1141:
2111:
1312:
2626:, which preys on other bacteria. Eavesdropping, or the interception of signals from unintended receivers, such as plants and microorganisms, can lead to large-scale, evolutionary consequences. For example, signaler-receiver pairs, like plant-microorganism pairs, may lose the ability to communicate with neighboring populations because of variability in eavesdroppers. In adapting to avoid local eavesdroppers, signal divergence could occur and thus, lead to the isolation of plants and microorganisms from the inability to communicate with other populations.
1530:
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40:
1373:. Koch found that he could transmit anthrax from one animal to another by taking a small sample of blood from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy one, and this caused the healthy animal to become sick. He also found that he could grow the bacteria in a nutrient broth, then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness. Based on these experiments, he devised criteria for establishing a causal link between a microorganism and a disease and these are now known as
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792:
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1329:, and also in vessels without a filter, but with air allowed in via a curved tube so dust particles would settle and not come in contact with the broth. By boiling the broth beforehand, Pasteur ensured that no microorganisms survived within the broths at the beginning of his experiment. Nothing grew in the broths in the course of Pasteur's experiment. This meant that the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, as
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2301:. Extremophiles have been isolated from rocks as much as 7 kilometres below the Earth's surface, and it has been suggested that the amount of organisms living below the Earth's surface is comparable with the amount of life on or above the surface. Extremophiles have been known to survive for a prolonged time in a
1830:
The biodiversity of the prokaryotes is unknown, but may be very large. A May 2016 estimate, based on laws of scaling from known numbers of species against the size of organism, gives an estimate of perhaps 1 trillion species on the planet, of which most would be microorganisms. Currently, only
2156:
have unique life cycles that involve switching between unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms. The number of species of protists is unknown since only a small proportion has been identified. Protist diversity is high in oceans, deep sea-vents, river sediment and an acidic river, suggesting
1704:
is a unique microorganism larger than a typical prokaryote, but with nuclear material enclosed in a membrane as in a eukaryote, and the presence of endosymbionts. This is seen to be the first plausible evolutionary form of microorganism, showing a stage of development from the prokaryote to the
2361:. In bacteria, the principal function of regulatory networks is to control the response to environmental changes, for example nutritional status and environmental stress. A complex organization of networks permits the microorganism to coordinate and integrate multiple environmental signals.
1438:
established the basic principles of virology, it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies. Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of
1126:
3443:, which are not usually classified as living organisms and are not, therefore, microorganisms by the strict definition. No clear examples of archaean pathogens are known, although a relationship has been proposed between the presence of some archaean methanogens and human
1749:. Archaea share this defining feature with the bacteria with which they were once grouped. In 1990 the microbiologist Woese proposed the three-domain system that divided living things into bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, and thereby split the prokaryote domain.
1178:, the 24th preacher of Jainism, the humans destroy these nigodas on a massive scale, when they eat, breathe, sit, and move. Many modern Jains assert that Mahavira's teachings presage the existence of microorganisms as discovered by modern science.
6974:
Gottel, Neil R.; Castro, Hector F.; Kerley, Marilyn; Yang, Zamin; Pelletier, Dale A.; Podar, Mircea; Karpinets, Tatiana; Uberbacher, Ed; Tuskan, Gerald A.; Vilgalys, Rytas; Doktycz, Mitchel J.; Schadt, Christopher W. (2011).
7335:
2356:
that allow them to adapt to almost every environmental niche on earth. A network of interactions among diverse types of molecules including DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites, is utilised by the bacteria to achieve
2938:
These depend for their ability to clean up water contaminated with organic material on microorganisms that can respire dissolved substances. Respiration may be aerobic, with a well-oxygenated filter bed such as a
1417:
The work of
Pasteur and Koch did not accurately reflect the true diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having direct medical relevance. It was not until the work of
3819:
6838:
Anderson, A. W.; Nordan, H. C.; Cain, R. F.; Parrish, G.; Duggan, D. (1956). "Studies on a radio-resistant micrococcus. I. Isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, and resistance to gamma radiation".
1245:
It is incorrect to assume that diseases appear one by one in humans. Disease infects by spreading from one person to another. This infection occurs through seeds that are so small they cannot be seen but are
1788:(formerly Crenarchaeota) being the most common form of life in the ocean, dominating ecosystems below 150 metres (490 ft) in depth. These organisms are also common in soil and play a vital role in
6808:
1956:, but for bacteria this is a mechanism for survival, not reproduction. Under optimal conditions bacteria can grow extremely rapidly and their numbers can double as quickly as every 20 minutes.
5776:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C. Sexual communication in archaea, the precursor to meiosis. pp. 103-117 in
Biocommunication of Archaea (Guenther Witzany, ed.) 2017. Springer International Publishing
2839:
Yeast is used to convert sugar, grape juice, or malt-treated grain into alcohol. Other microorganisms may also be used; a mold converts starch into sugar to make the
Japanese rice wine, sake.
1174:. These nigodas are said to be born in clusters; they live everywhere, including the bodies of plants, animals, and people; and their life lasts only for a fraction of a second. According to
1870:
Like archaea, bacteria are prokaryotic – unicellular, and having no cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelle. Bacteria are microscopic, with a few extremely rare exceptions, such as
1197:… and because there are bred certain minute creatures that cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and they cause serious diseases.
7184:
8122:
is a microbiology information portal containing a vast collection of resources including articles, news, frequently asked questions, and links pertaining to the field of microbiology.
1272:
7366:
2247:, which are the algae most closely related to higher plants, cells differentiate into several distinct tissues within the organism. There are about 6000 species of green algae.
2088:
under favorable conditions. However, under stressful conditions such as nutrient limitations and other conditions associated with DNA damage, they tend to reproduce sexually by
8138:
2822:
Growth of microorganisms contributes to ripening and flavor. The flavor and appearance of a particular cheese is due in large part to the microorganisms associated with it.
7861:
Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria
1377:. Although these postulates cannot be applied in all cases, they do retain historical importance to the development of scientific thought and are still being used today.
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1648:
Microorganisms tend to have a relatively fast rate of evolution. Most microorganisms can reproduce rapidly, and bacteria are also able to freely exchange genes through
2231:
plants, which are the most familiar group of land plants. Algae can grow as single cells, or in long chains of cells. The green algae include unicellular and colonial
2689:
Microorganisms are useful in producing foods, treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide range of chemicals and enzymes. They are invaluable in research as
3485:
methods such as cooking, cleanliness of utensils, short storage periods, or by low temperatures. If complete sterility is needed, as with surgical equipment, an
3159:. Microorganisms can be harnessed for uses such as creating steroids and treating skin diseases. Scientists are also considering using microorganisms for living
1443:
and to thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical processes. He was responsible for the first isolation and description of both
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1426:
late in the nineteenth century that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed. Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of
8508:
6806:
1275:. He was the first in 1673 to discover and conduct scientific experiments with microorganisms, using simple single-lensed microscopes of his own design.
7853:
1265:
were caused by transferable seedlike entities that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances.
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6102:
3147:
in science, since they are simple eukaryotes that can be grown rapidly in large numbers and are easily manipulated. They are particularly valuable in
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7707:
Takahashi, Hiroshi; Keim, Paul; Kaufmann, Arnold F.; Keys, Christine; Smith, Kimothy L.; Taniguchi, Kiyosu; Inouye, Sakae; Kurata, Takeshi (2004).
4146:(1753). "Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them".
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The possible existence of microscopic organisms was discussed for many centuries before their discovery in the seventeenth century. By the
4104:"Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs"
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are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that include many microscopic organisms. Although some green algae are classified as
1546:
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1698:
A possible transitional form of microorganism between a prokaryote and a eukaryote was discovered in 2012 by
Japanese scientists.
1325:(1822–1895) exposed boiled broths to the air, in vessels that contained a filter to prevent particles from passing through to the
9328:
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8598:
6859:
4540:
3447:. Numerous microbial pathogens are capable of sexual processes that appear to facilitate their survival in their infected host.
2759:, and other types of food. Fermentation cultures provide flavour and aroma, and inhibit undesirable organisms. They are used to
11904:
6977:"Distinct Microbial Communities within the Endosphere and Rhizosphere of Populus deltoides Roots across Contrasting Soil Types"
1799:
on Earth and inhabit practically all environments where the temperature is below +140 °C (284 °F). They are found in
1543:
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3517:, when alien lifeforms attempt to conquer Earth, they are ultimately defeated by a common microbe to which humans are immune.
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thrive in extremely low temperatures. – Temperatures as high as 130 °C (266 °F), as low as −17 °C (1 °F)
1642:
10267:
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729:
510:
3815:"SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions"
3792:
2996:
1363:(1843–1910) established that microorganisms can cause disease. He found that the blood of cattle that were infected with
724:
5223:
Yamaguchi, Masashi; et al. (1 December 2012). "Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep sea".
3582:(Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure)
3481:
may be reduced to acceptable levels rather than actually eliminated. In food preparation, microorganisms are reduced by
1549:
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10471:
10034:
9774:
8832:
1559:
5369:
Robertson, C.; Harris, J.; Spear, J.; Pace, N. (2005). "Phylogenetic diversity and ecology of environmental
Archaea".
5088:
1541:
9647:
1547:
1224:
8167:
6825:"Microscopy-UK Home (Resources for the microscopy enthusiast and amateur, including free monthly e-zine, Micscape.)"
