487:
194:
20:
872:
848:
896:
405:
465:
450:
435:
420:
860:
598:
884:
1978:
1987:
738:. In peacetime, these consisted of typically small regiments with a few hundred men, but could number up to 10,000, including cavalry and artillery. In some instances the magnate contribution could surpass that of the main Commonwealth army on the frontlines, although the magnates often preferred to spare their troops, as they were not compensated by the state for their contributions. The troops were paid for and equipped by the richest noble families, such as the
1999:
1158:
1105:, which stated that the armies should have 100,000 men. (The exact number would be settled on only on 22 May 1792, at 25,654 cavalry and 72,910 infantry). A new conscription law was introduced, affecting all lands (royal, noble and Church-owned). With the days of the Commonwealth numbered, the Constitution was never fully implemented in practice, although the new Military Commission saw the Army expanded to 65,000 before the Polish defeat in the
1052:, usually carrying army supplies. The wagon use for defensive formations was perfected by the Cossacks, and to a smaller extent used by other Commonwealth units. The Commonwealth armies relied on cavalry, which the nobility saw as much more respectable than the infantry. Despite the reforms of the 17th century, it lost much of its military significance in the 18th century; the primary reason for this was a lack of sufficient funding.
949:'s introduction, and a need for more professional army commanders than the king could usually provide. By the 1530s the hetman system evolved into that of regular offices that would exist in parallel both in Poland and Lithuania for the next three centuries. From 1581 it officially became a lifelong appointment. Hetmans had the right to carry out
125:), common there, never gained popularity in Poland. Brzezinski, however, notes that foreign mercenaries did form a significant portion of the more elite infantry units, at least till the early 17th century. In the 15th century Poland, several other formations formed the core of the military. There was a small standing army,
90:). For the first century or so, the Commonwealth military was usually successful, but became less so from around the mid-17th century. Plagued by insufficient funds, it found itself increasingly hard-pressed to defend the country, and inferior in numbers to the growing armies of the Commonwealth's neighbors.
1064:
of 1717 declared that the size of the
Commonwealth's military should be 24,200 (18,000 from Poland and 6,200 for Lithuania). Due to insufficient taxation, the military was often not paid properly, which led to a relatively small army size; in mid-18th century, the Commonwealth had funds to field an
1461:
Wiadomo, że
Litewskie woysko na Wiedeńską wyprawę nie przyszło, lecz ledwie Króla pod Koszycami i Preszowem na powrocie spotkało. Petyhorcy, jazda lekka w woysku Litewskiem nie była z pod gór Karpackich, jak Czacki chce 1,288 lecz jak Czeremissi z pośrzód Rossyi, tak ci Petyhorcy z pośrzód Georgii
494:
When the
Commonwealth was formed, there was little practical difference between the Polish and Lithuanian armed forces but they were kept separate; the Lithuanian army formed about a fourth to a third of the Commonwealth's military. The Commonwealth's military was divided into national and foreign
809:
regiment, paid for directly by the king. In peacetime, the royal guard numbered around 1,200, but would often be expanded during war. The royal force included a hussar banner, reiter cavalry and infantry units, based upon the "foreign" model. Finally, there were also some irregular
684:
regions). The artillery formations, at first staffed by foreigners, were reformed in the 1630s, with a new tax levied to support them. This time also marked the introduction of the
General of the Artillery rank into the Commonwealth armies. In the mid-17th century, the numbers of
172:
for the purpose of maintaining this formation). This formation was also paid for by the king, and in the peacetime, numbered about 3,500–4,000 men according to
Bardach; Brzezinski gives the range of 3,000–5,000. It was composed mostly of the light cavalry units manned by nobility
1109:. After the Commonwealth was defeated in that war and the Constitution rescinded, the military total was reduced to about 36,000. In 1794 Russians demanded a further downsizing of the army to 15,000. This demand was one of the sparks of the Commonwealth's final war, the
1077:, 150,000, and a few decades later, the Commonwealth could field an army of about 16,000, with Prussian and Austrian armies rising to 200,000. The stated size of the Commonwealth army was further exaggerated, as some money was lost due to
621:
setting the record at 40,477. The
Cossacks' refusal to submit to serfdom, and the Commonwealth's nobility attempts to force them into it led to much political wrangling with regard to the Cossack register's size, which caused numerous
673: – lit. chimney or łan soldier, named again after the type of tax applied). It required all lands, no matter whether owned by king, nobles or the Church, to provide peasant recruits, and applied a similar requirement to towns.
