944:
335:
42:
669:
585:
Historian S.C. Rowell has described his rise to power as taking place through "the familiar processes of marriage, murder and military conquest." In Rowell's interpretation, Mindaugas recognized the advantage to
Christianity in attracting foreign merchants and military support from the Teutonic Order. As a result, in 1251, he was baptised Catholic. The conversion was purely for political gain with Catholic Europe; Mindaugas was known to continue to sacrifice to his old gods after his "conversion." In order to consolidate his power, Mindaugas married into rival families, defeated some in battle, and exiled the rest of his rivals.
1034:
529:
974: – although his control over these western lands was tenuous. There has been much discussion among historians as to whether in later years (1255–1261) Mindaugas gave even more lands to the order. The deeds might have been falsified by the order; the case for this scenario is bolstered by the fact that some of the documents mention lands that were not actually under the control of Mindaugas and by various irregularities in treaty witnesses and seals.
1326:
541:
892:
1150:. He was buried along with his horses, in accordance with ancestral tradition. After Mindaugas's death, Lithuania lapsed into internal disorder. Three of his successors – Treniota, his son-in-law Svarn, and his son Vaišvilkas – were assassinated during the next seven years. Stability did not return until the reign of
887:
in the presense of many dignitaries, such as Bishop of Chełmno
Heidenreich, Livonian Master Andreas von Stierland and his brothers Andreas, Johannes the cupbearer, Sittherus the steward, and Theoderic of Hassendorp; from the Preaching Brothers (Dominicans), Brother Sinderamus; from the Minor Brothers
552:
and tribes. They were loosely bonded by commonalities of religion and tradition, trade, kinship, joint military campaigns, and the presence of captured prisoners from neighboring areas. Western merchants and missionaries began seeking control of the area during the 12th century, establishing the city
467:
In the 13th century
Lithuania had little contact with foreign lands. Lithuanian names sounded obscure and unfamiliar to various chroniclers, who altered them to sound more like names in their native language. Mindaugas's name in historic texts was recorded in various distorted forms: Mindowe, Mendog,
1623:
The
Volhynian Chronicle gives the following description of Mindaugas' activity: Mindaugas "was a duke in the Lithuanian land, and he killed his brothers and his brothers' sons and banished others from the land and began to rule alone over the entire Lithuanian land. And he started to put on airs and
454:
in 1255 – were already leading independent lives when Morta's children were still young. In addition to Vaišvilkas and his sister, two sons, Ruklys and
Rupeikis, are mentioned in written sources. The latter two were assassinated along with Mindaugas. Information on his sons is limited and historians
1049:. Their governance, however, was seen as oppressive. Local merchants could only conduct transactions via Order-approved intermediaries; inheritance laws were changed; and the choices among marriage partners and residencies were restricted. Several pitched battles ensued. In 1259 the Order lost the
584:
are listed among the elder dukes, implying that they had inherited their titles. The
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle describes him as the ruler of all Lithuania in 1236. His path to this title is not clear. Ruthenian chronicles mention that he murdered or expelled several dukes, including his relatives.
1956:
Sarmatiae
Europeae descriptio, quae regnum Poloniae, Lituaniam, Samogitiam, Russiam, Massouiam, Prussiam, Pomeraniam, Liuoniam, et Moschouiae, Tartariaeque partem complectitur. Alexandri Guagnini Veronensis, ... Cui supplementi loco, ea quae gesta sunt superiori anno, inter serenissimum regem
1016:
against his nephews and Duke
Vykintas; two other sources mention "his castle". The location of Voruta is not specified, and this has led to considerable speculation, along with archeological research, concerning the seat of his court. At least fourteen locations have been proposed, including
733:, rather than to the Archbishop of Riga. This autonomy was a welcome development. The precise date of Mindaugas's baptism is not known. His wife, two sons, and members of his court were baptized; Pope Innocent wrote later that a multitude of Mindaugas's subjects also received Christianity.
354:
bias, particularly the
Hypatian Codex. They are also incomplete: both of them lack dates and locations even for the most important events. For example, the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle devoted 125 poetry lines to Mindaugas's coronation, but failed to mention either the date or the location.
1134:(now in Poland). His goal was to encourage all the conquered Baltic tribes to rise up against the Christian orders and unite under Lithuanian leadership. His personal influence grew while Mindaugas was concentrating on the conquest of Ruthenian lands, dispatching a large army to
700:. The princes of Galicia and Volhynia managed to gain control over Black Ruthenia, disrupting Vaišvilkas' supremacy. Tautvilas strengthened his position by traveling to Riga and accepting baptism by the Archbishop. In 1250, the Order organized a major raid through the lands of
708:, and a raid into those parts of Samogitia that still supported him. Attacked from the north and south and facing the possibility of unrest elsewhere, Mindaugas was placed in an extremely difficult position, but managed to use the conflicts between the Livonian Order and the
1088:. The chronicler writes that Mindaugas continued to practice paganism, making sacrifices to his gods, burning corpses, and conducting pagan rites in public. Historians have pointed to the possibility of bias in this account, since Mindaugas had been at war with Volhynia.
1138:. Treniota and Mindaugas began to pursue different priorities. The Rhymed Chronicle mentions Mindaugas's displeasure at the fact that Treniota did not create any alliances in Latvia or Estonia; he may have come to prefer diplomacy. In the midst of these events his wife
736:
The process of coronation and the establishment of
Christian institutions would take two years. Internal conflicts persisted; during the spring or summer of 1251, Tautvilas and his remaining allies attacked Mindaugas's warriors and the Livonian Order's
293:
Although his reputation was unsettled during the following centuries and his descendants were not notable, he gained standing during the 19th and 20th centuries. Mindaugas was the only king of Lithuania; while most of the Lithuanian grand dukes from
480:, among others. Since Old Church Slavonic sources provide the most information about Mindaugas's life, they were judged the most reliable by linguists reconstructing his original Lithuanian name. The most popular Old Church Slavonic rendition was
259:, a long-standing antagonist of the Lithuanians. By 1245, Mindaugas was already being referred to as "the highest king" in certain documents. During the summer of 1253, he was crowned king, ruling between 300,000 and 400,000 subjects and got
720:
as king. The Pope welcomed a Christian Lithuania as a bulwark against Mongol threats; in turn, Mindaugas sought papal intervention in the ongoing Lithuanian conflicts with the Christian orders. On 17 July 1251, the pope signed two crucial
1211:("the seed of internal discord among the Lithuanians had been sown".) A 20th-century historian charged him with the "destruction of the organization of the Lithuanian state". The first academic study of his life by a Lithuanian scholar,
1309:
903:
Relative peace and stability prevailed for about eight years. Mindaugas used this opportunity to concentrate on the expansion to the east, and to establish and organize state institutions. He strengthened his influence in
306:
state, he is also now credited with stopping the advance of the Tatars towards the Baltic Sea, establishing international recognition of Lithuania, and turning it towards Western civilization. In the 1990s the historian
936:, an administrative system, and a diplomatic service were initiated. Silver long coins, an index of statehood, were issued. He sponsored the construction of a cathedral in Vilnius, possibly on the site of today's
358:
Kronika polska, litewska, żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi, published by Maciej Stryjkowski in 1582, asserts that in 1240 Mindaugas, also known as Mindow, Mendolph, Mendog, and Mindak, ascended to his father's throne in
1103:, and Mindaugas's baptism had little impact on further developments. The majority of the population and the nobility remained pagan; his subjects were not required to convert. The cathedral he had built in
2901:
Unlike the insincere conversion of the Lithuanian chief Mindaugas in 1251, Jogaila's embrace of Christianity, although strategic to be sure – it was the price he paid for the Polish crown – was permanent.