3005:
and other bioactive molecules. Organic acids produced on a large industrial scale by microbial fermentation include
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8173:
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3205:
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5404:
Karner, M.B.; DeLong, E.F.; Karl, D.M. (2001). "Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the
Pacific Ocean".
1839:
from one cell to another through direct contact, particularly under stressful environmental conditions that cause
1823:. The number of prokaryotes is estimated to be around five nonillion, or 5 × 10, accounting for at least half the
1539:
1181:
The earliest known idea to indicate the possibility of diseases spreading by yet unseen organisms was that of the
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17:
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9879:
4869:"Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic"
3197:. Individuals near the corpses were exposed to the pathogen and were likely to spread that pathogen to others.
2824:
1542:
816:
8128:
7864:
7854:"Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria"
4053:
Nutton, Vivian (1990). "The
Reception of Fracastoro's Theory of Contagion: The Seed That Fell among Thorns?".
1557:
1552:
1193:
in which he called the unseen creatures animalia minuta, and warns against locating a homestead near a swamp:
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8608:
5455:
Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Rijpstra, W.I.; Hopmans, E.C.; Prahl, F.G.; Wakeham, S.G.; Schouten, S. (June 2002).
4254:
Gest, H. (2005). "The remarkable vision of Robert Hooke (1635–1703): first observer of the microbial world".
3813:
Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (2017).
3513:
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1926:
1910:
1537:
7490:"Yeast as a touchstone in post-genomic research: strategies for integrative analysis in functional genomics"
6120:
5516:; Schuster, S. C.; Schleper, C. (2006). "Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils".
1551:
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867:
from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the
7423:
Streptokinase is an extracellular protein, extracted from certain strains of beta hemolytic streptococcus.
6231:
Devreotes P (1989). "Dictyostelium discoideum: a model system for cell-cell interactions in development".
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2492:. Extremophiles are significant in different ways. They extend terrestrial life into much of the Earth's
1318:
showed that
Spallanzani's findings held even if air could enter through a filter that kept particles out.
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are able to communicate with the root systems of many plants through chemical signals between both the
2110:
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44:
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6678:, has been shown to reproduce at 121 °C (250 °F), and survive at 130 °C (266 °F).
4385:"Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista"
3139:
2504:, their specific evolutionary adaptation mechanisms to their extreme environment can be exploited in
2183:
2023:
1949:
1876:. Bacteria function and reproduce as individual cells, but they can often aggregate in multicellular
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92:
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6747:
Olsson, Karen; Keis, Stefanie; Morgan, Hugh W.; Dimroth, Peter; Cook, Gregory M. (15 January 2003).
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and microscopic. This is a highly diverse group of organisms that are not easy to classify. Several
1877:
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8183:
On-line microbiology textbook by
Timothy Paustian and Gary Roberts, University of Wisconsin–Madison
3264:
3133:
2856:
Certain bacteria are used to convert alcohol into acetic acid, which gives vinegar its acid taste.
2602:
are able to interact with each other and surrounding plants through signals and cues. For example,
2177:
1945:
1752:
Archaea differ from bacteria in both their genetics and biochemistry. For example, while bacterial
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on dust, rather than spontaneously generated within the broth. Thus, Pasteur refuted the theory of
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31:
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A 20-page educational booklet providing a basic overview of metagenomics and our microbial planet.
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From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank: The Complete Guide to Using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel
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Dyall, S.; Brown, M.; Johnson, P. (2004). "Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles".
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between the two. However, these signals can be eavesdropped by other microorganisms, such as the
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8135:
A free poster from the National Academy of Sciences about the positive roles of micro-organisms.
5881:
Muñoz-Dorado, J.; Marcos-Torres, F. J.; García-Bravo, E.; Moraleda-Muñoz, A.; Pérez, J. (2016).
5263:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
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2870:
Certain fungi are used to make citric acid, a common ingredient of soft drinks and other foods.
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1784:. Only now are scientists beginning to realize how common archaea are in the environment, with
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The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in
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195:
175:
7531:"Yeast-based functional genomics and proteomics technologies: the first 15 years and beyond"
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5454:
2309:, which may even allow them to survive in space. Many types of microorganisms have intimate
1795:
The combined domains of archaea and bacteria make up the most diverse and abundant group of
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6276:"The extent of protist diversity: insights from molecular ecology of freshwater eukaryotes"
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6046:
5975:"Pseudomonas Natriegens, a Marine Bacterium With a Generation Time of Less Than 10 Minutes"
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911:
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435:
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7570:
Sunnerhagen, P. (2002). "Prospects for functional genomics in Schizosaccharomyces pombe".
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5199:
4928:"An Ecological Theory for the Sudden Origin of Multicellular Life in the Late Precambrian"
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is used on production of vinegar, which gives vinegar odor of alcohol and alcoholic taste
2709:
and in decomposing organic matter. They also have applications in aquaculture, such as in
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found in and on all multicellular organisms. There is evidence that 3.45-billion-year-old
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2010:
that makes up a cell's genome. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) itself is arranged in complex
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Corliss JO (1992). "Should there be a separate code of nomenclature for the protists?".
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7185:"Importance of the methanogenic archaea populations in anaerobic wastewater treatments"
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Enright, M.; Robinson, D.; Randle, G.; Feil, E.; Grundmann, H.; Spratt, B. (May 2002).
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4059:. 2nd Series, Vol. 6, Renaissance Medical Learning: Evolution of a Tradition: 196–234.
3851:
3814:
3766:, a speculative organism, have been reportedly found in the earth's crust at 2,000 atm.
3658:
3509:, set in a stylized version of the human body, featured anthropomorphic microorganisms.
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by eliminating microorganisms from the surroundings. As microorganisms, in particular
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6436:"Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden"
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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3759:
3528:
3482:
3460:
3225:
3125:
3049:
3015:
2858:
2841:
2726:
2603:
2531:
2508:, and their very existence under such extreme conditions increases the potential for
2463:
2414:
2346:
2262:
2256:
2019:
1824:
1680:. This rapid evolution is important in medicine, as it has led to the development of
1673:
1567:
1500:
1075:
998:
849:
757:
640:
520:
375:
208:
146:
8094:
7599:
6908:
6370:"Contributions of hyphae and hypha-co-regulated genes to Candida albicans virulence"
6074:
5480:
4468:
4283:
4088:
2042:
in addition to the organelles in other eukaryotes. Chloroplasts produce energy from
1027:
rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth.
12232:
12052:
11988:
11750:
11594:
11541:
11493:
11452:
11417:
11410:
11347:
11224:
11150:
10587:
10396:
10046:
9922:
9857:
9652:
9450:
9445:
9421:
9095:
8984:
8954:
8669:
8593:
8527:
8382:
8022:
7973:
7963:
7912:
7904:
7824:
7816:
7777:
7732:
7724:
7690:"The Largest Bioterrorism Attack in US History Was An Attempt To Swing An Election"
7665:
Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction: Radiological, Chemical, and Biological
7579:
7542:
7501:
7404:
7393:"Production and Purification of Streptokinase by Protected Affinity Chromatography"
7350:
7199:
7045:
7004:
6996:
6946:
6892:
6775:
6767:
6672:
6551:
6541:
6502:
6465:
6455:
6381:
6339:
6295:
6287:
6248:
6205:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6054:
5994:
5986:
5945:
5904:
5894:
5880:
5848:
5829:
5807:
5803:
5749:
5739:
5662:
5652:
5603:
5593:
5555:
5535:
5518:
5513:
5484:
5476:
5441:
5421:
5378:
5341:
5333:
5322:"Structure, biosynthesis, and physicochemical properties of archaebacterial lipids"
5292:
5282:
5232:
5171:
5161:
5073:
5051:
5004:
4957:
4947:
4898:
4888:
4839:
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4746:
4738:
4642:
4611:
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4357:
4306:
4263:
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4205:
4163:
4123:
4060:
4055:
3846:
3836:
3712:
3607:
3260:
2940:
2694:
2266:
2189:
1893:
1440:
1115:
1083:
1043:
796:
365:
204:
49:
10779:
7908:
7354:
7203:
6771:
5852:
5109:
Wolska, K. (2003). "Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment".
12062:
12047:
12042:
12026:
11526:
10758:
10360:
10272:
10171:
10056:
9932:
9862:
9815:
9736:
9672:
9642:
9436:
9401:
9295:
9170:
9125:
9019:
9014:
9004:
8889:
8694:
8578:
8532:
8424:
8180:
8151:
8132:
8027:
8002:
7781:
7506:
7489:
7131:
Hui, Y.H.; Meunier-Goddik, L.; Josephsen, J.; Nip, W.K.; Stanfield, P.S. (2004).
7130:
6812:
6694:
5990:
5950:
5933:
5337:
4792:
4775:
4043:(Five and a Half Centuries of Turkish Medical History). Istanbul, 1969, pp. 35–36
3789:"Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago"
3579:
2760:
2599:
2592:
2497:
2481:
2405:
are microorganisms that have adapted so that they can survive and even thrive in
1995:
1944:. However, many bacterial species can transfer DNA between individual cells by a
1016:
970:
864:
650:
615:
6679:
5457:"Distribution of Membrane Lipids of Planktonic Crenarchaeota in the Arabian Sea"
4985:
DeLong, E.; Pace, N. (2001). "Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea".
