633:
Congo (Brazzaville) (petroleum), Congo (Kinshasa) (diamond, petroleum, cobalt, and copper), Gabon (petroleum and manganese), Guinea (bauxite, alumina, gold, and diamond), Sierra Leone (diamond), and Sudan (oil and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of Mali (gold), Mauritania (iron ore), Mozambique (aluminum), Namibia (diamond, uranium, gold, and zinc), and Zambia (copper and cobalt). Gold was a significant source of export earnings in Ghana, South Africa, and
Tanzania. Diamond was a substantial source of export earnings in the Central African Republic and South Africa, as was uranium in Niger.
1552:
1352:(BKM) could start in 2008; a proposed expansion of the mines could be completed in 2010. The opening of BKM would more than offset the expected decline in output from the Beeshok Mine after 2008. The F Faleme iron ore project in Senegal could start production in 2011. In Nigeria, mining is expected to restart at the Ajaybanko and the I Itakpe iron ore deposits in 2006 or 2007 and to reach full production by 2009. Output was also expected to increase in Algeria.
1753:, the Mafube, and the Isibonelo Mines opened in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively, and production increased at a number of other mines. Output also increased in Botswana, Egypt, Malawi, Niger, Swaziland, and Zambia and decreased in Morocco and Zimbabwe. South Africa, which was the dominant coal producer in Africa, accounted for 98% of regional coal output; Zimbabwe, 1%; and others, less than 1%. More than 99% of South Africa's coal production was
1724:) content of African phosphate rock production amounted to about 14.6 Mt compared with 12.5 Mt in 2000. The majority of the increase in output was attributable to higher production by Office Cherifien des Phosphates in Morocco; Egypt's production also increased. Morocco, which was the leading producer of phosphate rock in Africa, accounted for 60% of continental phosphate rock output in 2004; Tunisia, 16%; and South Africa, 7%.
353:, or governments have projected to come online within indicated timeframes. Forward-looking information, which includes estimates of future production, exploration and mine development, cost of capital projects, and timing of the start of operations, is subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ significantly from expected outcomes.
625:
between 2002 and 2005 and 13 experienced an improvement. Oil importers experienced the worst decline. However, Botswana's terms of trade improved because higher prices for oil imports were more than offset by higher prices for diamond exports. Similar reasoning was held for
Mozambique because of higher prices for aluminum; in Niger, for uranium; and in Zambia, for copper.
1510:
metal increased by 85% compared with that of 2000. In
Namibia, the Skorpion smelter was opened in 2003. Production declined in Algeria and South Africa. Namibia, which did not produce zinc metal before 2003, accounted for 48% of continental zinc metal production in 2005. South Africa's share declined to 40% in 2005 from 75% in 2000, and Algeria's share, to 12% from 25%.
1685:, the African Diamond Council and nongovernmental organizations. As of 2005, the following African countries had met the minimum requirements of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Congo (Kinshasa), CĂ´te d'Ivoire, Guinea, Lesotho, Mauritius, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, and Zimbabwe.
1700:, and the Rio Lapi Garimpo Mines are expected to contribute to higher output. Production could rise in Congo (Kinshasa) because of the possible expansion of MIBA's facilities by 2010. European Diamonds plc started production in Lesotho in 2005; the company planned to reach full capacity in 2006. Zimbabwe's production could increase because of higher production from
1377:
continental output. From 2000 to 2005, Africa's production of secondary refined lead increased by 34%. South Africa accounted for 86% of
African secondary refined lead output; Kenya, Morocco, and Nigeria accounted for the remainder. The share of primary lead in total refined lead production in Africa declined to 35% in 2005 from 64% in 1995 and 72% in 1990.
1809:
in
Namibia; Niger's output also increased. South Africa's production declined because of lower gold mine output. Namibia accounted for 46% of African uranium production; Niger, 44%; and South Africa, less than 10%. In 1990, Niger's and South Africa's shares of continental production were 30% and 27%,
1392:
African mine production of nickel increased by nearly 9% from 2000 to 2005. South Africa accounted for most of the increase in production; output also increased in
Botswana and Zimbabwe. The majority of South Africa's nickel output was a coproduct of platinum metals group mining. Higher South African
1347:
In 2005, the iron content of ore produced in Africa amounted to 34.8 tonnes compared with 32.1 tonnes in 2000. Higher production from the Sishen and the
Thabazimbi Mines in South Africa more than offset lower output in Egypt and Mauritania. South Africa was the leading iron ore producer in Africa and
1529:
tailings near
Kolwezi could lead to further increases in production, but whether these projects will be implemented by the end of 2011 is uncertain. Higher production from the Skorpion smelter in Namibia could increase regional production of zinc metal by nearly 8% by 2007. This increase would more
1383:
The decline in
African lead mine production is likely to continue, with output expected to decline by 22% from 2005 to 2011. Most of the decrease would be attributable to the closure of the Bougrine Mine in Tunisia in 2005 and the Rosh Pinah Mine in Namibia by 2010. Secondary refined lead production
1327:
plant in 2006 and higher production at the Delta plant. In South Africa, the expansion of the
Vanderbijlpark plant was scheduled to take place from 2006 to 2009. In Algeria, increased use of existing capacity was expected to raise national steel production to 2.5 t by 2011. Production could increase
1229:
in 2006, the Dominion Mine in 2007, the Tshepong Decline project in 2008, the Phakisa Shaft in 2009, and the planned expansion of the Masimong Mine in 2010. By 2011, these projects could more than offset the shutdown of the Ergo and the North West Mines in 2005, the planned closure of the Crown Mine
877:
The use of mercury by artisanal gold miners has led to serious air and water pollution in Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Development Programme, and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization began
833:
system for the administration of mineral rights; the establishment of the permissible range of royalty rates at not less than 3% or more than 6% of total mining revenues; the government's right to obtain a 10% free-carried interest in mining leases; and the establishment of the period of duration of
716:
However, intraregional minerals trade was significant in the case of gold. South Africa imported 142,000 kilograms per year of gold, mostly from West African countries, to supply its gold refinery. A majority of African gold mine production was refined in South Africa before export to other regions.
526:
of South Africa reported that investment in newly committed precious metals projects in South Africa—those for which funds had already been committed or were being expended—was $ 8.26 billion in 2005. An additional $ 9.56 billion was reported for potential precious metals projects in South
1509:
mine; production also restarted at Slag Treatment Plant Lubumbashi in Congo (Kinshasa). In 2005, Morocco accounted for 36% of African zinc mine production; Namibia, 32%; South Africa, 15%; and Tunisia, 7%. Africa's share of world zinc mine production was about 2% in 2005. African production of zinc
1376:
African production of primary refined lead declined by 45% compared with that of 2000; the decrease may have been attributable to lower lead mine production in Morocco. Production also declined in Algeria. Morocco, which was the leading African producer of primary refined lead, accounted for 88% of
571:
Exploration activity, as defined by African exploration budgets reported by the MEG, increased to $ 807 million in 2005 from $ 572 million in 2004. Africa's share of the world exploration budget increased slightly to 16.5% in 2005 from 16.1% in 2004. In 2005, the principal mineral targets
1857:
the largest producer on manganese in Africa is South Africa. The Kalahari Manganese field, located in the northern cape province is the world largest and richest manganese deposit. It covers an area of approximately 16000 square kilometer and host an estimated 80% of the global manganese reserves.
