Labour in India - Knowledge

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groups include small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural labourers, sharecroppers, fishermen, those engaged in animal husbandry, beedi rolling, labeling and packing, building and construction workers, leather workers, weavers, artisans, salt workers, workers in brick kilns and stone quarries, workers in saw mills, and workers in oil mills. A separate category based on nature of employment includes attached agricultural labourers, bonded labourers, migrant workers, contract and casual labourers. Another separate category dedicated to distressed unorganised sector includes toddy tappers, scavengers, carriers of head loads, drivers of animal driven vehicles, loaders and unloaders. The last unorganised labour category includes service workers such as midwives, domestic workers, barbers, vegetable and fruit vendors, newspaper vendors, pavement vendors, hand cart operators, and the unorganised

1129:, millions of migrant workers had to deal with the loss of income, food shortages and uncertainty about their future. Following this, many of them and their families went hungry. Thousands of them then began walking back home, with no means of transport due to the lockdown. Due to the lockdown, more than 300 deaths were reported till 5 May, with reasons ranging from starvation, suicides, exhaustion, road and rail accidents, police brutality and denial of timely medical care. Among the reported deaths, most were among the marginalised migrants and labourers. 80 died while travelling back home on the Shramik Special trains, in the one month since their launch. In response, the Central and State Governments took various measures to help them, and later arranged transport for them. 1233: 1583: 1391:

appropriate government office seeking government's permission, explain valid reasons for termination, and wait for one month before the employment can be lawfully terminated. The employer may pay full compensation for one month in lieu of the notice. Furthermore, employer must pay an equivalent to 15 days average pay for each completed year of employees continuous service. Thus, an employee who has worked for four years in addition to various notices and due process, must be paid a minimum of the employee's wage equivalent to 60 days before retrenchment, if the government grants the employer a permission to lay off.

1026: 3357: 684: 676: 1248:. The current mosaic of Indian laws on employment are thus a combination of India's history during its colonial heritage, India's experiments with socialism, important human rights and the conventions and standards that have emerged from the United Nations. The laws cover the right to work of one's choice, right against discrimination, prohibition of child labour, fair and humane conditions of work, social security, protection of wages, redress of grievances, right to organise and form trade unions, collective bargaining and participation in management. 1148:

Sample Survey Organisation survey in India estimated 343,000 bonded labourers in 16 major states, of which 285,379 were located and freed by 1996. The major employment sectors for debt bonded labour include: agriculture, stone quarries, brick kilns, religious and temple workmen, pottery, rural weaving, fishing, forestry, betel and bidi workers, carpet, illegal mining and fireworks. Child labour has been found in family debt bonded situations. In each survey, debt bonded labourers have been found in unorganised, unincorporated sector.

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rigid and complicated to comply with. These studies find that states with flexible labour laws have grown significantly faster. Flexible labour states have been able to take advantage of the export opportunities, and the per capita household income has risen much faster in states with flexible labour laws. States with rigid labour laws have led local entrepreneurs to prefer casual workers or contract workers with finite employment time period; in essence, more rigid and inflexible labour law states see increased informal employment.

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modes of transport. Assuming that the estimation is rigorous and extrapolating it, taking into account the net annual addition, possible growth in migration rate, as well as accounting for the migration from the neighbouring states, Kerala is likely to have 3.5 to 4 million inter-state migrant workers in 2017. Despite their importance and despite many of them praising the state for its welfare schemes and environment, they are often ignored in comparison and suffer from comparatively poor living conditions.

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have varied from year to year. However, the figures for 1990 and preliminary data from 1991 indicate declines from levels reached in the 1980s, when between 33 and 75 million workdays per year were lost because of labour disputes. In 1999, the government of India recorded about 927 strikes and lockouts, or about half of those for 1990. The number of lost man-days were about the same for 1999 and 1991, even though Indian economic output and number of workers had grown significantly over the 1990s.

1103:, the tallest building in world's history which opened in January 2010. These migrant workers are attracted by better salaries (typically US$ 2 to 5 per hour), possibility of earning overtime pay, and opportunity to remit funds to support their families in India. The Middle East-based migrant workers from India remitted about US$ 20 billion in 2009. Once the projects are over, they are required to return at their own expenses, with no unemployment or social security benefits. In some cases, 3370: 668: 769:

unions. By 1989, BMS had become India's largest federation of unions with 3,117 affiliated unions, while INTUC remained the largest federation by combined number of members at 2.2 million. The largest federation of trade unions, INTUC, represents about 0.5% of India's labour force in organised sector and unorganised sector. In 2010, over 98% of Indian workers did not belong to any trade unions and were not covered by any collective bargaining agreements.

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Bhalla, the productivity gap sharply worsens when rural unorganised sector is compared to urban unorganised sector, with gross value added productivity gap spiking an additional two to four fold depending on occupation. Some of lowest income jobs are in the rural unorganised sectors. Poverty rates are reported to be significantly higher in families where all working age members have only worked the unorganised sector throughout their lives.

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disputes within the same year, and stopped work, peaked in 1979, at 2.9 million workers. The number of lost man-days from labour relation issues peaked in 1982 at 74.6 million lost man-days, or about 2.7% of total man-days in organised sector. While the 1970s experienced a spike in labour unions and disputes, a sudden reduction in labour disputes was observed during 1975–1977, when Indira Gandhi, then prime minister, declared an

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entrepreneurs, an economy that prefers to employ informal labour to avoid the complicated and opaque laws. In particular, Indian labour legislation such as the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 added rigid labour laws and one sided trade union laws. Although the Act does not prohibit layoffs and retrenchments, it does require entrepreneurs and companies to get the permission from government officials to fire an employee for absenteeism,

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employment in the organised or unorganised sectors of India, and prefers the security of any employment including one offered in bonded labour form. While illegal, bonded labour relationships may be reinforced by force, or they may continue from custom. Once an employee enters into a bonded relationships, they are characterised by asymmetry of information, opportunity, no time to search for alternative jobs and high exit costs.

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enterprises, thereby regulating who can enter in these businesses, and above all placing a limit on the number of employees per company for the listed products. The list included all key technology and industrial products in the early 1950s, including products ranging from certain iron and steel products, fuel derivatives, motors, certain machinery, machine tools, to ceramics and scientific equipment.

782:. Some studies (e.g.: Besley and Burges, 2004) purport to show that pro-worker amendments to the Industrial Disputes Act have had a negative impact on industrial output and employment - as well as on poverty. However these studies have faced serious criticism on the grounds that the data used are misinterpreted, and that the results are not robust with respect to standard econometric tests. 3298:

strong disincentive to formally register new companies and hire additional workers in existing organised sector companies. Unlike China, Indian businesses have avoided substituting India's abundant labour for export or domestic opportunities, or use labour instead of expensive equipment for quality control or other operations. These are reasons for India's weak employment growth.

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any agency or directly, to do the household work, but do not include any member of the family of an employer. Some of these work exclusively for a single employer, while others work for more than one employer. Some are live-in workers, while some are seasonal. The employment of these migrant workers is typically at the will of the employer and the worker, and compensation varies.

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while Indian economy has grown significantly and Indian labour force has expanded, the average number of man-days lost has dropped by about 30%. The downward trend continues both in terms of number of disputes and lost man-days per dispute. For example, India experienced 249 disputes in the first 5 months of 2010, and 101 disputes in 2012 over the same period.

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from factories, and this permission is usually denied if they have more than 100 staff. This partly explains why most Indian firms are small: 87 percent of employment in India's organised manufacturing sector is in firms with fewer than ten employees, compared with only 5 percent in China. Small Indian firms cannot reap

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India is a federal form of government. Labour is a subject in the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution and therefore labour matters are in the jurisdiction of both central and state governments. Both central and state governments have enacted laws on labour relations and employment issues. Some

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Bonded labour is a forced relationship between an employer and an employee, where the compulsion is derived from outstanding debt. Often the interest accrues at a rate that is so high that the bonded labour lasts a very long periods of time, or indefinitely. Sometimes, the employee has no options for

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Domestic migrant workers have been estimated to be about 4.2 million - (Domestic workers, not domestic migrant workers). These workers range from full-time to part-time workers, temporary or permanent workers. They are typically employed for remuneration in cash or kind, in any household through

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employees and private sector employees. In terms of gender equality in employment, male to female ratio was 5:1 in government and government owned enterprises; private sector fared better at 3:1 ratio. Combined, counting only companies with more than 10 employees per company, the organised public and

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India's National Sample Survey Office in its 67th report found that unorganised manufacturing, unorganised trading/retail and unorganised services employed about 10 percent each of all workers nationwide, as of 2010. It also reported that India had about 58 million unincorporated non-Agriculture

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employees for economic reasons, or to close an economically nonviable company. This bureaucratic process can stretch into years, and the government officials have consistently and almost always denied such permission. As a result, the scholars argue that India's inflexible labour laws have created a

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This Act, applies to an enterprise employing 20 or more persons. The Act requires employer to pay a bonus to persons on the basis of profits or on the basis of production or productivity. The Act was modified to require companies to pay a minimum bonus, even if the employer suffers losses during the

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This Act requires employers in industrial establishments to define and post the conditions of employment by issuing so-called standing orders. These standing orders must be approved by the government and duly certified. These orders aim to remove flexibility from the employer in terms of job, hours,

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Between 2004 and 2011, India has experienced a decline in unionised labour. The number of labour disputes has dropped to 400 annually over the same period, compared with over 1,000 in the 1990s. The annual number of man-days lost to labour disputes in early 1990s averaged around 27 million; by 2010,

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The government recorded 1,825 strikes and lockouts in 1990. As a result, 24.1 million workdays were lost, 10.6 million to strikes and 13.5 million to lockouts. More than 1.3 million workers were involved in these labour disputes. The number and seriousness of strikes and lockouts