4194:"The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning Little Animal'"
180:
12220:
12151:
12119:
12006:
11964:
11710:
11551:
11461:
11447:
11248:
11104:
11052:
10909:
10828:
10652:
10526:
10444:
9927:
9891:
9728:
9667:
9386:
8810:
8805:
8764:
8689:
8568:
8503:
8464:
8454:
7940:
Lepp, P.; Brinig, M.; Ouverney, C.; Palm, K.; Armitage, G.; Relman, D. (2004).
6896:
6365:
5008:
3686:
3668:
3663:
3505:
3424:
3381:
3277:
plays a crucial role in the immune system. The microorganisms that make up the
3144:
2706:
2690:
2664:
2639:
2570:
2527:
2392:
2318:
2278:
2240:
2120:
2069:
only at the beginning of their life cycles. Microbial eukaryotes can be either
2058:
2047:
2003:
1930:
1820:
1785:
1634:
1626:
1591:
1395:
1299:
1163:
1133:
1063:
986:
783:
505:
315:
8186:
7583:
6748:
5382:
5029:
12272:
12171:
12083:
12016:
11969:
11640:
11612:
11516:
11489:
11486:
11420:
10914:
10888:
10838:
10521:
10414:
10281:
10166:
10122:
10094:
10085:
10075:
10051:
9947:
9683:
8979:
8709:
8654:
8618:
8476:
8269:
8259:
8139:"Uncharted Microbial World: Microbes and Their Activities in the Environment"
7820:
6697:
6690:
6546:
6107:
DNA repair as the primary adaptive function of sex in bacteria and eukaryotes
5899:
4573:"Beijerinck and Winogradsky Initiate the Field of Environmental Microbiology"
3559:
3499:
3470:
3412:
3239:
3213:
3113:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3035:
3001:
Microorganisms are used to produce many commercial and industrial chemicals,
2983:, and bacteria to convert various forms of agricultural and urban waste into
2829:
2672:
2619:
2564:
2558:
2505:
2459:
2402:
2342:
2298:
2149:
2093:
1999:
1970:
Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are
1753:
1742:
1602:
1456:
1407:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1284:
994:
880:
876:
585:
480:
370:
345:
340:
39:
7968:
7467:. National council of educational research and training. 2006. p. 183.
7441:
The search for anti-inflammatory drugs case histories from concept to clinic
7050:
7033:
6252:
6058:
5744:
5657:
5598:
5287:
5236:
4893:
4646:
3841:
12134:
12129:
12093:
12078:
12057:
11979:
11913:
11827:
11797:
11657:
11308:
11160:
11155:
11057:
10993:
10862:
10857:
10723:
10719:
10490:
10424:
10383:
10311:
10296:
10176:
9917:
9835:
9783:
9741:
9702:
9677:
9657:
9496:
9431:
9337:
9203:
9189:
8820:
8547:
8308:
8036:
7987:
7926:
7895:
7838:
7789:
7746:
7728:
7591:
7556:
7515:
7418:
7362:
7018:
6960:
6932:
6904:
6837:
6789:
6565:
6514:
6479:
6460:
6395:
6351:
6309:
6291:
6066:
6008:
5959:
5918:
5815:
5763:
5547:
5512:
Leininger, S.; Urich, T.; Schloter, M.; Schwark, L.; Qi, J.; Nicol, G. W.;
5498:
5433:
5390:
5244:
5185:
5166:
5122:
5065:
5016:
4971:
4952:
4853:
4835:
4801:
4760:
4742:
4623:
4460:
4403:
4318:
4275:
4227:
4209:
4167:
4128:
4103:
4080:
3860:
3432:
3385:
3298:
3270:
3243:
3201:
3194:
3176:
3117:
3105:
3020:
2907:
2903:
2702:
2576:
2521:
2422:
2395:
2370:
2078:
1991:
1881:
1857:
1769:
1757:
1738:
1598:
ago. Further evolution was slow, and for about 3 billion years in the
1504:
1492:
1293:
1276:
1230:
1212:
1182:
1071:
1002:
951:
950:. There are also many multicellular organisms that are microscopic, namely
947:
892:
630:
610:
575:
570:
560:
555:
535:
515:
425:
395:
355:
335:
325:
305:
300:
295:
290:
190:
6260:
6217:
6174:
5860:
5676:
5617:
5355:
5306:
4912:
4369:
4267:
3301:. Some microorganisms that are seen to be beneficial to health are termed
2381:
2061:
throughout their life cycle. This qualification is significant since most
1503:
and therefore not considered to be microorganisms, although a subfield of
12124:
12103:
12021:
11996:
11857:
11832:
11820:
11635:
11589:
11390:
11357:
11337:
11258:
11171:
11042:
11010:
10948:
10938:
10873:
10848:
10796:
10531:
10419:
10199:
9752:
9708:
9662:
9441:
9426:
9356:
9162:
9037:
8852:
8613:
8469:
8068:
7000:
6951:
6934:
6802:
6734:
5135:
5089:"Microbe's Innovation May Have Started Largest Extinction Event on Earth"
3553:
3420:
3242:
and trigger or dampen stress responses. In general a more diverse set of
3182:
3044:
3030:
3006:
2899:
2893:
With only a few exceptions, microorganisms are used to make antibiotics.
2787:
2588:
2539:
2493:
2489:
2471:
2440:
2418:
2410:
2286:
2228:
2216:
2138:
2039:
1929:, which provides strength and rigidity to their cells. They reproduce by
1765:
1668:
rate and other means of transformation, allows microorganisms to swiftly
1599:
1402:
like animals, led to the naming of a third kingdom in the 1860s. In 1860
1360:
1348:
1288:
888:
680:
675:
645:
600:
545:
485:
470:
465:
430:
390:
280:
270:
265:
185:
131:
5539:
5368:
12201:
12176:
11871:
11866:
11847:
11837:
11815:
11471:
11395:
11215:
11186:
11114:
11093:
10964:
10852:
10806:
10748:
10552:
10511:
10498:
10352:
10306:
10291:
10209:
9942:
9723:
9552:
9416:
9406:
9396:
9391:
9361:
9351:
9254:
9135:
8704:
8583:
8491:
8486:
8274:
6668:
5931:
5258:
4615:
4452:
3755:
3697:, "organism"). It is usually written as a single word but is sometimes
3569:
3346:
3290:
3160:
3156:
2980:
2948:
2895:
2535:
2501:
2455:
2451:
2322:
2232:
2224:
2153:
2123:
2031:
2015:
2011:
1816:
1812:
1777:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1638:
1613:
were microorganisms. Bacteria, algae and fungi have been identified in
1563:
1280:
1170:
of present-day India postulated the existence of tiny organisms called
1079:
1047:
1020:
1006:
900:
868:
665:
660:
605:
590:
530:
495:
490:
460:
420:
400:
330:
310:
170:
165:
11882:
7939:
7547:
7530:
6325:"The molecular ecology of microbial eukaryotes unveils a hidden world"
4072:
2927:
12161:
12098:
12088:
12011:
11852:
11725:
11715:
11579:
11561:
11536:
11466:
11318:
11298:
11284:
11263:
11191:
11071:
10974:
10953:
10899:
10791:
10770:
10562:
10481:
10476:
10301:
10132:
10090:
10002:
9896:
9576:
9455:
9411:
9371:
9213:
9175:
9130:
9120:
9060:
8881:
8679:
8496:
6493:
Horneck, G. (1981). "Survival of microorganisms in space: a review".
6088:
5934:"Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function"
5425:
4482:
Solomon, Eldra Pearl; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W., eds. (2005).
4189:
3486:
3466:
3428:
3408:
3373:
3302:
3278:
2660:
2615:
2552:
2426:
2310:
2236:
2130:
2035:
2027:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1953:
1746:
1677:
1595:
1583:
1480:
1087:
1024:
927:
705:
580:
565:
550:
500:
475:
228:
141:
136:
6273:
5717:
5319:
5056:
5031:
4436:
4345:
2634:
2313:
with other larger organisms; some of which are mutually beneficial (
11943:
11745:
11740:
11652:
11617:
11546:
11531:
11521:
11400:
11323:
11274:
11238:
11205:
11119:
11031:
10928:
10883:
10763:
10743:
10602:
10557:
10516:
10494:
10434:
9810:
9787:
9501:
9474:
9376:
9366:
9264:
9208:
9140:
9075:
8961:
8949:
8921:
8789:
8351:
8346:
8284:
8254:
8145:
Understanding Our Microbial Planet: The New Science of Metagenomics
8125:
8000:
4064:
3681:
3574:
3478:
3474:
3416:
3396:
3393:
3369:
3349:
3336:
3322:
3235:
3231:
3152:
3148:
3121:
2795:
2705:. They are vital to agriculture through their roles in maintaining
2547:
2444:
2436:
2330:
2290:
2244:
2134:
2105:
2051:
1979:
1852:
1796:
1665:
1622:
1610:
1575:
1508:
1484:
1472:
1411:
1399:
1262:
1259:
1208:
1175:
1129:
1091:
990:
939:
923:
845:
778:
670:
595:
525:
455:
450:
275:
244:
223:
53:
7034:"Unclear Intentions: Eavesdropping in Microbial and Plant Systems"
5403:
2157:
that many eukaryotic microbial communities may yet be discovered.
11662:
11181:
11135:
10774:
10727:
10439:
10240:
10204:
9840:
9537:
9259:
9247:
9185:
9115:
9090:
9050:
9029:
8999:
8419:
8279:
8249:
8202:
8157:
7528:
7434:
6675:
6433:
5834:"Thinking about bacterial populations as multicellular organisms"
3812:
3763:
3456:
3400:
3389:
3358:
3286:
3209:
3077:
3002:
2976:
2952:
2783:
2771:
2736:
2543:
2326:
2220:
2145:
2115:
2089:
2085:
2074:
2070:
1983:
1938:
1934:
1918:
1832:
1831:
one-thousandth of one percent of that total have been described.