503:). The name applied to different unit types, regulations and the officer cadres; the majority of regular recruits for both came from within the Commonwealth, particularly from the 1630s onward. National units included the
1031:
refused to raise taxes for its construction, and Gdańsk continuously opposed the idea of a royal fleet). Although Władysław bought 12 ships, they were sold between 1641 and 1643, marking the end of the
Commonwealth Navy.
582:
attempted in the 1670s to replace the national-foreign contingent divisions with a single structure, dividing units into infantry, cavalry and dragoons, but it would take many decades before those reforms bore fruit.
1085:
purposes. The only constructive reform of that time was the introduction of a stable (if grossly insufficient) budget for the military. Furthermore, the unpaid units of the army were known for mutinying and forming
1101:, in 1775. Its Military Department attempted to modernize the army, and increase its size (although even the target number of 30,000 was never achieved). A major military reform came with the passing of the
129:("continuous defense") about 1,500–3,000 strong, paid for by the king, and primarily stationed at the troubled south and eastern borders. It was supplemented by two formations mobilized in case of war: the
550:
and a varying number of aides. The chorągiew's size varied from as little as 60 to as many as 300 men. Two or more choragwie (though rarely more than a dozen, and never more than about forty) formed a
145:, recruited by the Polish commanders for the conflict (it differed from Western mercenary formations in that it was commanded by Polish officers, and dissolved after the conflict has ended).
2985:
676:
Starting in 1613, the growing inefficiencies of the central government, as well as an increase in foreign threats, led to the creation of a local territorial defense force, known as
731:, the reformed army numbered around 54,000-60,000; it would decline from that point onward, as the country, impoverished by those wars, would not be able to support such a number.
2037:
2947:
2990:
786:
families. This was one of the reasons why the magnates played a major role in the
Commonwealth's politics, and on occasion, engaged in bloody civil wars, e.g. such as the
895:
369:
of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth among its neighbours. The final attempts at maintaining the Commonwealth's independence, including the political reforms of the
1081:. The first half of the 18th century, following the 1717 Sejm, marks the nadir of the Commonwealth army, as it lacked funds and training, and was primarily used for
661:) in exchange for their service. The formation numbered about 2,300 and after early disappointments was never seen as of much military value. It supplemented the
987:, neither Poland nor Lithuania had any significant navy throughout their histories. In the 16th century, as Poland and Lithuania became involved in conflicts in
1462:
mieli swoie imie. Wszakże awanturników mnóstwo Persów, Georgian cisnęło się do
Polskiey służby. Widać to po rozmaitych Georgianów i Persów z Azyi nobilitacyach.
404:
1911:
464:
449:
434:
419:
2116:
56:
2480:
117:
and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The armies of those states differed from the organization common in western Europe, as according to Bardach, the
2806:
519:
units, with infantry being the distant second in reputation; whereas the foreign units centered around infantry and artillery formations, with
2383:
2244:
2802:
2010:
326:, all taking place around the same period of the 1650s, crippled the country, resulting in a loss of most of Ukraine to Russia in the
983:
The Commonwealth Navy was small and played a relatively minor role in the history of the Commonwealth. Despite having access to the
626:, particularly in the 17th century. These weakened the state, and eventually led to the Cossack subjugation and destruction by the
1090:, occupying the Commonwealth's own lands until such a time that they were paid properly or pillaged enough to satisfy themselves.
