4768:
820:
883:
872:
894:
25:
4745:
4724:
4779:
856:
276:
106:
general decline of social status and morale in the military. By the end of the dynasty, military men were regarded little better than government slaves. Terms of service were exceedingly harsh. One in three men from a military family was called upon for a term of service lasting from the age of 15 to their 60s. Essentially their entire life. Those who suffered debilitating injuries had to find a replacement from their family to procure release. Desertion was rampant and exit from the military household system a much sought after reward. By the sixth century the system of hereditary military households had collapsed.
905:
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252:
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808:
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81:
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south wall. When the attackers tried to weaken the wall with a sort of battering ram, the defenders lowered a cloth screen from the top of the wall to soften its impact. Gao Huan’s men eventually succeeded in undermining the wall and causing a small section to collapse, but the
Western Wei defenders quickly filled the gap with a makeshift palisade. After spending thousands of lives to no avail, Gao abandoned the siege and withdrew to Taiyuan. He died only a few weeks later.
199:. Despite having a larger population base, the eastern Xianbei elite hailed from the northern garrisons which opposed sinicizing policies at the capital. They treated the Chinese with disdain and distrust, refusing to incorporate them into their military structure. The Chinese population reciprocated this sentiment and did little to help their overlords in times of need. In the west, the Xianbei had no choice but to rely upon not just the Chinese, but also the
832:
300:
89:
6205:
315:
113:, voluntary recruits began to supplant the defunct military caste system. Many of these soldiers were former members of the previous system who had been freed, and had chosen to re-enlist for better terms, or because they could find no better employment. In practice, many of the military communities which had sprung up during the era of hereditary troops stayed together, and provided the basis for recruitment for the next dynasty. By the
354:
327:
427:, attacked Northern Wei. Tuoba Gui chose not to confront him head on and fled west across the Yellow River, leaving the east undefended. When Murong Bao reached the east bank of the Yellow River, a series of protracted skirmished occurred, lasting until winter. At that point Murong Bao started to retreat, but Tuoba Gui overtook him with a column of cavalry at Shenhe Slope, northwest of modern
6025:. Liu Yu was originally the son of a low ranking official and his family was described as "poor". During the waning years of the Jin dynasty, Liu Yu proved himself to be an exceptionally capable commander, gifted in the use of the glaive, and worked his way up the military hierarchy. By the year 420, Liu Yu had become the dominant military power in the empire.
4844:
on 17 January. On the 20th, 40,000 troops sallied out and were defeated. While they were retreating back into the city, the Zhou army scaled the walls. A Qi counterattack that night pushed back the invaders. On 21 January, the Zhou army breached the eastern gate and took the city. On 22 February 577,
4076:
on 17 January. On the 20th, 40,000 troops sallied out and were defeated. While they were retreating back into the city, the Zhou army scaled the walls. A Qi counterattack that night pushed back the invaders. On 21 January, the Zhou army breached the eastern gate and took the city. On 22 February 577,
236:
Huaiwen made sabres of 'overnight iron' . His method was to anneal powdered cast iron with layers of soft blanks . After several days the result is steel . Soft iron was used for the spine of the sabre, He washed it in the urine of the Five
Sacrificial Animals and quench-hardened it in the fat of
4839:
with an army 145,000. With 60,000, the emperor took the city. As Gao Wei approached
Pingyang, the enemies retreated with only 10,000 remaining in the city. On 10 January, 577, Northern Zhou returned with 80,000 men deployed in battle formation covering a wide perimeter. Gao Wei decided to engage the
183:
had managed to bolster his forces to a size far beyond what he originally started with. From 50,000 men in 550, the Twenty-four Armies had doubled in size by 570. It's not certain how this happened and the specifics are still a source of contention. The general view is that to create the Twenty-four
145:
were registered as "garrison households". These functioned similarly to the southern hereditary military households and were used for frontier garrison posts. They were excluded from the formal ranking system. After the collapse of
Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei regime absorbed the greater portion of
4071:
with an army of 145,000. With 60,000, the emperor took the city. As Gao Wei approached
Pingyang, the enemies retreated with only 10,000 remaining in the city. On 10 January, 577, Northern Zhou returned with 80,000 men deployed in battle formation covering a wide perimeter. Gao Wei decided to engage
955:
Gao’s men began by building an earthen mound to overlook the south wall of the fortress, but the defenders were able to counter by adding to the height of their towers. The attackers then tried tunnelling, but the defenders intercepted the tunnels by digging a deep trench inside and parallel to the
614:
language at court. Non-Chinese languages were forbidden for all officials under the age of 30 and
Xianbei surnames were replaced with Chinese names: Tuoba became Yuan. Xianbei clothing was also forbidden. Xianbei ranks were subsumed under the Chinese ones, and all Xianbei families were ranked using
223:
period (420-589), a style of armour called "cord and plaque" became popular, as did shields and long swords. "Cord and plaque" armour consisted of double breast plates in the front and back held in position by two shoulder straps and waist cords, in conjunction with the usual lamellar armour. "Cord
105:
period, the army relied on a system of hereditary military households for recruitment. However, having lost the resources of the north, the
Eastern Jin army attempted to bolster the number of military families in the south by incorporating convicts, vagrants, and aboriginals. This resulted in a
237:
the Five
Sacrificial Animals: could penetrate thirty armour lamellae . The 'overnight soft blanks' cast today by the metallurgists of Xiangguo (襄國) represent a vestige of technique. The sabres which they make are still extremely sharp, but they cannot penetrate thirty lamellae.
188:, this time the government provided new incentives by removing the names of recruits from the household registers. This meant that they were effectively free from normal tax and labor obligations. It was said that "after this half the Chinese became soldiers".
739:. Being a Chinese raised in the Xianbei culture, he commanded not only the loyalty of Xianbei frontiersmen, but also that of the Han Chinese. With his supporters, Gao decisively defeated Erzhu Zhao in late spring of 532. He enthroned Yuan Xiu, posthumously
720:. Then with only 7,000 cavalry, Erzhu defeated Ge Rong's rebels. He enlisted the surrendered into his army, becoming the de facto ruler of Northern Wei. His victory was short lived, and Yuan Ziyou killed him in an ambush in 530. Erzhu Rong's heir,
231:
the process of 'co-fusion' steelmaking, which used metals of different carbon contents to create steel. Apparently sabers made using this method were capable of penetrating 30 armour lamellae. It's not clear if the armour was of iron or leather.
224:
and plaque" wearing figurines are also often depicted holding an oval or rectangular shield and a long sword. Types of armour had also apparently become distinct enough for there to be separate categories for light and heavy armour.
10244:
124:
Commoners were sometimes called up during times of special need, however their service was generally relegated to labor or logistical duties. Military commanders of the time had little faith in their fighting ability.
4751:
4730:
477:, the heir of Tuoba Si was courageous and stalwart, often leading the charge in assaulting heavily defended cities, and acted indifferently towards the sight of death. In 426 he attacked the kingdom of
819:
146:
North Asian warriors and preferred to deploy them over the Han
Chinese. The Western regime lacked the manpower to forego Han Chinese recruits and made significant use of them in their campaigns.
10193:
203:, for they lacked the numbers to stand up to their eastern counterpart. The result was a new hybridized northwestern aristocracy of Xianbei, Chinese, and Qiang descent that gave birth to the
615:
the new system. In 496, Xianbei nobles and generals rebelled in the north but were defeated. Even Hong's own son opposed the new policies, for which he was forced to commit suicide.
4767:
855:
10186:
458:. Tuoba Si was heavily involved in Chinese poetry and literature and lacked the martial drive of his predecessor. Under his reign, there were two campaigns against the
10648:
4072:
the enemy army. When his left wing showed signs of collapsing, he fled, demoralizing his army and causing it to collapse. The Zhou army continued to advance, reaching
882:
4840:
enemy army. When his left wing showed signs of collapsing, he fled, demoralizing his army and causing it to collapse. The Zhou army continued to advance, reaching
431:. The entire Yan army was taken by surprise and routed on 8 December 395. Murong Chui led a new invasion into Later Yan territory in 396 and defeated an army near
10643:
10264:
10179:
4744:
4723:
10597:
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674:
61:
10688:
19:
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in 502 survived for 55 years, with the founder ruling for 48 of those years. To fund the state treasury, the emperor donated himself to a
931:
on 19 November saw Gao's entire force defeated in a surprise ambush by 7,000 heavy cavalry. The eastern army lost more than half its men.