1789:
1781:
1714:
1579:
1476:
1382:
1364:
1352:
1125:
1099:
1059:
974:
966:
943:
935:
919:
904:
896:
685:
415:
285:
232:
218:
68:
9306:
8198:
Methane-spewing microbe blamed in worst mass extinction. CBCNews
5883:"Myxobacteria: Moving, Killing, Feeding, and Surviving Together"
5718:
van Wolferen, M; Wagner, A; van der Does, C; Albers, SV (2016).
4602:
Keen, E. C. (2012). "Felix d'Herelle and Our Microbial Future".
3100:
1283:
to observe microbial life in the form of the fruiting bodies of
12196:
11959:
11584:
11442:
11145:
11021:
10753:
10387:
10286:
10041:
9527:
9242:
9235:
8944:
8939:
8913:
8264:
5692:"Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species"
5630:
5257:
5200:"Deep sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell"
4579:(3rd ed.). Textbook Consortia. § 1–14. Archived from
4490:(7th ed.). Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning. pp. 421–7.
3698:
3556:, an eating behavior of some animals feeding on living microbes
3294:
3056:
Microorganisms are used to prepare bioactive molecules such as
2972:
2791:
2740:
2656:
2646:
2645:(round shapes) with fungal hyphae (translucent threads) in the
2467:
2302:
2274:
2270:
2172:
2166:
2066:
1906:
1898:
1888:
structures, operating as multicellular groups as part of their
1488:
1387:
1171:
1051:
1035:
982:
978:
955:
350:
240:
7336:"Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets"
2265:
present in nature, including hostile environments such as the
1344:
1151:
11917:
11556:
11124:
10786:
10597:
10547:
10485:
10462:
10214:
9272:
9230:
9223:
9218:
9055:
9009:
8971:
8929:
8842:
8289:
7888:
7437:"The history of the discovery and development of Cyclosporin"
6036:
5932:
Johnsbor, O.; Eldholm, V.; Håvarstein, L.S. (December 2007).
5511:
5030:
Schmidt, A.; Ragazzi, E.; Coppellotti, O.; Roghi, G. (2006).
3649:
3362:
3341:
3190:
3129:
2767:
2763:
2752:
2748:
2611:
2607:
2210:
2198:
2142:
2043:
1975:
1885:
1800:
1761:
1614:
1496:
1468:
1427:
1391:
1330:
959:
236:
76:
8119:
4776:"Archean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth"
4773:
3631:
1729:
unicellular organisms, and form the first domain of life in
10592:
9150:
9085:
9080:
9070:
9065:
8934:
7760:
Vrieze, Jop de (14 August 2015). "The littlest farmhands".
7487:
6322:
6109:. DNA Repair: New Research. Nova Sci. Publ. pp. 1–49.
3742:
3730:
3721:
3637:
3625:
3616:
3436:
3246:
microbes results in fewer plant diseases and higher yield.
2799:
2779:
2775:
2744:
2668:
2584:
1978:. However, many eukaryotes are also microorganisms. Unlike
1917:, although they can also harbor small pieces of DNA called
1804:
1606:
1571:
1167:
156:
7802:
6933:
Barea, J.; Pozo, M.; Azcón, R.; Azcón-Aguilar, C. (2005).
6364:
4343:
4242:
The Cleere Observer: A Biography of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
1921:. These plasmids can be transferred between cells through
7706:
7216:
5320:
De Rosa, M.; Gambacorta, A.; Gliozzi, A. (1 March 1986).
4820:"Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution"
3643:
3634:
2934:
rely largely on microorganisms to oxidise organic matter.
2175:
have several unicellular species, such as baker's yeast (
2007:
1914:
1836:
1617:
that is 220 million years old, which shows that the
1132:
postulated the existence of microscopic creatures in the
962:, but these are generally not considered microorganisms.
918:
they can be extremely diverse. Two of the three domains,
10718:
7088:"Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms"
6860:"Extremophiles and the search for extraterrestrial life"
6100:
3273:
relationship with other, larger organisms. For example,
2878:
Microorganisms are used to make vitamins, including C, B
1621:
of microorganisms has changed little since at least the
6746:
5793:
4570:
4513:
3489:
is used to kill microorganisms with heat and pressure.
2447:
7302:
Apollo's Fire: Igniting America's Clean Energy Economy
6973:
6530:"Microbial regulation of global biogeochemical cycles"
3741:) comes from μικρός, mikrós, "small" and βίος, bíos, "
3234:
and minerals in the soil available to plants, produce
2084:
Unicellular eukaryotes usually reproduce asexually by
1586:. All are microorganisms except some eukaryote groups.
1297:, he made drawings of studies, and he coined the term
7134:
Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology
7124:
5097:
That spike in nickel allowed methanogens to take off.
4003:
Advice to the Young Physician: On the Art of Medicine
3724:
3646:
3640:
3619:
3610:
2297:
and sustained colonies; these organisms are known as
2030:
bacteria and retain a remnant genome. Like bacteria,
1459:
and was one of the earliest applied microbiologists.
1158:
showed that boiling a broth stopped it from decaying.
8001:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018).
7942:"Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease"
4547:. American Phytopathological Society. Archived from
4437:"Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name?"
3733:
3727:
3622:
1237:(The Material of Life) about two centuries prior to
7891:"Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease"
7662:
7334:Sauer, Michael; Porro, Danilo; et al. (2008).
7031:
6101:Bernstein, H.; Bernstein, C.; Michod, R.E. (2012).
5138:"The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant
4297:Bordenave, G. (2003). "Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)".
3718:
3715:
3705:), especially in older texts. The informal synonym
3628:
3613:
3189:, diseased corpses were thrown into castles during
2197:and grow as single cells in some environments, and
891:discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases
8174:Through the microscope: A look at all things small
7299:
6610:
5794:Schulz, H.; Jorgensen, B. (2001). "Big bacteria".
5505:
4984:
4814:
4577:Through the Microscope: A Look at All Things Small
4518:(13th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 1096.
4382:
11345:
8067:. World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from
7090:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
6274:Slapeta, J; Moreira, D; López-García, P. (2005).
4481:
4431:
1479:are almost always microscopic, while a number of
12270:
8141:Report from the American Academy of Microbiology
6408:
6133:
4561:Retrieved from Internet Archive 12 January 2014.
2337:. Microorganisms play critical roles in Earth's
1676:) to survive in new environments and respond to
942:that are microbes. Some protists are related to
926:, only contain microorganisms. The third domain
7569:
7266:
7241:
6857:
6581:
4376:
4142:
4101:
2591:that supports many microorganisms known as the
2293:. Some types of microorganisms have adapted to
1532:
1467:Microorganisms can be found almost anywhere on
1462:
7529:Suter, B.; Auerbach, D.; Stagljar, I. (2006).
7435:Borel, J.F.; Kis, Z.L.; Beveridge, T. (1995).
6693:bacteria can grow at −17 °C (1 °F)),
6434:Szewzyk, U; Szewzyk, R; Stenström, T. (1994).
4425:
4346:"HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled"
4332:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905
3876:
2587:of plants create a narrow region known as the
2006:. The nucleus is an organelle that houses the
1952:. Some species form extraordinarily resilient
1660:, even between widely divergent species. This
1019:environments. Microorganisms also make up the
30:"Microbe" redirects here. For other uses, see
11898:
11306:
10704:
10368:
9768:
9322:
8897:
8218:
7637:
7615:Microbes: A Source of Energy for 21st Century
6639:
6577:
6575:
6527:
5828:
4296:
3903:
2845:a kind of bacterium is used in production of
2828:is one of the microbes used in production of
2065:eukaryotes consist of a single cell called a
1629:, however – especially that brought about by
1147:was the first to study microscopic organisms.
1098:are microbes and, as such, are the target of
817:
8049:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7713:Bioterrorism Incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993"
6604:
5631:Whitman, W.; Coleman, D.; Wiebe, W. (1998).
2409:that are normally fatal to most life-forms.
2377:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
2187:). Some fungi, such as the pathogenic yeast
1780:, but have since been found in all types of
1521:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
8093:. World Health Organization. Archived from
7640:Biotechnology: The Science and the Business
7297:
6935:"Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere"
6492:
6230:
6105:. In Kimura, Sakura; Shimizu, Sora (eds.).
5683:
4925:
4601:
4538:
4182:
3930:
2333:and then they are sometimes referred to as
2057:Unicellular eukaryotes consist of a single
1819:and even deep beneath the Earth's crust in
1279:, a contemporary of Leeuwenhoek, also used
11905:
11891:
10711:
10697:
10375:
10361:
9782:
9775:
9761:
9329:
9315:
8904:
8890:
8225:
8211:
7889:Eckburg, P.; Lepp, P.; Relman, D. (2003).
7612:
7391:Babashamsi, Mohammed; et al. (2009).