2716:
2200:
2187:
2172:
2138:
1944:
1904:
978:
962:
64:
2283:
2133:
306:(1599-1665). The Commonwealth managed to survive these conflicts, and scored several major victories on all fronts, such as the
244:
2980:
2897:
2502:
2485:
2475:
2463:
2416:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2312:
2307:
2177:
2150:
2042:
2032:
1871:
1843:
1815:
1740:
1697:
1672:
1196:
871:
2907:
2687:
2205:
787:
1027:, but their attempts repeatedly failed, due to lack of funds in the royal treasury (seeing little need for the fleet, the
2995:
2975:
847:
665:
infantry, which saw service primarily around late 16th and 17th centuries. In 1655 a new infantry unit was created, the
357:) fought several wars for the control of the territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, particularly during the
206:
2935:
2915:
2458:
2261:
2227:
1897:
1106:
94:
52:
657:, lit. acreage infantry) was formed. It was based on peasants from solely royal estates, who received a unit of land (
2884:
2798:
2768:
2608:
2542:
1785:
1766:
1074:
818:
troops which received no official pay but operated with the government's permission and were allowed to retain their
114:
2574:
2090:
829:
Both the state and the magnates supported the construction and renovations of several fortifications (such as the
634:, who resided in Lithuania provided some light and medium cavalry units for the Lithuanian army. It is known that
486:
2970:
2848:
2095:
2085:
2667:
2589:
374:
319:
291:
32:
2835:
1454:
2341:
2232:
1949:
1920:
193:
153:
2785:
2579:
2290:
958:
630:. In addition to the Cossack formations, another group that provided notable service to the state were the
2830:
1065:
army of around 24,000, whereas the Commonwealth's neighbors' armies were often up to 12 times larger: the
605:
After the Commonwealth's creation, several new military units were introduced. First among these were the
330:
in 1667. In 1683 the Commonwealth scored its last major victory that resounded on the European scene, the
2942:
2721:
2691:
2636:
2631:
2182:
1102:
98:
44:
2920:
2655:
2643:
1964:
1939:
1147:
1122:
830:
859:
2753:
2660:
2069:
547:
382:
19:
2047:
299:
2748:
2711:
1040:
Due to a lack of centralized logistical system, the Commonwealth's armies were encumbered by large
950:
734:
Another element of the Commonwealth's defence were the various private armies of the most powerful
239:. It was engaged in the struggles along most of its borders, with only the Western border with the
40:
1094:
361:. By the 18th century's end, internal conflicts involving foreign enemies, such as the War of the
2758:
2736:
2726:
2490:
2468:
2450:
2270:
2125:
2022:
1016:
942:
930:
805:(Danzig), which boasted 12 infantry companies of 6,000 men total in 1646. There was also a small
575:
271:
267:
263:
1807:
2825:
2703:
2428:
2411:
2378:
1087:
1020:
883:
248:
2594:
2371:
2300:
1110:
378:
2930:
2858:
2741:
2731:
2567:
2295:
1833:
1127:
1066:
992:
806:
783:
295:
256:
198:
93:
Following the Commonwealth's end, the Commonwealth military traditions would be continued by
290:
of 1648. That period also saw some of the Commonwealth's most talented military commanders:
2562:
2433:
2058:
1934:
530:
The national contingent was organized in traditional formations dating back to the earlier
366:
354:
287:
2892:
2438:
2398:
8:
2532:
1959:
801:. The most impressive town guard and accompanying fortifications belonged to the port of
763:
606:
559:
327:
2143:
1060:
With the growing influence of foreign powers in the Commonwealth, the Russian-dominated
739:
2792:
2554:
2421:
2406:
2353:
2317:
2210:
2155:
1800:
938:
926:
592:
555:
508:
358:
350:
311:
307:
283:
243:'s lands being relatively peaceful. In its first decades, major conflicts included the
130:
75:
953:
in the field. Grand Crown Hetman had the right to maintain his representatives in the
767:
646:
181:. Often, in wartime, the Sejm would legislate a temporary increase in the size of the
2853:
2672:
2648:
2584:
2497:
2388:
2100:
2027:
1867:
1839:
1811:
1781:
1762:
1736:
1693:
1668:
1192:
1098:
1045:
1024:
623:
579:
362:
335:
303:
240:
87:
83:
169:
134:
2817:
2677:
2616:
2549:
2527:
2507:
2366:
2346:
2215:
1162:
1137:
728:
695:
618:
535:
331:
323:
252:
158:
2863:
211:
At its heyday, the Commonwealth comprised parts of the territories of present-day
2868:
2621:
2237:
2220:
1861:
1726:
755:
724:
496:
110:
70:
Commonwealth forces were engaged in numerous conflicts in the south (against the
48:
1044:. To some degree, this was turned into an advantage with the development of the
385:
and the final dissolution of the remains of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2626:
954:
747:
649:'s reign in the late 16th century (1576–1586), a peasant-based levy formation,
627:
504:
346:
342:
79:
71:
60:
1191:. Vol. 7, 2nd part. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas. p. 366.
914:
The Commonwealth's military was commanded by the king, under whom served four
2964:
1795:
1093:
The trend reversed itself following the election of the last king of Poland,
1070:
1012:
516:
1889:
945:). The hetmans' office appeared in the late 15th century as a result of the
751:
2780:
2537:
2278:
1008:
759:
631:
597:
279:
617:. Their numbers varied from about 500 to many times that number, with the
567:
2682:
1977:
1061:
966:
901:
Polish army's officers, camp, with cavalry and infantry in the background
775:
531:
471:
456:
441:
426:
411:
138:
1986:
341:
During the 18th century, European powers (most frequently consisting of
156:(national parliament of Poland) legislated in 1562–1563 the creation of
2167:
2162:
1132:
1078:
984:
823:
794:
779:
743:
370:
275:
67:
never played a major role and ceased to exist in the mid-17th century.