893:
275:
10279:
3261:
694:
10638:
7335:
643:
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534:
263:
10549:
10239:
1136:
24:
10472:
10203:
10046:
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251:
10274:
10259:
669:
In 523, drought and famine afflicted the northern frontier. Garrison commanders refused to distribute rations, causing the
570:
287:
10254:
10154:
6610:
6574:
3355:
717:
10024:
701:
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Armies, the
Western Wei government implemented a system of mass recruitment. However, unlike the conscription of the
435:, but the offensive came to an abrupt halt when he grew ill and died. The momentum reversed and Yan armies captured
6682:
came to the throne, a series of plots and revolts by regional governors occurred. In 500, an imperial cousin named
5457:
4800:. Yuwen Jue tried to size power from Yuwen Hu, so Yuwen Hu had him killed and replaced with Yuwen Yu, posthumously
4797:
4778:
3541:
2402:
1623:
658:
558:
455:
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2944:
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603:
580:
382:
220:
33:
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10228:
5224:
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740:
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783:
10673:
10653:
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10512:
10234:
8647:
6959:
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6162:
In 479, Xiao Daocheng deposed the last emperor of Liu Song and took the title for himself, as Emperor of
5973:
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4808:
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770:
533:
in battle and retaliated against a Liu Song invasion with his punitive expedition, reaching as far as
10347:
7122:
6992:
6667:
4796:
in 557. However Yuwen Hu never became emperor, instead placing Yuwen Jue on the throne, posthumously
200:
41:
6666:
in 479 lasted a mere 22 years. Xiao Daocheng died in 482 and was succeeded by Xiao Ze, posthumously
7912:
7409:
6627:
6472:
6294:
6152:
6112:
6029:
400:, Jieru, and Tutulin in the east. From 390–1, he defeated the Gaoju, Yuange, Helan, Gexi, Getulin,
7378:
drove Lý Nam Đế into the mountains, where he is eventually killed, but resistance continued under
606:. Hong's reign saw increasing sinicization at the court. In 494, Hong secretly moved the court to
10415:
6457:
6315:
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10171:
831:
10668:
10304:
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478:
378:
37:
36:
encompasses the period of Chinese military activity from 420 to 589. Officially starting with
10535:
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10324:
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10312:
10211:
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299:
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904:
8:
9111:
8976:
8677:
8659:
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6703:
6432:
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769:
In 535, Yuan Xiu was killed by Yuwen Tai, who replaced him with Yuan Baoju, posthumously
326:
7364:
10432:
10377:
9165:
9152:
8882:
7368:
7302:
6309:
6151:
In 477, Liu Yu was killed by Xiao Daocheng and was succeeded by Liu Zhun, posthumously
5550:
4868:
670:
10150:
10042:
10020:
6000:
5992:
3000:
928:
725:
10269:
8626:
7285:
6650:
728:. Erzhu Zhao failed to command his predecessor's former troops and they defected to
682:
345:
10603:
6022:
754:. In response, Gao Huan evicted Luoyang of its entire population and moved them to
584:
506:
494:
110:
69:
45:
6105:. Liu Jun spent his reign killing his brothers and checking the power of his kin.
4889:
On 4 March 581, Yang Jian deposed Yuwen Chan, and declared himself Emperor of the
927:, Gao retreated. Gao made a second attempt with a force of 100,000. The resulting
10362:
9999:
The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium
8655:
7320:
951:
In 546, Gao Huan tried to take Yubi again. He failed and died a few weeks later.
121:
dynasties, voluntary recruits had become the dominant component of the military.
7305:
on three occasions and forced his ministers to pay a ransom for him each time.
4807:
In 560, Yuwen Hu killed Yuwen Yu and replaced him with Yuwen Yong, posthumously
941:
In 542, Gao Huan tried to take the fortress of Yubi, which blocked his way into
724:, retaliated by sacking the capital and killing the emperor, replacing him with
80:
10491:
10466:
10352:
4832:
In 572, Yuwen Yong killed Yuwen Hu and seized complete power over the dynasty.
502:
4852:
In 578, Yuwen Yong died as he was preparing to lead an expedition against the
10632:
10611:
10589:
10497:
10485:
10357:
8720:
8666:
8658:
The next year, Chen Baxian died and was succeeded by Chen Qian, posthumously
7879:
7460:
7419:
7294:
7136:
6699:
6663:
6145:
6065:
5984:
in 589, annexing Chen and ending the era of Northern and Southern dynasties.
4853:
4789:
4482:
4039:
4004:
3665:
1004:
978:
759:
623:
538:
517:
After conquering Northern Liang, Tuoba Tao crushed the rebellion of Ge Wu in
489:
in 427. However Chang'an was retaken the next year. In 430 Northern Wei took
436:
192:
165:
155:
114:
10017:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
4064:. After initial success, their emperor fell ill and were forced to retreat.
361:
10619:
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10420:
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7966:
7482:
7309:
7258:
7088:
6687:
6679:
6043:
5977:
5952:
4815:
4771:
4050:
1036:
774:
498:
486:
409:
374:
332:
242:
208:
173:
134:
118:
65:
57:
53:
10607:
10585:
10581:
10577:
10444:
9125:
8734:
8727:
8691:
8639:
8290:
7475:
7464:
7446:
7423:
7401:
7375:
7357:
7339:
7242:
7103:
6671:
6659:
6163:
6156:
6130:
5761:
5537:
4890:
4879:
4826:
4754:
4733:
4545:
4500:
3989:
3982:
2108:
1064:
1048:
1000:
971:
920:
909:
897:
886:
875:
747:
712:
general, took control of the capital and killed the empress and her son,
647:
592:
482:
305:
228:
204:
196:
185:
169:
161:
102:
49:
6144:. The former emperor's brother rebelled but was defeated by the general
6028:
In 422, Liu Yu died and was succeeded by his son Liu Yifu, posthumously
923:. When one column was crushed by a concentration of 6,000 cavalry under
10459:
10437:
10410:
9139:
9007:
8699:
8695:
8683:
In 568, Chen Bozong was deposed and succeeded by Chen Xu, posthumously
7405:
6691:
6326:
6119:
6035:
In 424, Liu Yifu was deposed and succeeded by Liu Yilong, posthumously
5746:
5470:
4875:
4846:
4531:
4078:
4054:
755:
721:
709:
705:
474:
444:
424:
8706:
8676:
In 566, Chen Qian died and was succeeded by Chen Bozong, posthumously
10504:
10392:
9253:
8713:
8572:
8248:
8108:
7895:
6674:. Xiao Luan assassinated him in 494 and became emperor, posthumously
6586:
6118:
In 467, Northern Wei invaded, taking territory north and west of the
5211:
4883:
4285:
3829:
3371:
2974:
942:
924:
751:
713:
576:
554:
518:
466:
440:
432:
420:
386:
245:
employed the "iron-clad" Erzhu tribe who fought as armoured cavalry.
180:
88:
10057:
The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
10450:
8651:
7745:
7438:
but was killed the next year. Xiao Yi became emperor, posthumously
7435:
7427:
7397:
7390:
7386:
7324:
7298:
6695:
6683:
6204:
6126:
6054:
5981:
5436:
5253:
4793:
4693:
4121:
4011:
3332:
3292:
3252:
2990:
2118:
996:
916:
729:
635:
618:
In 499, Tuoba Hong died and was succeeded by Yuan Ke, posthumously
588:
526:
451:
428:
353:
191:
The utilization of Chinese troops eventually led to the triumph of
4867:. He was only six years old at the time and real power resided in
10478:
10387:
10201:
10165:
Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy
8424:
7949:
7450:
7431:
7350:
7343:
6971:
6694:. In 501, Xiao Baojuan's subordinates killed him and surrendered
6134:
6058:
6047:
4841:
4559:
4073:
4061:
4043:
4031:
In 561, Gao Yan died and was succeeded by Gao Zhan, posthumously
4017:
In 559, Gao Yang died and was succeeded by Gao Yin, posthumously
982:
935:
651:
631:
611:
607:
602:
In 471, Tuoba Hong abdicated in favor of Yuan Hong, posthumously
596:
546:
542:
522:
490:
413:
142:
138:
10035:
Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century
9972:
Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD
7415:
In 551, Hou Jing killed Xiao Gang and declared himself emperor.
6698:
to Xiao Yan. In 502, Xiao Yan proclaimed himself Emperor of the
657:
in 515, Yuan Ke died and was succeeded by Yuan Xu, posthumously
7313:
6084:
6069:
4836:
4068:
4000:
678:
627:
530:
473:. Tuoba Tao was the polar opposite of his father. According to
459:
397:
6140:
In 472, Liu Yu died and was succeeded by Liu Yu, posthumously
64:
did not however begin in 420, but in 386 with the creation of
10557:
8670:
7408:. Xiao Yan died and was succeeded by Xiao Gang, posthumously
7328:
4819:
4060:
In 575, Northern Zhou mobilized 170,000 men for an attack on
736:
686:
639:
550:
405:
401:
9954:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms
7481:
In 557, Chen Baxian replaced the Liang dynasty with his own
4849:
city fell the Zhou. Gao Wei was captured and killed in 578.
4081:
city fell the Zhou. Gao Wei was captured and killed in 578.
634:
in 506. They were however defeated at Zhongli (northeast of
179:
The primary significance of the Twenty-four Armies was that
68:. Thus there is some unofficial overlap with the era of the
6690:
also invaded at this point and took territory south of the
948:
In 543, Yuwent Tai tried to take Luoyang again and failed.
