425:
390:Lord of the Manor
354:Knight, Chevalier
16:(Redirected from
1769:
1747:German feudalism
1673:
1649:
1621:
1592:
1590:
1563:
1534:
1495:
1463:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:Freed, NMK, 586.
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1301:, 1:226. Waitz,
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1228:, p. 133-4.
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1090:, p. 316-7.
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
446:High Middle Ages
418:
411:
404:
63:Emperor, Empress
55:
30:
29:
21:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1752:Medieval titles
1737:
1736:
1681:
1679:Further reading
1676:
1579:
1552:10.2307/2846383
1523:10.2307/1869131
1484:10.2307/3093063
1453:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:Freed, NMK 600.
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1000:
993:
952:
943:
895:
862:
849:
847:Uses and duties
825:
820:
762:
678:), castellans (
619:
572:taken from the
554:It was Emperor
502:
457:Ministeriale(n)
422:
359:Imperial Knight
297:Baron, Baroness
235:Count, Countess
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1664:(3): 440–474.
1650:
1622:
1593:
1577:
1564:
1535:
1506:
1499:DelbrĂĽck, Hans
1496:
1478:(2): 313–357.
1464:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1386:Delbrűck, 230.
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1252:, p. 578.
1242:
1240:, p. 571.
1230:
1218:
1209:
1197:
1195:, p. 579.
1185:
1183:, p. 586.
1173:
1171:, p. 584.
1161:
1149:
1147:, p. 151.
1137:
1128:
1126:, p. 569.
1116:
1114:, p. 470.
1104:
1102:, p. 325.
1092:
1080:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Castle warrior
999:
996:
965:Galatians 3:28
951:
948:
942:
939:
931:Laudegg Castle
894:
893:Administration
891:
861:
858:
848:
845:
824:
821:
819:
816:
761:
758:
720:traditionsbuch
618:
615:
545:servii proprii
526:ministeriales,
501:
498:
424:
423:
421:
420:
413:
406:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
369:
368:
367:
366:
361:
356:
348:
347:
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345:
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335:
330:
322:
321:
320:
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314:
309:
304:
299:
291:
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283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
237:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
219:Count palatine
216:
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206:
198:
197:
196:
195:
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185:
180:
175:
170:
169:
168:
158:
157:
156:
143:
142:
141:
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129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
85:
84:
83:
82:
77:
72:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
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1732:
1729:
1725:
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1718:
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1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
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1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
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1627:
1623:
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1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
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1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
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1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1440:
1434:Freed, NB 65.
1431:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1368:Freed, NB, 53
1365:
1356:
1347:
1341:Freed, NB 53.
1338:
1332:Freed, NB 62.
1329:
1323:DelbrĂĽck, 103
1320:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:Freed, NB 52.
1276:
1267:
1261:Freed, NB 51.
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1207:, p. 44.
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1159:, p. 62.
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1112:Thompson 1923
1108:
1101:
1100:Bachrach 2002
1096:
1089:
1088:Bachrach 2002
1084:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1057:, p. 33.
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
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984:
982:
978:
974:
968:
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947:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
890:
887:
886:Ministeriales
881:
879:
878:ministeriales
875:
869:
867:
866:ministeriales
857:
855:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
815:
813:
809:
808:ministeriales
804:
802:
798:
794:
793:ministeriales
790:
786:
782:
781:ministeriales
775:
774:Codex Manesse
771:
766:
757:
755:
754:ministeriales
751:
747:
742:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
704:
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695:
691:
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683:
682:
677:
676:
670:
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664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
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640:
636:
632:
628:
627:ministeriales
624:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
600:ministeriales
597:
592:
590:
586:
585:
579:
575:
574:servi proprii
571:
567:
566:Ministeriales
563:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Charlemagne's
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
517:Julius Caesar
510:
506:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:Ministeriales
481:a legal one.