1122:, and Tautvilas's son Constantine agreed to form a coalition in opposition to Mindaugas, but their plans were unsuccessful. Treniota emerged as the leader of the Samogitian resistance; he led an army to
1163:
1080:
afterwards. His motivation for conversion is often described by modern historians as merely strategic. The case for his apostasy rests largely on two near-contemporary sources: a 1324 assertion by
660:, but they were unsuccessful. His attempts to consolidate his rule in Lithuania met with mixed success; in 1249, an internal war erupted when he sought to seize his nephews' and Vykintas' lands.
1021:
and Vilnius. The ongoing formal archeological digs at Kernavė began in 1979 after a portion of the site named "Mindaugas Throne hill-fort" collapsed. The town now hosts a major celebration on
1187:
of the 19th century. While pagan sympathizers held him in disregard for betraying his religion, Christians saw his support as lukewarm. He received only passing references from Grand Duke
370:
Boguchwala i Godyslawa Paska Chronicle describes Mindaugas (Latin: Mendolphus) as a ruthless king of Prussia, who, in 1260, withdrew from the Christian faith and obliterated Mazovian city
871:
were crowned during the summer of 1253. Bishop Henry Heidenreich of Kulm presided over the ecclesiastical ceremonies and Andreas Stirland conferred the crown. 6 July is now celebrated as
716:
in 1236, by sending him "many gifts". In 1250 or 1251, Mindaugas agreed to receive baptism and relinquish control over some lands in western Lithuania, in return for an acknowledgment by
604:. The Lithuanian victory in the Battle of Saule temporarily stabilized the northern front, but the Christian orders continued to make gains along the Baltic coast, founding the city of
1107:
was superseded by a pagan temple, and all the diplomatic achievements made after his coronation were lost, although the practice of Christianity and intermarriage were well tolerated.
247:. The contemporary and modern sources discussing his ascent mention strategic marriages along with banishment or murder of his rivals. He extended his domain into regions southeast of
572:, signed in 1219, is usually considered the first conclusive evidence that the Baltic tribes in the area were uniting in response to these threats. The treaty's signatories include
270:
While Mindaugas's ten-year reign as king was marked by many state-building accomplishments, his conflicts with relatives and other dukes continued. The western part of Lithuania –
729:
to crown Mindaugas as King of Lithuania, appoint a bishop for Lithuania, and build a cathedral. The other bull specified that the new bishop was to be directly subordinate to the
588:
During the 1230s and 1240s, Mindaugas strengthened and established his power in various Baltic and Slavic lands. Warfare in the region intensified; he battled German forces in
1223:
published his findings pinpointing a coronation date, which became a national holiday. The 750th anniversary of his coronation was marked in 2003 by the dedication of the
985:
faith, becoming a monk and later founding a convent and monastery. Tautvilas's antagonism was temporarily resolved when he recognized Mindaugas's superiority and received
1146:. In retaliation, Daumantas and Treniota assassinated Mindaugas and two of his sons in fall 1263. According to a late medieval tradition, the assassination took place in
3867:
1503:
382:
regarding baptism and coronation of Mindaugas. The Lithuanians did not produce any surviving records themselves, except for a series of acts granting lands to the
580:
duchess; it specifies that five of these were elder and thus took precedence over the remaining sixteen. Mindaugas, despite his youth, as well as his brother
2853:
1228:
943:
243:. Little is known of his origins, early life, or rise to power; he is mentioned in a 1219 treaty as an elder duke, and in 1236 as the leader of all the
1662:
Ivinskis, Zenonas (2008). "Mindaugas ir jo karūna. Kritiškos pastabos septynių šimtmečių (1253–1953) perspektyvoje". In Vytautas Ališausklas (ed.).
3404:
1304:
3160:"Polish President pleased with the opportunity to celebrate the anniversary of King Mindaugas' coronation together with the people of Lithuania"
712:
to further his own interests. He succeeded in bribing Order Master Andreas von Stierland, who was still angry at Vykintas for the defeat at the
2686:
1929:
1233:
1045:
The Livonian Order used their alliance with Mindaugas to gain control over Samogitian lands. In 1252 he approved the Order's construction of
386:, but their authenticity is disputed. Due to lack of sources, some important questions regarding Mindaugas and his reign cannot be answered.
334:
830:
3862:
1549:
3523:
3480:
3448:
3127:
446:
and Morta's sister, whose name is unknown, and possibly an earlier wife; her existence is presumed because two children – a son named
3872:
924:, the son of Daniel of Galicia, who would later become Grand Duke of Lithuania. Lithuanian relationships with western Europe and the
394:
Because written sources covering the era are scarce, Mindaugas's origins and family tree have not been conclusively established. The
3877:
311:
published research supporting an exact coronation date – 6 July 1253. This day is now an official national holiday in Lithuania,
2827:
278:. He broke peace with the Livonian Order in 1261, possibly renouncing Christianity, and was assassinated in 1263 by his nephew
41:
879:); it is an official holiday in modern Lithuania. The exact date of the coronation is not known; the scholarship of historian
3882:
2927:
2760:
2456:
2391:
2362:
1937:
1671:
1452:
1195:. His known family relations end with his children; no historic records note any connections between his descendants and the
3203:
2251:(in Lithuanian). Vytautas Spečiūnas (compiler). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. 2004. pp. 15–78.
2298:
1335:
406:. His year of birth, sometimes given as c. 1200, is at other times left as a question mark. His father is mentioned in the
3397:
1592:
342:
Contemporary written sources about Mindaugas are very scarce. Much of what is known about his reign is obtained from the
3273:
2701:
398:, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, have been discredited in this regard, since they assert an ancestry from the
367:. While ruling in Navahrudak and other Rus' castles, he began to eliminate his friends, seduced by the greed for power.
3691:
3687:
1208:
3228:
3006:
2011:
1227:
in Vilnius, numerous festivals and concerts, and visits from other heads of state. In Belarus, there is the legendary
1005:
describes the following action as a defeat of the Lithuanians, but it has also been seen as a net gain for Mindaugas.