1351:
The iron content of ore produced in Africa is expected to increase to almost 62 tonnes in 2011. In South Africa, the expansion of the Sishen Mine is likely to be completed in 2009; a further expansion of the mine could be completed by 2011. Production at the Bruce, the King, and the Mokaning Mines
809:
Effective February 28, 2005, platinum producers could no longer hold proceeds from Zimbabwean mining activity in foreign accounts to fund exploration and development in that country. The loss of direct access to these earnings may make it more difficult for foreign companies to fund exploration in
712:
In 2005, Europe received 35% of Africa's petroleum exports; the United States, 32%; China, 10%; Japan, 2%; and other countries in Asia and the Pacific region, 12%. West African countries sent 45% of their exports to the United States and 32% to China, Japan, and other countries in the Asia and the
1768:
African coal production is expected to increase by an average of 3% per year from 2005 to 2011. South Africa is likely to be responsible for the majority of the increase; its production could increase to 276 Mt by 2011. Higher output would be attributable to the opening of the Kriel South Mine in
1315:
African production of crude steel increased by 27% from 2000 to 2005. The majority of the increase was attributable to Egypt. South Africa accounted for 54% of regional crude steel production; Egypt, 32%; Libya, 7%; and Algeria, 6%. Africa's share of world crude steel production amounted to 2% in
1007:
and the Mufulira plants in Zambia more than offset lower South African output. In South Africa, production declined because of lower output from the Palabora refinery. In 2005, Zambia accounted for 77% of African refined copper production; South Africa, 19%; and Egypt, 3%. Congo (Kinshasa), which
906:
smelter was shut down because of droughts that reduced the country's effective hydropower capacity. South Africa accounted for about 48% of African aluminium output; Mozambique, 32%; and Egypt, 14%. Kenya was the only African producer of secondary refined aluminium. Africa accounted for 5% of the
1688:
Illicit diamond production controlled by the Kimberley Process focused on CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Liberia in 2005. At the Kimberley Process plenary session held in Moscow in November, the Chair called for action to be taken to help provide technical assistance to countries neighboring CĂ´te d'Ivoire to
1615:
In 2005, Africa's share of world diamond production, by volume, was 46%. African diamond production increased by nearly 51% in 2005 compared with that of 2000. The increase in output was broadly based, with production rising in Angola, Botswana, Congo (Kinshasa), Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Namibia,
1368:
and the closure of the Pering Mine in 2003. The decrease in Morocco's output was attributable to the closure of the Touissit Mine in 2002 and technical problems experienced by Compagnie Minière de Guemassa. In Tunisia, the Bouhabeur and the Fej Lahdoum Mines were closed in 2004, and the Bougrine
910:
African bauxite production declined by about 3% from 2000 to 2005. From 1990 to 2005, Africa's share of world bauxite production decreased to 9% from 16%. Guinea accounted for about 95% of African bauxite production; Ghana accounted for most of the remainder. In 2005, Guinea was the only African
632:
In 2004 or 2005, mineral fuels accounted for more than 90% of the export earnings of Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Libya, and Nigeria. Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 80% of the export earnings of Botswana (led by, in order of value, diamond, copper, nickel, soda ash, and gold),
624:
Oil-importing countries had an average current account deficit of 3.3% of the GDP in 2005, and oil-exporting countries had an average current account surplus of 12.2% of GDP. Out of 33 African nations for which information was available, 20 countries experienced a decline in their terms of trade
628:
The average current account deficit for oil-importing countries is expected to increase to 4.1% of the GDP in 2006 and to 3.8% of the GDP in 2007. For oil-exporting countries, the surplus is predicted to rise to 15.4% of the GDP in 2006 and 15.8% of the GDP in 2007. Africa was expected to run a
1407:
nickel and cobalt mine in 2009 in Madagascar is expected to account for the majority of the increase. Madagascar, which did not mine nickel in 2005, could have a 33% share of African nickel mine production by 2011. South Africa's output is expected to nearly double by 2011 because of increased
704:
Africa's natural gas exporters included Algeria, which had 72% of the continent's natural gas exports, Nigeria, 13%, Egypt, 9%, and Libya, 6%. Europe received 91% of African total natural gas exports and was the destination of 95% of Africa's natural gas exports by pipeline and 88% of Africa's
1221:
In 2005, South Africa accounted for 56% of African gold production; Ghana, 13%; Tanzania, 10%; and Mali, 8%. South Africa's share of continental gold production continued to decline from 89% in 1990 because of rising production costs associated with deeper underground operations and increased
1504:
in 2003 and the Maranda Mine in 2004 more than offset higher output from the Black Mountain Mine. In Tunisia, the Bouhabeur and the Fej Lahdoum Mines were closed in 2004, and the Bougrine Mine, in 2005. Algerian output declined because of the shutdown of El Abed and the Kherzet Youcef Mines.
1133:/1,148,400 pounds in 2005, which was a decrease of 14% compared with that of 2000. Production was considerably less than that of 1990 because of the long-term decline in South African production. From 1990 to 2005, Africa's share of world gold mine production decreased from 32% to about 21%.
788:
has outlined a policy framework, the Africa Mining Vision, to leverage the continent’s mineral reserves and youth boom in pursuit of sustainable development and socio-economic transformation. Achieving these goals requires mineral-rich African economies to transition from commodity export to
1676:
was established to reduce the trade of conflict diamonds, particularly diamonds originating from Angola, Congo (Kinshasa), and Sierra Leone. The establishment of the Kimberley Process involved officials from more than 50 countries that produced, processed, and imported diamond as well as
1764:
Africa accounted for about 3% of world coal consumption in 2005. Within the region, South Africa accounted for 92% of African coal consumption. Nearly 71% of South Africa's coal production was consumed domestically. From 2000 to 2005, Africa's consumption of coal increased by about 12%.
813:
At the end of 2004, the government of Liberia passed legislation providing for controls on the export, import, and transit of rough diamond. In addition, the government suspended the issuance of all permits for diamond mining and placed a moratorium on alluvial diamond prospecting.
18:
The second-largest mineral industry in the world is the mineral industry of Africa, which implies large quantities of resources due to Africa being the second largest continent, with 30.37 million square kilometres of land.With a population of 1.4 billion living there,
1668:
In 2005, the global value of rough diamond production amounted to $ 12.7 billion, of which Africa accounted for about 60%. Botswana accounted for 24% of the value of global rough diamond output; South Africa, 12%; Angola, 11%; Congo (Kinshasa), 8%; and Namibia, 5%.
583:, Ghana, and Zambia. Still, the activity took place in several other countries. Gold accounted for approximately 51% of reported African exploration projects, diamond accounted for about 14%, copper and PGM accounted for about 11%, and nickel accounted for 5%.
948:
production was likely to increase by an average of about 10% per year from 2005 to 2011. In Guinea, planned increases in alumina refining capacity of about 5 million metric tons per year in 2008 and 2009 are expected to lead to higher bauxite production. The
1283:
gold production in 2005 are likely to open large-scale gold mines in the near future. By January 2008, production was expected to start at the Bonikro gold deposit in CĂ´te d'Ivoire. In Mauritania, Rio Narcea Gold Mines Ltd. plans to start production at the
999:
Mine and the closure of the Maranda Mine in 2004. In 2005, Zambia accounted for 65% of African copper mine production; South Africa, 15%; and Congo (Kinshasa), 13%. Africa's share of world copper mine production was 5% in 2005 compared with 14% in 1990.