7390:
7333:
7182:
7157:
6572:
6187:
5192:
5108:
4866:
4724:
3872:
3870:
3780:
3415:; and also fungi causing diseases such as
3357:(spiky blue shapes), a causative agent of
2806:Example industrial uses of microorganisms
824:
810:
11213:
8848:Physical factors affecting microbial life
8838:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
8026:
7977:
7967:
7916:
7828:
7736:
7546:
7505:
7408:
7397:Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology
7049:
7008:
6950:
6886:
6779:
6633:
6555:
6545:
6469:
6459:
6385:
6299:
6164:
6154:
6094:
5998:
5972:
5949:
5908:
5898:
5753:
5743:
5666:
5656:
5607:
5597:
5488:
5345:
5296:
5286:
5222:
5216:
5175:
5165:
5055:
4998:
4961:
4951:
4902:
4892:
4843:
4791:
4750:
4475:
4334:Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 November 2006.
4217:
4127:
3850:
3840:
3368:Microorganisms are the causative agents (
2261:Microorganisms are found in almost every
1406:called this the Protoctista, and in 1866
12147:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
10382:
7329:
7327:
7221:. Taylor & Francis US. p. 256.
7162:. Imperial College Press. p. 1164.
6032:
6030:
5571:
5086:
4514:Madigan, M.; Martinko, J., eds. (2006).
4509:
4507:
4253:
3910:. Pearson Education India. p. 315.
3806:
3787:Tyrell, Kelly April (18 December 2017).
3340:
3099:
2979:. Scientists are researching the use of
2926:
2633:
2380:
2109:
1856:
1637:– may have accelerated the evolution of
1528:
1380:The discovery of microorganisms such as
1343:
1310:
1215:and other diseases might be contagious.
1150:
1139:
1124:
38:
11912:
8624:International Census of Marine Microbes
8599:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
8091:"The Five Keys to Safer Food Programme"
7439:. In Merluzzi, V.J.; Adams, J. (eds.).
6528:Rousk, Johannes; Bengtson, Per (2014).
5567:
5565:
4774:Altermann, W.; Kazmierczak, J. (2003).
4637:Lim, Daniel V. (2001). "Microbiology".
3956:
3954:
3867:
3465:Hygiene is a set of practices to avoid
3285:contribute to gut immunity, synthesize
2317:), while others can be damaging to the
2239:per cell, as well as various colonial,
2014:. Mitochondria are organelles vital in
1835:of some species aggregate and transfer
1768:. Archaea were originally described as
1737:. A prokaryote is defined as having no
1594:to develop on Earth, approximately 3.5
965:Microorganisms can have very different
14:
12271:
8911:
7759:
7488:Castrillo, J.I.; Oliver, S.G. (2004).
7443:. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 27–63.
6981:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
6967:
6323:Moreira, D.; López-García, P. (2002).
4052:
3999:
3786:
3238:that spur growth, stimulate the plant
3112:Microorganisms are essential tools in
1764:bonds, archaean membranes are made of
1590:Single-celled microorganisms were the
1241:'s discovery through experimentation:
11886:
10692:
10356:
9756:
9310:
8885:
8206:
8163:Microbe News from Genome News Network
7687:
7324:
7267:Tickell, Joshua; et al. (2000).
7137:. CRC Press. pp. 27 and passim.
7068:. Australian National Botanic Gardens
6027:
5720:"The archaeal Ced system imports DNA"
5689:
4504:
4041:Beş Buçuk Asırlık Türk Tabâbet Tarihi
2990:
2050:, and were also originally symbiotic
1483:are also microscopic, including most
1120:
12239:
10659:
10337:
8645:Microbiomes of the built environment
7851:
7845:
7805:"The gut flora as a forgotten organ"
7753:
7217:Kitani, Osumu; Carl W. Hall (1989).
6733:, University of Melbourne. See also
5562:
4699:
4595:
4188:
3951:
1189:in a first-century BC book entitled
910:Because microorganisms include most
12251:
10671:
7638:Moses, Vivian; et al. (1999).
7032:Rebolleda-Gómez M, Wood CW (2019).
6611:Gross, R.; Beier, D., eds. (2012).
6139:"Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla"
5261:; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990).
4636:
3972:
3297:, and ferment complex indigestible
3163:, and as a solution for pollution.
2997:Synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi
2923:Drinking water § Water quality
2538:. One way this can occur is in the
2454:can thrive in a pH of 2.0 or less.
2077:, and some organisms have multiple
24:
8833:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
8232:
7038:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
6413:. London: Natural History Museum.
5633:"Prokaryotes: The unseen majority"
5087:Schirber, Michael (27 July 2014).
4824:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
4731:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
4727:"Fossil evidence of Archaean life"
4571:Paustian, T.; Roberts, G. (2009).
4198:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
3762:requires a pressure of 1,000 atm;
3477:, are found virtually everywhere,
3427:. However, other diseases such as
3254:
2916:
2716:
2534:. This is achieved by a number of
2515:
2235:, usually but not always with two
1434:techniques. While his work on the
1351:showed that microorganisms caused
1233:mentioned the microbe in his work
1058:. Microbes are essential tools in
25:
12290:
9648:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
9336:
8113:
7803:O'Hara, A.; Shanahan, F. (2006).
7298:Inslee, Jay; et al. (2008).
6613:Two-Component Systems in Bacteria
4344:O'Brien, S.; Goedert, J. (1996).
3975:"Arab Roots of European Medicine"
3376:. The organisms involved include
2305:, and can be highly resistant to
2038:, and contain organelles such as
1643:Permian–Triassic extinction event
1451:. French-Canadian microbiologist
1386:that did not fit into either the
1225:Microscopic discovery of bacteria
879:found that microorganisms caused
12250:
12238:
12227:
12226:
12214:
11978:
10670:
10658:
10647:
10646:
10336:
10327:
10326:
9291:
9290:
8866:
8865:
8660:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
8298:
8188:Microorganisms in the pond water
8083:
8057:
7994:
7933:
7882:
7796:
7700:
7681:
7656:
7631:
7606:
7563:
7522:
7481:
7457:
7428:
6387:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00616.x
5032:"A microworld in Triassic amber"
4702:Principles of Molecular Virology
3711:
3606:
3206:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
2685:Human interactions with microbes
2614:. This results in a mutualistic
2532:fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
2364:
2243:, and filamentous forms. In the
1866:bacteria magnified about 10,000x
1627:biological role played by nickel
791:
790:
777:
75:
10025:Bacterial cellular morphologies
7688:Novak, Matt (3 November 2016).
7384:
7291:
7260:
7235:
7210:
7176:
7160:Biology of Wastewater Treatment
7151:
7102:
7080:
7058:
7025:
6926:
6851:
6831:
6817:
6796:
6740:
6721:
6683:
6662:
6642:Stress Response in Microbiology
6521:
6486:
6427:
6402:
6358:
6316:
6267:
6224:
6181:
6127:
6081:
6015:
5966:
5925:
5874:
5822:
5787:
5770:
5711:
5624:
5481:10.1128/AEM.68.6.2997-3002.2002
5448:
5397:
5362:
5313:
5251:
5129:
5102:
5080:
5023:
4978:
4919:
4860:
4808:
4767:
4718:
4693:
4663:
4630:
4564:
4532:
4516:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
4337:
4325:
4290:
4247:
4234:
4136:
4095:
4046:
4033:
4020:
3793:University of Wisconsin–Madison
3748:
3249:
2969:fermentation to produce ethanol
2814:Contribution of microorganisms
2723:Fermentation in food processing
2678:
2325:). If microorganisms can cause
1948:process referred to as natural
1306:
1271:is considered to be one of the
1218:
969:, and live everywhere from the
11458:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
7465:Biology textbook for class XII
6156:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
6022:Eukaryota: More on Morphology.
5808:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105
5225:Journal of Electron Microscopy
4704:(5 ed.). Academic Press.
3993:
3966:
3924:
3897:
3594:
2474:. A few extremophiles such as
13:
1:
11428:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
8744:Synthetic microbial consortia
8609:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
8509:Host microbe interactions in
7909:10.1128/IAI.71.2.591-596.2003
7355:10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006
7273:. Biodiesel America. p.
7204:10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.017
6772:10.1128/JB.185.2.461-465.2003
6584:Bacterial Regulatory Networks
6582:Filloux, A.A.M., ed. (2012).
6344:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02257-0
5853:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.81
5784:DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-65536-9
4362:10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6
4311:10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00075-3
3773:
3514:War of the Worlds (2005 film)
3492:
3096:Genetically modified bacteria
3047:produced by the mould fungus
2981:algae to produce liquid fuels
2782:. Microorganisms are used in
2731:Microorganisms are used in a
2663:of a macroscopic fungus with
2435:(an archaean) thrive in high
2359:regulation of gene expression
1959:
1925:. Bacteria have an enclosing
1911:circular bacterial chromosome
1625:period. The newly discovered
1082:, microorganisms make up the
852:size, which may exist in its
8342:Microbial population biology
8028:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024
8003:"Sex in microbial pathogens"
7782:10.1126/science.349.6249.680
7717:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7663:Langford, Roland E. (2004).
7507:10.5483/BMBRep.2004.37.1.093
6703:"Earth microbes on the Moon"
6507:10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6
6210:10.1016/0303-2647(92)90003-H
5991:10.1128/JB.83.4.736-737.1962
5951:10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004
5578:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
5338:10.1128/mmbr.50.1.70-80.1986
4793:10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.006
4541:"Martinus Willem Beijerinck"
3503:, a 2001 film, and its show
2629:
2598:These microorganisms in the
2341:as they are responsible for
2329:in a host they are known as
2281:. They also include all the
2018:as they are the site of the
1514:
1463:Classification and structure
1367:always had large numbers of
1105:
1066:and have been put to use in
934:as well as many unicellular
7:
7863:. FAO / WHO. Archived from
7667:. Wiley-IEEE. p. 140.