3852:
3088:
2989:
2958:
2894:
2785:
2591:
2537:
2490:
2422:
2256:
2210:
2174:
2105:
2075:
1986:
1849:
1757:
1604:
1565:
1486:
1400:
977:
Mindaugas and his antagonist Daniel reached a reconciliation in 1255; the Black Ruthenian lands were transferred to
3887:
3739:
2801:
1169:
1085:
745:
Castle. The attack failed, and Tautvilas' forces retreated to defend themselves in Tviremet Castle (presumed to be
2857:
3600:
1557:
1142:
died, and Mindaugas took her sister as his new wife. The only problem was that the sister was already married to
561:
in 1236, but armed Christian orders continued to pose a threat. The country had also undergone incursions by the
251:
during the 1230s and 1240s. In 1250 or 1251, during the course of internal power struggles, he was baptised as a
3764:
1073:, Mindaugas broke peace with the Order. The gains he had expected from Christianization had proven to be minor.
3423:
3390:
1299:(1995). Coronation of Mindaugas and creation of the Grand Duchy is the main topic of the 2002 Belarusian novel
883:, who promulgated this precise date, is sometimes challenged. The coronotion ceremony supposedly took place in
573:
3208:
1899:(in Lithuanian). Vol. XXVIII. Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 493–495.
2630:
1252:. A memorial stone on the Mindaugas's hill was installed in 1993 and a metal sculpture of Mindaugas in 2014.
1100:
509:
948:
1869:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 25. Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 308–309.
548:
Lithuania was ruled during the early 13th century by a number of dukes and princes presiding over various
3857:
3797:
3778:
3428:
1340:
1200:
1184:
688:
Tautvilas, Edivydas, and Vykintas formed a powerful coalition in opposition to Mindaugas, along with the
20:
3847:
3754:
2981:
2752:
2448:
2383:
2354:
2272:
962:
Immediately after his coronation, Mindaugas transferred some lands to the Livonian Order – portions of
668:
217:
1276:
422:, mentioned in the text of a 1219 treaty, is presumed to have been his brother, and Dausprungas' sons
3700:
3353:
1711:
1691:
1268:
1022:
872:
455:
continue to discuss their number. He may have had two other sons whose names were later conflated by
407:
351:
343:
312:
3471:
1345:
1066:
1050:
1038:
191:
3639:
2609:
2162:
2975:
1369:
982:
633:
236:
81:
286:. His three immediate successors were assassinated as well. The disorder was not resolved until
3759:
3749:
3729:
3537:
1800:
1728:
1424:
In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication through the Baltic Sea
2944:
2917:
2746:
2579:
2476:
2408:
2095:
1972:
1391:
1220:
880:
308:
3673:
3080:
3074:
2880:
2670:
2530:
Kelionių vadovas po Lietuvą: 1000 lankytinų vietovių norintiems geriau pažinti gimtąjį kraštą
2442:
2348:
2139:
2061:
1571:
1472:
1001:
to challenge Lithuanian rule, ordering Daniel and other regional princes to participate. The
709:
520:. Its etymology may be traced to "daug menąs" (much wisdom) or "daugio minimas" (much fame).
3617:
3134:
1921:
1747:
3842:
3837:
3734:
3658:
3439:
2886:
1478:
1423:
1284:
1077:
569:
472:; Mindouwe, Myndow, Myndawe, and Mindaw in German; Mendog, Mondog, Mendoch, and Mindovg in
274:– strongly resisted the alliance's rule. His gains in the southeast were challenged by the
981:, Daniel's son. Afterwards Mindaugas's son Vaišvilkas received baptism as a member of the
899:, attached to the Act of October 1255, could be a medieval forgery by the Teutonic Knights
726:
8:
3709:
3668:
3663:
3576:
2474:
1292:
952:
697:
477:
395:
378:
committing a great slaughter among the Christian people. Other important sources are the
208:
1260:
1033:
3724:
3649:
3593:
3321:
2977:
The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
2680:
2635:
2414:
2266:
1204:
1192:
1143:
1009:
1002:
329:
283:
163:
131:
47:
3719:
2506:
557:, Latvia in 1201. Their efforts in Lithuania were temporarily halted by defeat at the
493:
3744:
3605:
3287:
3242:
3109:
3084:
3055:
3020:
2985:
2954:
2923:
2890:
2831:
2781:
2756:
2715:
2644:
2587:
2561:
2533:
2486:
2452:
2418:
2387:
2358:
2310:
2252:
2206:
2170:
2143:
2132:
2101:
2071:
2025:
1982:
1933:
1900:
1870:
1845:
1805:
1753:
1667:
1644:
1600:
1588:
1561:
1482:
1448:
937:
929:
896:
750:
693:
240:
138:
56:
1428:
1330:
1267:. He has been portrayed in several 20th-century literary works: the Latvian author
1248:
1224:
1212:
1111:
978:
717:
705:
677:
435:
248:
24:
3159:
2672:
Preußisches Urkundenbuch. Politische (allgemeine) Abteilung. Band I. Zweite Hälfte
2560:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. pp. 178–179, 186.
1162:
640:
to govern these areas, then known as Black Ruthenia. In 1248, he sent his nephews
544:
The presumed dominion controlled by Mindaugas during the start of the 13th century
3213:
1442:
1364:
1243:
1089:
1054:
1046:
749:
in Samogitia). Vykintas died in 1251 or 1252, and Tautvilas was forced to rejoin
713:
558:
505:
473:
299:
228:
175:
2318:
1954:
1693:
Kronika polska, litewska, żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi Macieja Stryjkowskiego. T. 1
1069:, which lasted for 14 years. Encouraged by these developments and by his nephew
920:. He also negotiated a peace with Galicia–Volhynia, and married his daughter to
3787:
3714:
3504:
2475:
Vauchez, Andre; Richard Barrie Dobson; Adrian Walford; Michael Lapidge (2000).
2130:
Jakštas, Juozas (1969). "Lithuania to World War I". In Albertas Gerutis (ed.).
2067:
1844:(English ed.). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 43–127.
1710:
Alexander Maciejowski, ed. (1872). "VI. Kronika Boguchwala i Godyslawa Paska".
1180:
1081:
905:
681:
613:
469:
442:
played major roles in later power struggles. Mindaugas had at least two wives,
383:
350:. Both of these chronicles were produced by enemies of Lithuania and thus have
347:
256:
252:
183:
3634:
2702:"The History and Recent Archeological Investigations of the Vilnius Cathedral"
1610:
3831:
3813:
3295:
3291:
3246:
3024:
2723:
2719:
2648:
2314:
2029:
2007:
1643:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. pp. 153–154.
1139:
1062:
913:
868:
562:
443:
3494:
3113:
1504:"Kur gimė tikroji Lietuva: prasidėjo ten, kur šiandien nė neįsivaizduotume?"
637:
600:
in 1240 and entered Poland in 1241, defeating two Polish armies and burning
447:
302:, the titles remained separate. Now generally considered the founder of the
151:
3250:
3028:
2200:
2033:
1804:. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 538–543.