861:
Western Wei horse rider (possibly flag bearer or messenger)
945:. After a nine day siege, he withdrew due to a snowstorm.
8737:
invaded and annexed the Chen dynasty the following year.
10102:
Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC - AD 1840
9842:
9840:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9695:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
7456:
In 554, Xiao Yi was captured by Western Wei and killed.
4863:
In 579, Yuwen Yun abdicated to Yuwen Chan, posthumously
610:
under the disguise of a campaign. In 495, he banned the
168:, which formed the basis of military recruitment in the
9786:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9767:
9765:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9572:
9570:
9568:
8712:
In 578, a Chen invasion of Northern Qi was defeated at
5980:
with 518,000 men the following year. The Sui army took
164:
created the Twenty-four Armies, the predecessor of the
9877:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9827:
9825:
9823:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9473:
9471:
9444:
9432:
7467:
killed Sengbian and set up Xiao Fangzhi, posthumously
6021:, usurped the Jin throne and replaced it with his own
735:
In 531, Gao Huan established an independent regime in
9906:
9904:
9902:
9837:
9618:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9420:
9398:
9396:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9299:
9297:
6155:. Xiao Daocheng went to war with provincial governor
6094:
In 450, Song invaded Northern Wei but was defeated.
4024:
In 560, Gao Yin was deposed by Gao Yan, posthumously
4003:
submitted to Northern Qi after being defeated by the
10019:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
9887:
9777:
9762:
9672:
9660:
9643:
9606:
9594:
9582:
9565:
9553:
9506:
6686:
raised 30,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry in revolt.
4874:
In 580, Northern Zhou seized territory north of the
450:
Tuoba Gui died in 409 and was succeeded by his son,
10149:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
9864:
9852:
9820:
9808:
9796:
9725:
9530:
9518:
9468:
9456:
9381:
9350:
9338:
6115:, defeated the contenders and ended the civil war.
579:died and was succeeded by Tuoba Hong, posthumously
9899:
9483:
9408:
9393:
9326:
9309:
9294:
465:Tuoba Si died in 423 and was succeeded by his son
10649:States and territories disestablished in the 580s
10630:
9929:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
9362:
8646:, in 557. It was immediately invaded in 558 by
7512:
7504:
7496:
6101:, who was then killed by Liu Jun, posthumously
1070:
1058:
1042:
1030:
970:replaced the Eastern Wei with his own dynasty,
227:In the 6th century, Qimu Huaiwen introduced to
20:Timeline of the Northern and Southern dynasties
10644:States and territories established in the 420s
4856:. He was succeeded by Yuwen Yun, posthumously
369:
10543:
10187:
9943:
3992:was founded in 550 by Gao Yang, posthumously
396:From 388–9, he established dominion over the
9969:
9960:
9951:
9935:
7319:In 507, a Northern Wei army was defeated at
6108:In 464, Liu Jun died, sparking a civil war.
4835:On 10 November 576, Northern Zhou struck at
4067:On 10 November 576, Northern Zhou struck at
1013:Tuoba / Yuan clan, Wei emperors family tree
583:. Under his reign, Northern Wei invaded the
525:, instigated proscription campaigns against
8705:In 575, a Northern Qi army was defeated at
6670:. Xiao Ze died in 482 and was succeeded by
677:. He was soon defeated with the aid of the
419:In the summer of 395, the heir apparent of
10550:
10536:
10194:
10180:
8726:In 582, Chen Xu died and was succeeded by
8723:seized territory north of the Changjiang.
7393:, and proclaimed himself emperor in 551.
4762:
866:
766:, was enthroned under the eastern regime.
622:. Under Yuan Ke, Northern Wei invaded the
8698:valley and taking territory north of the
8621:
642:). A Liang counterattack saw the loss of
340:
10084:Imperial Chinese Armies (1): 200BC-AD589
9978:
9926:
8625:
7284:
6649:
6645:
5999:
5991:
4777:
4766:
4042:but was repelled. Gao Zhan abdicated to
3977:
3973:
903:
892:
881:
870:
716:. He enthroned Yuan Ziyou, posthumously
360:
352:
344:
87:
79:
23:
10147:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
10093:Imperial Chinese Armies (2): 590-1260AD
9373:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraff110 (
7360:rebelled and attacked Liang officials.
10689:6th-century disestablishments in China
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1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
919:launched a three pronged attacked on
545:). He was killed in 452 by a eunuch,
10117:
9368:
7478:attacked Jiankang but was repelled.
6159:, eventually winning the next year.
571:Change of Xianbei names to Han names
10679:5th-century establishments in China
10008:Sourcebook of Korean Civilization 1
10005:
6097:In 453, Liu Yilong was murdered by
4899:Northern Zhou emperors family tree
293:A soldier of the Northern dynasties
13:
10075:Medieval Chinese Armies: 1260-1520
10066:Ancient Chinese Armies: 1500-200BC
9981:Military Culture in Imperial China
8743:Chen dynasty emperors family tree
7280:
718:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
269:Soldiers of the Northern dynasties
257:Soldiers of the Northern dynasties
14:
10700:
10265:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
9990:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
6678:. When Xiao Luan died in 498 and
48:in 420, it ended in 589 with the
10131:, University of California Press
7490:Liang dynasty and Western Liang
6308:
6203:
5972:In 587, the Sui dynasty annexed
4798:Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou
4743:
4722:
1075:– Northern Wei throne pretenders
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
782:
700:In 528, Yuan Xu was poisoned by
685:, but northern refugees entered
659:Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei
559:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei
512:
456:Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei
325:
313:
298:
286:
274:
262:
250:
10639:Northern and Southern dynasties
10559:Northern and Southern dynasties
9920:
7363:In 544, Lý Bôn established the
7349:In 528, Liang briefly occupied
4784:Northern and Southern dynasties
4026:Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi
764:Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
604:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
581:Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei
564:
383:Northern and Southern dynasties
281:Northern dynasties shieldbearer
221:Northern and Southern dynasties
92:Northern dynasties shieldbearer
75:
34:Northern and Southern dynasties
5967:
4033:Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
3994:Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi
741:Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei
620:Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei
412:. From 391–2, he defeated the
1:
10145:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009),
9287:
7459:In 555, Wang Sengbian set up
7385:In 548, the frontier general
6111:In 466, Liu Yu, posthumously
4865:Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou
4858:Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
4802:Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou
4010:In 556, Northern Qi attacked
934:In 538, Western Wei attacked
471:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
391:Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei
10167:, Cambridge University Press
10140:, Cambridge University Press
10122:, Cambridge University Press
10059:, Cambridge University Press
9944:de Crespigny, Rafe (2004b),
7434:declared himself emperor in
7404:took territory south of the
4886:rebelled but were defeated.
4038:In 565, Northern Qi invaded
214:
32:The military history of the
7:
10513:Self Strengthening Movement
10138:A History of the Vietnamese
10129:The Birth of the Vietnamese
10010:, Columbia University Press
9970:de Crespigny, Rafe (2017),
9961:de Crespigny, Rafe (2010),
9952:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007),
9936:de Crespigny, Rafe (2004),
7430:while Hou Jing was killed.
7118:Xiao Baorong 蕭寶融 (488–502)
6857:Xiao Daocheng 蕭道成 (427–482)
6676:Emperor Ming of Southern Qi
6091:, taking 28,000 prisoners.
4809:Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
664:
553:and others. They installed
416:south of the Yellow River.
370:End of the Sixteen Kingdoms
44:throne and creation of his
10:
10705:
10245:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms
10163:Wagner, Donald B. (2008),
10113:, Pen & Sword Military
10039:Cambridge University Press
9983:, Harvard University Press
9107:Chen Bozong 陳伯宗 (554?–570)
7517:– Liang throne pretenders
7509:– Western Liang emperors
6168:Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
6142:Emperor Houfei of Liu Song
6125:In 469, Northern Wei took
6103:Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song
5996:Southern dynasties cavalry
4053:invaded and conquered the
4019:Emperor Fei of Northern Qi
1055:
908:Mural of mounted archers,
771:Emperor Wen of Western Wei
568:
153:
84:Northern dynasties soldier
17:
10596:
10566:
10401:
10340:
10333:
10303:
10210:
10118:Shin, Michael D. (2014),
9979:di Cosmo, Nicola (2009),
9927:Barfield, Thomas (1989),
9227:
9225:
9223:
9199:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9173:
9162:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9068:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9040:
9038:
8964:
8962:
8960:
8936:
8934:
8926:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8878:Chen Baxian 陳霸先 (503–559)
8856:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8818:
8814:
8812:
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8804:
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8514:
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8405:
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8401:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8357:
8355:
8347:
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8174:
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7863:
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6823:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6797:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6668:Emperor Wu of Southern Qi
6563:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6525:
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5609:
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3429:
3427:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3391:
3389:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3199:
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3179:
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3115:
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3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
2886:
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2876:
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2800:
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2782:
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2776:
2772:
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2583:
2579:
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2575:
2571:
2523:
2521:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2283:
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2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1747:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1256:
1254:
981:in 553 and conquered the
746:In 534, Yuan Xiu fled to
529:. In 449, he crushed the
521:and at the suggestion of
365:Uprisings of Northern Wei
149:
10204:Chinese military history
10111:Battles of Ancient China
10033:Lorge, Peter A. (2011),
9997:Graff, David A. (2016),
9988:Graff, David A. (2001),
7410:Emperor Jianwen of Liang
6624:Liu Zhun (劉準) (469–479)
6306:Liu Yilong 刘义隆 (407–453)
6153:Emperor Shun of Liu Song
6113:Emperor Ming of Liu Song
6030:Emperor Shao of Liu Song
992:In 556, Yuwen Tai died.