36:
1998:
996:
815:
716:
639:
539:
512:
216:
118:
1000:
802:
2925:
1082:
1028:
635:
571:
174:
1716:
Bardach, Juliusz; Lesnodorski, Boguslaw; Pietrzak, Michal (1987).
2053:
1041:
988:
819:
811:
798:
771:
735:
614:
610:
520:
232:
224:
220:
51:, which joined to form the bi-conderate elective monarchy of the
1011:. At the turn of the century, Poland-Lithuania was ruled by the
551:
1142:
921:
915:
681:
662:
543:
524:
315:
236:
228:
212:
178:
164:
658:
318:
in 1612. However, the Chmielnicki Uprising, together with the
1049:
1004:
999:, but that met with opposition of the Poland's primary port,
563:
55:. The army of each country was commanded by their respective
1802:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, The Origins to 1795
1715:
1459:(in Polish). Kraków: Drukarni Szkoły Głownej. p. 72.
1097:, in 1765 and the introduction of the new governing body,
2038:
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
207:
List of Polish wars § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
86:); as well as internal conflicts (most notably, numerous
16:
Overview of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's military
1019:. The Vasa kings attempted creating a proper fleet, and
1735:] (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.
470:
Polish–Lithuanian military men, 1697–1795. Painting by
455:
Polish–Lithuanian military men, 1674–1696. Painting by
440:
Polish–Lithuanian military men, 1633–1668. Painting by
425:
Polish–Lithuanian military men, 1588–1632. Painting by
410:
Polish–Lithuanian military men, 1576–1586. Painting by
2986:
Military history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1778:
Polish Armies (2): 1569–1696 (Men-At-Arms Series, 188)
1759:
Polish Armies (1): 1569–1696 (Men-At-Arms Series, 184)
1007:. This led to the development of a privateer port in
574:, often numbering around 500–1,000, and divided into
148:
Several years before the Union of Lublin, the Polish
2991:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1795
723:
was dissolved in the aftermath of its defeat at the
59:. The most unique formation of both armies were the
1859:
609:, formed in 1578. These were the troops made up of
490:
Banner of the Polish–Lithuanian cavalry's squadron.
1799:
693:proved insufficient, which led to the creation of
653:(lit. drafted or selected infantry, also known as
1560:
1558:
1556:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1254:
1252:
586:
2962:
1733:Passing and defense of the Constitution of May 3
1687:
1662:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
381:of 1794 ultimately ending in Poland-Lithuania's
168:, the type of tax levied on the royal estate in
2249:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland
1955:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1553:
1338:
141:of mostly noble knights-landholders), and the
29:military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1919:
1905:
1831:
1794:
1649:
1647:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1430:
1428:
1229:
1023:built a dedicated port for the royal navy at
373:, failed militarily, with the defeats in the
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1210:
1208:
1003:(Danzig), which saw them as a threat to its
838:Polish Army of the Kościuszko Uprising, 1794
613:, paid for their service and not subject to
570:. The foreign contingent was organized into
282:). The Commonwealth also suffered from many
2245:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)
2233:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)
707:numbered (in 1649) 26,000. Simultaneously,
554:, a type of a unit similar to the medieval
262:The early 17th century saw a number of the
23:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth coat of arms
2091:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)
1912:
1898:
1775:
1756:
1644:
1635:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1567:
1513:
1497:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1425:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
969:and could temporarily replace the hetman.
793:Similarly, some cities occasional fielded
2096:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)
2086:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)
1720:. Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
1626:
1391:
1389:
1363:
1361:
1293:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1205:
2384:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)
1452:
1407:
1320:
1302:
1222:
1220:
1035:
596:
485:
192:
31:consisted of two separate armies of the
18:
1945:History of Polish intelligence services
1467:
1437:
1416:
1398:
1370:
1329:
1311:
1055:
546:(lance) retinues, each composed of one
523:gaining prominence from the 1620s, and
2963:
2898:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1860:Leszek Podhorodecki (1 January 1998).
1728:Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja
1544:
1535:
1386:
1358:
1261:
1186:
963:the first Polish intelligence services
727:in 1652. In 1659, in the aftermath of
188:
2291:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)
1893:
1806:. Columbia University Press. p.
