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presence of other substances. Gyrophoric acid, when present in the GE solvent system, may manifest as small, fine crystal clusters or rounded aggregations of tiny crystals. Lecanoric acid in the GE solvent system produces needle-like crystal clusters, but these are not as well-formed as in GAW. These tests can help distinguish
132:
and Isao
Yoshimura, that summarized analytical data for hundreds of lichen molecules, including images of microcrystals. Ultimately, the microcrystallization method had limitations, as it was unable to detect minor components or analyze complex mixtures of lichen substances. Despite these drawbacks,
248:
using thin-layer chromatography can be challenging. However, if one of these substances is known to be present, a microcrystal test can help differentiate them. In the GAW solvent system, lecanoric acid forms long, curved crystal clusters, although the results can be inconsistent, especially in the
236:
The process of crystal identification involves comparing them to images of crystals in different solvents found in published sources. Although the shape of the crystals depends on the solvent and, to a certain degree, the substance concentration, it is usually possible to recognize the fundamental
237:
crystalline forms. Care should be taken to differentiate between undissolved substances, which might be crystalline but lack a characteristic shape, and recrystallized substances. Microcrystal samples cannot be preserved for long, as they start to degrade within hours or days.
472:
Olivier-Jimenez, Damien; Chollet-Krugler, Marylène; Rondeau, David; Beniddir, Mehdi A.; Ferron, Solenn; Delhaye, Thomas; Allard, Pierre-Marie; Wolfender, Jean-Luc; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lücking, Robert; Boustie, Joël; Le Pogam, Pierre (2019).
543:
Le Pogam, Pierre; Herbette, Gaëtan; Boustie, Joël (2015). "Analysis of Lichen
Metabolites, a Variety of Approaches". In Upreti, Dalip Jumar; Divakar, Pradepp K.; Shukla, Vertika; Bajpal, Rajesh (eds.).
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detailing the microcrystallization technique. This simple and rapid method allowed for the identification of major metabolites in hundreds of lichen species, contributing significantly to
193:/glycerol 1:3). Slides using GE or GAW are gently heated and then allowed to cool, promoting the crystallization process. Once formed, crystals are best observed under
292:, which both form long, straight crystals in the GE solvent system but exhibit extinction angles of 0° and 45°, respectively, in relation to their long axis.
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and the filter's polarization plane when the crystal appears dark (in extinction). For instance, this method can be employed to distinguish between
228:, and microscope slides and cover glasses. Lichen substances can be identified based on the distinctive shape and color of their crystals.
117:
67:
658:
636:
606:
581:
553:
384:
339:
Shibata, Shoji (2000). "Yasuhiko
Asahina (1880–1975) and his studies on lichenology and chemistry of lichen metabolites".
17:
572:
Elix, J.A.; Stocker-Wörgötter, E. (2008). "Biochemistry and secondary metabolites". In Nash III, Thomas H. (ed.).
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352:
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Between 1936 and 1940, Japanese chemist and lichenologist
Yasuhiko Asahina published a series of papers in the
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light, and when rotated between crossed polarizers, they alternate between bright and dark every 90°. The
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Galun, Margalith; Shomer-Ilan, Adiva (1988). "Secondary
Metabolic Products". In Galun, Margalith (ed.).
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microcrystallization played a crucial role in the study of correlations between lichen chemistry,
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269:
87:
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86:, microcrystallization still holds importance for compound purification and analysis using
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research. The technique was introduced to western lichenologists in a 1943 publication by
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that was predominantly used before the advent of more advanced techniques such as
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35:
437:
Evans, Alexander W. (1943). "Asahina's microchemical studies on the
Cladoniae".
413:"De Bary's legacy: the emergence of differing perspectives on lichen symbiosis"
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576:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–119.
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were introduced and integrated into laboratories. Decades of research on the
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To perform microcrystallization, a small piece of lichen is extracted using
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Asahina, Y. (1936). "Mikrochemischer nachweiss der
Flechtenstoffe (I)".
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can be used to differentiate between them. Certain crystals alter the
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548:. Recent Advances in Lichenology. Springer India. pp. 229–261.
475:"A database of high-resolution MS/MS spectra for lichen metabolites"
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Modern
Methods and Approaches in Biomonitoring and Bioprospection
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112:, and was used regularly until more advanced techniques such as
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When two substances generate similar-looking crystals, their
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This method requires basic laboratory equipment, including a
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10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0710:yaahso]2.0.co;2
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solution to an apothecial section of the crustose lichen
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Microchemical
Methods for the Identification of Lichens
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74:, this approach relies on the formation of distinctive
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601:. Vol. III. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 134.
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124:of lichens culminated in the publication of
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375:Huneck, Siegfried; Yoshimura, Isao (1996).
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631:. British Lichen Society. pp. 40–43.
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655:Microcrystal Tests for Lichen Substances
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27:Analytical technique used in lichenology
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255:(which contains gyrophoric acid) from
118:high-performance liquid chromatography
68:high-performance liquid chromatography
659:National Museum of Nature and Science
439:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
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197:with a 200–1,000-fold magnification.
82:. Although now superseded by modern
377:Identification of Lichen Substances
126:Identification of Lichen Substances
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165:. The residue is transferred to a
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261:(which contains lecanoric acid).
232:Identification and interpretation
280:is the angle between a specific
137:, and geographic distribution.
204:equipped for polarized light,
58:) is a method for identifying
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1:
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599:CRC Handbook of Lichenology
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322:Journal of Japanese Botany
101:Journal of Japanese Botany
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499:10.1038/s41597-019-0305-1
114:thin-layer chromatography
70:. Developed primarily by
64:thin-layer chromatography
411:Mitchell, M.E. (2014).
240:Distinguishing between
189:1:1:1, v/v/v) and GE (
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122:secondary metabolites
88:X-ray crystallography
38:, obtained by adding
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258:Punctelia subrudecta
52:Microcrystallization
491:2019NatSD...6..294O
40:potassium hydroxide
302:Spot test (lichen)
270:polarization plane
266:optical properties
84:analytical methods
60:lichen metabolites
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638:978-0-9540418-0-9
608:978-0-8493-3583-9
583:978-0-521-69216-8
555:978-81-322-2180-7
386:978-3-642-85245-9
252:Punctelia borreri
128:, a 1996 work by
56:microcrystal test
45:Aspicilia cinerea
18:Microcrystal test
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278:extinction angle
173:. Commonly used
167:microscope slide
130:Siegfried Huneck
72:Yasuhiko Asahina
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290:imbricaric acid
286:perlatolic acid
242:gyrophoric acid
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195:polarized light
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36:norstictic acid
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674:Lichenology
485:(1): e294.
426:(1): 5–22 .
274:transmitted
214:spirit-lamp
191:acetic acid
171:cover glass
161:to yield a
668:Categories
328:: 516–525.
308:References
212:, a micro
206:test tubes
202:microscope
159:evaporated
135:morphology
395:851387266
216:or micro
149:or other
141:Procedure
106:taxonomic
517:31780665
296:See also
210:pipettes
183:glycerol
175:reagents
155:filtered
151:solvents
80:extracts
76:crystals
508:6882832
487:Bibcode
459:2481365
226:scalpel
222:spatula
187:ethanol
163:residue
147:acetone
94:History
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515:
505:
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420:Huntia
393:
383:
157:, and
455:JSTOR
416:(PDF)
633:ISBN
603:ISBN
578:ISBN
550:ISBN
513:PMID
391:OCLC
381:ISBN
288:and
244:and
116:and
66:and
54:(or
503:PMC
495:doi
447:doi
349:doi
345:103
272:of
224:or
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