865:
Deforestation for fuel use and land-intensive agricultural production continued to be a significant environmental issue in many African countries. Other causes of deforestation included artisanal production of gemstones, lime, and sand and gravel. The
874:. In 2005 natural gas was being flared by Nigeria; in the future, Nigeria expected to export natural gas to Benin, Ghana, and Togo. The government of Nigeria had committed to ending the flaring of natural gas, which would lead to decreased pollution.
1469:
African mine production of palladium is expected to increase by an average of between 4% and 5% per year from 2005 to 2011, and platinum, by between 3% and 4% per year. In South Africa, the increase is likely to be attributable to the opening of the
878:
the Global Mercury Project in August 2002 to alleviate these problems. The Global Mercury Project has been providing cleaner technologies and training for miners, conducting health assessments, and helping institute government regulatory capacities.
1322:
Crude steel production was expected to rise by an average of about 5% per year from 2005 to 2011. Nigeria, which accounted for less than 1% of African crude steel output in 2005, could increase its share to 10% by 2011 with the opening of the
554:
were likely to total more than $ 2.35 billion; nickel in Madagascar, $ 2.25 billion; and coal in Mozambique, $ 1 billion. Substantial capital expenditures were also likely for aluminum in Mozambique and South Africa, cobalt and
1011:
In 2005, world refined copper consumption increased to 16.8 Metric tonnes from 16.7 t in 2004; African consumption of copper amounted to about 170,000 t in 2005. South Africa's consumption declined to 82,000 t in 2005 from 84,000 t in 2004.
825:(law number 703). The new law provides for access to mineral rights on a first-come, first-considered basis; a specific time frame within which all applications should be granted; the right for applicants to demand written reasons from the
1100:
The production of refined copper was expected to rise by an average of 17% per year from 2005 to 2011. Zambia's production is expected to increase because of higher output from the Mufulira refinery and the Bwana Mkubwa and the Kansanshi
1735:
content of African phosphate rock production is expected to remain nearly unchanged through 2011. In Morocco, Office Cherifien des Phosphates could complete an expansion by 2009. Production is expected to decline in Algeria and Tunisia.
23:
exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies for many African countries and remain keys to economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first in quantity of world reserves for
1858:
Some of the uses of manganese are production of steel materials which is added to the iron alloy to enhance their strength,toughnes, and resistance to corrosion. Batteries used in production of batteries in rechargeable lithium-ion.
1848:
In 2005, exported African oil was distributed as 35% to the EU, 32% to the US, 10% to China, and 1% of African gas goes to Asia. North African preferentially exporting its oil to western countries was EU 64%; US 18%; all others 18%.
1486:
by the end of 2009; and higher production from the Everest, the Kroondal, the Marikana, and the Modikwa Mines. Higher output in Zimbabwe is likely to result from the expansion of the Mimosa and the Ngezi Mines and the opening of the
1499:
From 2000 to 2005, Africa's mine production of zinc declined by about 17%. The decrease in Morocco's output was attributable to technical problems experienced by Compagnie Minère de Guemassa. In South Africa, the closure of the
901:
smelter was completed in 2000, and the Mozal 2 smelter, in 2003. South Africa's production increased because of the expansion of the Hillside smelter in December 2003. Output also increased in Cameroon and Egypt. In Ghana, the
1516:
The decline in African zinc mine production was likely to continue, with output declining by 13% from 2005 to 2011. Most of the decrease would be attributable to the closure of the Bougrine Mine in Tunisia in 2005 and the
2804:
801:
government ordered a halt to all mineral exploration activity in the country while it reviewed its Mining Act. The government suspension was lifted in January 2005. The government increased the maximum possible
1008:
accounted for 37% of continental refined copper output in 1990, had ceased production by 2000. Egypt was the only producer of secondary refined copper; primary production accounted for most African production.
713:
Pacific region. North African countries sent 64% of their exports to Europe and 18% to the United States. Intraregional exports to African countries amounted to only 2% of total African petroleum exports.
1332:
restores its capacity; improvement in this company's situation depends upon the restoration of economic and political stability. African consumption of finished steel is expected to rise to 19 t by 2008.
1292:
and the Taparko Mines are expected to open in Burkina Faso by 2007 and 2009, respectively. Gold-rich zones in the Bisha Mine in Eritrea are planned to be mined from 2008 to 2010. In Congo (Kinshasa), the
366:
The mineral industry is a significantly important source of export earnings for many African nations. To promote exports, groups of African countries have formed numerous trade blocs, which included the
1408:
capacity at the Nkomati nickel mine and the Limpopo and the Marikana PGM mines. In Zambia, Albidon Ltd. planned to start production from the Munali project in 2008. Production could increase at the
531:
projects was at least $ 950 million. Investment in newly committed processed minerals projects amounted to $ 681 million, and potential processed minerals projects is $ 584 million.
1316:
2005. South Africa produced about 7.1 t of hot-rolled steel products in 2005, and Libya, 1.67 t Other African producers of hot-rolled steel products included Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia.
760:(IEA) has identified 37 such critical minerals and estimates that by 2050 global demand for these will increase by 235 per cent. Africa has large reserves of many of these green minerals, such as
597:
junior companies continued to invest time and money in exploring Africa, while South African companies continued to expend a sizable amount of their exploration resources outside of South Africa.
1397:. In 2005, South Africa accounted for 47% of African nickel mine output; Botswana, 43%; and Zimbabwe, 9%. Minor tonnages of nickel were recovered as a byproduct of cobalt operations in Morocco.
1225:
Gold mine production in Africa is expected to increase by 17% from 2005 to 2009. The long-term decline in South Africa's production could be reversed because of the expected completion of the
579:
In descending order, African countries that experienced the highest levels of exploration activity in 2005 were based on the number of exploration sites as compiled by the USGS, South Africa,
1619:
Congo (Kinshasa) accounted for nearly one-half of the increase in production, by volume. Increased political stability and the Kimberley Process led to higher production by artisanal miners.
918:(t) compared with 29.9 t in 2004. African consumption of aluminium increased by 3.4% in 2005. In South Africa, aluminium consumption increased to 374,000 t in 2005 from 342,000 t in 2004.
1015:
African copper mine production was expected to rise by an average of about 16% per year from 2005 to 2011. Congo (Kinshasa) could account for about one-half of the increase in output.
1373:. In 2005, Morocco and South Africa accounted for 39% each of African lead mine production, and Namibia, 13%. Africa's share of the world's lead mine production was about 3% in 2005.
1400:
In 2004, South Africa's consumption of nickel increased to 25,000 tonnes from 24,000 tonnes in 2003. The stainless steel industry accounted for most of South Africa's nickel demand.
1816:
Continental uranium mine production is expected to rise by 10% per year from 2005 to 2011. Namibia's uranium production is likely to increase substantially with the opening of the
2830:
841:
program required that black ownership of the mining industry reach 15% by 2009 and 26% by 2014. Recent actions to increase black ownership included the acquisition of 20% of
829:
if an application is rejected; the government's right to acquire land or authorize its occupation and use if the land is required for mining purposes; the establishment of a
427:
Many African countries are highly and dangerously dependent on mineral exports. Mineral fuels (coal, petroleum) account for more than 90% of the export earnings for Algeria,
1906:
1301:, who holds concessions in Guinea and Ivory Coast, is the only woman in West Africa to own a mining company, Tigui Mining Group, which is partly run as a social enterprise.