479:
478:ministeriales
474:
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:
437:ministerialis
433:
432:
431:ministeriales
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
399:
397:
396:
391:
388:
386:
385:Ministerialis
383:
381:
378:
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370:
365:
362:
360:
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355:
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351:
350:
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344:
341:
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334:
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318:
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287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
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269:
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262:
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254:
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246:
243:
241:
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210:
207:
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202:
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191:
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184:
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176:
174:
173:Duke, Duchess
171:
167:
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162:
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150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
127:
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119:
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114:
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109:
108:
106:
102:
99:
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94:
93:
92:
89:
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81:
78:
76:
75:Tsar, Tsarina
73:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
18:Ministeriales
1727:
1720:
1710:
1691:
1661:
1657:
1629:
1626:Leyser, Karl
1601:
1597:
1568:
1543:
1539:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1439:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1314:DelbrĂĽck 103
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:Delbrűck 246
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1145:Ganshof 1939
1140:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1078:Delbrűck 230
1074:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1038:
989:
986:
970:
961:
953:
944:
896:
885:
883:
877:
873:
871:
865:
863:
854:Dienstrecht,
853:
850:
836:
832:
828:
826:
811:
807:
805:
796:
792:
788:
785:Dienstmänner
784:
780:
778:
753:
745:
743:
739:
734:
730:
728:
723:
719:
709:
698:
694:Hohenstaufen
685:
679:
673:
671:
663:vice dominus
662:
657:. They were
626:
620:
610:
606:
604:
599:
593:
588:
582:
578:servi casati
577:
573:
565:
564:
559:
553:
544:
540:
530:
525:
514:
487:
482:
477:
475:
460:
456:
454:
436:
435:
430:
429:
427:
384:
214:Marcher lord
1395:Arnold, 66.
1297:Schöpflin,
1226:Arnold 1985
1055:Leyser 1968
1043:Arnold 1985
899:chamberlain
812:Ritterstand
797:in absentia
655:chamberlain
509:Charlemagne
434:(singular:
1741:Categories
1250:Freed 1987
1238:Freed 1986
1205:Freed 1995
1193:Freed 1987
1181:Freed 1987
1169:Freed 1987
1157:Freed 1995
1124:Freed 1986
1030:References
927:Tittmoning
681:Burggrafen
611:non-casati
589:inter alia
471:knighthood
462:Dienstmann
364:Druzhinnik
911:seneschal
874:profectio
643:seneschal
584:Edelfreie
556:Conrad II
276:Advocatus
271:Landgrave
261:Castellan
245:Ealdorman
1540:Speculum
1024:Vavassor
1009:DevĹźirme
998:See also
973:Salzburg
923:burgrave
860:Military
712:Salzburg
307:Lendmann
286:Starosta
161:Princess
35:a series
33:Part of
1618:3020714
1560:2846383
1531:1869131
1492:3093063
1451:Sources
903:marshal
837:milites
829:greater
789:milites
750:vassals
716:Austria
659:vidames
651:marshal
596:vassals
522:England
448:in the
442:serfdom
375:Esquire
338:Fidalgo
224:Voivode
166:consort
154:consort
121:dowager
116:consort
111:regnant
101:dowager
96:consort
68:dowager
1646:650002
1644:
1616:
1585:
1575:
1558:
1529:
1490:
1019:Mamluk
1014:Gentry
977:Passau
956:corvée
919:vidame
907:butler
833:lesser
690:Salian
647:butler
639:allods
631:Salian
607:casati
531:Abbot
467:nobles
343:Nobile
328:Ritter
312:Primor
281:Vidame
183:Herzog
149:Prince
126:mother
107:Queen
1642:JSTOR
1614:JSTOR
1583:JSTOR
1556:JSTOR
1527:JSTOR
1488:JSTOR
981:allod
746:miles
724:miles
675:Vögte
667:Kuchl
635:fiefs
570:serfs
549:serfs
490:Latin
317:Boyar
302:Thane
1573:ISBN
933:and
909:and
783:(or
653:and
476:The
459:and
428:The
240:Earl
188:Jarl
91:King
1666:doi
1634:doi
1606:doi
1548:doi
1519:doi
1480:doi
925:of
1743::
1709:.
1662:28
1660:.
1640:.
1612:.
1600:.
1581:.
1554:.
1544:62
1542:.
1525:.
1515:91
1513:.
1486:.
1476:66
1474:.
992:).
937:.
905:,
901:,
803:.
756:.
714:,
649:,
645:,
602:.
496:.
452:.
37:on
1672:.
1668::
1648:.
1636::
1620:.
1608::
1602:6
1591:.
1562:.
1550::
1533:.
1521::
1494:.
1482::
988:(
661:(
581:(
547:(
417:e
410:t
403:v
20:)
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