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One exception is white collar jobs, where companies have stronger lobbies and employees are not unionised, so they have managed to operate freely with a much larger workforce and have been able to lay off a significant portion of their workforce without contravening labour laws. In almost all cases

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or exploit the latest technology, and so suffer from lower productivity than if they scaled up, employed more people and were much bigger companies. This cripples Indian firms ability to rapidly expand or adjust with changes in global economy, both during early opportunity phase and during economic

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A 2007 article in The Economist finds India to have the most restrictive labour laws in any major economy of the world. India's private sector, including its organised manufacturing sector, employs about 10 million Indians. Manufacturing firms need to obtain government permission to lay off workers

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In the organised private sector with more than 10 employees per company, the biggest employers in 2008 were manufacturing at 5 million; social services at 2.2 million, which includes private schools and hospitals; finance at 1.1 million which includes bank, insurance and real estate;

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Djankov and Ramalho have reviewed a number of labour studies on developing countries including India. They find, consistent with above criticisms, that countries with rigid employment laws have larger unorganised sectors and higher unemployment, especially among young workers. They also report the

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More recently, a few scholars have completed a comparative study between states of India with different labour regulations. They compared states of India who have amended labour legislations to grant more flexibility to employers, to those states in India that have made their labour laws even more

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The Maternity Benefit Act regulates the employment of the women and maternity benefits mandated by law. Any woman employee who worked in any establishment for a period of at least 80 days during the 12 months immediately preceding the date of her expected delivery, is entitled to receive maternity

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The Minimum Wages Act prescribes minimum wages in all enterprises, and in some cases those working at home per the schedule of the Act. Central and State Governments can and do revise minimum wages at their discretion. The minimum wage is further classified by nature of work, location and numerous

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Indian labour laws are considered to be very highly regulated and rigid as compared to those of other countries in the world. The intensity of these laws have been criticised as the cause of low employment growth, large unorganised sectors, underground economy and low per capita income. These have

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according to a 2013 study by the Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation. Every year, the migrant worker population in Kerala increases by 2.35 lakh (235,000) people. The study, based on long-distance trains terminating in Kerala, does not cover migrants from the neighbouring states who use other

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In 1995, India had 10 central federations of trade unions, namely (arranged by number of member unions in 1980): INTUC, CITU, BMS, AITUC, HMS, NLO, UTUC, AIUTUC, NFITU and TUCC. Each federation had numerous local trade union affiliates, with the smallest TUCC with 65 and INTUC with 1604 affiliated

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Given its natural rate of population growth and aging characteristics, India is adding about 13 million new workers every year to its labour pool. India's economy has been adding about 8 million new jobs every year predominantly in low paying, unorganised sector. The remaining 5 million youth

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Migrant skilled and unskilled labourers of India constitute about 40 to 85 percent of low wage working population in many parts of the Middle East. They are credited to having built many of the notable buildings in the Arab countries, including the Burj Khalifa in Dubai (above). Various claims of

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The unorganised sector has low productivity and offers lower wages. Even though it accounted for over 94 percent of workers, India's unorganised sector created just 57 percent of India's national domestic product in 2006, or about nine fold less per worker than the organised sector. According to

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in India. India has over 50 major Acts and numerous laws that regulate employers in matters relating to industrial relations, employee unions as well as who, how and when enterprises can employ or terminate employment. Many of these laws survive from British colonial times, while some have been

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According to data from Census year 2011, number of child labourers is 10.1 million, 5.6 million boys and 4.5 million girls in India. Total of 152 million children, 64 million girls and 88 million boys are estimated to be in child labour globally, for almost one in ten of all children worldwide.

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Estimates of bonded labour in India vary widely, depending on survey methods, assumptions and sources. Official Indian government estimates claim a few hundred thousand labourers are bonded labourers; while a 1978 estimate placed bonded labour in India to be 2.62 million. The 32nd National

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India's Ministry of Labour, in its 2008 report, classified the unorganised labour in India into four groups. This classification categorized India's unorganised labour force by occupation, nature of employment, specially distressed categories and service categories. The unorganised occupational

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This law applies to all establishments employing 10 or more workers. Gratuity is payable to the employee if he or she resigns or retires. The Indian government mandates that this payment be at the rate of 15 days salary of the employee for each completed year of service subject to a maximum of

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This Act seeks to ensure the financial security of the employees in an establishment by providing for a system of compulsory savings. The Act provides for establishments of a contributory Provident Fund in which employees' contribution shall be at least equal to the contribution payable by the

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This law declared numerous key manufacturing industries under its so-called First Schedule. It placed many industries under common central government regulations in addition to whatever laws state government enact. It also reserved over 600 products that can only be manufactured in small scale

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The Act also regulates what rules and conditions employers must comply before the termination or layoff of a workman who has been in continuous service for more than one year with the employer. The employer is required to give notice of termination to the employee with a copy of the notice to

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Article 24 of India's constitution prohibits child labour, but only in factories, mines or hazardous employment. The Indian Penal Code, the Juvenile Justice (care and protection) of Children Act-2000, and the Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act-1986 provide a basis in law to identify,

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Between 1950 and 1970, labour disputes nearly tripled in India, from an average of 1000 labour disputes per year, to an average of 3000 labour disputes per year. The number of labour relations issues within a year peaked in 1973 at 3,370 labour disputes. The number of workers who joined labour

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The Workmen's Compensation Act compensates a workman for any injury suffered during the course of his employment or to his dependents in the case of his death. The Act provides for the rate at which compensation shall be paid to an employee. This is one of many social security laws in India.

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Scholars suggest India's rigid labour laws and excessive regulations assumed to protect the labour are the cause of slow employment growth in high paying, organised sector. India's labour-related acts and regulations have led to labour-market rigidity. This encourages shadow economy for

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Scholars suggest inflexibility and structure of India's labour market, size of informal economy, legal hurdles preventing industries from scaling up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors encouraging demand for and acceptability of child labour.

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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that India is only doing 43.9% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to work. Due to lax labor rules that apply to all businesses in India, laborers are frequently exploited by their bosses in contrast to

634:. In 2020, there were around 476.67 million workers in India, the second largest after China. Out of which, agriculture industry consist of 41.19%, industry sector consist of 26.18% and service sector consist 32.33% of total labour force. Of these over 94 percent work in 756:

provided recognition and protection for a nascent India In 1997, India had about 59,000 trade unions registered with the government of India. Of these only 9,900 unions filed income and expenditure reports and claimed to represent 7.4 million workers. The state of

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and agriculture at 1 million. India had more central and state government employees in 2008, than employees in all private sector companies combined. If state-owned companies and municipal government employees were included, India had a 1.8:1 ratio between

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timing, leave grant, productivity measures and other matters. The standing orders mandate that the employer classify its employees, state the shifts, payment of wages, rules for vacation, rules for sick leave, holidays, rules for termination amongst others.

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in India refers to licensed organisations, that is, those who are registered and pay GST. These include the publicly traded companies, incorporated or formally registered entities, corporations, factories, shopping malls, hotels, and large businesses.

3081: 1271:, right to organise, form trade unions and enforce collective bargaining. India also has numerous rigid regulations such as maximum number of employees per company in certain sectors of economy, and limitations on employers on retrenchment and 1346:

The Payment of Wages Act regulates by when wages shall be distributed to employees by the employers. The law also provides the tax withholdings the employer must deduct and pay to the central or state government before distributing the wages.

974:. Politicians have often been union leaders, and some analysts believe that strikes and other labour protests are called primarily to further the interests of political parties rather than to promote the interests of the work force. 7365:

Afridi, Farzana and Mukhopadhyay, Abhiroop and Sahoo, Soham, Female Labour Force Participation and Child Education in India: The Effect of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6593, Available at

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It is an act to provide for a scheme for the payment of gratuity to employees engaged in factories, mines, oilfields, ports, plantations, shops or other establishments and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

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Union membership is concentrated in the organised sector, and in the early 1990s total membership was about 9 million. Many unions are affiliated with regional or national federations, the most important of which are the

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Bhattacharjea, Aditya, Labour Market Regulation and Industrial Performance in India: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 211-232, April-June 2006, Available at

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The Industrial Disputes act 1947 regulates how employers may address industrial disputes such as lockouts, layoffs, retrenchment etc. It controls the lawful processes for reconciliation, adjudication of labour disputes.

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A number of economists (e.g.: Fallon and Lucas, 1989; Besley and Burgess, 2004) have studied the industrial relations climate in India, with a large number of studies focusing on state-level differences in India's

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when compared with the ten largest economies globally. The average working hours in India are approximately 47.7 hours per week. This places India seventh on the list of countries that work the most globally.

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About seven per cent of the 400 million-strong workforce were employed in the formal sector (comprising government and corporates) in 2000 contributing 60 per cent of the nominal GDP of the nation. The

5448: 6262: 4685: 638:, unorganised enterprises ranging from pushcart vendors to home-based diamond and gem polishing operations. The organised sector includes workers employed by the government, state-owned enterprises and 1482:

employer. Minimum contribution by the employees shall be 10-12% of the wages. This amount is payable to the employee after retirement and could also be withdrawn partly for certain specified purposes.

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from pre-1947 independence movement struggle. These laws were expanded in part after debates in Constituent Assemblies and in part from international conventions and recommendations such as of

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Shah, A, Lerche, J. Migration and the invisible economies of care: Production, social reproduction and seasonal migrant labour in India. Trans Inst Br Geogr. 2020; 45: 719– 734.

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India has two broad groups of migrant labourers - one that migrates to temporarily work overseas, and another that migrates domestically on a seasonal and work available basis.

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joining the ranks of poorly paid partial employment, casual labour pool for temporary infrastructure and real estate construction jobs, or in many cases, being unemployed.