2877:
2873:
2350:"Yesterday mineral supplier, tomorrow battery producer : How green industrialisation can push Africa's economies up the global value chains (NAI Policy Notes 2024:2)"
2314:"Yesterday mineral supplier, tomorrow battery producer : How green industrialisation can push Africa's economies up the global value chains (NAI Policy Notes 2024:2)"
1380:
In 2004, world refined lead consumption was about 7.08 t compared with 6.8 Mt in 2003. South African lead consumption increased to 80,700 t in 2004 from 78,700 t in 2003.
1319:
Africa accounted for 2% of the world's finished steel consumption. Africa consumed 18 t of finished steel products in 2005 compared with 17.5 t in 2004 and 15 t in 2000.
1513:
In 2005, world refined zinc consumption remained nearly unchanged at about 10.3 Mt. South African zinc consumption increased to 103,000 t in 2005 from 91,000 t in 2004.
527:
Africa (that is, feasibility-level projects for which funds had not yet been committed). PGM accounted for 69% of the investment and gold 31%. Potential investments in
609:
surplus amounted to 2.3% of its GDP in 2005 versus 0.1% of GDP in 2004. In 2005, sub-Saharan countries ran an average deficit of 0.6% of the GDP, and countries in the
1097:, the Guelb Moghrein Mine started to produce refined copper in late 2006. South Africa's production could increase because of the expansion of the Limpopo PGM mine.
1665:
commenced production in Zimbabwe in 2004. Botswana accounted for 35% of African diamond output by volume; Congo (Kinshasa), 34%; South Africa, 17%; and Angola, 8%.
90:
African mineral reserves hold a significant position globally ranking first or second for bauxite, cobalt, diamonds, phosphate rocks, platinum-group metals (PGM),
2869:
2468:
1582:
Although there have been many problems with titanium mining in Africa, it has not been halted by environmental problems due to the polluting nature of processing
482:
The mineral industry's exports make up an important part of the African gross income. Ongoing mining projects of more than US$ 1 billion are taking place in
1880:
2458:
1089:
In Botswana, the Dukwe mine was expected to open in 2009 and to reach full capacity by 2011; production from the Phoenix Mine was likely to triple by 2011.
345:
for 2005 and beyond have been based upon supply-side assumptions, such as announced plans for increased production, new capacity construction, and bankable
2584:
1813:
South Africa was the only regional consumer of uranium in 2005. Africa accounted for less than 1% of the electricity generated worldwide by nuclear power.
1342:
870:, which was expected to start regular operations in the end of 2008, could help mitigate the effects of deforestation in Benin, Ghana, and Togo and reduce
1121:
plant in 2008. Congo (Kinshasa), which did not produce refined copper in 2000, could account for more than 25% of Africa's refined copper output by 2011.
94:
and zirconium. Many other minerals are also abundant in quantity. In 2012, the African soil contributed to the world's production of minerals as follows:
2856:
2847:
2838:
1246:
1164:
921:
The production of refined aluminium is expected to rise by an average of about 10% per year from 2005 to 2011. The Mozal 3 smelter in Mozambique and the
987:
and the Nkana Mines and the reopening of the Chambishi Mine. The production increase in Congo (Kinshasa) was mostly attributable to the opening of the
1268:
in 2010. In Mali, the opening of the Tabakoto Mine in 2006 and the reopening of the Syama Mine in 2008 are likely to be offset by the shutdown of the
2834:
2614:
736:, colored gemstones, diamond, iron ore, petroleum, and uranium, most of or all the continent's production was exported before downstream processing.
408:
372:
1163:, the North West, and the St. Helena Mines have been closed. The decline in Ghana's production was partially attributable to lower output at the
2574:
1032:
523:
349:. The outlook sections were based on projected trends affecting 2005 producing facilities and planned new facilities that operating companies,
56:
2349:
2313:
563:
in Nigeria. However, commercial investment in mining in Africa has been shown to increase the likelihood of protests in the surrounding area.
63:
enterprises, faced criticisms for its unregulated environmental impact and minimal social stewardship. In the spring of 2009, retired British
1805:
In 2005, African uranium mine production increased by 7% compared to 2000. Most of the increase was attributable to higher production at the
368:
1624:
376:
2393:
2432:
Thomas R. Yager; Omayra BermĂşdez-Lugo; Philip M. Mobbs; Harold R. Newman; Mowafa Taib; Glenn J. Wallace; David R. Wilburn (August 2012).
961:
refinery could be completed in 2009. The reopening of the Sierra Mineral Holdings bauxite mine in 2006 and the restart of mining in the
380:
559:
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and Zambia, crude petroleum in Nigeria and Sudan, iron ore in Senegal, and
392:
1903:
1260:
in 2008 and the increased capacity at the North Mara Mine; these increases could more than offset the decreased production at the
834:
a mining lease, which is not to exceed 30 years and which may be renewed once for a period not to exceed an additional 30 years.
2719:
1797:
by 2011 if economic and political stability are restored. Production is also expected to rise in Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania.
2559:
2496:
1673:
388:
84:
1692:
The production of rough diamond is expected to increase by an average of nearly 3% per year from 2005 to 2011. In Angola, the
2019:
1136:
In South Africa, the decrease in production since 2000 was broad based, with output declining at the Great Noligwa Mine, the
1102:
709:(LNG) exports. The United States received 11% of Africa's LNG exports, and countries of the Asia and the Pacific region, 1%.
606:
933:
Inc. plans to triple production from its smelter by 2010. Aluminium Smelter Co. of Nigeria Ltd. could reopen its smelter at
826:
1434:
and platinum increased by 55% and 47%, respectively. South African production increased because of higher output from the
1086:
in 2007 and 2009, respectively. Expansions are planned for the Mufulira, the Mufulira South, and the Nkana Mines in 2007.
2579:
2416:
1885:
1028:
1749:
African coal production increased by 9% from 2000 to 2005; most of the increase was attributable to South Africa. The
1238:
1620:
983:
was the leading producer in Africa; the country's increasing production was attributable to higher output from the
535:
499:
1781:
in 2010. Mozambique is expected to become the second-ranked coal producer in Africa with the development of the
1563:
1329:
1035:
plc (CAMEC) was expected to open a new mine during the first quarter of 2008 and to reach full capacity in 2009.
2433:
1364:
mine production decreased by nearly 39%. South Africa's production declined because of lower production at the
419:
in 2002 to accelerate socioeconomic integration and promote peace, security, and stability on the continent.
416:
1616:
Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Production declined in the Central African Republic and Tanzania.
2594:
757:
957:
refineries are likely to start production in late 2008 and 2009, respectively, and the expansion of the
2489:
1820:
in late 2006 and its planned expansion, which could be completed by 2010 or 2011. In South Africa, the
1264:. Production in Tanzania was expected to decline to 56 t by 2011 because of the planned closure of the
838:
459:(petroleum and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of
587:
accounted for about 77% of the 2005 activity, and feasibility-stage projects accounted for about 12%.