977:Western Wei invaded the
689:and also rebelled under
128:
96:
10250:Northern & Southern
10104:, Osprey Publishing Ltd
10015:Liang, Jieming (2006),
9946:Generals of the South 2
7353:before being expelled.
6291:Liu Yifu 刘义符 (406–424)
6037:Emperor Wen of Liu Song
4818:invaded, seizing North
4763:Northern Zhou (557–581)
867:Western and Eastern Wei
505:in 439. Thus ended the
381:, was the first of the
377:, a successor state of
137:shifted its capital to
10473:Ming gunpowder weapons
10428:Song gunpowder weapons
10120:Korean History in Maps
10006:Lee, Peter H. (1992),
8972:Chen Qian 陳蒨 (522–566)
8665:In 561, Chen attacked
8631:
8622:Chen dynasty (557–589)
7290:
6954:Xiao Luan 蕭鸞 (452–498)
6655:
6571:Liu Ziye 刘子业 (449–466)
6019:Emperor Wu of Liu Song
6005:
5997:
4786:
4775:
3986:
964:
912:
901:
890:
879:
366:
358:
350:
341:Northern Wei (386–535)
239:
93:
85:
29:
28:Cavalry of Northern Qi
10684:589 disestablishments
10313:Ming treasure voyages
10202:Ancient and dynastic
10136:Taylor, K.W. (2013),
10109:Peers, Chris (2013),
10055:Lorge, Peter (2015),
9938:Generals of the South
8690:In 573, Chen invaded
8629:
7469:Emperor Jing of Liang
7440:Emperor Yuan of Liang
7334:In 518, Liang retook
7288:
7096:(483–501; r. 498–501)
6653:
6646:Southern Qi (479–502)
6607:Liu Yu (劉昱) (463–477)
6003:
5995:
4825:In 565, an attack on
4781:
4770:
4689:Gao Heng 高恆 (570–577)
4300:Gao Yang 高洋 (526–559)
4087:Northern Qi emperors
3981:
3974:Northern Qi (550–577)
987:Emperor Yuan of Liang
953:
907:
896:
885:
874:
364:
356:
348:
234:
91:
83:
56:and reunification of
40:'s usurpation of the
27:
10664:6th century in China
10659:5th century in China
10492:Breechloading musket
10127:Taylor, Jay (1983),
10100:Peers, C.J. (2006),
10091:Peers, C.J. (1996),
10082:Peers, C.J. (1995),
10073:Peers, C.J. (1992),
10064:Peers, C.J. (1990),
8990:Chen Xu 陈顼 (530–582)
8685:Emperor Xuan of Chen
7371:(Southern Emperor).
6988:Xiao Ze 蕭賾 (440–493)
6053:In 434, Song retook
4555:Gao Wei 高緯 (557–577)
4538:(b. 546; r. 578–580)
4514:Gao Yin 高殷 (545–561)
4328:Gao Yan 高演 (535–561)
985:region. They killed
849:Northern Wei cavalry
837:Northern Wei cavalry
825:Northern Wei cavalry
813:Northern Wei cavalry
801:Northern Wei cavalry
789:Northern Wei cavalry
750:under the regime of
549:, who was killed by
385:. It was founded by
10095:, Osprey Publishing
10086:, Osprey Publishing
10077:, Osprey Publishing
10068:, Osprey Publishing
9133:553–604; r. 582–589
8678:Emperor Fei of Chen
8660:Emperor Wen of Chen
8644:Emperor Wen of Chen
7250:473–494; r. 493–494
6704:Emperor Wu of Liang
6662:dynasty founded by
6469:Liu Yu 刘彧 (439–472)
6201:Liu Yu 刘裕 (363–422)
357:Northern Wei in 464
320:Northern Qi soldier
60:. The first of the
10674:420 establishments
10654:Dynasties of China
10598:Southern dynasties
10568:Northern dynasties
10433:Thunder crash bomb
10378:Repeating crossbow
8632:
7303:Buddhist monastery
7291:
6981:Wenxian of Yuzhang
6738:Xiao Chengzhi 萧承之
6656:
6009:Liu Song (420–479)
6006:
5998:
5988:Southern dynasties
4787:
4776:
4014:but was repelled.
3987:
938:but was defeated.
913:
902:
891:
880:
671:Six Frontier Towns
367:
359:
351:
141:, the lower class
94:
86:
62:Northern dynasties
30:
10626:
10625:
10525:
10524:
10521:
10520:
10048:978-0-521-87881-4
9931:, Basil Blackwell
9285:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9259:
9248:
9159:
9146:
9134:
9118:
9108:
9014:
9001:
8991:
8983:
8973:
8889:
8879:
8694:, conquering the
8619:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8585:
8450:
8431:
8419:
8303:
8279:
8266:
8259:
8147:
8134:
8126:
8116:
8103:
8090:
7978:
7960:
7943:
7929:
7922:
7909:
7902:
7890:
7763:
7752:
7736:
7722:
7703:
7501:– Liang emperors
7400:seized Taicheng.
7278:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7267:
7251:
7143:
7129:
7119:
7111:
7110:(487–530; r. 527)
7097:
6999:
6989:
6982:
6978:
6966:
6955:
6868:
6858:
6842:Xiao Daosheng 萧道生
6742:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6593:(456–466; r. 466)
6444:Liu Jun (430–464)
6004:Southern soldiers
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5922:
5912:
5788:
5780:
5764:
5754:
5739:
5729:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5532:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5486:
5477:
5464:
5454:
5444:
5261:
5232:
5219:
5206:
5195:
4930:
4913:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4700:
4690:
4581:
4566:
4556:
4539:
4525:
4515:
4507:
4489:
4370:
4360:
4349:
4339:
4329:
4312:
4301:
4292:
4128:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
1083:
1082:
929:Battle of Shayuan
773:. Thus ended the
10696:
10552:
10545:
10538:
10529:
10528:
10338:
10337:
10196:
10189:
10182:
10173:
10172:
10168:
10159:
10141:
10132:
10123:
10114:
10105:
10096:
10087:
10078:
10069:
10060:
10051:
10029:
10011:
10002:
9993:
9984:
9975:
9966:
9963:Imperial Warlord
9957:
9948:
9940:
9932:
9914:
9908:
9897:
9891:
9885:
9879:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9844:
9835:
9829:
9818:
9812:
9806:
9800:
9794:
9788:
9775:
9769:
9760:
9754:
9723:
9717:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9652:
9641:
9635:
9616:
9610:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9586:
9580:
9574:
9563:
9557:
9551:
9545:
9528:
9522:
9516:
9510:
9504:
9498:
9481:
9475:
9466:
9460:
9454:
9453:, p. 69-70.
9448:
9442:
9441:, p. xcvii.
9436:
9430:
9424:
9418:
9412:
9406:
9400:
9391:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9366:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9336:
9330:
9324:
9318:
9307:
9301:
9257:
9246:
9160:
9157:
9144:
9132:
9119:
9116:
9106:
9012:
9002:
8999:
8989:
8981:
8971:
8890:
8887:
8877:
8764:
8749:
8748:
8740:
8739:
8578:
8451:
8445:
8429:
8417:
8297:
8274:
8264:
8254:
8148:
8141:
8133:Xiao Fangzhi 蕭方智
8132:
8124:
8114:
8098:
8088:
7973:
7955:
7937:
7927:
7917:
7907:
7900:
7885:
7761:
7750:
7730:
7720:
7701:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7508:
7507:
7500:
7499:
7487:
7486:
7365:Early Lý dynasty
7268:
7265:
7249:
7146:
7141:
7130:
7127:
7117:
7109:
7098:
7095:
6997:
6987:
6980:
6976:
6964:
6956:
6953:
6869:
6866:
6856:
6743:
6739:
6718:
6717:
6709:
6708:
6633:
6616:
6580:
6478:
6321:
6312:
6300:
6207:
6182:
6181:
6173:
6172:
6023:Liu Song dynasty
5976:and invaded the
5951:
5919:
5908:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5760:
5755:
5752:
5740:
5736:
5725:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5530:
5517:
5513:
5502:
5493:
5482:
5475:
5465:
5461:
5450:
5441:
5259:
5228:
5216:
5203:
5192:
4927:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4896:
4895:
4747:
4726:
4697:
4688:
4579:
4577:
4563:
4554:
4540:
4536:
4522:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4494:
4487:
4368:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4129:
4126:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4083:
3892:
3612:
3572:
3381:
3365:
3319:
2954:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1009:
962:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
585:Liu Song dynasty
507:Sixteen Kingdoms
495:Liu Song dynasty
329:
317:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
111:Liu Song dynasty
70:Sixteen Kingdoms
46:Liu Song dynasty
10704:
10703:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10695:
10694:
10693:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10622:
10592:
10562:
10556:
10526:
10517:
10397:
10383:Siege equipment
10329:
10299:
10206:
10200:
10157:
10049:
10027:
9923:
9918:
9917:
9909:
9900:
9892:
9888:
9880:
9865:
9857:
9853:
9849:, p. xcix.