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Dubey, A., Olsen, W. & Sen, K. The Decline in the Labour Force Participation of Rural Women in India: Taking a Long-Run View. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 60, 589–612 (2017).

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to prohibit any and all forms of bonded labour practice, to protect the bonded labour, and to criminalize individuals and entities that hire, keep or seek bonded labour.

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Reddy, A.B. (2016), "Labour force participation of elderly in India: patterns and determinants", International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 43 No. 5, pp. 502-516.

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PM Cawthorne, 'Of Networks and Markets: The Rise and Rise of a South Indian Town, the Example of Tiruppur's Cotton Knitwear Industry' (1994) 23(1) World Development 43

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About 4 million Indian-origin labourers are migrant workers in the Middle East alone. They are credited to have been the majority of workers who built many of

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prosecute and stop child labour in India. Nevertheless, child labour is observed in almost all unorganised, small scale, informal sectors of the Indian economy.

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at 9,800 trade unions had the highest number of registered unions, but only few filed income and expenditure reports with the government of India. The state of

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Sundaram, K., and Suresh D. Tendulkar. “The Poor in the Indian Labour Force: Scenario in the 1990s.” Economic and Political Weekly 39, no. 48 (2004): 5125–32.

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enterprises. In 2008, the organised sector employed 27.5 million workers, of which 17.3 million worked for government or government owned entities.

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Many issues plague unorganised labour. India's Ministry of Labour has identified significant issues with migrant, home or bondage labourers and child labour.

1275:, requirement of paperwork, bureaucratic process and government approval for change in labour in companies even if these are because of economic conditions. 4523: 4282: 4116: 2951: 2323: 2060: 6269: 4479:

Stories of harassment, violence and discrimination: migrant experiences between India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Overseas Development Institute Briefing Paper

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Vidu Badigannavar, John Kelly, Do Labour Laws Protect Labour in India? Union Experiences of Workplace Employment Regulations in Maharashtra, India,

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Hasan, R., D. Mitra and B.P. Ural (2007). "Trade Liberalisation, Labour Market Institutions and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from India States".

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There has been a substantial flow of people from Bangladesh and Nepal to India over recent decades in search of better work. Researchers at the

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THOMAS, JAYAN JOSE. “India’s Labour Market during the 2000s: Surveying the Changes.” Economic and Political Weekly 47, no. 51 (2012): 39–51.

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Papola, T. S. “Employment Growth and Social Protection of Labour in India.” Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 30, no. 2 (1994): 117–43.

6069: 5819: 6781:"Central Government Revises the National floor level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) from Rs. 100 Per Day to Rs. 115 Per Day Effective from 01.04.2011" 5258: 3071: 2921: 6821:"Fair Labor Association Secures Commitment to Limit Workers' Hours, Protect Pay at Apple's Largest Supplier | Fair Labor Association" 5795: 4497: 3625: 8102: 5053: 2402: 1170:

Poverty, lack of schools, poor education infrastructure and growth of unorganised economy are considered as the most important causes of

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Bhattacharjea, A. (2006). "Labour market regulation and industrial performance in India: A critical review of the empirical evidence".

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white collar employees are forced to resign under threat of negative recommendations and black-listing with industry associations.

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benefits under the Act. The employer is required to pay maternity benefits, medical allowance, maternity leave and nursing breaks.

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About 30 million workers are migrant workers, most in agriculture, and local stable employment is unavailable for them.

6996:. Chapter 6: A Mirage of Welfare: How the Social Question in India Got Aborted. California: University of California Press. 5367: 4443: 8133: 7700: 7508: 3155: 3116: 2759: 955: 6897: 5314:

Child Labor: Theory, Evidence, and Policy (Chapter 3, International Labor Standards: History, Theory, and Policy Options)

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Dinar Kale, David Wield, Joanna Chataway, Diffusion of knowledge through migration of scientific labour in India,

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1120 per day for work in the so-called central sphere. State governments have their own minimum wage schedules.

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The vast majority of work in India is in the informal sector. Pictured above is a child fruit seller in Kolkata.

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Government and Business Attitudes towards Labour Welfare in Bengal: The Maternity Benefit Question (1919-1947)

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Datta-Chaudhuri, T.; D. Bhattacharjee (1994). "Unions, Wages and Labour Markets in Indian Industry, 1960–66".

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SWAMINATHAN, PADMINI. “Outside the Realm of Protective Labour Legislation: Saga of Unpaid Labour in India.”

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This Act enacted the rules and protections granted to Trade Unions in India. This law was amended in 2001.

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Agriculture, dairy, horticulture and related occupations alone employ 41.49 percent of labour in India.

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Tom Brass (2008) Capitalism and Bonded Labour in India: Reinterpreting Recent (Re-) Interpretations,

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India has a new code to simplify law on minimum wages – but it doesn't give workers any real benefit

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The table below contrasts the labour laws of India to those of China and United States, as on 2011.

1425: 8211: 8004: 7989: 7928: 7865: 7812: 7736: 5933: 5366:. International Labour Organization - an Agency of the United Nations, Geneva. 2011. Archived from 4247: 3743: 3691: 3007: 2876: 2429: 2218: 1703: 1604: 635: 502: 477: 205: 106: 6917:, in 'State and Business in India: A Historical Perspective', pp. 217–257 (New Delhi, 1987), 6707: 6076: 5826: 1883: 7787: 7602: 7570: 7272:

Vyas, M. Impact of Lockdown on Labour in India. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 63 (Suppl 1), 73–77 (2020).

7118: 3706: 3654: 3192: 2931: 2881: 2809: 2582: 2360: 2304: 2287: 1718: 1025: 971: 691:

Over 94 percent of India's working population is part of the unorganised sector. In local terms,

517: 46: 7009:

Women, Labour and the Economy in India: From Migrant Menservants to Uprooted Girl Children Maids

6615:"Trade Reforms, Labor Regulations, and Labor-Demand Elasticities: Empirical Evidence from India" 5752:

A compendium of links to labour laws and employment matters published by the Government of India

5021:"Coronavirus lockdown | Over 60,000 people have registered on Delhi govt portal to go back home" 4780:"The human cost of India's coronavirus lockdown: Deaths by hunger, starvation, suicide and more" 4225: 3799:"Protecting children in the world of work (see article on Child Labour in the Diamond Industry)" 8158: 7597: 7524: 7438: 6722: 5802: 5574:"Foreign Labor Trends Report: India 2006 (see section on labor regulations and needed reforms)" 5172: 4501: 4430: 3711: 3513: 3494: 3265: 3234: 2739: 2480: 2392: 2240: 1964: 1930: 1925: 482: 452: 444: 215: 5957: 1107:

such as unpaid salaries, unsafe work conditions and poor living conditions have been claimed.

8180: 8170: 8072: 8057: 7999: 7895: 7870: 7782: 7731: 7721: 7680: 7634: 7629: 7565: 6557: 6521: 6241: 6163: 3721: 3101: 2956: 2869: 2854: 2536: 2524: 2270: 2255: 2040: 1815: 1737: 1708: 1240:

The labour laws of India originated and express the socio-political views of leaders such as

1171: 1164: 1138: 1078:, are a significant economic force in the state; there were around 2.5 million internal 790:

and amongst other things suspended many civil rights including the worker's right to strike.

787: 683: 512: 472: 457: 180: 86: 7247:

Pravin Sinha (2004) Representing labour in India, Development in Practice, 14:1-2, 127-135,

7165:

Issues in Law and Public Policy on Contract Labour in India: Comparative Insights from China

4081: 8153: 7918: 7592: 7560: 7259: 6187: 6132:"The Unequal Effects of Liberalisation: Evidence from Dismantling the License Raj in India" 4660:"In India, the world's biggest lockdown has forced migrants to walk hundreds of miles home" 4149: 3681: 3239: 3143: 3106: 3034: 2978: 2847: 2804: 2618: 2548: 2223: 2003: 1905: 1789: 1696: 1252: 675: 561: 492: 311: 146: 116: 6780: 6373:"Firing costs and flexibility:evidence from firms employment responses to economic shocks" 8: 8185: 8090: 8029: 7974: 7951: 7168: 7012: 6682:"The labor law implementation in India is very weak compared to many developed economies" 5557:"The Role of Law and Legal Institutions in Asian Economic Development: The Case of India" 2727: 2707: 2592: 2577: 2446: 2417: 2407: 2297: 2245: 2213: 2010: 1868: 1836: 1831: 1784: 1641: 607: 487: 141: 5216: 5201: 5149: 1215:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

8163: 8148: 8117: 8019: 8009: 7792: 7756: 7649: 7619: 7580: 7456: 7355: 7344: 7333: 7227: 7186: 7030: 6890:"Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: India, December 2004" 6748: 6655: 6637: 6593: 6313: 6210: 6151: 5607: 5537: 5343: 5163:

G. Genicot (February 2002). "Bonded labor and serfdom: a paradox of voluntary choice".

4354: 4185: 3307: 2973: 2819: 2794: 2784: 2749: 2744: 2712: 2677: 2670: 2611: 2604: 2461: 2280: 2275: 2265: 2035: 1888: 1846: 1841: 1794: 1762: 1752: 1689: 967: 713: 390: 250: 5590:

Simeon Djankov; Rita Ramalho (March 2009). "Employment laws in developing countries".