2903:
2011:
1233:
In Ghana, the outlook is for a substantial increase in output because of the expected opening of the
867:
995:
in 2001 and 2002, respectively. South Africa's output declined because of lower production from the
1586:, a principal titanium ore. There are now titanium mining mines open in a few countries in Africa (
1110:
1060:
871:
854:
2431:
1782:
1365:
2634:
1704:. Output was expected to rise in Namibia and Tanzania because of expansions at mines operated by
1642:
1056:
822:
1785:
in 2010. Botswana is likely to become the third-ranked producer because of the expansion of the
1003:
Africa's refined copper production rose by 40% from 2000 to 2005; increased production from the
897:
From 2000 to 2005, African production of refined aluminium increased by 54%. In Mozambique, the
2744:
2734:
2539:
2444:
2222:
1773:
Mine in mid-2007, and the Inyanda Mine in 2008; and the expansions of the Goedgevonden and the
903:
2002:
1661:. In Namibia, higher production was attributable to Namdeb Diamond Corporation (Pty) Ltd. The
1297:
Mine could open in 2009. Sudan's only large-scale gold mine is expected to shut down in 2010.
2749:
2639:
2569:
2482:
2367:
2001:
T J Brown; L E Hetherington; S D Hannis; T Bide; A J Benham; N E Idoine; P A J Lusty (2009).
1682:
1650:
1230:
in 2009, and lower production from the Great Noligwa, the Kopanang, and the Tau Lekoa Mines.
1211:
706:
646:
573:
2199:"Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports – International – Africa and the Middle East".
1832:
Ltd. plans to increase uranium production from its South African gold mines by 40% by 2009.
2809:
2729:
2694:
2679:
2664:
2619:
2554:
1817:
1806:
1697:
1693:
1658:
1638:
1191:
1179:
1106:
857:; and the acquisition of 30% of Sallies Ltd. by African Renaissance Investments (Pty) Ltd.
2860:
1482:
in 2007 and 2009, the Limpopo Mine in 2007 and 2010, the Rustenburg Mine in 2008, and the
1117:
in early 2008, and at the KOV Mine in late 2009. CAMEC planned to start production at the
1059:
in mid-2006 and the Ruashi Mine in July 2008. Other new sources of production include the
584:
8:
2684:
1701:
1662:
1654:
925:
smelter in South Africa are expected to open in mid-2009 and late 2010, respectively. In
892:
818:
436:
1810:
respectively. Africa accounted for about 16% of the world's uranium production in 2005.
2784:
2759:
2609:
2604:
2549:
2534:
2272:
2247:
1774:
1646:
1542:
1425:
1265:
1226:
745:
610:
550:
in Kenya, $ 178 million. By 2010, capital expenditures for bauxite and alumina in
41:
1412:
in Zimbabwe. Botswana's production is likely to decline because of the closure of the
2769:
2739:
2724:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2654:
2649:
2599:
2544:
2519:
2277:
2015:
1867:
1829:
1786:
1750:
1285:
1257:
1242:
1152:
1093:
Ltd. planned to start mining from a copper-rich zone at Bisha in Eritrea in 2010. In
1079:
850:
846:
428:
346:
1462:
metals (PGM) in Africa, accounted for 97% and 96% of the production of platinum and
1413:
806:
interest that it may hold in a project through an option agreement from 20% to 30%.
2779:
2774:
2714:
2669:
2629:
2524:
2505:
2267:
2259:
2204:
1875:
1778:
1280:
1273:
1215:
1203:
1090:
974:
803:
556:
440:
384:
1074:
Output was likely to rise sharply in Zambia because of higher production from the
2754:
2704:
2659:
2644:
2624:
2589:
2529:
1910:
1837:
1794:
1754:
1518:
1475:
1403:
Nickel mine production is likely to double from 2005 to 2011. The startup of the
1370:
1310:
1261:
1187:
1175:
1040:
962:
1530:
than offset the decreased output expected from the Zincor Mine in South Africa.
1170:
In Tanzania, production increased in recent years because of the opening of the
756:, etc, is predicted to push up global demand for some key "green" minerals. The
629:
current account surplus of 3.6% of the GDP in 2006 and 4.2% of the GDP in 2007.
2764:
2674:
2564:
2295:
1833:
1678:
1459:
1202:. Output increased since 2000 in Mali because of the opening of the Loulo, the
1142:
1075:
992:
721:
151:
72:
2263:
1109:
SX-EW plants by 2007. In Congo (Kinshasa), new SX-EW plants could open at the
538:
project at Mandena in Madagascar was expected to total $ 585 million; at
2897:
1825:
1821:
1634:
and Midamines SPRL started mining operations in 2001 and 2005, respectively.
1629:
1506:
1471:
1443:
1435:
1404:
1195:
1183:
785:
729:
724:
metals PGM production was exported in refined form. The majority of Africa's
618:
614:
539:
412:
80:
1450:
in 2002. Production increased in Zimbabwe because of higher output from the
965:
in 2010 could increase Sierra Leone's bauxite production to 2.7 Mt in 2011.
75:'s government due to CAMEC's illicit association with former self-appointed
2281:
1599:
1595:
1522:
1483:
1447:
1394:
1298:
1199:
1156:
1114:
1083:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1020:
1004:
580:
483:
452:
159:
68:
1214:
were opened in Botswana and Niger, respectively; these countries had only
950:
739:
435:(led by, in order of value, diamond, copper, nickel, soda ash, and gold),
302:
Zambia 65%/77%; South Africa 15%/19%; Congo (Kinshasa) 13%/0%; Egypt 0%/3%
2000:
1777:
in 2006, the Syferfontein Mine in 2007, the Mafube Mine in 2008, and the
1770:
1501:
1479:
1451:
1439:
1409:
1348:
accounted for 72% of continental output; Mauritania, 21%; and Egypt, 5%.
1269:
1207:
1137:
1068:
1064:
1016:
988:
954:
941:
Inc. plans to increase production at the Valco smelter starting in 2006.
842:
560:
91:
45:
37:
1551:
1758:
1591:
1521:
in Namibia by 2010. In Congo (Kinshasa), the proposed reopening of the
1455:
1234:
1171:
1148:
1094:
1027:
mines in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and to restart production at the
1024:
979:
Africa's mine production of copper increased by 48% from 2000 to 2005.
934:
753:
543:
495:
491:
468:
464:
350:
1458:
in 2001. South Africa, which was the continent's dominant producer of
2469:
South Africa: Exxaro to Take Knock From Mining Royalties, Eskom Hike?
2208:
1790:
1526:
1488:
1463:
1431:
1294:
1160:
777:
590:
342:
278:
163:
131:
99:
49:
2248:"Concession Stands: How Mining Investments Incite Protest in Africa"
1047:
Ltd. planned to increase production at Kulu in 2006 and to open the
83:. CAMEC underwent restructuring and sold 95.4% of its shares to the
2474:
1824:
is expected to open in 2007 and to produce more than 1,800 t/yr of
1393:
production was partially attributable to increased output from the
1324:
1130:
996:
984:
926:
914:
In 2005, world aluminium consumption amounted to 31.6 million
830:
781:
773:
749:
744:
The transition to clean or low-carbon energy technologies, such as
725:
528:
432:
309:
202:
171:
147:
119:
103:
76:
2331:
1705:
1446:, the Marikana, and the Rustenburg Mines, and the opening of the
1052:
945:
798:
761:
733:
511:
472:
404:
396:
247:
232:
167:
143:
95:
64:
33:
25:
20:
1836:
of Australia plans to produce about 1,500 t/yr of U3O8 from the
210:
Botswana 35%; Congo (Kinshasa) 34%; South Africa 17%; Angola, 8%
1583:
980:
769:
765:
594:
551:
503:
487:
476:
448:
293:
139:
111:
107:
60:
29:
1256:
by 2009 with the opening of the Buckreef Mine in 2007 and the
2394:"TIGUI CAMARA: Leading in the Male Dominated Mining Industry"
1587:
1505:
Namibia's production increased because of the opening of the
1289:
1253:
1118:
938:
930:
922:
915:
898:
547:
507:
456:
444:
400:
263:
123:
87:. Consequently, it no longer operates under the CAMEC brand.