1724:
1217:
2481:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
2134:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
1182:
1180:
909:
395:Polish–Lithuanian military 1576-1795
245:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory
2717:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
1692:. Wydawnictwo "Śląsk". p. 55.
1667:. Wydawnictwo "Śląsk". p. 34.
1564:Bardach et al. (1987), pp. 231–232.
1355:Bardach et al. (1987), pp. 230–231.
1290:Bardach et al. (1987), pp. 227–228.
1258:Bardach et al. (1987), pp. 229–230.
979:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy
965:. The Hetman's deputy was known as
715:directed towards the newly created
680:(district's soldiers raised by the
109:The Commonwealth was formed at the
65:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy
13:
1718:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
1690:Od Jakobina do księcia namiestnika
1665:Od Jakobina do księcia namiestnika
1107:War in Defense of the Constitution
703:, a document passed by the Sejm).
14:
3007:
1177:
957:, which allowed him to influence
822:; most notable of these were the
286:, culminating in the devastating
2503:War of the Holy League 1683–1699
2206:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
1997:
1985:
1976:
1156:
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
788:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)
463:
448:
433:
418:
403:
2486:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676
2476:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634
2464:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621
2417:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618
2335:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629
2330:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625
2325:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618
2313:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611
2308:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629
2201:Władysław the White's rebellion
2188:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
2173:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
2139:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)
1681:
1656:
1453:Bandtkie, Jerzy Samuel (1831).
1446:
601:Reverse of the squadron's flag.
481:
2668:Greater Poland uprising (1848)
2459:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
2228:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
1653:Bardach et al. (1987), p. 317.
1532:Bardach et al. (1987), p. 231.
1214:Bardach et al. (1987), p. 229.
719:forces. Brzezinski notes that
587:Formations and their evolution
388:
53:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
2981:Military history of Lithuania
2575:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667
2543:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
2216:1444 war against the Ottomans
2043:German–Polish War (1028–1031)
2033:German–Polish War (1003–1018)
1950:List of wars involving Poland
1709:
1641:Bardach et al. (1987), p 299.
1623:Brzezinski (1988), pp. 20–21.
1614:Brzezinski (1988), pp. 19–20.
1605:Brzezinski (1987), pp. 11–12.
1596:Brzezinski (1988), pp. 10–12.
1587:Brzezinski (1988), pp. 13–14.
1578:Brzezinski (1988), pp. 12–13.
1510:Brzezinski (1987), pp. 20–21.
1494:Brzezinski (1987), pp. 21–22.
1434:Brzezinski (1988), pp. 18–19.
1048: – military horse-drawn
961:and also laid groundwork for
365:, led to the dissolution and
249:the interventions in Moldavia
104:
2585:War of the Bar Confederation
2580:War of the Polish Succession
1776:Brzezinski, Richard (1988).
1757:Brzezinski, Richard (1987).
1308:Brzezinski (1987), pp. 8–10.
1017:a series of wars with Sweden
995:supported the operations of
7:
2943:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2836:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
2632:War of the Fourth Coalition
2284:campaign of Stephen Báthory
1550:Podhorodecki (1998), p. 193
1413:Brzezinski (1988), pp. 7–9.
1116:
1103:Constitution of May 3, 1791
826:of the early 17th century.
642:served in the Polish army.
99:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
45:Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army
10:
3012:
2996:Military by former country
2976:Military history of Poland
2921:Operation Uphold Democracy
2656:War of the Sixth Coalition
2644:War of the Fifth Coalition
2590:Polish–Russian War of 1792
1965:Warfare in Medieval Poland
1940:History of the Polish Army
1187:Kiaupa, Zigmantas (2018).
1148:Warfare in Medieval Poland
1123:History of the Polish Army
976:
831:Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle
590:
375:Polish–Russian War of 1792
204:
2906:
2883:
2844:
2831:Białystok Ghetto uprising
2816:
2776:
2767:
2702:
2661:French invasion of Russia
2607:
2520:
2449:
2362:
2342:Northern War of 1655–1660
2269:
2260:
2196:
2124:
2115:
2078:
2018:
2009:
1971:
1927:
1921:Polish wars and conflicts
1725:Bauer, Krzysztof (1991).
1688:Jadwiga Nadzieja (1988).
1663:Jadwiga Nadzieja (1988).
1482:Brzezinski (1987), p. 11.
1443:Brzezinski (1988), p. 16.
1422:Brzezinski (1987), p. 13.
1404:Brzezinski (1987), p. 17.
1383:Brzezinski (1987), p. 12.