7183:Tabatabaei, Meisam (2010).
6640:Requena, J.M., ed. (2012).
6024:(Retrieved 10 October 2006)
5697:National Science Foundation
4383:Scamardella, J. M. (1999).
3883:. I.B.Tauris. p. 100.
3521:
3399:, causing diseases such as
3380:, causing diseases such as
3269:Microorganisms can form an
3070:from the ascomycete fungus
2967:Microorganisms are used in
2932:Wastewater treatment plants
2099:
1884:can aggregate into complex
1846:
1116:Microbiology § History
27:Microscopic living organism
10:
12295:
10268:Bacteria (classifications)
9990:Primary nutritional groups
9633:Abiogenic petroleum origin
9566:Thermococcus gammatolerans
8604:Marine microbial symbiosis
8430:Kill the Winner hypothesis
8402:Bacteria collective motion
7642:. CRC Press. p. 563.
7246:. CRC Press. p. 289.
6897:10.1089/153110702762027862
6753:can grow at up to pH 11.5"
5009:10.1080/106351501750435040
4392:International Microbiology
4148:Philosophical Transactions
4108:Philosophical Transactions
3937:. Routledge. p. 106.
3454:
3450:
3330:
3320:
3316:
3258:
3223:
3170:
3166:
3093:
3089:
2994:
2920:
2720:
2682:
2519:
2374:
2368:
2254:
2250:
2208:
2164:
2103:
1963:
1850:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1605:, (much of the history of
1574:data shows the domains of
1518:
1499:are generally regarded as
1394:kingdoms, since they were
1222:
1109:
1086:, including the essential
1032:important in human culture
883:, debunking the theory of
29:
12210:
12112:
12071:
12035:
11987:
11976:
11952:
11939:Social history of viruses
11924:
11767:
11701:
11626:
11603:
11570:
11503:
11377:
11370:
11336:
11297:
11272:
11246:
11237:
11204:
11169:
11133:
11102:
11079:
11070:
11040:
11019:
11001:
10992:
10962:
10936:
10927:
10897:
10871:
10836:
10827:
10820:
10734:
10642:
10634:List of mycology journals
10611:
10580:
10540:
10460:
10453:
10407:
10394:
10322:
10253:
10233:
10185:
10074:
10065:
10017:
9910:
9848:
9834:
9794:
9625:
9575:
9536:
9473:
9464:
9344:
9286:
9199:
9158:
9149:
9106:
9028:
8970:
8920:
8861:
8798:
8752:
8640:Microbes in human culture
8632:
8556:
8520:
8410:
8360:
8307:
8296:
8240:
8179:13 September 2008 at the
7584:10.1007/s00294-002-0335-6
7244:Food, Energy, and Society
6534:Frontiers in Microbiology
6409:Thomas, David C. (2002).
5887:Frontiers in Microbiology
5574:"The deep, hot biosphere"
5383:10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.003
5095:. Astrobiology Magazine.
3690:
3672:
3193:using catapults or other
3185:, as an early example of
3140:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
2962:
2889:
2874:
2866:
2852:
2835:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2204:
2184:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
2024:oxidative phosphorylation
1873:Thiomargarita namibiensis
1525:Earliest known life forms
1076:component of fertile soil
1038:in many ways, serving to
730:List of unsolved problems
10749:Mastigophora/Flagellates
10144:Bacterial outer membrane
9484:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
8734:Human Microbiome Project
8445:Microbial biodegradation
8150:15 February 2013 at the
8131:15 February 2013 at the
7821:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731
7617:. New India Publishing.
7306:. Island Press. p.
7242:Pimental, David (2007).
6858:Cavicchioli, R. (2002).
6547:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00103
5900:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00781
5724:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
5461:Appl. Environ. Microbiol
4926:Stanley, S. (May 1973).
4244:, p. 13, Macmillan, 1970
4102:Leeuwenhoek, A. (1753).
4006:. Springer. p. 33.
4000:Colgan, Richard (2009).
3880:Jainism: An Introduction
3587:
3265:Human Microbiome Project
3208:and the 1993 release of
3134:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2825:Lactobacillus Bulgaricus
2530:in soils depends on the
2466:, down to 0 atm as in a
2178:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2160:
1946:horizontal gene transfer
1693:resistant to antibiotics
1662:horizontal gene transfer
1511:, the study of viruses.
1449:nitrogen-fixing bacteria
725:List of research methods
32:Microbe (disambiguation)
11787:Baas-Becking hypothesis
9607:Halicephalobus mephisto
9600:Paralvinella sulfincola
9586:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
9491:Deinococcus radiodurans
8785:Microbiological culture
8780:Microbial DNA barcoding
8589:Antarctic microorganism
8337:Microbial phylogenetics
8158:Tree of Life Eukaryotes
7969:10.1073/pnas.0308766101
7343:Trends in Biotechnology
7051:10.3389/fevo.2019.00385
6760:Journal of Bacteriology
6368:; Vinces, M.D. (2005).
6253:10.1126/science.2672337
6059:10.1126/science.1094884
5745:10.1073/pnas.1513740113
5658:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578
5599:10.1073/pnas.89.13.6045
5288:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
4894:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735
4671:"What is Microbiology?"
4647:10.1038/npg.els.0000459
3877:Jeffery D Long (2013).
3842:10.1073/pnas.1718063115
3549:Microbiological culture
3219:
2650:Pyrenocollema halodytes
2546:that contain symbiotic
2477:Deinococcus radiodurans
2432:Halobacterium salinarum
2388:Deinococcus radiodurans
2311:symbiotic relationships
1880:. Some species such as
1641:towards the end of the
1430:and the development of
1273:fathers of microbiology
1269:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1239:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1145:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1074:. Microbes are a vital
1012:Deinococcus radiodurans
932:multicellular organisms
196:Response to environment
12140:Helper dependent virus
11782:Microbial biogeography
10139:Gram-negative bacteria
10118:Gram-positive bacteria
8770:Impedance microbiology
8511:Caenorhabditis elegans
8327:Microbial intelligence
8317:Microbial biogeography
7947:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
7729:10.3201/eid1001.030238
7112:. University of Guelph
6646:Caister Academic Press
6617:Caister Academic Press
6588:Caister Academic Press
6461:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810
6292:10.1098/rspb.2005.3195
5267:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
5167:10.1073/pnas.122108599
5146:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
4953:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486
4836:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842
4743:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834
4484:"Kingdoms or Domains?"
4210:10.1098/rstb.2014.0344
4168:10.1098/rstl.1702.0042
4129:10.1098/rstl.1700.0013
3904:Upinder Singh (2008).
3544:Microbial intelligence
3539:Microbial biogeography
3534:Impedance microbiology
3479:harmful microorganisms
3365:
3327:Germ theory of disease
3283:gastrointestinal tract
3109:
3080:produced by the yeast
3073:Tolypocladium inflatum
3023:made by the bacterium
2935:
2697:and sometimes used in
2652:
2399:
2126:
1892:, or form clusters in
1867:
1701:Parakaryon myojinensis
1678:environmental stresses
1664:, coupled with a high
1587:
1356:
1339:germ theory of disease
1335:spontaneous generation
1319:
1248:
1199:
1187:Marcus Terentius Varro
1159:
1148:
1137:
885:spontaneous generation
715:List of biology awards
321:Biological engineering
57:
56:magnified 10,000 times
10802:Fungus-like organisms
10624:List of fungal orders
9994:Substrate preference
9593:Galdieria sulphuraria
9522:Spirochaeta americana
8816:Microbial dark matter
8760:Dark-field microscopy
8564:Marine microorganisms
8440:Microbial cooperation
7494:J. Biochem. Mol. Biol
6805:can grow at pH −0.06.
6751:Bacillus alcalophilus
6696:and can survive near
5237:10.1093/jmicro/dfs062
5140:Staphylococcus aureus
4539:Johnson, J. (2001) .
4268:10.1353/pbm.2005.0053
3565:Nylon-eating bacteria
3354:Plasmodium falciparum
3344:
3331:Further information:
3305:and are available as
3259:Further information:
3103:
3026:Clostridium butyricum
2995:Further information:
2930:
2921:Further information:
2637:
2510:extraterrestrial life
2488:exposure of up to 5k
2384:
2375:Further information:
2339:biogeochemical cycles
2283:marine microorganisms
2267:North and South poles
2181:) and fission yeast (
2113:
1986:, eukaryotes contain
1937:, but do not undergo
1923:bacterial conjugation
1863:Staphylococcus aureus
1860:
1719:Further information:
1562:
1519:Further information:
1347:
1314:
1243:
1223:Further information:
1204:The Canon of Medicine
1195:
1154:
1143:
1128:
1094:responsible for many
1009:, and a few, such as
916:three domains of life
912:unicellular organisms
873:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
406:Developmental biology
381:Computational biology
361:Cellular microbiology
42:
12192:Virus quantification
12187:Virus classification
11517:Simple cell membrane
11453:Pseudoparenchymatous
11441:Filamentous/trichal/
11425:Colonial flagellated
11358:Collar of microvilli
10619:Glossary of mycology
9975:Microbial metabolism
9515:Thermus thermophilus
9171:Evolutionary history
8435:Microbial consortium
8332:Microbial metabolism
8168:Medical Microbiology
8126:Our Microbial Planet
7372:on 28 September 2017
7192:Process Biochemistry
7110:"Dairy Microbiology"
7001:10.1128/AEM.05255-11
6811:22 June 2010 at the
5841:Annu. Rev. Microbiol
5690:Staff (2 May 2016).