9845:
9838:
9830:
9821:
9813:
9809:
9801:
9797:
9789:
9778:
9770:
9763:
9755:
9726:
9718:
9673:
9665:
9661:
9653:
9644:
9640:, p. ciii.
9636:
9619:
9611:
9607:
9599:
9595:
9587:
9583:
9575:
9566:
9558:
9554:
9546:
9531:
9523:
9519:
9511:
9507:
9499:
9484:
9476:
9469:
9461:
9457:
9449:
9445:
9437:
9433:
9425:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9401:
9394:
9386:
9382:
9372:
9367:
9363:
9355:
9351:
9343:
9339:
9331:
9327:
9319:
9310:
9302:
9295:
9290:
9167:
9155:
9151:
9142:
9131:
9128:
9114:
9109:
9105:
9010:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8979:
8974:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8863:Chen Daotan 陈道谭
8762:
8760:
8642:, posthumously
8638:was founded by
8624:
8580:
8577:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8428:
8415:
8296:
8294:
8273:
8267:
8252:
8142:
8135:
8131:
8122:
8113:
8111:
8097:
8091:
7972:
7970:
7954:
7936:
7930:
7916:
7910:
7898:
7883:
7760:
7758:
7749:
7729:
7723:
7552:
7513:
7505:
7497:
7463:as emperor but
7389:rebelled, took
7283:
7281:Liang (502–557)
7266:480–494; r. 494
7264:
7262:
7256:
7248:
7246:
7144:
7139:
7135:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7106:
7094:
7092:
7086:
6996:
6990:
6979:
6974:
6963:
6957:
6952:
6865:
6859:
6855:
6740:
6737:
6702:, posthumously
6648:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6592:
6589:
6577:
6572:
6570:
6486:
6485:Liu Xiufan 刘休范
6475:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6450:
6445:
6439:426–453; r. 453
6438:
6435:
6329:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6297:
6292:
6290:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6166:, posthumously
6017:, posthumously
6011:
5990:
5970:
5920:
5913:
5910:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5566:
5557:
5554:
5542:
5540:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5514:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5484:
5473:
5462:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5442:
5439:
5258:
5256:
5230:
5229:of Northern Wei
5227:
5217:
5214:
5204:
5201:
5193:
5190:
4928:
4909:
4792:was founded by
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4698:
4691:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4506:(?–578; r. 576)
4503:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4366:
4358:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4284:
4124:
4120:
3976:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3833:
3819:
3667:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3376:
3375:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3336:
3325:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3295:
3286:
3279:
3264:
3255:
3243:
3237:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2993:
2984:
2977:
2960:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2715:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2456:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2122:
2111:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1376:
1370:
1140:
1138:
1071:
1059:
1043:
1031:
989:the next year.
963:
960:
869:
862:
859:
850:
847:
838:
835:
826:
823:
814:
811:
802:
799:
790:
787:
762:, posthumously
675:Poliuhan Baling
673:to rebel under
667:
573:
567:
557:, posthumously
515:
469:, posthumously
454:, posthumously
389:, posthumously
372:
343:
336:
330:
321:
318:
309:
303:
294:
291:
282:
279:
270:
267:
258:
255:
217:
158:
152:
131:
99:
78:
52:'s conquest of
22:
12:
11:
5:
10702:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10624:
10623:
10602:
10600:
10594:
10593:
10572:
10570:
10564:
10563:
10555:
10554:
10547:
10540:
10532:
10523:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10515:
10510:
10509:
10508:
10501:
10494:
10489:
10482:
10470:
10467:Huolongchushui
10463:
10456:
10455:
10454:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10413:
10407:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10344:
10342:
10335:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10327:
10325:Late Qing Navy
10322:
10321:
10320:
10318:treasure ships
10309:
10307:
10301:
10300:
10298:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10240:Three Kingdoms
10237:
10232:
10229:Warring States
10222:
10216:
10214:
10208:
10207:
10199:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10176:
10170:
10169:
10160:
10156:978-0810860537
10155:
10142:
10133:
10124:
10115:
10106:
10097:
10088:
10079:
10070:
10061:
10052:
10047:
10030:
10025:
10012:
10003:
9994:
9985:
9976:
9967:
9958:
9949:
9941:
9933:
9922:
9919:
9916:
9915:
9898:
9896:, p. 125.
9886:
9863:
9851:
9836:
9819:
9807:
9795:
9793:, p. cvi.
9776:
9774:, p. 113.
9761:
9724:
9722:, p. civ.
9671:
9669:, p. 106.
9659:
9657:, p. 105.
9642:
9617:
9615:, p. 103.
9605:
9603:, p. 102.
9593:
9591:, p. 101.
9581:
9579:, p. cii.
9564:
9562:, p. 414.
9552:
9529:
9517:
9515:, p. 542.
9505:
9482:
9467:
9455:
9443:
9431:
9429:, p. 256.
9419:
9407:
9392:
9390:, p. 115.
9380:
9361:
9359:, p. 109.
9349:
9347:, p. 108.
9337:
9325:
9308:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9260:
9251:
9249:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9163:
9161:
9149:
9147:
9137:
9135:
9122:
9120:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9005:
9003:
8986:
8984:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8745:
8744:
8669:and conquered
8623:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8434:
8432:
8422:
8420:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8262:
8260:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8129:
8127:
8121:Xiao Fangdeng
8119:
8117:
8106:
8104:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8067:
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7338:(southwest of
7323:(northeast of
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6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6466:
6464:
6463:Prince Shixing
6455:
6453:
6442:
6440:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
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5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5909:Yuwen Yan 宇文衍
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
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5791:
5790:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5758:
5756:
5743:
5741:
5726:Yuwen Yun 宇文贇
5722:
5720:
5718:
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5712:
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5708:
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4935:
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4900:
4829:was repelled.
4764:
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3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:
2997:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2397:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1137:See Tuoba clan
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1015:
1014:
958:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
853:
851:
848:
841:
839:
836:
829:
827:
824:
817:
815:
812:
805:
803:
800:
793:
791:
788:
781:
683:Yujiulü Anagui
666:
663:
646:(southwest of
626:and conquered
566:
563:
537:(southeast of
514:
511:
503:Northern Liang
462:to the north.
371:
368:
342:
339:
338:
337:
331:
324:
322:
319:
312:
310:
304:
297:
295:
292:
285:
283:
280:
273:
271:
268:
261:
259:
256:
249:
216:
213:
154:Main article:
151:
148:
130:
127:
98:
95:
77:
74:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10701:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10669:Medieval Asia
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10621:
10617:
10616:Western Liang
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10590:Northern Zhou
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10569:
10565:
10560:
10553:
10548:
10546:
10541:
10539:
10534:
10533:
10530:
10514:
10511:
10507:
10506:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10498:Xun Lei Chong
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10487:
10486:San yan chong
10483:
10481:
10480:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10468:
10464:
10462:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10452:
10448:
10447:
10446:
10443:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10426:
10422:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10345:
10343:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10326:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10306:
10302:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10230:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10197:
10192:
10190:
10185:
10183:
10178:
10177:
10174:
10166:
10161:
10158:
10152:
10148:
10143:
10139:
10134:
10130:
10125:
10121:
10116:
10112:
10107:
10103:
10098:
10094:
10089:
10085:
10080:
10076:
10071:
10067:
10062:
10058:
10053:
10050:
10044:
10040:
10037:, Cambridge:
10036:
10031:
10028:
10026:981-05-5380-3
10022:
10018:
10013:
10009:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9977:
9973:
9968:
9964:
9959:
9955:
9950:
9947:
9942:
9939:
9934:
9930:
9925:
9924:
9912:
9907:
9905:
9903:
9895:
9890:
9884:, p. 88.
9883:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9868:
9861:, p. 91.
9860:
9855:
9848:
9843:
9841:
9834:, p. 87.
9833:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9817:, p. 90.
9816:
9811:
9805:, p. 78.
9804:
9799:
9792:
9787:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9773:
9768:
9766:
9759:, p. cv.
9758:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9721:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9676:
9668:
9663:
9656:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9639:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9614:
9609:
9602:
9597:
9590:
9585:
9578:
9573:
9571:
9569:
9561:
9556:
9550:, p. ci.