5186: 1910: 1856: 8143: 8047: 8037: 7860: 7777: 7761: 7690: 7657: 7406: 7367: 7294: 7215: 7205: 7172: 7151: 7141: 7122: 7099: 7080: 7063: 7053: 7016: 6997: 6918: 6857: 6549: 6446: 6348: 6299: 5529: 5485: 5427: 5329: 5281: 5118: 5061: 5028: 4969: 4911:"Not Just the Aurangabad Accident, 383 People Have Died Due to the Punitive Lockdown" 4839: 4753: 4719: 4529:. Ministry of Labour and Employment, Govt of India. 12 September 2011. Archived from 4411: 4331: 4310: 4181: 3988: 3928: 3895: 3686: 3569: 3061: 2779: 2774: 2717: 2702: 2682: 2504: 2499: 2434: 2397: 2230: 2196: 2025: 1878: 1767: 1646: 1465: 1191: 581: 532: 467: 410: 220: 76: 5737:. Ministry of Labour & Employment, The Government of India. 2011. Archived from 5674: 5611: 5573: 4885:"More than 300 Indians have died of the coronavirus, and nearly 200 of the lockdown" 4189: 1263:, those that aim to guarantee fair and human conditions of work, those that provide 8138: 8067: 8062: 8052: 7979: 7575: 7532: 7442: 7428: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7375: 7323: 7309: 7283: 7273: 7263: 7258:

Amartya K. Sen, Surplus Labour in India: A Critique of Schultz's Statistical Test,

7248: 6958: 6740: 6732: 6641: 6629: 6489: 6481: 6469: 6423: 6214: 6202: 6143: 6129: 5599: 5541: 5521: 5321: 5182: 4358: 4346: 4177: 3251: 2829: 2824: 2814: 2789: 2754: 2722: 2692: 2565: 2553: 2531: 2509: 2456: 2292: 2260: 1562: 1411:

other factors at the discretion of the government. The minimum wage ranges between

647: 631: 566: 556: 111: 7662: 6889: 6752: 6736: 6550:"Investment Climate and Economic Performance: Some Firm Level Evidence from India" 6155: 4866:"56-year-old migrant dies on road to home, another dies after police lathi charge" 4746:"India coronavirus lockdown | Migrant workers and their long march to uncertainty" 3633:

Designing a Universal and Comprehensive Social Security Floor for Informal Sector

1125:

have faced multiple hardships. With factories and workplaces shut down due to the

7880: 7545: 6851: 5993: 5975: 4485: 4286: 3819: 3160: 3051: 3046: 2799: 2769: 2764: 2487: 2451: 2250: 2168: 1873: 1619: 1264: 586: 400: 358: 280: 66: 7252: 6131: 4098: 8082: 8014: 7966: 7903: 7822: 7751: 7614: 7474: 7277: 6206: 5303: 4350: 4016: 3953: 3921:"Perspective | Child labor: The inconvenient truth behind India's growth story" 3244: 3138: 2030: 1671: 1629: 1079: 639: 600: 425: 420: 405: 368: 190: 36: 7432: 7422: 7327: 6485: 6427: 5603: 5325: 5305: 8205: 7875: 7835: 7410: 7313: 5968: 5411: 5122: 5065: 5032: 4995:"More than 21,000 camps set up for over 6,60,000 migrants: State governments" 4973: 4843: 4757: 4723: 4203: 3992: 3932: 3899: 3716: 3375: 3319:

rigid, inflexible labour laws are strongly related to low per capita income.

3182: 3111: 2558: 2541: 2316: 2146: 2136: 1920: 1570: 735: 350: 285: 245: 210: 136: 7446: 4408:

Organized labour and economic liberalisation India: Past, present and future

4168:

A. C. KULSHRESHTHA (May 2011). "Measuring the Unorganized Sector in India".

7741: 5533: 4082:"Gender Dimensions of the Informal Sector and Informal Employment in India" 3954:"Indian factory workers supplying major brands allege routine exploitation" 3668: 3382: 3187: 3024: 3000: 2906: 2899: 2630: 2158: 2131: 2094: 2072: 1959: 1676: 1656: 1634: 1624: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1268: 1260: 1100: 430: 395: 378: 275: 260: 225: 175: 170: 162: 96: 6633: 6547: 6188:"Can Labour Regulation Hinder Economic Performance? - Evidence from India" 6147: 5556: 5525: 5479: 5088:"Buses Not Feasible For Moving Migrants, States Appeal To Centre: Sources" 2439: 667: 7850: 7845: 7830: 7746: 7493: 7379: 6396: 5695: 5507:"Child Labor and the Division of Labor in the Early English Cotton Mills" 4805:"Suicide leading cause for over 300 lockdown deaths in India, says study" 3029: 3017: 2370: 2173: 2163: 2121: 1935: 304: 131: 101: 81: 7460: 7348: 7337: 6870: 5986: 5738: 5385: 4034:"Maybe not 70 hours, but Indians are among hardest workers in the world" 1442:

An Act to consolidate and amend the law regulating labour in factories.

739:

private sector employed 5.5 million women and 22 million men.

7359: 7287: 6987: 6614: 6612: 6494: 4332:"Can Labor Regulation Hinder Economic Performance? Evidence from India" 4223: 3676: 3177: 2474: 2178: 2045: 1522:

accounting year. This minimum is currently 8.33 percent of the salary.

1445: 1350: 1049: 765:

had the fastest growth in number of unions between the 1950s to 1990s.

576: 270: 265: 6937:

The Problem of Middle Class Educated Unemployment in Bengal, 1912-1942

5506: 4712:"India's Coronavirus Lockdown Leaves Vast Numbers Stranded and Hungry" 3836: 1110: 7384: 6744: 6470:"Are All Labor Regulations Equal? Evidence from Indian Manufacturing" 5987:

THE EMPLOYEES' PROVIDENT FUNDS AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ACT, 1952

2422: 2087: 1949: 1099:, Bahrain, Qatar and Persian Gulf modern architecture, including the 1014: 762: 385: 126: 121: 7489:

Official website of Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour and Employment

7387:"Why is the Labour Force Participation of Women Declining in India?" 7371: 7267: 5454:. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. Archived from 4641:"Reverse exodus of migrant workers in Persian Gulf challenges India" 2104: 7840: 7298: 7006: 6413: 5624: 3801:. International Labour Organization. pp. 51–53. Archived from 3436: 3012: 2570: 2514: 2466: 2126: 1971: 1826: 1732: 240: 7219: 7155: 7067: 6511:"Indian Manufacturing: A Slow Sector in a Rapidly Growing Economy" 5054:"India to Provide Free Food Grains to Millions of Migrant Workers" 1466:

Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act of 1952

56: 6932:, The Indian Economic & Social History Review 22 (3), 329-351 6656:"Chronicles of the rise and fall of the Indian software engineer" 6586:

Labour Market Institution and Flexibility in Indian Manufacturing

6227: 5364:"National Legislation and Policies Against Child Labour in India" 3322: 2995: 2077: 1757: 1574: 415: 6940:, The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 19 (1), 27-45 6338:"Labor regulation, economic complexity, and the China-India gap" 7488: 6856:

Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd : New Delhi, Pp. 256,

3886:

Schultz, Kai; Paton, Elizabeth; Jay, Phyllida (11 March 2020).

3616:

Comprehensive Social Security for the Indian Unorganised Sector

3532: 3472: 3294: 2697: 2519: 2099: 2082: 1944: 1779: 1747: 1272: 1083: 758: 679:

Workers at a handicraft manufacturing enterprise, Uttar Pradesh

363: 6993:

The Social Question in the Twenty-First Century: A Global View

4962:"Indian Authorities Probe Deaths of Migrant Workers on Trains" 4151:

Street Food Vendors in Delhi: Nomads in the storm of modernity

4117:"The Informal Sector in Asia from the Decent Work Perspective" 3648: 7913: 7199: 6583: 6102:"Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972; Compliance and Applicability" 5863:"INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT (STANDING ORDERS) CENTRAL RULES, 1946" 5275: 4830:

Gettleman, Jeffrey; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (8 May 2020).

3861: 3796: 3362: 3349: 1954: 1940: 1915: 1096: 1071: 373: 7096:

Informal Labour in Urban India: Three Cities, Three Journeys

6681: 6263:"How wrong has the Indian Left been about economic reforms?" 6130:

Aghion, P., R. Burgess, S. Redding and F. Zilibotti (2008).

5259:"India Journal: The Basic Shortages that Plague Our Schools" 4465:"Asia/Middle East: Increase Protections for Migrant Workers" 3763: 1821: 1651: 1035:

poor living conditions and labour abuse have been reported.

6370: 5589: 4744:

Rashid, Omar; Anand, Jatin; Mahale, Ajeet (4 April 2020).

4307:

Industrial Relations, Trade Unions, and Labour Legislation

7483: 6948:, Bangladesh Historical Studies, Vol. IV, pp. 49–63. 6516:. Institute of Policy Studies - Singapore and World Bank. 4224:

Kalpana Kochhar; Pradeep Mitra; Reema Nayar (June 2012).

793:

This is a table showing trend of organised Labour Force.

5751: 5625:

Tito Boeri; Brooke Helppie; Mario Macis (October 2008).

5304:

Brown, D. K., Deardorff, A. V. and Stern, R. M. (2003).

7162: 6548:

David Dollar; Giuseppe Iarossi; Taye Mengistae (2002).

6467: 6293: 5482:

The Policy Analysis of Child Labor: A Comparative Study

5102: 4405: 3702:

International Society for Labor Law and Social Security

3626:

Self-employed Migrant Workers in the Unorganised Sector

6929:

The Indian mines maternity benefit question, 1919-1947

5278:

Asian Informal Workers: Global Risks, Local Protection

4410:. International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva. 1291: 1048:

found that these migrant workers are often subject to

7262:, Volume 77, Issue 305, 1 March 1967, Pages 154–161, 7202:

Footloose Labour: Working in India's Informal Economy

5480:

Christiaan Grootaert; Harry Anthony Patrinos (1999).

4122:. International Labour Office, Geneva. Archived from 1090: 7441:, Volume 41, Issue 4, December 2012, Pages 439–470, 6613:

Rana Hasan; Devashish Mitra; K.V. Ramaswamy (2007).