1335:Brzezinski (1987), p. 22.
1272:Brzezinski (1987), p. 10.
95:Napoleonic Polish Legions
74:), the east (against the
2749:Second Silesian Uprising
2066:1156 war against Germany
2063:1146 war against Germany
1541:Brzezinski (1988), p. 9.
1395:Brzezinski (1988), p. 7.
1367:Brzezinski (1987), p. 4.
1326:Davies (2005b), p.14–16.
1317:Davies (2005b), p.11–14.
1226:Brzezinski (1988), p. 6.
1171:
959:Poland–Ottoman relations
542:and composed of smaller
527:cavalry soon afterward.
41:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2948:Military aid to Ukraine
2759:Third Silesian Uprising
2727:First Silesian Uprising
2722:Polish–Czechoslovak War
2491:Battle of Chocim (1673)
2469:Battle of Chocim (1621)
972:
943:Field Lithuanian Hetman
931:Grand Lithuanian Hetman
566:, which was led by the
2971:Disbanded armed forces
2826:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2769:World War II in Poland
2429:Zebrzydowski rebellion
2412:Moldavian Magnate Wars
2379:Siege of Danzig (1577)
1832:Norman Davies (2005).
1075:Imperial Austrian Army
1069:numbered 300,000; the
1015:, and was involved in
790:, amongst themselves.
602:
500:
491:
300:Stanisław Koniecpolski
202:
24:
2931:2003 invasion of Iraq
2859:Operation Ostra Brama
2754:Polish–Lithuanian War
2568:Battle of Berestechko
2296:War against Sigismund
2070:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
1780:. Osprey Publishing.
1761:. Osprey Publishing.
1299:Davies (2005a), p.336
1128:Royal Guards (Poland)
1095:Stanisław II Augustus
1067:Imperial Russian Army
1036:Logistics and tactics
993:Sigismund II Augustus
600:
591:Further information:
489:
296:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
257:War against Sigismund
197:Officer's uniform of
196:
152:was reformed, as the
82:) and the north (the
22:
2712:Polish–Ukrainian War
2563:Khmelnytsky Uprising
2126:Polish–Teutonic wars
1935:Early modern warfare
1866:. Książka i Wiedza.
1163:Lithuania portal
1056:Problems and reforms
292:Stanisław Żółkiewski
288:Chmielnicki Uprising
121:formations (Polish:
2809:during World War II
2595:Kościuszko Uprising
2559:1644 Tatar Invasion
2533:Fedorovych uprising
2524:1624 Tatar Invasion
2451:Polish–Ottoman wars
2403:1593 Tatar Invasion
2395:1589 Tatar Invasion
2372:Battle of Lubieszów
2301:Battle of Stångebro
2271:Polish–Swedish wars
2178:Thirteen Years' War
2048:Miecław's Rebellion
2023:Polish–Veletian War
1960:Polish Armed Forces
1928:General and related
1632:Bauer (1991), p. 9.
1456:Rozmaitości naukowe
1111:Kościuszko Uprising
711:was disbanded, and
651:piechota wybranicka
607:registered Cossacks
507:and lighter Polish
379:Kościuszko Uprising
328:Treaty of Andrusovo
314:, and had captured
272:Polish–Russian Wars
268:Polish–Ottoman Wars
264:Polish–Swedish wars
189:Operational history
177:) and commanded by
47:following the 1569
2936:Occupation of Iraq
2916:War in Afghanistan
2793:Invasion of Poland
2688:fighting in Poland
2609:Poland partitioned
2555:Ostryanyn uprising
2407:Nalyvaiko Uprising
2354:Great Northern War
2318:Battle of Kircholm
2211:Battle of Grotniki
2183:War of the Priests
2156:Battle of Grunwald
939:Field Crown Hetman
927:Grand Crown Hetman
678:żołnierz powiatowy
603:
593:Pospolite ruszenie
492:
359:Great Northern War
312:Battle of Klushino
308:Battle of Kircholm
284:Cossacks uprisings
203:
199:Royal Polish Guard
131:pospolite ruszenie
76:Tsardom of Muscovy
25:
2958:
2957:
2893:Racibórz Conflict
2885:People's Republic
2879:
2878:
2854:Operation Tempest
2732:Polish–Soviet War
2673:November Uprising
2649:Austro-Polish War
2637:Prussian campaign
2603:
2602:
2498:Great Turkish War
2439:Battle of Humenné
2434:Thirty Years' War
2422:Battle of Kłuszyn
2399:Kosiński uprising
2389:Battle of Byczyna
2256:
2255:
2168:Gollub War (1422)
2163:Hunger War (1414)
2111:
2110:
2101:Battle of Legnica
2052:1072 war against
2028:Battle of Cedynia
1873:978-83-86170-36-4
1863:Stefan Czarniecki
1845:978-1-57607-800-6
1817:978-0-231-12817-9
1798:(30 March 2005).