9549:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9527:, p. 98.
9526:
9521:
9514:
9509:
9502:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9480:, p. 72.
9479:
9474:
9472:
9465:, p. 71.
9464:
9459:
9452:
9447:
9440:
9435:
9428:
9423:
9417:, p. 99.
9416:
9411:
9405:, p. 94.
9404:
9399:
9397:
9389:
9384:
9376:
9370:
9365:
9358:
9353:
9346:
9341:
9335:, p. 99.
9334:
9329:
9323:, p. 84.
9322:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9306:, p. 83.
9305:
9300:
9298:
9293:
9278:
9255:
9244:
9232:
9229:
9221:
9220:
9197:
9189:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9154:
9141:
9129:
9127:
9115:
9113:
9103:
9100:
9092:
9090:
9082:
9081:
9066:
9050:
9035:
9033:
9009:
8998:
8996:
8980:
8978:
8969:
8966:
8958:
8957:
8924:
8916:
8911:
8909:
8886:
8884:
8861:
8858:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8816:
8808:
8806:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8731:
8729:
8724:
8722:
8721:Northern Zhou
8717:
8715:
8710:
8708:
8703:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8688:
8686:
8681:
8679:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8667:Northern Zhou
8663:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8650:, which took
8649:
8648:Western Liang
8645:
8641:
8637:
8628:
8612:
8584:
8575:
8574:
8545:
8543:
8485:
8483:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8426:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8399:
8397:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8345:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8301:
8293:
8292:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8258:
8251:
8250:
8237:
8234:
8226:
8225:
8192:
8184:
8161:
8159:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8110:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8073:
8070:
8062:
8060:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8034:
8026:
8004:
7996:
7994:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7969:
7968:
7959:
7952:
7951:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7897:
7889:
7882:
7881:
7880:Xiao Yuanming
7868:
7865:
7857:
7855:
7847:
7845:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7817:
7805:
7803:
7791:
7789:
7768:
7766:
7747:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7690:
7687:
7679:
7677:
7665:
7663:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7633:
7613:
7611:
7591:
7589:
7578:
7576:
7551:Xiao Shunzhi
7521:
7518:
7510:
7502:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7477:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7461:Xiao Yuanming
7457:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7420:Wang Sengbian
7416:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7359:
7354:
7352:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7295:Liang dynasty
7287:
7271:
7261:
7260:
7245:
7244:
7215:
7212:
7204:
7203:
7196:
7188:
7159:
7157:
7138:
7137:Xiao Zhangmao
7125:
7124:
7105:
7091:
7090:
7084:
7081:
7073:
7071:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7035:
7027:
7025:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
6995:
6994:
6973:
6962:
6961:
6942:
6939:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6913:
6905:
6903:
6882:
6880:
6864:
6863:
6832:
6829:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6795:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6775:
6764:
6762:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6700:Liang dynasty
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6664:Xiao Daocheng
6661:
6652:
6636:
6632:(r. 477–479)
6631:
6629:
6614:
6612:
6590:
6588:
6579:(r. 464–466)
6578:
6576:
6568:
6565:
6557:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6505:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6476:
6474:
6459:
6451:
6449:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6406:
6404:
6396:
6394:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6376:
6358:
6356:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:劉義康 (409–451)
6328:
6320:(r. 424–453)
6319:
6317:
6311:
6299:(r. 423–424)
6298:
6296:
6280:
6277:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6243:
6241:
6233:
6231:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6147:
6146:Xiao Daocheng
6143:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:north of the
6086:
6083:attacked the
6082:
6077:
6075:
6072:north of the
6071:
6068:attacked the
6067:
6066:Xiao Daocheng
6062:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6038:
6033:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6002:
5994:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5974:Western Liang
5958:
5954:
5918:
5917:
5874:
5872:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5783:Gaozu of Tang
5763:
5748:
5735:
5734:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5660:
5639:
5627:
5625:
5615:
5607:
5605:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5556:
5539:
5526:
5512:
5511:
5492:
5491:
5485:宇文邕 (543–578)
5472:
5460:
5459:
5451:Yuwen Jue 宇文覺
5438:
5434:
5431:
5415:
5413:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5351:
5349:
5341:
5339:
5329:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5255:
5226:
5213:
5187:
5184:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5108:
5100:
5098:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5016:
5008:
5006:
4998:
4996:
4983:
4981:
4926:Yuan Huai 元怀
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4790:Northern Zhou
4785:
4782:Iron helmet,
4780:
4773:
4769:
4757:hunting scene
4756:
4752:
4746:
4736:hunting scene
4735:
4731:
4725:
4711:
4696:
4695:
4646:
4644:
4586:
4584:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4547:
4533:
4521:
4520:
4502:
4484:
4483:Gao Changgong
4479:
4476:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4408:
4400:
4388:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4356:
4355:
4335:
4334:
4319:
4308:
4307:
4287:
4274:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4189:
4187:
4171:
4169:
4158:
4156:
4123:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:Northern Zhou
4036:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3964:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3877:Yuan Shanjian
3870:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3707:
3699:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3447:
3439:
3409:
3401:
3399:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3294:
3263:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3135:
3127:
3095:
3087:
3075:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2976:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2891:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2814:
2774:
2721:
2719:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2600:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2470:
2468:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2348:
2345:
2297:
2296:
2281:
2233:
2178:
2176:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2103:Yuan Zhongkui
2061:
2058:
2050:
2049:
1994:
1986:
1931:
1929:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1810:
1808:
1692:
1690:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1571:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1441:
1439:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1319:
1317:
1203:
1201:
1142:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Northern Zhou
1002:
998:
993:
990:
988:
984:
980:
979:Liang dynasty
975:
973:
969:
957:
952:
949:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
906:
899:
895:
889:shieldbearers
888:
884:
877:
873:
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
828:
821:
816:
809:
804:
797:
792:
785:
780:
779:
778:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
760:Yuan Shanjian
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Liang dynasty
621:
616:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:Tao's tyranny
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
447:city in 398.
446:
442:
439:in the fall,
438:
437:Bing Province
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
408:north of the
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
363:
355:
347:
334:
328:
323:
316:
311:
307:
301:
296:
289:
284:
277:
272:
265:
260:
253:
248:
247:
246:
244:
238:
233:
230:
225:
222:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:Northern Zhou
189:
187:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:fubing system
163:
157:
156:Fubing system
147:
144:
140:
136:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
90:
82:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
26:
21:
16:
10574:Northern Wei
10503:
10496:
10484:
10477:
10465:
10458:
10449:
10416:Flamethrower
10249:
10164:
10146:
10137:
10128:
10119:
10110:
10101:
10092:
10083:
10074:
10065:
10056:
10034:
10016:
10007:
9998:
9989:
9980:
9971:
9962:
9953:
9945:
9937:
9928:
9921:Bibliography
9889:
9854:
9810:
9798:
9662:
9608:
9596:
9584:
9555:
9520:
9508:
9503:, p. c.
9458:
9446:
9434:
9422:
9410:
9383:
9364:
9352:
9340:
9328:
9124:
9117:(r. 566–568)
9110:
9000:(r. 569–582)
8993:
8982:(r. 559–566)
8975:
8888:(r. 557–559)
8881:
8761:Chen Wenzan
8733:In 588, the
8732:
8725:
8718:
8711:
8704:
8689:
8682:
8675:
8664:
8636:Chen dynasty
8633:
8582:
8571:
8456:Xiao Xuan 萧璿
8447:
8439:
8437:Xiao Cong 蕭琮
8413:Empress Xiao
8299:
8289:
8276:
8268:
8256:
8247:
8144:
8136:
8100:
8092:
8083:Xiao Huan 萧欢
7975:
7967:Xiao Zhengde
7965:
7957:
7948:
7939:
7931:
7919:
7911:
7908:Xiao Gang 蕭綱
7887:
7878:
7732:
7724:
7511:
7503:
7495:
7483:Chen dynasty
7480:
7473:
7458:
7455:
7444:
7417:
7414:
7395:
7384:
7380:Lý Thiên Bảo
7373:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7333:
7318:
7310:Northern Wei
7307:
7292:
7259:Xiao Zhaowen
7257:
7241:
7128:(r. 501–502)
7121:
7089:Xiao Baojuan
7087:
6998:(r. 482–493)
6991:
6965:(r. 494–498)
6958:
6867:(r. 479–482)
6860:
6712:Southern Qi
6688:Northern Wei
6680:Xiao Baojuan
6657:
6626:
6615:(r. 472–477)
6609:
6585:
6573:
6477:(r. 465–472)
6471:
6461:劉濬 (429–453)
6452:(r. 453–464)
6446:
6431:
6314:
6293:
6215:(r. 420–422)
6209:
6161:
6150:
6139:
6133:(冀州) (north
6124:
6117:
6110:
6107:
6096:
6093:
6081:Shen Qingzhi
6078:
6063:
6052:
6050:from Song.