6185: 5969:

The Industries(Development and Regulation) Act, 1951

4737: 4524:"Final Report of the Task Force on Domestic Workers" 4147: 3644: 2952:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

1446:

Industries (Regulation and Development) Act of 1951

1351:

Industrial Employment (Standing orders) Act of 1946

981: 948: 772: 6708:"Employment Protection, Firm Selection, and Growth" 4390: 1525: 1370: 1117:

Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

1111:

Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

6552:. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. 5217:"Bonded Labor in India: Its Incidence and Pattern" 5214: 5202:"Bonded Labor in India: Its Incidence and Pattern" 5199: 5150:"Bonded Labor in India: Its Incidence and Pattern" 5147: 4329: 4208:"The restructuring of unorganised sector in India" 4167: 6945:Supply of Labour to Bengal Tea Industry 1900-1939 6440: 5299: 5297: 4829: 4743: 4710:Abi-Habib, Maria; Yasir, Sameer (29 March 2020). 4582:"Directorio de Entrenadores Personales en España" 4371: 1485: 1284:enacted after India's independence from Britain. 8203: 7308:, Volume 35, Issue 6, July 2008, Pages 417–430, 5690: 5688: 5644:"Friday Review: labour issues need work in Asia" 5046: 4104:. Ministry of Labour, Government of India. 2009. 3067:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 1505: 1330: 6853:The Industrial Development of Bengal, 1900-1939 5801:. The Government of India. 2010. Archived from 5554: 3885: 3332:Relative regulations and rigidity in labor laws 7385:Santosh Mehrotra and Jajati K. Parida (2017). 6705: 6508: 6443:"Rigid Labor Laws: a Minor Barrier to Growth?" 6335: 5294: 5079: 4832:"As India Reopens, Deadly Accidents Break Out" 4709: 3323:International comparison of Indian labour laws 1059: 7509: 6070:"Payment of Gratuity Act, Gratuity Act, 1972" 5685: 5504: 4658:Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (28 March 2020). 4260: 4202: 4049:"Understanding the informal sector: a survey" 4046: 3273: 1394: 608: 7232:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7191:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7074: 7035:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7007:Chakravarty, D. and Chakravarty, I. (2015). 6954:"How caste affects India's rural job market" 6598:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6371:Adhvaryu, Chari and Sharma (December 2009). 6353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6331: 6329: 6318:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6246:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6168:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5714:"The Fiscal Drag on India's Monetary Policy" 5672: 5348:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4548: 4304: 3072:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 1422: 1311: 990: 662: 7135: 5306:"Child Labor: Theory, Evidence, and Policy" 4657: 795: 7523: 7516: 7502: 7093: 7046:Capitalism, Inequality and Labour in India 7043: 5958:Minimum wage differs for each Indian state 5585: 5583: 5162: 4987: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4114: 3814: 3812: 3766:"Labour Laws and Other Labour Regulations" 3512:Government approval required for 9 person 3493:Government approval required for 1 person 3280: 3266: 615: 601: 6726: 6493: 6326: 5696:"India's economy - A Himalayan challenge" 5176: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5085: 4574: 4441: 4079: 3771:. The Government of India. Archived from 1553: 1288:of the major laws relevant to India are: 1153:Bonded Labour System Abolition Act (1976) 8113:Social impact of Indian television drama 7079:. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 6397:"Reform in India: Democracy's drawbacks" 6366: 6364: 6260: 5576:. US Department of State. December 2006. 5276:Mario Biggeri; Santosh Mehrotra (2007). 5237: 5108: 4615:"Kerala, a 'Dubai' for Bengali migrants" 4459: 4457: 3981:"Made for Next to Nothing. Worn by You?" 3797:Chandra Korgaokar; Geir Myrstad (1997). 3077:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 2942:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 2922:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 1231: 682: 674: 666: 7112: 5580: 4908: 4863: 4291: 3809: 1185: 687:Flooring work at a portico in Hyderabad 14: 8204: 7200:Breman, J. and Hawthorn, G.P. (1996). 6951: 6622:The Review of Economics and Statistics 6584:Sen, K., B. Saha and D. Maiti (2010). 6181: 6179: 6125: 6123: 5729: 5727: 5432:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5356: 5136: 4309:. Pearson Education. pp. 92–110. 4280:28m workers employed by 400k companies 4028: 4026: 4011: 4009: 3790: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3621:Comments on Social Security Code, 2020 3590:Severance pay for redundancy dismissal 7497: 6871:"Library of Congress Country Studies" 6445:. Columbia University. Archived from 6361: 6254: 5735:"List of various Central Labour Acts" 5027:. Press Trust of India. 15 May 2020. 4683: 4612: 4454: 4213:. Planning Commission, Govt of India. 3978: 3888:"Luxury's Hidden Indian Supply Chain" 3764:Planning Commission of India (2007). 2964:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 2641:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 6975: 6296:India in the Era of Economic Reforms 5269: 4934: 4777: 4606: 4399: 4248:"Employment in Agriculture industry" 3979:Paton, Elizabeth (6 February 2019). 3738: 3736: 3488:Yes, without approval of government 3156:Slave marriages in the United States 2760:Human trafficking in the Middle East 1195: 956:Indian National Trade Union Congress 6952:Kwatra, Nikita (25 November 2019). 6898:Library of Congress Country Studies 6662:. Outlook Publishing India Pvt. Ltd 6176: 6120: 5895:"THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947" 5724: 5675:"Why India needs labour law reform" 5219:. Cornell University. pp. 4–7. 5086:Gunasekar, Arvind (30 April 2020). 4882: 4638: 4023: 4006: 3750: 3485:Yes, without approval of government 2495:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 1292:Workmen's Compensation Act of 1923 1005:Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 746: 291:Workers' right to access the toilet 24: 6468:Ahmad Ahsan; Carmen Pagés (2009). 6416:The Journal of Development Studies 5764:"Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923" 4864:Mohanty, Debabrata (15 May 2020). 4778:Elsa, Evangeline (15 April 2020). 4444:"Maruti riot: awful but isolated?" 4374:Indian Journal of Labour Economics 4339:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3609: 3551:Dismissal priority rules regulated 3149:last survivors of American slavery 1121:Indian migrant workers during the 1091:Migrant workers in the Middle East 998: 27:Employment in the economy of India 25: 8228: 7484:Ministry of Labour and Employment 7479:International Labour Organization 7468: 6378:. Yale University. Archived from 6336:Gordon, Li, Xu (12 August 2010). 5555:Anant and Mitra (November 1998). 5446: 4968:. Associated Press. 29 May 2020. 4613:Menon, Sreelatha (27 July 2011). 4554: 3733: 2110:Field slaves in the United States 1977:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 1246:International Labour Organization 982:Labour relations during 2000–2011 949:Labour relations during 1990-2000 773:Labour relations during 1950–1990 652:International Labour Organization 7163:Kumar, P. and Singh, J. (2018). 6827: 6813: 6795: 6773: 6759: 6699: 6674: 6648: 6606: 6577: 6541: 6502: 6474:Journal of Comparative Economics 6461: 6434: 6407: 6389: 6294:Sachs, Varshney, Bajpai (2000). 6038:"THE PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT, 1965" 5592:Journal of Comparative Economics 5204:. Cornell University. p. 4. 5165:Journal of Development Economics 5109:Bhargava, Yuthika (1 May 2020). 4935:Elsa, Evangeline (31 May 2020). 4406:Debashish Bhattacherjee (1999). 4182:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00452.x 3825:. The Government of India. 2012. 3661: 3647: 3368: 3355: 3342: 1987:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 1982:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 1811:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 1581: 1526:Payment of Gratuity Act of 1972 1371:Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 1200: 1024: 1013: 186:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 55: 7937:Proposed states and territories 6809:. Chennai, India. 8 April 2011. 6287: 6221: 6186:Besley, T.; R. Burgess (2004). 6094: 6062: 6030: 5998: 5980: 5962: 5951: 5919: 5887: 5855: 5844: 5812: 5788: 5756: 5745: 5706: 5666: 5636: 5618: 5566: 5548: 5514:Journal of Population Economics 5498: 5473: 5440: 5400: 5384:. Labour.nic.in. Archived from 5374: 5251: 5223: 5208: 5193: 5156: 5013: 4954: 4928: 4902: 4876: 4857: 4823: 4797: 4771: 4703: 4677: 4651: 4632: 4516: 4490: 4471: 4435: 4424: 4384: 4365: 4323: 4273: 4263:"India Passes 1.2 Billion Mark" 4254: 4240: 4217: 4196: 4161: 4141: 4108: 4091: 4073: 4040: 3972: 2937:Committee of Experts on Slavery 2488:East, Southeast, and South Asia 1279:led many to demand reforms for 1158: 1132: 1127:lockdown imposed in the country 654:(ILO), Indians have one of the 7403:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.003 7320:The Journal of Peasant Studies 7204:. Cambridge University Press. 6803:"Minimum wage hiked by Rs. 15" 6195:Quarterly Journal of Economics 5851:THE PAYMENT OF WAGES ACT, 1936 5650:. 10 June 2011. Archived from 4909:Agarwal, Kabir (10 May 2020). 4684:Singh, Kanika (6 April 2020). 4639:Wax, Emily (6 February 2010). 4628:– via Business Standard. 3946: 3913: 3879: 3854: 3829: 3697:Occupational safety and health 3592:of employee with 5-year tenure 3574:of employee with 1-year tenure 3479:Yes, if approved by government 2636:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1486:Maternity Benefit Act of 1961 1046:Overseas Development Institute 960:All India Trade Union Congress 236:Occupational safety and health 231:Occupational safety and health 13: 1: 7453:Economic and Political Weekly 6844: 6737:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2009.10.013 6715:Journal of Monetary Economics 6006:"MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT, 1961" 5927:"THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948" 5673:Kaushik Basu (27 June 2005). 