1395:
403:
3181:
3108:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 8.
528:
2804:. Administration of the State Cultural Reserve of Kernavė. Archived from
2748:
Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345
2380:
Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345
2350:
Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345
2196:
1839:
1735:(in Lithuanian). Vol. III. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. pp. 875–878.
1264:
993:. A direct confrontation with the Mongols occurred in 1258 or 1259, when
933:
581:
419:
244:
3612:
3382:
3054:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. p. 195.
605:
3556:
3547:
2805:
2138:. translated by Algirdas Budreckis. New York: Manyland Books. pp.
1444:
Teutonic Knight Vs Lithuanian Warrior: The Lithuanian Crusade 1283–1435
1239:
1196:
994:
967:
884:
810:
722:
673:
609:
399:
379:
360:
71:
1018:
971:
806:
3624:
3571:
3532:
2950:
2482:
1188:
1151:
1119:
1058:
963:
888:(Franciscans), Brother Adolfus and his companions, and many others.
788:
783:
689:
653:
641:
625:
540:
423:
364:
303:
287:
271:
3212:(in Polish). Vol. XXXIX/1. 1999. pp. 58–73. Archived from
1207:
held him responsible for the troubles then being experienced by the
891:
701:
601:
3629:
3588:
3583:
3561:
3489:
3367:
3278:
3233:
3011:
2706:
2016:
1978:
1696:(in Polish). Warszawa: nakład Gustawa Leona Glücksberga, Księgarza.
1115:
1092:, on the other hand, wrote in 1268 of "Mindaugas of happy memory" (
1070:
998:
925:
796:
792:
738:
730:
657:
649:
645:
589:
439:
431:
430:
his nephews. He is thought to have had two sisters, one married to
427:
279:
260:
99:
3007:"Honor and Suffering, The Second Part of the Drama-Poem Mindaugas"
2532:(in Lithuanian) (4th ed.). Vilnius: Algimantas. p. 510.
1840:
Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė; Albinas Kuncevičius (2000) .
1624:
enjoyed glory and might and would not put up with any opposition."
1123:
371:
3566:
2751:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series.
2382:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series.
2353:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series.
1974:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
1809:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1104:
986:
956:
909:
834:
820:
800:
680:
establishing Lithuania's placement under the jurisdiction of the
593:
577:
549:
415:
375:
295:
158:
3059:
2565:
2147:
1904:
1874:
1648:
3513:
2613:
2451:, reprinted by St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1989. p. 56.
1147:
1013:
746:
742:
629:
621:
533:
456:
275:
3447:
2097:
Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People
1166:
928:
were reinforced. In 1255, Mindaugas received permission from
921:
917:
617:
451:
202:
2296:
255:; this action enabled him to establish an alliance with the
19:
For the 20th-century claimant to the Lithuanian throne, see
990:
597:
554:
484:, which can quite easily and naturally be reconstructed as
1713:
Monumenta Poloniae Historica. Pomniki Dziejowe Polski. T.2
2249:
Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas
2169:. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press. p. 705.
1554:
Mindaugo knyga: istorijos šaltiniai apie Lietuvos karalių
2059:
803:– the other half went to Bishop Christian in March 1254)
222:
16:
Grand Duke (1236–1253) and King (1253–1263) of Lithuania
2205:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
1705:
1703:
1219:) was not published until 1905. In the 1990s historian
414:), but is not named; later chronicles give his name as
2631:"Mindaugo karūnavimo ir Lietuvos karalystės problemos"
1797:
1314:
dedicated to the 750th anniversary of the coronation.
1217:
Die Litauer unter dem König Mindowe bis zum Jahre 1263
1709:
853:
All of Lithuania (if Mindaugas died without an heir)
3786:
3133:. Lithuanian American Community, Inc. Archived from
2830:. Lithuanian National Tourism Office. Archived from
2297:
Butkevičienė, Birutė; Vytautas Gricius (July 2003).
1700:
612:
and succeededed in becoming master of the so-called
402:, a noble family said to have originated within the
2919:
Transnational Identity Politics and the Environment
1960:(in Latin). apud Bernardum Albinum. pp. 46–47.
1716:. Vol. 2. Lwow: August Bielowski. p. 586.
1255:Mindaugas is the primary subject of the 1829 drama
1099:In any event, the Lithuanians were not prepared to
684:, and discussing Mindaugas's baptism and coronation
235:; c. 1203 – 12 September 1263) was the first known
3868:Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions
3699:
2942:
2856:. Klaipeda State Seaport Authority. Archived from
2586:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Žara. pp. 239–240.
2131:
2100:. Central European University Press. p. 179.
2060:Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Judith B. Sedaitis (1997).
1172:dedicated to King Mindaugas, with the inscription
648:, the sons of his brother Dausprungas, along with
2780:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Diemedis. p. 175.
2167:The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.1300–c.1415
1798:Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1970–1978). "Mindaugas".
1057:. The first defeat encouraged a rebellion by the
845:Portions of Dainava, all of Skalva and Samogitia
496:published a research paper supporting the suffix
3829:
2066:. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics.
1550:"Belated Praise for King Mindaugas of Lithuania"
1179:Mindaugas held a dubious position in Lithuanian
608:(Memel). Mindaugas established his residence in
3229:"Shakespearian Traits in Lithuanian Literature"
2668:
2662:
2440:
1946:
3052:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties
3004:
2558:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties
2410:The Slavs in European History and Civilization
1930:Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute
1727:Jonynas, Ignas (1935). "Bychovco kronika". In
1685:
1683:
1641:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties
1084:that Mindaugas had returned to error, and the
1028:
696:(Tautvilas and Edivydas' brother-in-law), and
532:Šeimyniškėliai Hillfort, possibly the site of
3398:
3128:"Celebrations in Honor of Mindaugas the King"
2507:"History of the Catholic Church in Lithuania"
1864:
1752:. University of Washington Press. p. 3.
1110:Regional conflicts with the Order escalated.
3103:
2878:
2854:"The Gimpse on the History of Klaipeda Port"
2610:Lietuvos Respublikos švenčių dienų įstatymas
1865:Ivinskis, Zenonas (1953–1966). "Ringaudas".
1470:
46:Mindaugas, as depicted in the chronicles of
2628:
2551:
2549:
1920:
1689:
1680:
1587:
1466:
1464:
756:
338:Baptism of Mindaugas, 17th century portrait
3405:
3391:
3226:
3220:
2685:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2624:
2622:
2578:
2470:
2468:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2012:"The Prussian-Lithuanian Frontier of 1242"
1894:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1634:
1632:
692:of western Lithuania, the Livonian Order,
40:
3412:
3152:
2738:
2572:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2154:
2089:
2087:
2055:
2053:
2051:
1916:
1914:
1895:Salys, Antanas (1953–1966). "Mindaugas".
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
932:to crown his son as King of Lithuania. A
3272:Dundzila, Audrius Vilius (Spring 1990).