4583:on 14 September 2008
4154:(277–288): 1304–11.
4039:Osman Şevki Uludağ:
3961:Varro on Agriculture
3931:Paul Dundas (2003).
3333:Medical microbiology
3041:lactic acid bacteria
3011:acetic acid bacteria
2975:reactors to produce
2955:gas as a by-product.
2836:Alcoholic beverages
2462:: up to 1,000–2,000
2439:, up to saturation.
2407:extreme environments
2295:extreme environments
2227:are classified with
2195:phenotypic switching
2026:. They evolved from
1774:extreme environments
1436:tobacco mosaic virus
1003:very cold conditions
748:Agricultural science
626:Reproductive biology
511:Mathematical biology
436:Evolutionary biology
386:Conservation biology
12182:Virus-like particle
11731:Contractile vacuole
11682:Meiosis in protists
11663:Mitosis in protists
11641:Multinucleate cells
10863:Flagellar apparatus
10812:Ambiregnal protists
10754:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
10629:List of mycologists
10225:Non-motile bacteria
9821:Pathogenic bacteria
9714:Radiotrophic fungus
9691:Helaeomyia petrolei
9638:Acidithiobacillales
9547:Pyrococcus furiosus
9108:Natural environment
8538:Seagrass microbiome
8019:2018InfGE..57....8B
7960:2004PNAS..101.6176L
7774:2015Sci...349..680D
7613:Soni, S.K. (2007).
7158:Gray, N.F. (2004).
7066:"What is a lichen?"
6993:2011ApEnM..77.5934G
6879:2002AsBio...2..281C
6727:Dyall-Smith, Mike,
6452:1994PNAS...91.1810S
6286:(1576): 2073–2081.
6245:1989Sci...245.1054D
6202:1992BiSys..28....1C
6137:(1 December 1993).
6051:2004Sci...304..253D
5736:2016PNAS..113.2496V
5649:1998PNAS...95.6578W
5590:1992PNAS...89.6045G
5540:10.1038/nature04983
5532:2006Natur.442..806L
5473:2002ApEnM..68.2997S
5418:2001Natur.409..507K
5371:Curr Opin Microbiol
5279:1990PNAS...87.4576W
5158:2002PNAS...99.7687E
5048:2006Natur.444..835S
4944:1973PNAS...70.1486S
4885:1994PNAS...91.6735S
4867:Schopf, J. (1994).
4725:Schopf, J. (2006).
4700:Cann, Alan (2011).
4681:on 15 February 2015
4604:Future Microbiology
4256:Perspect. Biol. Med
4160:1702RSPT...23.1304V
4120:1700RSPT...22..509V
4114:(260–276): 509–18.
3985:(2). Archived from
3833:2018PNAS..115...53S
3445:periodontal disease
3378:pathogenic bacteria
3374:infectious diseases
3307:dietary supplements
3275:microbial symbiosis
3060:from the bacterium
2945:Anaerobic digestion
2847:alcoholic beverages
2807:
2802:-making processes.
2638:The photosynthetic
2354:regulatory networks
1942:sexual reproduction
1913:– a single loop of
1735:three-domain system
1685:pathogenic bacteria
1682:multidrug resistant
1592:first forms of life
1420:Martinus Beijerinck
1256:Girolamo Fracastoro
1156:Lazzaro Spallanzani
1096:infectious diseases
1056:bioactive compounds
995:adapted to extremes
753:Biomedical sciences
411:Ecological genetics
63:Part of a series on
11562:Periplast/pellicle
11285:Periplast/pellicle
11225:Cruciform division
10401:Outline of lichens
10154:Lipopolysaccharide
8775:Microbial cytology
8739:Protein production
8574:Marine prokaryotes
8460:Microbial food web
8390:Protist locomotion
8368:Bacterial motility
8322:Microbial genetics
8097:on 7 December 2003
7870:on 22 October 2012
7852:Schlundt, Jorgen.
7711:Bacillus anthracis
6952:10.1093/jxb/eri197
5973:Eagon, R. (1962).
5796:Annu Rev Microbiol
5111:Acta Microbiol Pol
4830:(1470): 969–1006.
4816:Cavalier-Smith, T.
4616:10.2217/fmb.12.115
4453:10.1007/BF00139515
4204:(1666): 20140344.
4028:Shaqaiq-e Numaniya
3973:Tschanz, David W.
3441:pathogenic viruses
3366:
3230:Microbes can make
3187:biological warfare
3173:Biological warfare
3110:
3083:Monascus purpureus
2991:Chemicals, enzymes
2936:
2805:
2711:biofloc technology
2653:
2624:Myxococcus xanthus
2400:
2199:filamentous hyphae
2137:are most commonly
2127:
1894:bacterial colonies
1868:
1631:volcanic eruptions
1588:
1491:, as well as some
1432:enrichment culture
1424:Sergei Winogradsky
1370:Bacillus anthracis
1357:
1337:and supported the
1320:
1229:Turkish scientist
1160:
1149:
1138:
1121:Ancient precursors
1112:History of biology
1068:biological warfare
784:Biology portal
636:Structural biology
621:Relational biology
446:Generative biology
441:Freshwater biology
58:
12266:
12265:
12157:Neurotropic virus
12002:Viral replication
11880:
11879:
11777:Microbial ecology
11763:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11736:Eyespot apparatus
11366:
11365:
11348:Choanoflagellates
11332:
11331:
11293:
11292:
11233:
11232:
11200:
11199:
11066:
11065:
10988:
10987:
10923:
10922:
10686:
10685:
10576:
10575:
10472:teleomorph/sexual
10350:
10349:
10249:
10248:
10195:Bacterial capsule
10161:Periplasmic space
10128:Lipoteichoic acid
10013:
10012:
9985:Microbial ecology
9980:Nitrogen fixation
9750:
9749:
9697:Hydrothermal vent
9621:
9620:
9559:Pyrolobus fumarii
9508:Thermus aquaticus
9304:
9303:
9282:
9281:
8955:chemical elements
8879:
8878:
8650:Food microbiology
8543:Soil microbiology
8482:Microbial synergy
8450:Microbial ecology
8071:on 23 August 2004
8007:Infect Genet Evol
7768:(6249): 680–683.
7674:978-0-471-46560-7
7649:978-90-5702-407-8
7624:978-81-89422-14-1
7548:10.2144/000112151
7474:978-81-7450-639-9
7450:978-1-4615-9846-6
7317:978-1-59726-175-3
7284:978-0-9707227-0-6
7253:978-1-4200-4667-0
7228:978-2-88124-269-4
7169:978-1-86094-332-4
7144:978-0-8247-5122-7
6987:(17): 5934–5944.
6673:hyperthermophilic
6655:978-1-908230-04-1
6626:978-1-908230-08-9
6597:978-1-908230-03-4
6420:978-0-565-09175-0
6380:(11): 1546–1554.
6116:978-1-62100-808-8
5782:978-3-319-65535-2
5572:Gold, T. (1992).
5526:(7104): 806–809.
5152:(11): 7687–7692.
4879:(15): 6735–6742.
4737:(1470): 869–885.
4711:978-0-12-384939-7
4656:978-0-470-01590-2
4610:(12): 1337–1339.
4525:978-0-321-73551-5
4497:978-0-534-49276-2
4433:Rothschild, L. J.
4350:Curr Opin Immunol
4013:978-1-4419-1033-2
3944:978-1-134-50165-6
3917:978-81-317-1677-9
3890:978-0-85771-392-6
3760:Halomonas salaria
3529:Catalogue of Life
3461:Food microbiology
3405:sleeping sickness
3226:Soil microbiology
3204:has included the
3200:In modern times,
3126:molecular biology
3050:Aspergillus niger
3016:Acetobacter aceti
2914:
2913:
2859:Acetobacter Aceti
2842:Acetobacter Aceti
2766:, and to convert
2727:Food microbiology
2693:. They have been
2643:Hyella caespitosa
2604:mycorrhizal fungi
2450:of about 8.5–11.
2415:hyperthermophiles
2347:nitrogen fixation
2257:Microbial ecology
2223:, others such as
2116:Euglena mutabilis
2020:citric acid cycle
1758:phosphoglycerides
1674:natural selection
1568:phylogenetic tree
1398:like plants, but
1375:Koch's postulates
834:
833:
758:Health technology
641:Synthetic biology
521:Molecular biology
376:Cognitive biology
171:Energy processing
16:(Redirected from
12286:
12254:
12253:
12242:
12241:
12230:
12229:
12218:
12053:Phenotype mixing
11989:Viral life cycle
11982:
11907:
11900:
11893:
11884:
11883:
11751:Mastigont system
11704:
11629:
11606:
11595:Gliding motility
11573:
11510:
11455:/plektenchymatic
11411:Amoeboflagellate
11384:
11375:
11374:
11351:
11343:
11342:
11312:
11304:
11303:
11278:
11252:
11244:
11243:
11218:
11211:
11210:
11175:
11139:
11108:
11082:
11077:
11076:
11046:
11025:
11004:
10999:
10998:
10968:
10942:
10934:
10933:
10903:
10877:
10841:
10834:
10833:
10825:
10824:
10713:
10706:
10699:
10690:
10689:
10674:
10673:
10662:
10661:
10650:
10649:
10507:anamorph/asexual
10458:
10457:
10397:Outline of fungi
10377:
10370:
10363:
10354:
10353:
10340:
10339:
10330:
10329:
10278:Former groupings
10072:
10071:
9923:Human microbiome
9846:
9845:
9777:
9770:
9763:
9754:
9753:
9653:Archaeoglobaceae
9626:Related articles
9471:
9470:
9451:Thermoacidophile
9446:Hyperthermophile
9422:Polyextremophile
9331:
9324:
9317:
9308:
9307:
9294:
9293:
9166:
9156:
9155:
9096:tropical cyclone
9046:
8906:
8899:
8892:
8883:
8882:
8869:
8868:
8670:Human microbiome
8594:Coral microbiome
8528:Plant microbiome
8302:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8204:
8203:
8189:
8170:On-line textbook
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8048:
8040:
8030:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7981:
7971:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7920:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7858:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7832:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7740:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7550:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7509:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7412:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7371:
7365:. Archived from
7340:
7331:
7322:
7321:
7305:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7219:Biomass Handbook
7214:
7208:
7207:
7198:(8): 1214–1225.