6044:Northern Wei
6041:
6034:
6027:
6012:
5978:Chen dynasty
5971:
5953:Tang dynasty
5921:(r. 579–581)
5914:
5738:(r. 578–579)
5731:
5515:(r. 557–560)
5508:
5503:Yuwen Yu 宇文毓
5495:(r. 560–578)
5488:
5456:
4888:
4873:
4862:
4851:
4834:
4831:
4824:
4816:Chen dynasty
4814:In 561, the
4813:
4806:
4788:
4772:Northern Wei
4692:
4565:(r. 565–577)
4558:
4524:(r. 559–560)
4517:
4359:(r. 561–565)
4352:
4346:Gao Zhan 高湛
4338:(r. 560–561)
4331:
4311:(r. 550–559)
4304:
4066:
4059:
4051:Chen dynasty
4049:In 573, the
4048:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
3999:In 553, the
3998:
3988:
3886:
3879:
3866:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3609:
3601:
3569:
3561:
3547:
3540:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3338:
3331:
3316:
3308:
3245:
3238:
3005:
2999:
2951:
2943:
2659:
2652:
2408:
2401:
2123:
2117:
1868:
1861:
1629:
1622:
1378:
1371:
1037:Northern Wei
1019:
1018:
994:
991:
976:
965:
954:
950:
947:
940:
933:
914:
775:Northern Wei
768:
745:
734:
699:
668:
656:
617:
601:
595:(冀州) (north
574:
565:Sinicization
516:
501:in 436, and
499:Northern Yan
497:, conquered
487:Tongwancheng
464:
449:
443:in 397, and
418:
410:Yellow River
395:
375:Northern Wei
373:
333:Northern Wei
243:Northern Wei
240:
235:
226:
218:
190:
178:
174:Tang dynasty
159:
135:Northern Wei
132:
123:
108:
100:
76:Organization
66:Northern Wei
58:China proper
54:Chen dynasty
31:
15:
10608:Southern Qi
10586:Northern Qi
10582:Eastern Wei
10578:Western Wei
10445:Hand cannon
10341:Traditional
10280:Jurchen Jin
10001:, Routledge
9992:, Routledge
9911:Taylor 2013
9427:Wagner 2008
9166:Emperor Wen
9126:Chen Shubao
8735:Sui dynasty
8728:Chen Shubao
8692:Northern Qi
8640:Chen Baxian
8291:Xiao Zhuang
8284:Xiao Yan 蕭巖
8265:Xiao Kui 蕭巋
8255:d. 552; r.
8089:Xiao Cha 蕭詧
7974:d. 549; r.
7886:d. 556; r.
7721:Xiao Yan 蕭衍
7700:Xiao Yi 萧懿
7476:Northern Qi
7465:Chen Baxian
7447:Western Wei
7424:Chen Baxian
7402:Eastern Wei
7376:Chen Baxian
7367:and became
7340:Lianyungang
7297:founded by
7243:Xiao Zhaoye
7104:Xiao Baoyin
6672:Xiao Zhaoye
6660:Southern Qi
6164:Southern Qi
6157:Shen Youzhi
5968:Sui dynasty
5762:Sui dynasty
5538:Dugu Qieluo
5483:Yuwen Yong
5225:Emp. Xiaowu
4908:Yuwen Gong
4891:Sui dynasty
4880:Yuchi Jiong
4827:Northern Qi
4755:Northern Qi
4734:Northern Qi
4549:高百年 556–564
4546:Gao Bainian
4501:Gao Yanzong
4493:Lanling 蘭陵王
4318:Empress Gao
3990:Northern Qi
3983:Northern Qi
3554:Yuan Baohui
2391:Yuan Faseng
2109:Tuoba Huang
1141:family tree
1065:Eastern Wei
1049:Western Wei
1001:Western Wei
972:Northern Qi
961:David Graff
921:Western Wei
910:Northern Qi
898:Western Wei
887:Eastern Wei
876:Western Wei
648:Lianyungang
306:Northern Qi
229:Northern Qi
219:During the
211:dynasties.
197:Northern Qi
186:Han dynasty
170:Sui dynasty
162:Western Wei
109:During the
103:Eastern Jin
101:During the
50:Sui dynasty
10633:Categories
10460:Hu dun pao
10438:Fire lance
10411:Fire arrow
9894:Graff 2001
9882:Graff 2001
9859:Graff 2001
9847:Xiong 2009
9832:Graff 2001
9815:Graff 2001
9803:Graff 2001
9791:Xiong 2009
9772:Graff 2001
9757:Xiong 2009
9720:Xiong 2009
9667:Graff 2001
9655:Graff 2001
9638:Xiong 2009
9613:Graff 2001
9601:Graff 2001
9589:Graff 2001
9577:Xiong 2009
9560:Xiong 2009
9548:Xiong 2009
9525:Graff 2001
9513:Xiong 2009
9501:Xiong 2009
9478:Graff 2001
9463:Graff 2001
9451:Graff 2001
9439:Xiong 2009
9415:Peers 2006
9403:Peers 2006
9388:Graff 2001
9357:Graff 2001
9345:Graff 2001
9333:Graff 2001
9321:Graff 2001
9304:Graff 2001
9288:References
9140:Chen Shuda
9008:Chen Chang
8700:Changjiang
8696:Huai River
7928:Xiao Yi 蕭繹
7757:Xiao Hong
7449:conquered
7406:Huai River
7312:conquered
6692:Huai River
6327:Liu Yikang
6120:Huai River
5787:r. 618–626
5747:Yang Lihua
5559:r. 581–604
5555:Wen of Sui
5471:Yuwen Xian
5231:r. 532–535
5189:Yuwen Hao
4876:Changjiang
4532:Gao Shaoyi
4491:Prince of
4055:Huai River
3985:tomb mural
3559:Yuan Baoju
3356:Xiaozhuang
3352:Yuan Ziyou
2983:Yuan Xiang
2941:Tuoba Hong
2650:Tuoba Hong
2455:Tuoba Zhen
722:Erzhu Zhao
706:Erzhu Rong
704:and died.
702:her mother
691:Du Luozhou
654:) in 512.
569:See also:
475:Sima Guang
425:Murong Bao
393:, in 386.
172:and early
18:See also:
10561:(420–589)
10505:Hongyipao
10421:Petroleum
10403:Gunpowder
10334:Equipment
9369:Graff 110
9254:Chen Shen
9013:(537–560)
8714:Pengcheng
8573:Xiao Xian
8249:Xiao Dong
8125:(528–549)
8109:Xiao Daqi
7901:(501–531)
7896:Xiao Tong
7436:Jiangling
7369:Lý Nam Đế
7142:(458–493)
6741:(384–447)
6587:Liu Zixun
6487:(448–474)
6176:Liu Song
6089:Han River
6074:Han River
5911:(573–581)
5728:(559–580)
5505:(534–560)
5453:(542–557)
5443:(513–572)
5218:(507–556)
5212:Yuwen Tai
5200:Princess
4929:（488–517）
4884:Wang Qian
4869:Yang Jian
4580:(558–571)
4365:Gao Jie
4348:(537–569)
4291:(521–549)
4286:Gao Cheng
4127:(496–547)
3830:Yuan Zhao
3372:Yuan Lang
3345:Yuan Shao
3306:Yuan Gong
3285:Yuan Huai
3015:Yuan Rong
2975:Yuan Yong
2399:Tuoba Jun
1859:Tuoba Tao
1369:Tuoba Gui
1139:Dai state
999:replaced
943:Guanzhong
925:Yuwen Tai
752:Yuwen Tai
714:Yuan Zhao
577:Tuoba Jun
555:Tuoba Jun
519:Guanzhong
493:from the
481:, taking
467:Tuoba Tao
441:Zhongshan
433:Pingcheng
421:Later Yan
387:Tuoba Gui
215:Equipment
181:Yuwen Tai
10604:Liu Song
10451:Huochong
10393:War cart
10373:Crossbow
10368:Elephant
10363:Polearms
9243:Chen Yin
9153:Ningyuan
8719:In 580,
8652:Changsha
8579:583–621;
8418:566?–648
7746:Xiao Xiu
7702:(d. 500)
7474:In 556,
7445:In 553,
7428:Jiankang
7418:In 552,
7398:Hou Jing
7396:In 549,
7391:Jiankang
7387:Hou Jing
7374:In 545,
7356:In 541,
7325:Fengyang
7308:In 504,
7299:Xiao Yan
7145:Wen 文皇帝
6696:Jiankang
6684:Xiao Yan
6433:Liu Shao
6127:Qingzhou
6099:Liu Shao
6079:In 449,
6064:In 442,
6055:Hanzhong
6042:In 430,
6013:In 420,
5982:Jiankang
5463:(r. 557)
5437:Yuwen Hu
5254:Dugu Xin
5205:(d. 541)
5194:(d. 524)
4854:Göktürks
4837:Pingyang
4794:Yuwen Hu
4699:(r. 577)
4333:Xiaozhao
4122:Gao Huan
4069:Pingyang
4057:valley.