3271:
3162:. President of the Republic of Lithuania
3120:
3049:
3043:
3005:Marcinkevičius, Justinas (Winter 1971).
2911:
2909:
2882:Culture and Customs of the Baltic States
2846:
2699:
2693:
2555:
2546:
2436:
2434:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1952:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1661:
1638:
1583:
1581:
1461:
1440:
1161:
1032:
1012:mentions Mindaugas defending himself in
947:King Mindaugas Monument in front of the
942:
890:
667:
539:
527:
500:, which has since been widely accepted.
333:
290:gained the title of grand duke c. 1270.
23:. For other people named Mindaugas, see
3265:
3174:
2943:Jones, Prudence; Nigel Pennick (1997).
2915:
2872:
2820:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2619:
2527:
2521:
2465:
2406:
2400:
2371:
2226:
2183:
2129:
2114:
1858:
1726:
1720:
1655:
1629:
1593:"The Formation of the Lithuanian State"
1547:
3830:
3358:Grand Duke: 1236–1253, King: 1253–1263
3196:
3182:"Lithuania's Cooperation with Estonia"
3097:
3072:
3066:
2998:
2973:
2967:
2744:
2600:
2499:
2377:
2346:
2333:
2279:
2194:
2160:
2093:
2084:
2048:
1970:
1964:
1953:Guagnini, Alessandro Guagnini (1581).
1911:
1816:
1766:
1522:
1501:
1390:
1291:(The Offering of the Bull, 1975), and
1061:, and the defeat at Durbe spurred the
476:; and Mindovg, Mindog, and Mindowh in
3386:
2936:
2906:
2431:
2202:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
2006:
1995:
1881:
1745:
1739:
1578:
1203:until 1572. A 17th-century rector of
764:Mindaugas's acts granting territories
663:
636:. In about 1239 he appointed his son
620:and its affluents with the cities of
2700:Kajackas, Algimintas (Spring 1990).
2675:(in German). Königsberg. p. 35.
2629:Baranauskas, Tomas (23 March 2003).
2197:"Baltų žemių vienijimosi priežastys"
1926:Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas
1842:The History of Lithuania Before 1795
1666:(in Lithuanian). Aidai. p. 66.
1096:), expressing regret at his murder.
912:, a major center of commerce in the
536:Castle, alleged capital of Mindaugas
363:Rus', Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and
1041:between the 13th and 15th centuries
450:and an unnamed daughter married to
13:
3863:Christians of the Prussian Crusade
3348:Mindaugas's consolidation of power
3227:Šešplaukis, Alfonsas (Fall 1970).
1441:Galeotti, Mark (17 January 2023).
512:, and consists of two components:
492:. In 1909 the Lithuanian linguist
14:
3899:
2616:. Retrieved on 17 September 2006.
1401:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia
1154:, designated Grand Duke c. 1270.
704:into the domains of Mindaugas in
3873:13th-century Lithuanian nobility
2922:. Lexington Books. p. 100.
2444:Byzantium and the Rise of Russia
1749:A History of East Central Europe
1474:The History of the Baltic States
1365:"Mindaugas | ruler of Lithuania"
1336:History of Lithuania (1219–1295)
1324:
1191:and was not mentioned at all by
523:
3878:13th-century monarchs in Europe
3184:. Foreign Ministry of Lithuania
2802:"Reserve – Archaeological Site"
2478:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
2299:"Mindaugas – Lietuvos karalius"
1558:Lithuanian Institute of History
1502:Salynė, Roberta (6 July 2021).
1431:. 76 p. ISBN 978-90-04-21665-5.
1076:Mindaugas may have reverted to
3424:List of early Lithuanian dukes
3104:Nikžentaitis, Alvydas (1989).
2509:. Catholic Church in Lithuania
1495:
1447:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 78.
1434:
1415:
1384:
1357:
1209:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1126:(now in Latvia), reaching the
1:
2669:August Seraphim, ed. (1909).
1351:
510:Christianization of Lithuania
318:
3883:13th-century Roman Catholics
3765:Stanisław August Poniatowski
2528:Semaška, Algimantas (2006).
1690:Stryjkowski, Maciej (1846).
1086:Galician–Volhynian Chronicle
949:National Museum of Lithuania
203:
7:
3740:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
3429:List of Lithuanian monarchs
3209:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
2776:Zabiela, Gintautas (1995).
2063:Lithuania: The Rebel Nation
1971:Frucht, Richard C. (2005).
1341:List of rulers of Lithuania
1317:
1185:Lithuanian national revival
1174:Mindaugas King of Lithuania
1029:Assassination and aftermath
223:
144:
21:Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach
10:
3904:
3050:Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978).
2982:Cambridge University Press
2753:Cambridge University Press
2612:, Žin., 1990, Nr. 31-757,
2556:Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978).
2449:Cambridge University Press
2384:Cambridge University Press
2355:Cambridge University Press
2195:Kiaupa, Zigmantas (2002).
1928:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
1733:Lietuviškoji enciklopedija
1639:Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978).
1599:. Vaga. pp. 245–272.
1597:Lietuvos valstybės ištakos
1053:, and in 1260 it lost the
770:
459:into Ruklys and Rupeikis.
327:
323:
195:
18:
3811:
3777:
3686:
3648:
3546:
3522:
3503:
3479:
3470:
3438:
3418:
3364:
3351:
3342:
3315:
2946:A History of Pagan Europe
2916:Ignatow, Gabriel (2007).
2407:Dvornik, Francis (1992).
1548:Dubonis, Artūras (2005).
1157:
1008:A single sentence in the
763:
504:is an archaic disyllabic
408:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
389:
344:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
212:
157:
137:
125:
117:
109:
105:
95:
87:
80:
70:
62:
55:
39:
34:
3853:Grand dukes of Lithuania
3472:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2879:O'Connor, Kevin (2006).
2441:John Meyendorff (1981).
1471:O'Connor, Kevin (2003).
1346:Early dukes of Lithuania
1067:Great Prussian Rebellion
1039:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
837:, portions of Samogitia
757:The Kingdom of Lithuania
282:and another rival, Duke
3888:Roman Catholic monarchs
3073:Lieven, Anatol (1993).
2974:Plokhy, Serhii (2006).
1370:Encyclopedia Britannica
1277:Justinas Marcinkevičius
867:Mindaugas and his wife
634:Principality of Polotsk
574:twenty Lithuanian dukes
462:
438:. Vykintas and his son
298:onward also reigned as
237:grand duke of Lithuania
82:Grand Duke of Lithuania
3750:Augustus II the Strong
2778:Lietuvos medinės pilys
2378:Rowell, S. C. (1994).
2347:Rowell, S. C. (1994).
2271:: CS1 maint: others (
2094:Bojtár, Endre (1999).
1897:Lietuvių enciklopedija
1867:Lietuvių enciklopedija
1801:Encyclopedia Lituanica
1746:Stone, Daniel (2001).