1361:
958:
460:
325:
217:
155:
135:
127:
115:
1245:
and the Wassa Mines. Output is expected to decline at the
225:
South Africa 56%; Ghana, 13%; Tanzania, 10%; and Mali, 8%
1881:
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1793:
project in 2011. In Zimbabwe, output could increase at
1657:, the Kimberley diamond mine, the Namaqualand, and the
740:
The green transition opens for increased mineral demand
182:
As of 2005, strategic minerals and key producers were:
2447:, PD license (U.S. government source, public domain).
1653:
opened. In South Africa, production increased at the
732:
before export. For other commodities, which included
1369:Mine, in 2005. In Namibia, output increased at the
937:by 2009 and reach full capacity by 2011. In Ghana,
431:, Libya, and Nigeria. Minerals account for 80% for
886:
422:
361:
240:Namibia 46%; Niger 44%; South Africa less than 10%
1904:ENRC Africa offer for CAMEC has 93.55% acceptance
1840:in Malawi starting in the third quarter of 2008.
1384:is expected to increase in South Africa in 2006.
1222:production in Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and Tanzania.
409:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
373:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
271:South Africa 54%; Egypt 32%; Libya 7%; Algeria 6%
2895:
1757:. Africa accounted for about 5% of total world
1252:Tanzania's production was likely to rise to 60
1033:Central African Mining and Exploration Company
341:Estimates for the production of major mineral
57:Central African Mining and Exploration Company
2490:
1067:in 2009. The Ruashi Tailings project and the
369:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
2223:"ALP GLOBAL INVESTMENT & SECURITIES INC"
789:manufacture of higher value-added products.
617:in oil-exporting countries more than offset
415:was formally launched as a successor to the
377:Economic Community of Central African States
2245:
1789:in 2008 and the start of production at the
1769:2005, the Forzando South Mine in 2006, the
1182:in 2002; the Buhemba Mine in 2003; and the
286:South Africa 48%; Mozambique 32%; Egypt 14%
2497:
2483:
2459:First Blood Diamonds, Now Blood Computers?
1987:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1623:(MIBA) increased its output. In addition,
1430:From 2000 to 2005, Africa's production of
1129:Africa's gold mine production was 522,000
572:in Africa were copper, diamond, gold, and
443:(diamond, petroleum, cobalt, and copper),
2271:
1637:In Botswana, production increased at the
849:. by 2009; the transfer of mines held by
381:Economic Community of West African States
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
1929:
1761:and bituminous coal production in 2005.
1419:
1279:Several African countries that had only
613:ran an average surplus of 12.2% of GDP.
475:(diamond, uranium, gold, and zinc), and
393:West African Economic and Monetary Union
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2028:
1980:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1920:
1716:In 2005, the diphosphorous pentoxide (P
1241:in 2008 and higher production from the
1071:were expected to be shut down in 2010.
451:(bauxite, alumina, gold, and diamond),
2896:
1689:strengthen controls on diamond trade.
1674:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
1605:
907:world's aluminium production in 2005.
389:Southern African Development Community
85:Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation
2478:
2425:
2391:
2300:The International Energy Agency (IEA)
1167:. Output also decreased in Zimbabwe.
534:By 2008, capital expenditure for the
2504:
2037:
1546:
1272:in 2007 and lower production at the
1886:Pan African Resource Reporting Code
1237:in the second half of 2006 and the
13:
2434:"The Mineral Industries of Africa"
2385:
2246:Christensen, Darin (Winter 2019).
837:In South Africa, the Government's
14:
2915:
2452:
2368:"The Effects of Mining in Africa"
2354:The Nordic Africa Institute (NAI)
2318:The Nordic Africa Institute (NAI)
1711:
1525:and the reprocessing of zinc and
1304:
1103:solvent extraction-electrowinning
506:(cobalt and copper), Nigeria and
59:(CAMEC), one of Africa's primary
2805:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2575:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2004:World Mineral Production 2003-07
1739:
1550:
177:
2410:
2360:
2342:
2324:
2306:
2288:
2239:
2215:
2192:
1478:in 2007; the expansions of the
1330:Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company
1105:(SX-EW) plants in 2006 and the
1078:in 2006 and the opening of the
887:Aluminium, bauxite, and alumina
524:Department of Mineral Resources
423:Dependence of African countries
362:Organizations promoting exports
1994:
1897:
860:
792:
728:production was processed into
635:
566:
1:
1696:, the Kamachia-Kamajiku, the
1218:gold production before 2004.
1198:are all owned or operated by
872:emissions of greenhouse gases
546:, $ 348 million; and at
517:
417:Organization of African Unity
2332:"AMV – Africa Mining Vision"
2189:MIA: 2005 Minerals Yearbook.
1891:
1852:
1055:Ltd. is likely to start the
720:Most of Africa's copper and
621:in oil-importing countries.
356:
191:Percent of world production
71:' assets were seized by the
7:
2398:African Leadership Magazine
1861:
1621:Societé Minière de Bakwanga
1536:
1360:From 2000 to 2005, African
1336:
1155:, the Savuka Mine, and the
758:International Energy Agency
447:(petroleum and manganese),
162:(including coal) – 13% and
42:platinum-group metals (PGM)
10:
2920:
2252:International Organization
1800:
1610:
1540:
1423:
1340:
1308:
972:
890:
839:Black Economic Empowerment
817:On December 15, 2005, the
2818:
2793:
2512:
2264:10.1017/S0020818318000413
2012:British Geological Survey
1677:representatives from the
1387:
1031:(KOV) Mine in late 2009.
968:
881:
868:West African Gas Pipeline
847:Mvelaphanda Resources Ltd
689:
686:
644:
641:
514:(iron), and many others.
490:(bauxite and aluminium),
2560:Central African Republic
1111:Kolwezi Tailings project
1061:Kolwezi Tailings project
855:African Rainbow Minerals
600:
2227:www.alpglobalinvest.com
1744:
1643:Letlhakane diamond mine
1494:
1454:and the opening of the
1355:
1124:
1057:Ruashi Tailings project
1029:Kamoto-Oliveira-Virgule
823:Minerals and Mining Law
797:In September 2004, the
2445:U.S. Geological Survey
2441:2012 Minerals Yearbook
1843:
1672:In November 2002, the
1212:Samira Hill Gold Mines
1043:project in late 2008.
2720:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2580:Republic of the Congo
2392:Admin (16 May 2018).
1683:World Diamond Council
1651:Damtshaa diamond mine
1474:in late 2006 and the
1420:Platinum-group metals
1210:. The Mupane and the
1039:planned to start the
911:producer of alumina.
707:liquefied natural gas
574:platinum group metals
486:(PGM 69%; gold:31%),
479:(copper and cobalt).