1742:978-83-02-04615-5
1699:978-83-216-0682-8
1674:978-83-216-0682-8
1198:978-609-8183-53-5
1189:Lietuvos Istorija
1165:
1099:Permanent Council
1021:Władysław IV Vasa
910:Command structure
624:Cossack uprisings
580:John III Sobieski
538:, commanded by a
363:Bar Confederation
336:John III Sobieski
304:Stefan Czarniecki
241:Holy Roman Empire
115:Kingdom of Poland
113:of 1569 from the
88:Cossack uprisings
84:Kingdom of Sweden
33:Kingdom of Poland
3003:
2849:Italian Campaign
2818:Ghetto uprisings
2805:, and
2774:
2773:
2737:Battle of Warsaw
2678:January Uprising
2617:Denisko uprising
2550:Pavlyuk uprising
2528:Zhmaylo uprising
2508:Battle of Vienna
2367:Danzig rebellion
2267:
2266:
2144:Battle of Płowce
2122:
2121:
2117:Jagiellon Poland
2079:Mongol invasions
2016:
2015:
2001:
1989:
1980:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1805:
1791:
1772:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1721:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1511:
1508:
1495:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1353:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1273:
1270:
1259:
1256:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1184:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1138:National Cavalry
898:
886:
877:Polish artillery
874:
862:
850:
721:wojsko kwarciane
709:wojsko kwarciane
705:Wojsko komputowe
696:wojsko komputowe
619:Treaty of Zboriv
467:
452:
437:
422:
407:
332:relief of Vienna
322:and the Swedish
320:Russo-Polish War
302:(1593-1646) and
253:Danzig rebellion
183:wojsko kwarciane
159:wojsko kwarciane
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2902:
2875:
2869:Warsaw Uprising
2840:
2812:
2763:
2704:Second Republic
2698:
2622:Napoleonic Wars
2599:
2516:
2445:
2358:
2252:
2238:Battle of Orsha
2221:Battle of Varna
2192:
2107:
2074:
2059:Siege of Głogów
2005:
2004:
1993:
1969:
1923:
1918:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1788:
1769:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1514:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1468:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1276:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1157:
1155:
1119:
1058:
1038:
981:
975:
951:summary justice
947:wojsko zaciężne
912:
907:
906:
905:
902:
899:
890:
889:Polish infantry
887:
878:
875:
866:
863:
854:
851:
840:
839:
725:Battle of Batih
687:wojsko zaciężne
671:żołnierz łanowy
667:żołnierz dymowy
655:piechota łanowa
647:Stephen Báthory
595:
589:
511:and Lithuanian
484:
479:
478:
477:
474:
468:
459:
453:
444:
438:
429:
423:
414:
408:
397:
396:
391:
383:final partition
209:
191:
150:obrona potoczna
143:wojsko zaciężne
127:obrona potoczna
111:Union of Lublin
107:
78:and later, the
49:Union of Lublin
17:
12:
11:
5:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2908:Third Republic
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2742:Kiev offensive
2739:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2627:Peninsular War
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1872:
1857:
1844:
1835:Eastern Europe
1829:
1816:
1792:
1786:
1773:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1722:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1680:
1673:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1566:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1512:
1496:
1484:
1466:
1445:
1436:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1385:
1369:
1357:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1274:
1260:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1197:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1088:confederations
1057:
1054:
1042:baggage trains
1037:
1034:
991:, Polish king
974:
971:
955:Ottoman Empire
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
893:
891:
888:
881:
879:
876:
869:
867:
865:Polish cavalry
864:
857:
855:
853:Polish cavalry
852:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
835:
628:Russian Empire
588:
585:
505:Winged hussars
483:
480:
476:
475:
469:
462:
460:
454:
447:
445:
439:
432:
430:
424:
417:
415:
409:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
390:
387:
205:Main article:
190:
187:
135:levée en masse
123:wojsko najemne
106:
103:
80:Russian Empire
72:Ottoman Empire
61:Winged hussars
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3008:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Lwów uprising
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2807:contributions
2804:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:Eastern Front
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2692:Eastern Front
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
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729:numerous wars
726:
722:
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699:(named after
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517:light cavalry
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495:contingents (
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298:(1560-1621),
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294:(1547-1620),
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162:(named after
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38:
34:
30:
21:
2797:Polish
2781:World War II
2538:Smolensk War
2279:Livonian War
2262:Commonwealth
2011:Piast Poland
1992:
1954:
1887:
1877:. Retrieved
1862:
1849:. Retrieved
1838:. ABC-CLIO.