1176:
1042:
959:
900:
766:to the Livonian Order
685:
545:
537:
468:Mindog, Mendolphus in
339:
232:
187:
179:
3755:Stanisław Leszczyński
3715:Anna the Jagiellonian
3674:Sigismund II Augustus
3640:Sigismund Kęstutaitis
3413:Monarchs of Lithuania
3081:Yale University Press
3076:The Baltic Revolution
2745:Rowell, S.C. (1994).
2161:Rowell, S.C. (1995).
1574:on 28 September 2011.
1421:Mägi, Marika (2018).
1165:
1094:clare memorie Mindota
1036:
946:
894:
671:
543:
531:
337:
265:Mindaugas the Sapient
239:and the only crowned
3779:Kingdom of Lithuania
3760:August III the Saxon
3735:John II Casimir Vasa
3440:Kingdom of Lithuania
2887:Greenwood Publishing
2580:Gudavičius, Edvardas
2417:Press. p. 215.
2303:Mokslas Ir Gyvenimas
2134:Lithuania: 700 Years
1479:Greenwood Publishing
1392:Gudavičius, Edvardas
1331:Lithuania portal
1285:Romualdas Granauskas
1201:Lithuania and Poland
916:River basin, and in
410:as a powerful duke (
396:Bychowiec Chronicles
3710:Henry III of Valois
3669:Sigismund I the Old
3548:House of Gediminids
2860:on 17 February 2009
1922:Zinkevičius, Zigmas
1293:Juozas Kralikauskas
1221:Edvardas Gudavičius
1199:dynasty that ruled
1130:coast, and battled
1101:accept Christianity
881:Edvardas Gudavičius
698:Vasilko of Volhynia
478:Old Church Slavonic
309:Edvardas Gudavičius
3858:Kings of Lithuania
3725:Sigismund III Vasa
3650:House of Jagiellon
3524:House of Mindaugas
3481:House of Mindaugas
3449:House of Mindaugas
3354:Ruler of Lithuania
3322:House of Mindaugas
3253:on 19 January 2021
3204:"Juliusz Słowacki"
2834:on 2 February 2009
2415:Rutgers University
2357:. pp. 51–52.
1932:. pp. 48–49.
1664:Mindaugas karalius
1589:Baranauskas, Tomas
1560:. pp. 17–22.
1205:Vilnius University
1193:Vytautas the Great
1177:
1170:Commemorative coin
1043:
1010:Hypatian Chronicle
1003:Novgorod Chronicle
960:
901:
725:. One ordered the
710:Archbishop of Riga
686:
664:Path to coronation
632:, and also of the
546:
538:
508:, used before the
340:
330:House of Mindaugas
284:Daumantas of Pskov
267:by the Livonians.
164:House of Mindaugas
145:at least 3 more...
48:Alexander Guagnini
3848:Founding monarchs
3825:
3824:
3807:
3806:
3773:
3772:
3745:John III Sobieski
3730:Ladislaus IV Vasa
3688:Polish–Lithuanian
3682:
3681:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3580:
3505:House of Monomakh
3466:
3465:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3365:Succeeded by
3359:
2929:978-0-7391-2015-6
2762:978-0-521-45011-9
2639:(in Lithuanian).
2458:978-0-88141-079-2
2393:978-1-107-65876-9
2364:978-0-521-45011-9
2305:(in Lithuanian).
2036:on 3 January 2021
1939:978-5-420-01606-0
1729:Vaclovas Biržiška
1673:978-9955-656-56-2
1454:978-1-4728-5150-5
1246:in his 1828 poem
1051:Battle of Skuodas
1037:Expansion of the
997:sent his general
938:Vilnius Cathedral
930:Pope Alexander IV
897:Seal of Mindaugas
865:
864:
804:
751:Daniel of Galicia
727:Bishop of Chełmno
694:Daniel of Galicia
241:king of Lithuania
221:
201:
169:
168:
121:12 September 1263
57:King of Lithuania
3895:
3784:
3783:
3697:
3696:
3659:Casimir Jagellon
3615:
3603:
3591:
3574:
3477:
3476:
3445:
3444:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3357:
3338:
3331:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3298:on 16 March 2021
3294:. Archived from
3274:"King and Power"
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3249:. Archived from
3224:
3218:
3217:
3216:on 4 March 2009.
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3031:on 16 March 2021
3027:. Archived from
3002:
2996:
2995:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:on 18 March 2021
2722:. Archived from
2697:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2317:. Archived from
2294:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2245:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2032:. Archived from
2004:
1993:
1992:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1814:
1813:
1795:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1613:on 16 April 2009
1609:. Archived from
1585:
1576:
1575:
1570:. Archived from
1545:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1432:
1429:Brill Publishers
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1361:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1313:
1289:Jaučio aukojimas
1261:Juliusz Słowacki
1249:Konrad Wallenrod
1237:
1229:Mindaugas's Hill
1225:Mindaugas Bridge
1213:Jonas Totoraitis
1112:Alexander Nevsky
953:Gediminas' Tower
786:
761:
760:
718:Pope Innocent IV
706:Lithuania proper
678:Pope Innocent IV
570:Galicia–Volhynia
436:Daniel of Halych
249:Lithuania proper
226:
216:
214:
206:
200:romanized:
199:
197:
148:
44:
32:
31:
25:Mindaugas (name)
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3803:
3769:
3720:Stephen Báthory
3690:
3678:
3644:
3542:
3518:
3499:
3462:
3434:
3433:
3414:
3411:
3370:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3225:
3221:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3140:on 5 March 2009
3137:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3071:
3067:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2953:. p. 172.
2941:
2937:
2930:
2914:
2907:
2897:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2828:"Cultural life"
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2808:on 21 July 2020
2800:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:. p. 149.
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2698:
2694:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2627:
2620:
2607:(in Lithuanian)
2606:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2577:
2573:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:. p. 855.
2473:
2466:
2459:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2386:. p. 120.
2376:
2372:
2365:
2345:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2295:
2280:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2163:"Baltic Europe"
2159:
2155:
2128:
2115:
2108:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2058:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2010:(Winter 1975).
2005:
1996:
1989:
1981:. p. 169.
1969:
1965:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1919:
1912:
1893:
1882:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1838:
1817:
1796:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1701:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1660:
1656:
1637:
1630:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1586:
1579:
1568:
1546:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1510:(in Lithuanian)
1500:
1496:
1489:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1307:
1301:Alhierd's Lance
1275:(Power, 1944),
1269:Mārtiņš Zīverts
1244:Adam Mickiewicz
1242:, mentioned by
1231:
1160:
1090:Pope Clement IV
1055:Battle of Durbe
1047:Klaipeda Castle
1031:
877:Valstybės diena
861:All of Selonia
765:
759:
714:Battle of Saule
666:
559:Battle of Saule
526:
506:Lithuanian name
494:Kazimieras Būga
465:
434:and another to
392:
352:anti-Lithuanian
332:
326:
321:
300:kings of Poland
192:Old East Slavic
142:
141:
130:
129:Sister of Morta
51:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3823:
3822:
3814:Titular rulers
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3791:
3788:House of Urach
3781:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3581:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3366:
3363:
3350:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3264:
3219:
3195:
3173:
3151:
3119:
3096:
3089:
3083:. p. 47.