5187:10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00179-1 4883:Vij, Shivam (13 April 2020). 4500:. WIEGO. 2012. Archived from 4148:Stephan Shankar Nath (2010). 3862:"India – HRMI Rights Tracker" 1506:Payment of Bonus Act of 1965 1331:Payment of Wages Act of 1936 1070:Migrant labourers in Kerala, 964:Centre of Indian Trade Unions 359:Chronological list of strikes 7115:Labour in Contemporary India 5820:"THE TRADE UNIONS ACT, 1926" 5247:. ILO, United Nations. 2008. 4431:Organised Labour Force Trend 4393:Mostly Harmless Econometrics 4391:Angrist and Pischke (2008). 4261:Tripti Lahiri (April 2011). 4176:(Supplement s1): S123–S134. 4017:"Statistics on working time" 2927:Temporary Slavery Commission 2588:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 812:Live (Unemployment) Register 630:refers to employment in the 7: 7701:Water supply and sanitation 7253:10.1080/0961452032000170695 7140:. Oxford University Press. 6588:. University of Manchester. 6298:. Oxford University Press. 5215:Ravi S. Srivastava (2005). 5200:Ravi S. Srivastava (2005). 5148:Ravi S. Srivastava (2005). 4498:"Domestic workers in India" 4330:Besley and Burgess (2004). 4170:Review of Income and Wealth 3820:"Economic Survey 2010-2011" 3746:. CIA, United States. 2020. 3640: 2947:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 1992:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 1236:Labour law notices in India 1066:Migrant labourers in Kerala 1060:Migrant labourers in Kerala 10: 8233: 7588:Public distribution system 7475:Statistics on working time 7455:44, no. 44 (2009): 80–87. 7278:10.1007/s41027-020-00259-w 7077:Industrial Labour in India 7050:Cambridge University Press 6441:Arvind Panagariya (2002). 6207:10.1162/003355304772839533 5796:"Social Security in India" 4477:Samuels, F. et al. (2012) 4442:Rob Minto (23 July 2012). 4351:10.1162/003355304772839533 3841:humanrightsmeasurement.org 3419:Minimum rest while at work 3132:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 2969:Anti-Slavery International 2734:North Africa and West Asia 1395:Minimum Wages Act of 1948 1255:such as those prohibiting 1189: 1162: 1136: 1114: 1063: 1002: 656:longest average work weeks 8126: 8103:Films about social issues 8081: 8028: 7965: 7927: 7894: 7821: 7770: 7714: 7671: 7648: 7531: 7433:10.1108/IJSE-11-2014-0221 7423:10.1007/s41027-017-0085-0 7328:10.1080/03066150802150969 7306:Science and Public Policy 6486:10.1016/j.jce.2008.09.001 6428:10.1080/00220389408422323 5604:10.1016/j.jce.2008.10.003 5326:10.1002/9780470754818.ch3 4555:K, Rejimon (1 May 2017). 3228:Emancipation Proclamation 2900:Opposition and resistance 2658:Sex trafficking in Europe 2646:Blackbirding in Polynesia 2209:Trans-Saharan slave trade 1424:The Factories Act of 1948 1312:Trade Unions Act of 1926 1281:Labour market flexibility 1209:This article needs to be 991:Unorganised labour issues 663:Labour structure in India 322:International comparisons 256:Right to rest and leisure 196:Employment discrimination 7314:10.3152/030234208X331245 7098:. Taylor & Francis. 6875:U.S. Library of Congress 6136:American Economic Review 5060:. Reuters. 14 May 2020. 4285:18 December 2010 at the 4226:"More jobs, better jobs" 3727: 3692:International labour law 3572:for redundancy dismissal 3531:Government approval for 3455:Premium pay for overtime 3338:Practice required by law 3008:Compensated emancipation 2219:Indian Ocean slave trade 107:Social movement unionism 18:Migrant workers in India 7571:National Pension System 7119:Oxford University Press 6769:. The World Bank. 2012. 6706:MARKUS POSCHKE (2009). 6509:Mitra and Ural (2006). 5992:21 October 2012 at the 5974:19 January 2012 at the 5718:The Wall Street Journal 5263:The Wall Street Journal 5231:"Child labour in India" 4619:Business Standard India 4484:5 November 2013 at the 4267:The Wall Street Journal 4230:Finance and Development 4157:. University of Vienna. 3707:Criticism of capitalism 3655:Organized labour portal 2932:1926 Slavery Convention 2688:Germany in World War II 2305:North and South America 1827:Contract of manumission 972:Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh 780:Industrial Disputes Act 706:own account enterprises 317:Trade union federations 312:Trade unions by country 7909:Caste-related violence 7625:Universal basic income 7525:Social issues in India 7439:Industrial Law Journal 6565:Cite journal requires 6529:Cite journal requires 6343:. Hamilton University. 5505:Douglas Galbi (1997). 5484:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5245:"Child labor - causes" 4047:M Swaminathan (1991). 3712:Exploitation of labour 2413:British Virgin Islands 1965:Circassian slave trade 1931:Safavid imperial harem 1926:Ottoman Imperial Harem 1554:Economists' criticisms 1237: 688: 680: 672: 216:Freedom of association 87:Exploitation of labour 8108:Freedom of expression 7447:10.1093/indlaw/dws038 7075:Sharma, R.K. (1997). 6634:10.1162/rest.89.3.466 6148:10.1257/aer.98.4.1397 5562:. Harvard University. 5526:10.1007/s001480050048 5152:. Cornell University. 4305:P.R.N. Sinha (2004). 3805:on 27 September 2013. 3423:30 minutes per 5-hour 2652:Europe and North Asia 2612:Australia and Oceania 2312:Pre-Columbian America 1884:Slave raid of Suðuroy 1816:Slavery in al-Andalus 1738:Black Sea slave trade 1667:21st-century jihadism 1235: 1172:child labour in India 1165:Child labour in India 1163:Further information: 1139:Debt bondage in India 1137:Further information: 754:Trade Unions Act 1926 730:enterprises in 2010. 686: 678: 670: 201:Employment protection 181:Collective bargaining 7957:Separatist movements 7380:10.2139/ssrn.2085180 7260:The Economic Journal 7136:Ghose, A.K. (2019). 7013:Taylor & Francis 5320:. pp. 194–247. 4504:on 26 September 2016 4099:"Unorganized Labour" 3682:Industrial relations 3107:Indentured servitude 3035:Underground Railroad 2835:United Arab Emirates 2224:Zanzibar slave trade 2191:By country or region 2004:Atlantic slave trade 1906:Ma malakat aymanukum 1790:Venetian slave trade 1186:Labour laws in India 562:Industrial relations 551:Academic disciplines 147:National-syndicalism 117:Democratic socialism 7995:Illegal immigration 7640:Widening income gap 7138:Employment in India 7094:Barnes, T. (2014). 7044:Breman, J. (2019). 6275:on 26 February 2009 5939:on 14 November 2014 5808:on 31 January 2012. 5648:The Financial Times 4664:The Washington Post 4645:The Washington Post 4467:. 22 November 2010. 4448:The Financial Times 4115:Nurul Amin (2002). 3388:45 (INR 2500/month) 3334: 3193:Slave Route Project 2324:Americas indigenous 2214:Red Sea slave trade 2204:Contemporary Africa 2067:Topics and practice 1837:Crimean slave trade 1832:Bukhara slave trade 1785:Genoese slave trade 1662:Contemporary Africa 1642:Forced prostitution 1251:India has numerous 650:. According to the 142:Anarcho-syndicalism 7947:Religious violence 7808:Female infanticide 7793:Child prostitution 7610:Standard of living 7288:10.1111/tran.12401 7169:Springer Singapore 6403:. 27 October 2005. 6230:India Policy Forum 6050:on 21 October 2012 5875:on 10 October 2015 5776:on 10 October 2015 5702:. 11 October 2007. 5461:on 24 January 2009 5414:on 29 January 2012 5058:The New York Times 4999:The Economic Times 4966:The New York Times 4836:The New York Times 4809:The Economic Times 4716:The New York Times 3985:The New York Times 3960:. 17 November 2020 3892:The New York Times 3446:432 hours per year 3442:200 hours per year 3330: 3308:economies of scale 2974:Blockade of Africa 2281:Somali slave trade 2197:Sub-Saharan Africa 1889:Turkish Abductions 1847:Khivan slave trade 1842:Khazar slave trade 1795:Balkan slave trade 1753:Prague slave trade 1238: 968:Hind Mazdoor Sabha 702:Unorganised sector 689: 681: 673: 251:Professional abuse 8217:Indian labour law 8199: 8198: 7985:Human trafficking 7798:Child trafficking 7727:Domestic violence 7696:Natural disasters 7691:Manual scavenging 7551:Farmers' suicides 7391:World Development 7322:, 35:2, 177-248, 7211:978-0-521-56824-1 7178:978-9-811-08444-7 7147:978-0-190-99006-0 7128:978-0-199-08971-0 7105:978-1-317-57101-8 7086:978-8-171-56703-4 7059:978-1-108-48241-7 7022:978-1-317-36278-4 5370:on 9 August 2012. 5287:978-0-415-38275-5 5265:. 3 January 2012. 4417:978-92-9014-613-1 3866:rightstracker.org 3778:on 26 August 2014 3722:Work–life balance 3687:Indian labour law 3607: 3606: 3535:dismissal granted 3471:Dismissal due to 3401:Standard work day 3290: 3289: 3240:Freedmen's Bureau 3062:Third Servile War 3057:International law 2624:Human trafficking 2386:Human trafficking 2061:Thirteen colonies 1879:Sack of Baltimore 1647:Human trafficking 1230: 1229: 1192:Indian labour law 1123:COVID-19 pandemic 946: 945: 648:developed nations 625: 624: 582:Post-work society 411:Solidarity action 221:Legal working age 77:Conflict theories 16:(Redirected from 8224: 8191:Police brutality 7980:Groom kidnapping 7942:Ethnic relations 7803:Female foeticide 7518: 7511: 7504: 7495: 7494: 7414: 7237: 7231: 7223: 7196: 7190: 7182: 7159: 7132: 7113:Jha, P. (2016). 7109: 7090: 7071: 7040: 7034: 7026: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6894: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6839: 6838: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6730: 6721:(8): 1074–1085. 