4012:Jiankang
4005:Göktürks
3897:Yuan Zan
3881:Xiaojing
3857:Yuan Kuo
3842:Yuan Qin
3815:daughter
3668:Huangtou
3599:Yuan Xiu
3585:Yuan Dan
3542:Xiaoming
3333:Yuan Hao
3301:Yuan Xin
3293:Yuan Yue
3253:Yuan Xun
2991:Yuan Xie
2714:Yuan Bin
2403:Wencheng
2119:Tuoba Yu
1852:Tuoba Ta
1624:Mingyuan
1620:Tuoba Si
1613:Tuoba Xi
1067:emperors
1051:emperors
1039:emperors
997:Yuwen Hu
995:In 557,
968:Gao Yang
966:In 550,
959:—
917:Gao Huan
915:In 537,
748:Chang'an
730:Gao Huan
665:Collapse
636:Fengyang
630:504 and
628:Yiyangin
589:Qingzhou
575:In 465,
527:Buddhism
483:Chang'an
452:Tuoba Si
429:Horinger
160:In 550,
10479:Huo Che
10388:Stirrup
10348:Chariot
9974:, Brill
9965:, Brill
9956:, Brill
9158:577–605
8707:Lüliang
8583:617–621
8448:585–587
8430:574–647
8425:Xiao Yu
8300:557–560
8277:562–585
8145:555–557
8115:524–551
8101:555–562
7976:548–549
7958:552–553
7950:Xiao Ji
7940:552–554
7920:549–551
7913:Jianwen
7762:473–526
7751:475–518
7733:502–549
7514:
7506:
7498:
7451:Sichuan
7432:Xiao Ji
7426:retook
7351:Luoyang
7344:Jiangsu
7321:Zhongli
6977:444–492
6972:Xiao Ni
6575:Qianfei
6458:Liu Jun
6135:Jiangsu
6059:Chouchi
6048:Luoyang
5779:Emperor
5753:561–609
5565:Duchess
5552:Emperor
5544:544–602
5523:Empress
5476:545–578
5458:Xiaomin
5260:504–557
5202:Fengyi
4912:(d.526)
4842:Taiyuan
4774:cavalry
4573:Gao Yan
4369:(?–577)
4354:Wucheng
4306:Wenxuan
4074:Taiyuan
4062:Luoyang
4044:Gao Wei
3851:551–554
3610:532–535
3594:506–528
3592:Yuan Ti
3570:535–551
3548:515–528
3538:Yuan Xu
3379:531–532
3363:528–531
3324:Yuan Yu
3317:531–532
3296:494–532
3287:488–517
3280:487–520
3278:Yuan Yi
3265:488–508
3262:Yuan Yu
3256:483–497
3246:499–515
3236:Yuan Ke
3017:481–526
3006:530–531
3001:Yuan Ye
2985:476–504
2961:470–501
2959:Yuan Yu
2952:471–499
2945:Xiaowen
2716:464–499
2709:Yuan Yi
2654:Xianwen
2457:447–496
2409:452–465
2394:453–536
2112:428–451
1869:423–452
1854:416–488
1630:409–423
1615:399–421
1379:386–409
1072:
1060:
1044:
1032:
983:Sichuan
936:Luoyang
900:cavalry
878:cavalry
726:Yuan Ye
695:Ge Rong
652:Jiangsu
632:Chouchi
612:Xianbei
608:Luoyang
597:Jiangsu
547:Zong Ai
543:Jiangsu
523:Cui Hao
491:Luoyang
414:Xiongnu
335:cavalry
308:soldier
143:Xianbei
139:Luoyang
10358:Swords
10353:Armour
10212:Armies
10153:
10045:
10023:
9168:of Sui
9145:d. 635
8656:Wuling
7358:Lý Bôn
7336:Qushan
7314:Yiyang
6611:Houfei
6591:(劉子勛)
6448:Xiaowu
6131:Jizhou
6085:Nanman
6070:Nanman
6015:Liu Yu
4694:Youzhu
4560:Houzhu
4488:d. 573
4001:Rouran
3820:b./r.
3603:Xiaowu
3587:d. 537
3347:d. 528
3326:d. 555
3310:Jiemin
3240:Xuanwu
3010:d. 532
2994:d. 508
2978:d. 528
1020:Legend
758:city.
679:Rouran
644:Qushan
593:Jizhou
531:Rouran
460:Rouran
404:, and
398:Kumoxi
150:Fubing
133:After
38:Liu Yu
10612:Liang
10220:Shang
9258:b.575
9247:b.573
9156:寧遠公主
8671:Hubei
8302:–577?
7731:(464–
7329:Anhui
6057:from
6046:took
5541:獨孤伽羅
5531:d.558
4820:Hubei
3891:–552
1863:Taiwu
1373:Daowu
1003:with
737:Hebei
687:Hubei
681:khan
640:Anhui
551:Lu Li
535:Guabu
406:Chufu
402:Chinu
201:Qiang
195:over
129:North
115:Liang
97:South
10620:Chen
10618:) →
10588:) →
10305:Navy
10295:Qing
10290:Ming
10285:Yuan
10275:Song
10270:Liao
10260:Tang
10225:Zhou
10151:ISBN
10043:ISBN
10021:ISBN
9375:help
9143:陳叔達
9130:陈叔宝
8995:Xuan
8763:陈文赞
8654:and
8634:The
8441:Jing
8416:蕭皇后
8298:548–
8275:542–
8270:Ming
8143:543–
8138:Jing
8123:蕭方等
8099:519–
8094:Xuan
7956:508–
7942:–555
7938:508–
7933:Yuan
7918:503–
7884:蕭淵明
7422:and
7293:The
7263:蕭昭文
7247:蕭昭業
7140:蕭長懋
7107:蕭寶寅
7093:蕭寶卷
6960:Ming
6658:The
6628:Shun
6473:Ming
6295:Shao
6211:Wudi
6129:and
5916:Jing
5750:楊麗華
5733:Xuan
5567:Dugu
5528:獨孤王后
5525:Dugu
5510:Ming
5474:宇文憲
5440:宇文護
5215:宇文泰
5191:宇文顥
4910:宇文肱
4882:and
4535:高紹義
4504:高延宗
4486:高长恭
3887:534–
3885:524–
3871:–557
3867:554–
3865:537–
3861:Gong
3834:526–
3666:Yuan
3608:510–
3568:507–
3546:510–
3377:513–
3361:507–
3315:498–
3244:483–
2950:467–
2664:–476
2660:465–
2658:454–
2407:440–
1867:408–
1628:392–
1377:371–
708:, a
693:and
599:).
591:and
587:and
539:Luhe
485:and
241:The
209:Tang
207:and
119:Chen
117:and
10576:→ (
10255:Sui
10235:Han
9256:陳深
9245:陳胤
9112:Fei
9011:陳昌
8977:Wen
8662:.
8630:562
8581:r.
8446:r.
8295:蕭莊
8257:551
8253:萧栋
8112:蕭大器
7971:蕭正德
7953:蕭紀
7899:萧统
7888:555
7759:蕭宏
7748:蕭秀
7553:萧顺之
7412:.
7346:).
7331:).
7289:541
6975:蕭嶷
6862:Gao
6654:497
6316:Wen
6061:.
5257:獨孤信
4519:Fei
4321:高皇后
4125:高欢
3889:550
3869:556
3846:Fei
3836:528
3822:528
3563:Wen
3339:529
3337:d.
2662:471
2124:452
1022::
710:Jie
479:Xia
379:Dai
349:460
205:Sui
42:Jin
10635::
10610:→
10606:→
10584:→
10580:|
10041:,
9901:^
9866:^
9839:^
9822:^
9779:^
9764:^
9727:^
9674:^
9645:^
9620:^
9567:^
9532:^
9485:^
9470:^
9395:^
9311:^
9296:^
8883:Wu
8730:.
8716:.
8709:.
8702:.
8687:.
8680:.
8673:.
8576:萧铣
8427:蕭瑀
7726:Wu
7471:.
7453:.
7442:.
7382:.
7342:,
7327:,
7316:.
7123:He
6993:Wu
6706:.
6437:刘劭
6170:.
6148:.
6137:)
6122:.
6076:.
6039:.
6032:.
5490:Wu
4893:.
4878:.
4871:.
4860:.
4847:Ye
4822:.
4811:.
4804:.
4576:高儼
4367:高湝
4289:高澄
4079:Ye
4046:.
4035:.
4028:.
4021:.
4007:.
3996:.
1063:–
1047:–
1035:–
1007:.
974:.
777:.
756:Ye
743:.
732:.
697:.
661:.
650:,
638:,
561:.
541:,
509:.
445:Ye
423:,
176:.
72:.
10614:(
10551:e
10544:t
10537:v
10231:)
10227:(
10195:e
10188:t
10181:v
9913:.
9377:)
9371:.
7735:)
3008:;
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