1818:Langer Heinrich Mine
1807:Rossing uranium mine
1698:Luarica diamond mine
1694:Fucauma Diamond Mine
1659:Venetia Diamond Mine
1639:Jwaneng diamond mine
1192:North Mara Gold Mine
1180:North Mara Gold Mine
1019:planned to open the
585:Early-stage projects
407:were members of the
318:South Africa 97%/96%
256:Guinea 95%; Ghana 5%
2795:States with limited
2461:by Elizabeth Dias,
2296:"Critical minerals"
1702:Murowa diamond mine
1663:Murowa diamond mine
1655:Finsch diamond mine
1606:Industrial minerals
1366:Black Mountain Mine
893:Aluminium in Africa
819:Parliament of Ghana
638:
536:heavy mineral sands
510:(crude petroleum),
437:Congo (Brazzaville)
347:feasibility studies
2426:General references
1917:, 8 December 2009.
1909:2012-02-20 at the
1872:Iron ore in Africa
1838:Kayelekera Project
1775:Leeuwpan coal mine
1647:Orapa diamond mine
1562:. You can help by
1543:Titanium in Africa
1426:Platinum in Africa
1414:Selebi-Phikwe mine
1343:Iron ore in Africa
1266:Tulawaka Gold Mine
1227:Moab Khotsong mine
746:solar photovoltaic
636:
611:Arab Maghreb Union
2891:
2890:
2822:other territories
2595:Equatorial Guinea
2506:Mining in Africa
2201:Minerals Yearbook
2021:978-0-85272-638-9
1868:Economy of Africa
1830:AngloGold Ashanti
1787:Morupule Colliery
1751:Goedgevonden mine
1580:
1579:
1416:in 2011 or 2012.
1288:by mid-2007. The
1286:Tasiast Gold Mine
1258:Buzwagi Gold Mine
1243:Chirano Gold Mine
851:AngloGold Ashanti
702:
701:
429:Equatorial Guinea
339:
338:
2911:
2904:Mining in Africa
2883:
2882:(United Kingdom)
2878:Tristan da Cunha
2874:Ascension Island
2866:
2853:
2844:
2820:Dependencies and
2513:Sovereign states
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2471:October 15, 2010
2448:
2438:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:10.3133/70178240
2196:
2190:
2186:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1975:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1901:
1876:Cement in Africa
1828:(U3O8) in 2010.
1779:Grootegeluk Mine
1633:
1575:
1572:
1554:
1547:
1466:, respectively.
1274:Morila Gold Mine
1146:
1091:Nevsun Resources
1063:in 2008 and the
975:Copper in Africa
639:
500:Congo (Kinshasa)
441:Congo (Kinshasa)
385:Mano River Union
333:South Africa 99%
185:
184:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2864:
2851:
2842:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2508:
2503:
2465:, July 24, 2009
2455:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1976:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1911:Wayback Machine
1902:
1898:
1894:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1803:
1795:Hwange Colliery
1783:Moatize Project
1755:bituminous coal
1747:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1627:
1613:
1608:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1560:needs expansion
1545:
1539:
1519:Rosh Pinah mine
1497:
1476:Two Rivers mine
1428:
1422:
1410:Mimosa PGM mine
1390:
1371:Rosh Pinah mine
1358:
1345:
1339:
1328:in Zimbabwe as
1313:
1311:Steel in Africa
1307:
1262:Geita Gold Mine
1188:Bulyanhulu Mine
1176:Bulyanhulu Mine
1140:
1127:
1051:in early 2007.
1041:Tenke Fungurume
977:
971:
963:Kambia District
895:
889:
884:
863:
853:to black-owned
845:by black-owned
795:
742:
645:Destination of
642:% of production
615:Trade surpluses
607:current account
603:
569:
520:
455:(diamond), and
425:
364:
359:
250:(for aluminium)
180:
12:
11:
5:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2867:
2854:
2845:
2831:Canary Islands
2827:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2454:
2453:External links
2451:
2450:
2449:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2419:Ivanhoe mines
2409:
2384:
2359:
2341:
2323:
2305:
2287:
2238:
2214:
2191:
2036:
2027:
2020:
2014:. p. 82.
1993:
1979:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1834:Paladin Energy
1802:
1799:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Phosphate rock
1710:
1679:European Union
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1578:
1577:
1557:
1555:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1496:
1493:
1460:platinum group
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1389:
1386:
1357:
1354:
1341:Main article:
1338:
1335:
1309:Main article:
1306:
1305:Iron and steel
1303:
1126:
1123:
1076:Kansanshi mine
993:Dikulushi Mine
973:Main article:
970:
967:
891:Main article:
888:
885:
883:
880:
862:
859:
794:
791:
741:
738:
722:platinum group
700:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
643:
619:trade deficits
602:
599:
568:
565:
519:
516:
424:
421:
363:
360:
358:
355:
337:
336:
334:
331:
328:
322:
321:
319:
316:
313:
306:
305:
303:
300:
297:
296:(mine/refined)
290:
289:
287:
284:
281:
275:
274:
272:
269:
266:
260:
259:
257:
254:
251:
244:
243:
241:
238:
235:
229:
228:
226:
223:
220:
214:
213:
211:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
179:
176:
152:phosphate rock
73:United Kingdom
38:phosphate rock
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2916:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Guinea-Bissau
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:Time Magazine
2460:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2417:Ivanhoe mines
2413:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2372:Mining Africa
2369:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2336:African Union
2333:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:(1): 65–101.
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:uranium oxide
1823:
1822:Dominion mine
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1740:Mineral fuels
1737:
1725:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1558:This section
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:Skorpion Zinc
1503:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Mototolo mine
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:Kroondal mine
1441:
1437:
1436:Bafokeng mine
1433:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:Tulawaka Mine
1193:
1189:
1186:in 2005. The
1185:
1184:Tulawaka Mine
1181:
1178:in 2001; the
1177:
1174:in 2000; the
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
912:
908:
905:
900:
894:
879:
875:
873:
869:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
832:
828:
824:
821:passed a new
820:
815:
811:
807:
805:
800:
790:
787:
786:African Union
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
730:ferrochromium
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
708:
697:
694:
693:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
648:
640:
634:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
598:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
577:
575:
564:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
471:(aluminium),
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:(petroleum),
438:
434:
430:
420:
418:
414:
413:African Union
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
354:
352:
348:
344:
335:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
178:Key producers
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:mineral fuels
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:Robert Mugabe
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:, industrial
31:
27:
22:
16:
2870:Saint Helena
2841:
2745:South Africa
2735:Sierra Leone
2540:Burkina Faso
2462:
2440:
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2374:. 2017-01-26
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:
2217:
2200:
2194:
2030:
2003:
1996:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1899:
1856:
1847:
1815:
1812:
1804:
1767:
1763:
1748:
1726:
1715:
1691:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1636:
1618:
1614:
1600:South Africa
1596:Sierra Leone
1581:
1568:
1564:adding to it
1559:
1532:
1523:Kipushi Mine
1515:
1512:
1498:
1484:Nkomati mine
1468:
1448:Modikwa mine
1429:
1402:
1399:
1395:Nkomati mine
1391:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1299:Tigui Camara
1278:
1251:
1247:Bibiani Mine
1232:
1224:
1220:
1208:Yatela Mines
1200:Barrick Gold
1169:
1165:Bibiani Mine
1135:
1128:
1115:Mutoshi Mine
1099:
1088:
1084:Lumwana mine
1073:
1049:Mutoshi Mine
1045:Anvil Mining
1037:Tenke Mining
1014:
1010:
1005:Bwana Mkubwa
1002:
978:
943:
920:
913:
909:
896:
876:
864:
836:
816:
812:
808:
796:
743:
719:
715:
711:
703:
637:African Gas
631:
627:
623:
604:
589:
581:Burkina Faso
578:
570:
533:
521:
484:South Africa
481:
467:(iron ore),
453:Sierra Leone
426:
411:(OPEC). The
365:
340:
181:
142:4%; natural
89:
69:Phil Edmonds
54:
17:
15:
2797:recognition
2750:South Sudan
2640:Ivory Coast
1628: [
1502:Pering mine
1480:Marula mine
1452:Mimosa mine
1440:Impala mine
1270:Yatela Mine
1159:Mines. The
1141: [
1138:Driefontein
1069:Lonshi Mine
1065:Etoile Mine
1017:Nikanor plc
989:Lonshi Mine
916:metric tons
861:Environment
843:Gold Fields
793:Legislation
567:Exploration
561:natural gas
343:commodities
92:vermiculite
46:vermiculite
2852:(Portugal)
2810:Somaliland
2730:Seychelles
2695:Mozambique
2680:Mauritania
2665:Madagascar
2620:The Gambia
2555:Cape Verde
2403:2022-01-25
2378:2017-10-30
2232:2023-05-18
1759:anthracite
1649:, and the
1645:, and the
1625:Sengamines
1592:Mozambique
1456:Ngezi mine
1239:Akyem Mine
1235:Ahafo mine
1206:, and the
1194:, and the
1172:Geita Mine
1149:Kloof mine
1095:Mauritania
1025:Tilwezembe
935:Ikot Abasi
810:Zimbabwe.