6712: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6660:Outlook Business 6652: 6646: 6645: 6619: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6527: 6525: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6352: 6344: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6323: 6317: 6309: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6268:. Archived from 6267: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6237: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6192: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6127: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6104:. Archived from 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6075:. Archived from 6074: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6043:. Archived from 6042: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6011:. Archived from 6010: 6002: 5996: 5984: 5978: 5966: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5938: 5932:. Archived from 5931: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5900:. Archived from 5899: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5868:. Archived from 5867: 5859: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5832:on 21 April 2015 5831: 5825:. Archived from 5824: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5775: 5769:. Archived from 5768: 5760: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5720:. 15 April 2012. 5710: 5704: 5703: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5511: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5410:. 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November 2023. 4030: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3599:21.7-week salary 3595:10.7-week salary 3374: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3335: 3329: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3252:Emancipation Day 3085: 3052:Slave Trade Acts 1743:Byzantine Empire 1585: 1558: 1557: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1074:'s southernmost 1028: 1017: 796: 747:Labour relations 704:, also known as 693:organised sector 632:economy of India 617: 610: 603: 567:Labour economics 557:Critique of work 401:Pen-down strikes 112:Social democracy 59: 49: 48:Organized labour 39: 32: 31: 21: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8212:Labour in India 8202: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8122: 8077: 8024: 8005:Organised crime 7990:Illegal housing 7961: 7923: 7890: 7866:Menstrual taboo 7817: 7813:Street children 7766: 7737:Family planning 7710: 7667: 7644: 7527: 7522: 7471: 7466: 7268:10.2307/2229374 7225: 7224: 7212: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7148: 7129: 7106: 7087: 7060: 7028: 7027: 7023: 6990:et al. (2019). 6978: 6976:Further reading 6973: 6964: 6962: 6903: 6901: 6892: 6888: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6847: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6728:10.1.1.711.4290 6710: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6566: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6449:on 4 March 2016 6439: 6435: 6412: 6408: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6385:on 11 May 2013. 6382: 6375: 6369: 6362: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6259: 6255: 6239: 6238: 6226: 6222: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6161: 6160: 6142:(4): 1397–412. 6128: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6108:on 17 June 2016 6100: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6082:on 5 March 2016 6079: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5994:Wayback Machine 5985: 5981: 5976:Wayback Machine 5967: 5963: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5907:on 12 June 2009 5904: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5654:on 25 July 2012 5642: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5415: 5408:"Archived copy" 5406: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5317: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5274: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5213: 5209: 5198: 5194: 5178:10.1.1.507.5113 5161: 5157: 5146: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4881: 4877: 4870:Hindustan Times 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4652: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4594:on 21 July 2018 4591: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4536:on 4 March 2016 4533: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4486:Wayback Machine 4476: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4404: 4400: 4389: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4303: 4292: 4287:Wayback Machine 4278: 4274: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4201: 4197: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4129:on 3 March 2016 4126: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080:S Chakrabarti. 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4061:on 15 June 2010 4058: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3925:Washington Post 3919: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3612: 3610:Further reading 3591: 3581:4.3-week salary 3577:2.1 week salary 3573: 3546:Not applicable 3369: 3367: 3356: 3354: 3343: 3341: 3325: 3286: 3257: 3256: 3161:Slave narrative 3117:Fugitive slaves 3097: 3089: 3088: 3079: 3047:Slave rebellion 2902: 2892: 2891: 2850: 2840: 2839: 2662:United Kingdom 2598:Yankee princess 2192: 2184: 2183: 1911:Avret Pazarları 1857:Avret Pazarları 1726:Medieval Europe 1692: 1682: 1681: 1620:Forced marriage 1595: 1556: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1265:social security 1226: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1188: 1167: 1161: 1141: 1135: 1119: 1113: 1093: 1068: 1062: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1007: 1001: 999:Migrant labours 993: 984: 951: 813: 808: 803: 775: 749: 665: 628:Labour in India 621: 592: 591: 587:Refusal of work 552: 544: 543: 542: 447: 437: 436: 435: 426:Wildcat strikes 421:Whipsaw strikes 406:Sitdown strikes 353: 343: 342: 339: 307: 297: 296: 295: 281:Toxic workplace 165: 155: 154: 151: 69: 67:Labour movement 47: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8230: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8034: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8000:Illegal mining 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7904:Caste politics 7900: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7856:Women's health 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7788:Child marriage 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7752:Nuclear family 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7706:Water disputes 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7686:Climate change 7683: 7677: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7615:Street vendors 7612: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7541:Communications 7537: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7470: 7469:External links 7467: 7465: 7464: 7449: 7435: 7425: 7415: 7382: 7363: 7352: 7341: 7330: 7316: 7302: 7290: 7280: 7270: 7256: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7210: 7197: 7177: 7160: 7146: 7133: 7127: 7110: 7104: 7091: 7085: 7072: 7058: 7041: 7021: 7004: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6910: 6886: 6867: 6864: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6826: 6812: 6794: 6772: 6758: 6698: 6673: 6647: 6628:(3): 466–481. 6605: 6576: 6567:|journal= 6540: 6531:|journal= 6501: 6460: 6433: 6422:(2): 443–465. 6406: 6388: 6360: 6325: 6305:978-0195655292 6304: 6286: 6261:Aditya Gupta. 6253: 6220: 6175: 6119: 6093: 6061: 6029: 6018:on 2 July 2013 5997: 5979: 5961: 5950: 5918: 5886: 5854: 5843: 5811: 5787: 5755: 5744: 5741:on 6 May 2012. 5723: 5705: 5684: 5665: 5635: 5617: 5579: 5565: 5547: 5520:(4): 357–375. 5497: 5491:978-0312221225 5490: 5472: 5447:Burra, Neera. 5439: 5399: 5388:on 12 May 2012 5382:"Child Labour" 5373: 5355: 5334: 5293: 5286: 5268: 5250: 5236: 5222: 5207: 5192: 5171:(1): 101–127. 5155: 5135: 5101: 5078: 5045: 5012: 5001:. 1 April 2020 4986: 4953: 4927: 4901: 4875: 4856: 4822: 4796: 4770: 4736: 4702: 4676: 4650: 4631: 4605: 4573: 4547: 4515: 4489: 4470: 4453: 4434: 4423: 4416: 4398: 4383: 4364: 4322: 4315: 4290: 4272: 4253: 4239: 4216: 4195: 4160: 4140: 4107: 4090: 4072: 4039: 4022: 4005: 3971: 3945: 3912: 3878: 3853: 3828: 3808: 3789: 3749: 3744:"Labour force" 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3658: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3543:Not applicable 3541: 3536: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3379: 3378: 3365: 3352: 3339: 3324: 3321: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3139:List of slaves 3136: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2683:Dutch Republic 2680: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2142:Child soldiers 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2051:Spanish Empire 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2031:Middle Passage 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1852:Ottoman Empire 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1672:Sexual slavery 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1630:Child marriage 1627: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1605:Child soldiers 1602: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1566: 1555: 1552: 1527: 1524: 1507: 1504: 1487: 1484: 1467: 1464: 1447: 1444: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1396: 1393: 1372: 1369: 1352: 1349: 1332: 1329: 1313: 1310: 1293: 1290: 1257:discrimination 1228: 1227: 1221:September 2020 1208: 1206: 1199: 1190:Main article: 1187: 1184: 1160: 1157: 1151:India enacted 1134: 1131: 1115:Main article: 1112: 1109: 1092: 1089: 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1033: 1032: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1000: 997: 992: 989: 983: 980: 950: 947: 944: 943: 940: 937: 934: 928: 927: 924: 921: 918: 912: 911: 908: 905: 902: 896: 895: 892: 889: 886: 880: 879: 876: 873: 870: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 848: 847: 844: 841: 838: 832: 831: 828: 825: 822: 816: 815: 814:(in millions) 810: 807:Private Sector 805: 800: 774: 771: 748: 745: 664: 661: 640:private sector 636:unincorporated 623: 622: 620: 619: 612: 605: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 572:Labour history 569: 564: 559: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 541: 540: 535: 533:United Kingdom 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 449: 448: 445:Labour parties 443: 442: 439: 438: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 382: 381: 376: 369:General strike 366: 361: 355: 354: 349: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 338: 337: 332: 326: 324: 319: 314: 308: 303: 302: 299: 298: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 191:Eight-hour day 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8229: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8181:Superstitions 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Homosexuality 8157: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7836:Bride burning 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6849: 6836: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6559: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6523: 6512: 6505: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6401:The Economist 6398: 6392: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6365: 6356: 6350: 6339: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6315: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201:(1): 91–134. 