1834:
1821:. Retrieved
1801:
1777:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1732:
1727:
1717:
1689:
1683:
1664:
1658:
1637:
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1601:
1592:
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1546:
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1409:
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1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1188:
1153:
1152:
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1059:
1039:
1025:Władysławowo
982:
946:
934:
919:
913:
828:
792:
760:Koniecpolski
733:
720:
712:
708:
704:
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694:
690:
686:
677:
675:
670:
666:
654:
650:
644:
632:Lipka Tatars
604:
529:
493:
482:Organization
367:partitioning
340:
280:Smolensk War
261:
210:
182:
163:
157:
149:
147:
142:
126:
122:
108:
92:
69:
28:
26:
2683:World War I
1851:27 November
1823:28 November
1062:Silent Sejm
967:regimentarz
807:royal guard
776:Chodkiewicz
532:Middle Ages
472:Jan Matejko
457:Jan Matejko
442:Jan Matejko
427:Jan Matejko
412:Jan Matejko
389:Composition
170:royal lands
139:feudal levy
2965:Categories
2803:resistance
2347:The Deluge
1748:January 2,
1710:References
1133:Kosynierzy
1083:ceremonial
1079:corruption
997:privateers
985:Baltic Sea
977:See also:
933:) and two
824:Lisowczyks
795:city guard
768:Żółkiewski
764:Sieniawski
752:Ossoliński
744:Lubomirski
558:or modern
515:with some
501:autorament
371:Great Sejm
276:Dymitriads
270:, and the
255:, and the
105:Background
37:Crown Army
2151:Great War
816:mercenary
784:Radziwiłł
740:Opaliński
717:artillery
691:kwarciane
640:Georgians
576:companies
572:regiments
568:pułkownik
548:towarzysz
540:rotmistrz
536:chorągiew
513:petyhorcy
217:Lithuania
133:(Polish
119:mercenary
2926:Iraq War
1117:See also
1029:szlachta
756:Zamoyski
736:magnates
636:Persians
611:Cossacks
560:division
521:dragoons
509:pancerni
377:and the
334:by King
175:szlachta
137: –
97:and the
39:and the
2801:,
2799:history
2690:on the
2054:Bohemia
1879:22 June
989:Livonia
922:Hetmans
916:hetmans
812:militia
799:militia
772:Sapieha
748:Potocki
645:During
615:serfdom
578:. King
534:, with
351:Prussia
233:Estonia
225:Belarus
221:Ukraine
179:hetmans
57:Hetmans
1870:
1842:
1814:
1784:
1765:
1739:
1696:
1671:
1195:
1143:Szabla
1050:wagons
1001:Gdańsk
920:Grand
918:: two
803:Gdańsk
713:kwarta
701:komput
682:powiat
663:Hajduk
556:battle
544:poczet
525:reiter
497:Polish
355:Saxony
353:, and
347:Sweden
343:Russia
324:Deluge
316:Moscow
310:, the
278:, the
266:, the
251:, the
237:Russia
235:, and
229:Latvia
213:Poland
201:, 1732
165:kwarta
63:. The
1731:[
1172:Notes
1046:tabor
1005:trade
937:(the
925:(the
564:corps
1881:2012
1868:ISBN
1853:2012
1840:ISBN
1825:2012
1812:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1750:2012
1737:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1073:and
1009:Puck
973:Navy
941:and
929:and
820:loot
797:and
782:and
689:and
669:(or
638:and
552:pułk
154:Sejm
27:The
1808:336
833:).
814:or
780:Pac
659:łan
562:or
43:'s
35:'s
2967::
1810:.
1646:^
1569:^
1555:^
1515:^
1499:^
1487:^
1469:^
1427:^
1388:^
1372:^
1360:^
1340:^
1277:^
1263:^
1231:^
1219:^
1207:^
1179:^
1113:.
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750:,
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742:,
499::
349:,
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231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
185:.
101:.
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1899:v
1883:.
1855:.
1827:.
1790:.
1771:.
1752:.
1702:.
1677:.
1201:.
274:(
173:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