754:wind power
591:Australian
544:Mozambique
518:Investment
496:Mozambique
494:(nickel),
492:Madagascar
469:Mozambique
465:Mauritania
391:, and the
312:/Palladium
194:Countries
79:President
77:Zimbabwean
2685:Mauritius
1935:MIA, p1.7
1926:MIA, p1.1
1892:Citations
1853:Manganese
1791:Mmamabula
1771:Mooikraal
1571:June 2008
1527:germanium
1491:in 2009.
1489:Unki mine
1464:palladium
1432:palladium
1295:Kilo Moto
1281:artisanal
1216:artisanal
1161:Ergo mine
1131:kilograms
951:Sangarédi
831:cadastral
778:manganese
605:Africa's
357:Economics
351:consortia
279:Aluminium
188:Material
170:18%; and
164:petroleum
132:manganese
130:(Pb) 2%;
100:aluminium
50:zirconium
2898:Category
2876: /
2872: /
2865:(France)
2859: /
2837: /
2833: /
2785:Zimbabwe
2760:Tanzania
2610:Ethiopia
2605:Eswatini
2585:Djibouti
2550:Cameroon
2535:Botswana
2282:31379386
2203:. 2023.
2034:MIA p1.5
1991:MIA p1.3
1977:MIA p1.7
1959:MIA p1.4
1947:MIA p1.6
1907:Archived
1862:See also
1537:Titanium
1405:Ambatovy
1337:Iron ore
1325:Ajaokuta
1113:and the
1082:and the
1080:Chingola
1023:and the
997:Palabora
991:and the
985:Mufulira
953:and the
944:African
927:Cameroon
827:Minister
799:Eritrean
782:graphite
774:chromium
750:hydrogen
726:chromite
595:Canadian
529:iron ore
498:(coal),
463:(gold),
433:Botswana
310:Platinum
203:Diamonds
172:platinum
148:graphite
120:iron ore
104:chromite
2861:RĂ©union
2857:Mayotte
2848:Madeira
2843:(Spain)
2839:Melilla
2770:Tunisia
2740:Somalia
2725:Senegal
2710:Nigeria
2700:Namibia
2690:Morocco
2655:Liberia
2650:Lesotho
2600:Eritrea
2570:Comoros
2545:Burundi
2520:Algeria
2273:6677272
1915:IBTimes
1801:Uranium
1708:Group.
1706:DeBeers
1611:Diamond
1157:TauTona
1153:Mponeng
1107:Konkola
1053:Metorex
1021:Kananga
959:Friguia
946:bauxite
784:. The
762:bauxite
734:bauxite
667:Nigeria
653:Algeria
576:(PGM).
512:Senegal
473:Namibia
405:Nigeria
397:Algeria
248:Bauxite
233:Uranium
174:69.4%.
168:uranium
144:diamond
96:bauxite
67:player
65:cricket
34:diamond
26:bauxite
21:mineral
2880:
2863:
2850:
2780:Zambia
2775:Uganda
2715:Rwanda
2670:Malawi
2630:Guinea
2525:Angola
2280:
2270:
2018:
1681:, the
1641:, the
1584:rutile
1442:, the
1438:, the
1388:Nickel
1254:tonnes
1204:Morila
1190:, the
1151:, the
1147:, the
981:Zambia
969:Copper
955:Kamsar
882:Metals
804:equity
770:copper
766:cobalt
659:Europe
557:copper
552:Guinea
504:Zambia
488:Guinea
477:Zambia
449:Guinea
403:, and
387:, the
383:, the
379:, the
375:, the
371:, the
294:Copper
140:cement
112:copper
108:cobalt
61:mining
48:, and
30:cobalt
2835:Ceuta
2755:Sudan
2705:Niger
2660:Libya
2645:Kenya
2625:Ghana
2615:Gabon
2590:Egypt
2530:Benin
2437:(PDF)
2008:(PDF)
1727:The P
1632:]
1588:Kenya
1533:See
1290:Youga
1145:]
1119:Luita
939:Alcoa
931:Alcan
923:Coega
904:Valco
899:Mozal
695:Libya
681:Egypt
601:Trade
548:Kwale
508:Sudan
457:Sudan
445:Gabon
401:Libya
264:Steel
154:21%;
146:56%;
134:38%;
124:steel
118:20%;
110:60%;
106:38%;
2765:Togo
2675:Mali
2565:Chad
2278:PMID
2016:ISBN
1745:Coal
1495:Zinc
1362:lead
1356:Lead
1125:Gold
780:and
687:Asia
676:11%
662:88%
593:and
540:Moma
522:The
502:and
461:Mali
326:Coal
218:Gold
197:Ref
166:8%;
158:4%;
156:coal
150:2%;
138:1%;
136:zinc
128:lead
126:1%;
122:2%;
116:gold
114:9%;
102:5%;
98:7%;
55:The
2268:PMC
2260:doi
2205:doi
1844:Oil
1602:).
1566:.
698:6%
690:1%
673:USA
670:13%
656:72%
647:LNG
542:in
315:92%
299:5%/
237:16%
222:89%
207:73%
2900::
2443:.
2439:.
2396:.
2370:.
2352:.
2334:.
2316:.
2298:.
2276:.
2266:.
2256:73
2254:.
2250:.
2225:.
2039:^
2010:.
1982:^
1964:^
1952:^
1940:^
1913:,
1630:fr
1598:,
1594:,
1590:,
1276:.
1249:.
1143:fr
929:,
776:,
772:,
768:,
764:,
752:,
748:,
684:9%
399:,
395:.
330:5%
283:5%
268:2%
253:9%
52:.
44:,
40:,
36:,
28:,
2498:e
2491:t
2484:v
2406:.
2381:.
2356:.
2338:.
2320:.
2302:.
2284:.
2262::
2235:.
2211:.
2207::
2024:.
1733:5
1731:O
1729:2
1722:5
1720:O
1718:2
1573:)
1569:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.