3065:
3042:
2997:
2990:
2984:. p. 91.
2966:
2959:
2935:
2928:
2905:
2895:
2889:. p. 42.
2871:
2845:
2819:
2793:
2786:
2768:
2761:
2737:
2692:
2661:
2618:
2599:
2592:
2571:
2545:
2538:
2520:
2498:
2491:
2464:
2457:
2430:
2423:
2399:
2392:
2370:
2363:
2332:
2321:on 23 May 2007
2278:
2257:
2225:
2211:
2182:
2175:
2153:
2113:
2106:
2083:
2076:
2070:. p. 10.
2068:Westview Press
2047:
2008:Urban, William
1994:
1987:
1963:
1945:
1938:
1910:
1880:
1857:
1850:
1815:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1719:
1699:
1679:
1672:
1654:
1628:
1605:
1577:
1566:
1521:
1494:
1487:
1481:. p. 15.
1460:
1453:
1433:
1414:
1383:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1319:
1316:
1181:historiography
1159:
1156:
1082:Pope John XXII
1030:
1027:
906:Black Ruthenia
863:
862:
859:
855:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
839:
838:
828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
813:
780:
776:
775:
772:
768:
767:
758:
755:
682:Bishop of Rome
665:
662:
652:, the Duke of
614:Black Ruthenia
568:A treaty with
525:
522:
464:
461:
412:ein kunic grôß
391:
388:
384:Livonian Order
348:Hypatian Codex
328:Main article:
325:
322:
320:
317:
257:Livonian Order
253:Roman Catholic
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3900:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3374:as Grand Duke
3369:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3183:
3177:
3161:
3155:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3090:0-300-06078-5
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2991:0-521-86403-8
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2960:0-415-15804-4
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2896:0-313-32355-0
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2789:
2787:9986-23-018-7
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2593:9986-34-020-9
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2539:9986-509-90-4
2535:
2531:
2524:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2492:1-57958-282-6
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2424:0-8135-0799-5
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2258:5-420-01535-8
2254:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2212:9986-9216-9-4
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2176:0-521-36290-3
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2107:963-9116-42-4
2103:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2077:0-8133-1839-4
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1988:1-57607-800-0
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1851:9986-810-13-2
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1759:0-295-98093-1
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1606:5-415-01495-0
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1567:9986-780-68-3
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1488:0-313-32355-0
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:Volha Ipatava
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:' drama-poem
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:, one of the
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1023:Statehood Day
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
898:
893:
889:
886:
882:
878:
875:(Lithuanian:
874:
873:Statehood Day
870:
860:
858:7 August 1261
857:
856:
852:
849:
848:
844:
842:7 August 1259
841:
840:
836:
832:
829:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
812:
808:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:
769:
762:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
679:
675:
670:
661:
659:
656:, to conquer
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:on the upper
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
563:Mongol Empire
560:
556:
551:
542:
535:
530:
524:Rise to power
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
460:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
356:
353:
349:
345:
336:
331:
316:
314:
313:Statehood Day
310:
305:
301:
297:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
219:
210:
205:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
162:
160:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
140:
136:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3817:
3798:Mindaugas II
3796:
3692:Commonwealth
3457:
3373:
3372:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3283:
3277:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3251:the original
3238:
3232:
3222:
3214:the original
3207:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3135:the original
3122:
3105:
3099:
3075:
3068:
3051:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3016:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2969:
2945:
2938:
2918:
2900:
2881:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2858:the original
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:the original
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2796:
2777:
2771:
2747:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:the original
2711:
2705:
2695:
2671:
2664:
2654:17 September
2652:. Retrieved
2640:
2634:
2602:
2583:
2574:
2557:
2529:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2501:
2477:
2443:
2409:
2402:
2379:
2373:
2349:
2325:17 September
2323:. Retrieved
2319:the original
2306:
2302:
2248:
2216:. Retrieved
2201:
2166:
2156:
2133:
2096:
2062:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2021:
2015:
1973:
1966:
1955:
1948:
1925:
1896:
1866:
1860:
1841:
1799:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1692:
1663:
1657:
1640:
1622:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1596:
1572:the original
1553:
1512:. Retrieved
1507:
1497:
1473:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1399:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1256:
1254:
1247:
1216:
1178:
1173:
1109:
1098:
1093:
1075:
1044:
1007:
976:
961:
902:
876:
866:
817:October 1255
782:Portions of
735:
687:
592:, while the
587:
567:
547:
517:
513:
501:
497:
489:
485:
481:
466:
411:
404:Roman Empire
393:
369:
357:
341:
292:
269:
264:
171:
170:
143:
29:
3843:1263 deaths
3838:1203 births
3703:(1569–1795)
3652:(1440–1569)
3635:Švitrigaila
3550:(1285–1440)
3526:(1269–1285)
3507:(1267–1269)
3483:(1263–1267)
3451:(1236–1263)
3257:15 February
3188:24 February
3166:24 February
3144:24 February
3035:20 February
2864:24 February
2730:20 February
2513:20 February
2040:17 February
1617:20 February
1396:"Mindaugas"
1308: [
1265:Three Bards
1232: [
1059:Semigalians
934:noble court
723:papal bulls
690:Samogitians
582:Dausprungas
420:Dausprungas
380:papal bulls
245:Lithuanians
76:6 July 1253
3832:Categories
3557:Butigeidis
3495:Vaišvilkas
3362:1236–1263
3317:Mindaugas
3302:8 February
2838:4 February
2812:5 February
1352:References
1271:' tragedy
1240:Navahrudak
1197:Gediminids
1183:until the
995:Berke Khan
885:Navahrudak
805:, half of
774:Territory
676:issued by
674:Papal bull
638:Vaišvilkas
610:Navahrudak
596:destroyed
448:Vaišvilkas
400:Palemonids
361:Navahrudak
319:Background
304:Lithuanian
209:Belarusian
152:Vaišvilkas
72:Coronation
3664:Alexander
3625:Skirgaila
3572:Gediminas
3538:Daumantas
3533:Traidenis
3458:Mindaugas
3344:New title
3292:0024-5089
3247:0024-5089
3106:Gediminas
3025:0024-5089
2951:Routledge
2720:0024-5089
2681:cite book
2649:1392-0677
2584:Mindaugas
2483:Routledge
2315:0134-3084
2267:cite book
2030:0024-5089
1810:74-114275
1297:Mindaugas
1281:Mindaugas
1189:Gediminas
1152:Traidenis
1144:Daumantas
1120:Tautvilas
1065:into the
1063:Prussians
964:Samogitia
850:June 1260
789:Raseiniai
787:(half of
784:Samogitia
779:July 1253
654:Samogitia
642:Tautvilas
626:Vawkavysk
502:Mindaugas
490:Mindaugis
486:Mindaugas
424:Tautvilas
365:Samogitia
288:Traidenis
272:Samogitia
261:nicknamed
218:romanized
172:Mindaugas
96:Successor
91:1236–1253
66:1253–1263
35:Mindaugas
3630:Vytautas
3613:Kęstutis
3589:Algirdas
3584:Jaunutis
3562:Butvydas
3490:Treniota
3368:Treniota
3279:Lituanus
3234:Lituanus
3114:27471995
3060:79346776
3012:Lituanus
2707:Lituanus
2582:(1998).