6200: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6124: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6078: 6071: 6065: 6046: 6039: 6033: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5954: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5903: 5896: 5890: 5871: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5847: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5804: 5797: 5791: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5701: 5700:The Economist 5697: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5632:. World Bank. 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5335:9781405105552 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5283: 5280:. Routledge. 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5089: 5082: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4590: 4583: 4577: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4427: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345:(1): 91–134. 4344: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4316:9788177588132 4312: 4308: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4209: 4205: 4204:Sheila Bhalla 4199: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4100: 4094: 4083: 4076: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4012: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3717:Forced labour 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3570:Severance pay 3568: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3376:United States 3366: 3364: 3353: 3351: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3183:Slave catcher 3181: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112:Forced labour 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2957:Abolitionists 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 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Retrieved 3773:the original 3669:India portal 3598: 3580: 3559: 3554: 3538: 3518: 3499: 3478: 3458: 3445: 3422: 3412: 3407: 3394: 3385:(US$ /month) 3383:Minimum wage 3331: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3188:Slave patrol 3025:Freedom suit 3001:Sierra Leone 2991:Colonization 2907:Abolitionism 2887:Baháʼí Faith 2860:Christianity 2810:Saudi Arabia 2666:Penal Labour 2631:Blackbirding 2537:Debt bondage 2525:penal system 2351:Contemporary 2341:Field slaves 2329:U.S. Natives 2288:South Africa 2159:Galley slave 2132:Slave market 2122:House slaves 2095:Blackbirding 2073:Conscription 1997:21st century 1960:Umm al-walad 1804:Muslim world 1773:Emancipation 1677:Wage slavery 1657:Penal labour 1635:Wife selling 1625:Bride buying 1610:Conscription 1600:Child Labour 1593:Contemporary 1548: 1540: 1520: 1500: 1480: 1460: 1441: 1409: 1389: 1385: 1365: 1345: 1326: 1306: 1286: 1277: 1269:minimum wage 1261:Child labour 1250: 1239: 1218: 1210: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1159:Child labour 1150: 1146: 1142: 1133:Debt bondage 1120: 1101:Burj Khalifa 1094: 1069: 1054: 1043: 1040: 994: 985: 976: 952: 931: 915: 899: 883: 867: 851: 835: 819: 792: 784: 776: 767: 750: 741: 732: 728: 725: 722: 718: 710: 705: 701: 696: 692: 690: 644: 627: 626: 431:Work-to-rule 305:Trade unions 276:Six-hour day 261:Right to sit 226:Minimum wage 176:Child labour 171:Annual leave 97:New unionism 29: 8176:Prohibition 8015:Vigilantism 7929:Communalism 7919:Reservation 7851:Eve teasing 7846:Dowry death 7831:Acid attack 7747:Infertility 7673:Environment 7593:Remittances 7397:: 360–380. 6988:Breman, Jan 6965:25 November 6686:jobgayi.com 6495:10419/35255 5598:(1): 3–13. 4624:14 December 3998:14 February 3964:14 February 3938:14 February 3905:14 February 3871:25 February 3846:25 February 3203:court cases 3080: [ 3030:Slave Power 3018:Manumission 2865:Catholicism 2740:Afghanistan 2481:Puerto Rico 2393:The Bahamas 2371:Slave codes 2174:Shanghaiing 2164:Impressment 2056:Slave Coast 1936:Qajar harem 1896:Concubinage 1869:slave trade 1546:10,00,000. 1253:labour laws 528:South Korea 508:Netherlands 503:New Zealand 132:Syndicalism 102:Proletariat 82:Decent work 8206:Categories 8186:Disability 8091:Censorship 8020:Cybercrime 7975:Corruption 7952:Secularism 7220:lc95049938 7156:2020325023 7068:2019017868 7002:0520302400 6923:8185054266 6904:6 November 6862:0706915798 6845:References 5465:19 October 5418:9 February 3677:Labour law 3533:redundancy 3473:redundancy 3218:J.Q. Adams 3208:Washington 3178:Slave name 3127:convention 3102:Common law 2475:Encomienda 2271:Seychelles 2256:Mauritania 2179:Slave ship 2046:Panyarring 2041:New France 1690:Historical 1050:harassment 1003:See also: 970:, and the 577:Labour law 386:Green bans 379:newspapers 271:Sick leave 266:Sabbatical 8149:Sexuality 8139:Feudalism 8134:Colourism 8118:Fake news 8043:Epidemics 8010:Terrorism 7757:Polyandry 7650:Education 7620:Transport 7603:Clearance 7411:0305-750X 7228:cite book 7187:cite book 7031:cite book 6880:6 October 6807:The Hindu 6745:1814/6448 6723:CiteSeerX 6594:cite book 6314:cite book 6236:: 71–122. 5344:cite book 5173:CiteSeerX 5123:0971-751X 5115:The Hindu 5066:0362-4331 5033:0971-751X 5025:The Hindu 4974:0362-4331 4941:Gulf News 4844:0362-4331 4784:Gulf News 4758:0971-751X 4750:The Hindu 4724:0362-4331 4690:Firstpost 4561:Firstpost 3993:0362-4331 3933:0190-8286 3900:0362-4331 3514:dismissal 3495:dismissal 3213:Jefferson 2870:Mormonism 2805:Palestine 2619:Australia 2549:Indonesia 2440:Lei Áurea 2423:Code Noir 2403:Caribbean 2376:Treatment 2115:Treatment 2088:Devshirme 1950:Odalisque 1768:In Russia 1709:Babylonia 1697:Antiquity 788:emergency 763:Karnataka 523:Singapore 478:Hong Kong 453:Australia 206:Equal pay 127:Communism 122:Socialism 8144:Gambling 8096:Internet 8048:HIV/AIDS 8038:Diabetes 7861:Feminism 7841:Devadasi 7778:Abortion 7771:Children 7762:Polygyny 7658:Literacy 7461:25663737 7349:23391158 7338:27767349 7242:Journals 6787:19 March 6691:14 March 6666:14 March 6349:cite web 6112:20 April 5990:Archived 5972:Archived 5679:BBC News 5612:29262232 5534:12293082 5428:cite web 4915:The Wire 4889:ThePrint 4482:Archived 4283:Archived 4206:(2003). 4190:96476547 3958:BBC News 3641:See also 3475:allowed? 3437:overtime 3435:Maximum 3311:change. 3295:retrench 3245:Iron bit 3235:40 acres 3198:breeding 3013:Freedman 2848:Religion 2708:Portugal 2593:Thailand 2583:Maldives 2578:Malaysia 2571:Kwalliso 2515:Booi Aha 2467:Restavek 2447:Colombia 2418:Trinidad 2408:Barbados 2298:Zanzibar 2246:Ethiopia 2127:Saqaliba 2021:Database 1972:Saqaliba 1733:Ancillae 1563:a series 1561:Part of 1080:migrants 518:Portugal 458:Barbados 416:Walkouts 391:Lockouts 241:Overwork 92:Timeline 38:a series 35:Part of 8068:Suicide 8063:Obesity 8053:Leprosy 7663:Ragging 7576:Poverty 7533:Economy 7372:2085180 7360:4415836 6642:9557156 6453:12 July 6279:14 July 6215:3044365 6086:11 July 6054:11 July 6022:11 July 5943:11 July 5911:11 July 5879:11 July 5836:11 July 5780:11 July 5658:12 July 5542:5858814 5392:13 July 5005:2 April 4540:12 July 4508:12 July 4359:3044365 4133:11 July 4065:23 July 3782:11 July 3635:Workers 3413:8 hours 3408:8 hours 3404:9 hours 3223:Lincoln 3096:Related 2996:Liberia 2882:Judaism 2820:Tunisia 2795:Morocco 2785:Lebanon 2750:Bahrain 2745:Algeria 2713:Romania 2678:Denmark 2671:Slavery 2605:Vietnam 2276:Somalia 2266:Nigeria 2241:Comoros 2169:Pirates 2078:Ghilman 2011:Bristol 1901:history 1874:pirates 1763:History 1652:Peonage 1575:slavery 1415:143 to 1273:layoffs 1211:updated 483:Ireland 473:Georgia 8030:Health 7886:Sexism 7715:Family 7556:Labour 7546:Famine 7459: 7409: 7370: 7358: 7347: 7336: 7299:954908 7297: 7218: 7208: 7175: 7154: 7144: 7125: 7102: 7083: 7066: 7056: 7019: 7000: 6921: 6860: 6753:260043 6751: 6725: 6640: 6302: 6213: 6156:966634 6154: 5610: 5540: 5532: 5488: 5332: 5284: 5175: 5121: 5090:. NDTV 5071:16 May 5064: 5038:18 May 5031: 4979:29 May 4972: 4946:31 May 4920:10 May 4894:13 May 4849:13 May 4842: 4815:13 May 4789:13 May 4763:18 May 4756: 4729:13 May 4722: 4695:16 May 4669:13 May 4566:10 May 4414: 4357: 4313: 4188: 3991: 3931: 3898: 3539:Rarely 3395:1242.6 3373: 3360: 3347: 3144:owners 2780:Kuwait 2775:Jordan 2728:Sweden 2718:Russia 2703:Poland 2698:Norway 2520:Laogai 2505:Brunei 2500:Bhutan 2462:revolt 2435:Brazil 2398:Canada 2361:partus 2346:female 2231:Angola 2100:Coolie 2083:Mamluk 2036:Nantes 2016:Brazil 1945:Cariye 1780:Thrall 1748:Kholop 1714:Greece 1530:": --> 1510:": --> 1490:": --> 1470:": --> 1450:": --> 1431:": --> 1399:": --> 1375:": --> 1355:": --> 1335:": --> 1316:": --> 1296:": --> 1084:Kerala 966:, the 962:, the 958:, the 942:40.17 926:41.47 910:42.00 894:37.43 878:36.30 862:30.13 846:17.84 759:Kerala 714:retail 538:Sweden 513:Norway 488:Israel 463:Brazil 364:Hartal 8164:Hijra 8083:Media 7967:Crime 7914:Dalit 7823:Women 7598:Slums 7457:JSTOR 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