2566:79346776
2218:11 March
2148:75-80057
2017:Lituanus
1979:ABC-CLIO
1924:(2007).
1905:55020366
1875:55020366
1649:79346776
1591:(2000).
1514:30 March
1318:See also
1283:(1968),
1128:Estonian
1116:Novgorod
1078:paganism
1071:Treniota
999:Burundai
983:Orthodox
926:Holy See
797:Ariogala
793:Betygala
741:-men in
739:crossbow
731:Holy See
658:Smolensk
650:Vykintas
646:Edivydas
606:Klaipėda
576:and one
550:fiefdoms
440:Treniota
432:Vykintas
428:Gedvydas
346:and the
280:Treniota
180:Myndowen
100:Treniota
3818:italics
3816:are in
3701:Elected
3601:Jogaila
3567:Vytenis
3330:c. 1203
2643:(504).
2309:(547).
1731:(ed.).
1407:18 July
1376:25 June
1257:Mindowe
1136:Bryansk
1132:Masovia
1105:Vilnius
1019:Kernavė
991:fiefdom
987:Polatsk
972:Dainava
968:Nadruva
957:Vilnius
914:Daugava
910:Polatsk
835:Nadruva
831:Karšuva
821:Selonia
811:Nadruva
807:Dainava
801:Laukuva
594:Mongols
590:Kurland
578:dowager
482:Mindovg
457:scribes
416:Ryngold
376:Prussia
324:Sources
296:Jogaila
224:Mindowh
220::
213:Міндоўг
188:Mindowe
113:c. 1203
3790:(1918)
3618:family
3606:family
3594:family
3577:family
3514:Shvarn
3333:
3290:
3286:(36).
3245:
3241:(16).
3112:
3087:
3058:
3023:
3019:(17).
2988:
2957:
2926:
2893:
2784:
2759:
2718:
2714:(36).
2647:
2636:Voruta
2614:Seimas
2590:
2564:
2536:
2489:
2455:
2421:
2390:
2361:
2313:
2255:
2209:
2173:
2146:
2104:
2074:
2028:
2024:(21).
1985:
1936:
1903:
1873:
1848:
1808:
1756:
1670:
1647:
1603:
1564:
1485:
1451:
1158:Legacy
1148:Aglona
1014:Voruta
970:, and
799:, and
747:Tverai
743:Voruta
702:Nalšia
630:Slonim
628:, and
622:Hrodna
602:Kraków
534:Voruta
474:Polish
390:Family
276:Tatars
233:Mendog
229:Polish
204:Mendog
196:Мендог
176:German
126:Spouse
50:(1611)
3335:Died:
3328:Born:
3138:(PDF)
3131:(PDF)
2140:43–58
1508:15min
1312:]
1259:, by
1236:]
1167:Litas
1140:Morta
1124:Cēsis
989:as a
979:Roman
922:Svarn
918:Pinsk
908:, in
869:Morta
618:Neman
470:Latin
452:Svarn
444:Morta
372:Płock
184:Latin
159:House
139:Issue
132:Morta
88:Reign
63:Reign
3337:1263
3304:2009
3288:ISSN
3259:2009
3243:ISSN
3190:2009
3168:2009
3146:2009
3110:OCLC
3085:ISBN
3056:LCCN
3037:2009
3021:ISSN
2986:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2866:2009
2840:2009
2814:2009
2782:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2732:2009
2716:ISSN
2687:link
2656:2006
2645:ISSN
2588:ISBN
2562:LCCN
2534:ISBN
2515:2009
2487:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2327:2006
2311:ISSN
2273:link
2253:ISBN
2220:2007
2207:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2144:LCCN
2102:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2042:2009
2026:ISSN
1983:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1901:LCCN
1871:LCCN
1846:ISBN
1806:LCCN
1754:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1645:LCCN
1619:2009
1601:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1516:2024
1483:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1409:2021
1378:2021
1273:Vara
951:and
895:The
827:1257
809:and
771:Date
672:The
644:and
598:Kiev
555:Riga
518:daug
516:and
463:Name
426:and
374:and
118:Died
110:Born
1957:...
1303:by
1238:in
1114:of
955:in
553:of
514:min
498:-as
488:or
263:as
3834::
3282:.
3276:.
3237:.
3231:.
3206:.
3079:.
3015:.
3009:.
2980:.
2949:.
2908:^
2899:.
2885:.
2710:.
2704:.
2683:}}
2679:{{
2633:.
2621:^
2548:^
2481:.
2467:^
2447:.
2433:^
2413:.
2335:^
2301:.
2281:^
2269:}}
2265:{{
2228:^
2199:.
2185:^
2165:.
2142:.
2116:^
2086:^
2050:^
2020:.
2014:.
1997:^
1977:.
1913:^
1883:^
1818:^
1768:^
1702:^
1682:^
1631:^
1621:.
1595:.
1580:^
1556:.
1552:.
1524:^
1506:.
1477:.
1463:^
1427:.
1398:.
1394:.
1367:.
1310:be
1295:'
1287:'
1234:be
1118:,
1025:.
966:,
940:.
833:,
795:,
791:,
753:.
624:,
565:.
418:.
315:.
231::
227:,
215:,
211::
207:,
198:,
194::
190:,
186::
182:,
178::
3820:.
3620:)
3616:(
3608:)
3604:(
3596:)
3592:(
3579:)
3575:(
3406:e
3399:t
3392:v
3306:.
3284:1
3261:.
3239:3
3192:.
3170:.
3148:.
3116:.
3093:.
3062:.
3039:.
3017:4
2994:.
2963:.
2932:.
2868:.
2842:.
2816:.
2790:.
2765:.
2734:.
2712:1
2689:)
2658:.
2641:6
2596:.
2568:.
2542:.
2517:.
2495:.
2461:.
2427:.
2396:.
2367:.
2329:.
2307:7
2275:)
2261:.
2222:.
2179:.
2150:.
2110:.
2080:.
2044:.
2022:4
1991:.
1942:.
1907:.
1877:.
1854:.
1812:.
1762:.
1676:.
1651:.
1518:.
1491:.
1457:.
1411:.
1380:.
1215:(
174:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)