7189:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7012:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6954:
6945:(417): 1761–78.
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6914:on 26 April 2022
6913:
6907:. Archived from
6890:
6864:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6821:
6815:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6757:
6744:
6738:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6709:on 23 March 2010
6705:. Archived from
6687:
6681:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6549:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6463:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6389:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6332:Trends Microbiol
6329:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6303:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6239:(4922): 1054–8.
6228:
6222:
6221:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6158:
6135:Cavalier-Smith T
6131:
6125:
6124:
6123:on 22 July 2018.
6119:. Archived from
6098:
6092:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6034:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6002:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5902:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5870:on 17 July 2011.
5869:
5863:. Archived from
5838:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5791:
5785:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5670:
5660:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5611:
5601:
5569:
5560:
5559:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5467:(6): 2997–3002.
5452:
5446:
5445:
5426:10.1038/35054051
5412:(6819): 507–10.
5401:
5395:
5394:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5290:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5169:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5059:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5002:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4938:(5): 1486–1489.
4923:
4917:
4916:
4906:
4896:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4677:. Archived from
4667:
4661:
4660:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4406:. Archived from
4389:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4251:
4245:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4050:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4026:Taşköprülüzâde:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3844:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3784:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3692:
3674:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3598:
3261:Human microbiota
2951:generate useful
2941:slow sand filter
2808:
2804:
2735:process to make
2190:Candida albicans
1933:or sometimes by
1815:of an organism,
1531:
1441:chemolithotrophy
1100:hygiene measures
1084:human microbiota
887:. In the 1880s,
875:. In the 1850s,
871:in the 1670s by
826:
819:
812:
799:
794:
793:
786:
782:
781:
720:List of journals
366:Chemical biology
79:
60:
59:
50:Escherichia coli
21:
12294:
12293:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12285:
12284:
12283:
12269:
12268:
12267:
12262:
12206:
12108:
12067:
12063:Viral evolution
12048:Antigenic shift
12043:Antigenic drift
12031:
12027:Lysogenic cycle
11983:
11974:
11948:
11920:
11911:
11881:
11876:
11769:
11755:
11702:
11697:
11627:
11622:
11604:
11599:
11571:
11566:
11507:
11504:
11499:
11381:
11378:
11362:
11346:
11328:
11307:
11289:
11273:
11268:
11247:
11229:
11214:
11196:
11170:
11165:
11134:
11129:
11105:Dinoflagellates
11103:
11098:
11080:
11062:
11041:
11036:
11020:
11015:
11002:
10984:
10963:
10958:
10937:
10919:
10898:
10893:
10872:
10867:
10837:
10816:
10737:classifications
10736:
10730:
10717:
10687:
10682:
10638:
10607:
10588:Dimorphic fungi
10581:Growth patterns
10572:
10536:
10449:
10430:Medicinal fungi
10403:
10390:
10381:
10351:
10346:
10318:
10273:Bacterial phyla
10257:
10245:
10229:
10187:
10181:
10172:Arabinogalactan
10077:
10061:
10009:
9906:
9850:
9838:
9830:
9816:Lysogenic cycle
9797:
9790:
9781:
9751:
9746:
9737:Thermostability
9673:Grylloblattidae
9643:Acidobacteriota
9617:
9571:
9532:
9466:
9460:
9402:Metallotolerant
9340:
9335:
9305:
9300:
9278:
9195:
9164:
9145:
9102:
9044:
9024:
9015:Gaia hypothesis
9005:Plate tectonics
8966:
8916:
8910:
8880:
8875:
8857:
8794:
8748:
8628:
8579:Marine protists
8552:
8533:Root microbiome
8516:
8425:Biological pump
8406:
8356:
8303:
8294:
8236:
8231:
8187:
8181:Wayback Machine
8152:Wayback Machine
8133:Wayback Machine
8116:
8111:
8110:
8100:
8098:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8074:
8072:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8042:
8041:
7999:
7995:
7954:(16): 6176–81.
7938:
7934:
7887:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7856:
7850:
7846:
7801:
7797:
7758:
7754:
7705:
7701:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7611:
7607:
7568:
7564:
7527:
7523:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7463:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7433:
7429:
7389:
7385:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7338:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7240:
7236:
7229:
7215:
7211:
7187:
7181:
7177:
7170:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7030:
7026:
6972:
6968:
6931:
6927:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6888:10.1.1.472.3179
6862:
6856:
6852:
6836:
6832:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6813:Wayback Machine
6801:
6797:
6755:
6745:
6741:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6701:
6688:
6684:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6580:
6573:
6526:
6522:
6491:
6487:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6407:
6403:
6374:Cell. Microbiol
6363:
6359:
6327:
6321:
6317:
6280:Proc. Biol. Sci
6272:
6268:
6229:
6225:
6186:
6182:
6132:
6128:
6117:
6099:
6095:
6086:
6082:
6045:(5668): 253–7.
6035:
6028:
6020:
6016:
5971:
5967:
5930:
5926:
5879:
5875:
5867:
5836:
5827:
5823:
5792:
5788:
5775:
5771:
5730:(9): 2496–501.
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5688:
5684:
5643:(12): 6578–83.
5629:
5625:
5570:
5563:
5510:
5506:
5453:
5449:
5402:
5398:
5367:
5363:
5318:
5314:
5256:
5252:
5221:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5134:
5130:
5107:
5103:
5085:
5081:
5057:10.1038/444835a
5028:
5024:
5000:10.1.1.321.8828
4983:
4979:
4924:
4920:
4865:
4861:
4813:
4809:
4772:
4768:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4635:
4631:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4551:on 20 June 2010
4537:
4533:
4526:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4480:
4476:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4413:on 14 June 2011
4410:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4299:Microbes Infect
4295:
4291:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4187:
4183:
4144:Leeuwenhoek, A.
4141:
4137:
4100:
4096:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3875:
3868:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3753:
3749:
3714:
3710:
3679:, "small") and
3659:combining forms
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:Budapest Treaty
3524:
3506:Ozzy & Drix
3495:
3463:
3455:Main articles:
3453:
3339:
3329:
3321:Main articles:
3319:
3267:
3257:
3255:Human gut flora
3252:
3228:
3222:
3179:
3171:Main articles:
3169:
3145:model organisms
3098:
3092:
2999:
2993:
2965:
2925:
2919:
2917:Water treatment
2885:
2881:
2729:
2721:Main articles:
2719:
2717:Food production
2691:model organisms
2687:
2681:
2632:
2600:root microbiome
2593:root microbiome
2524:
2518:
2516:Plants and soil
2458:thrive at very
2437:salt conditions
2417:thrive in high
2379:
2373:
2367:
2259:
2253:
2213:
2207:
2169:
2163:
2108:
2102:
1996:Golgi apparatus
1968:
1962:
1855:
1849:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1561:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1465:
1453:Felix d'Herelle
1309:
1235:Maddat ul-Hayat
1227:
1221:
1211:suggested that
1123:
1118:
1108:
1064:model organisms
865:Jain scriptures
858:colony of cells
830:
789:
776:
775:
768:
767:
743:
735:
734:
701:
693:
692:
691:
690:
651:Systems biology
616:Quantum biology
259:
251:
250:
215:
200:
162:
151:
127:
119:
84:
82:Science of life
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Micro-organisms
15:
12:
11:
5:
12292:
12282:
12281:
12279:Microorganisms
12264:
12263:
12261:
12260:
12248:
12236:
12224:
12211:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12152:Marine viruses
12149:
12144:
12143:
12142:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12120:Antiviral drug
12116:
12114:
12110:
12109:
12107:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12075:
12073:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12039:
12037:
12033:
12032:
12030:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12007:Viral shedding
12004:
11999:
11993:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11977:
11975:
11973:
11972:
11967:
11965:Viral envelope
11962:
11956:
11954:
11950:
11949:
11947:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11925:
11922:
11921:
11910:
11909:
11902:
11895:
11887:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11863:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11855:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11825:
11824:
11823:
11812:
11811:
11810:
11805:
11791:
11790:
11789:
11784:
11773:
11771:
11765:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11707:
11705:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11695:
11694:
11693:
11690:
11687:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11674:
11671:
11668:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11649:
11648:
11638:
11632:
11630:
11624:
11623:
11621:
11620:
11615:
11609:
11607:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11576:
11574:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11513:
11511:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11484:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11480:
11479:Siphonocladous
11477:
11469:
11462:Multinucleated
11459:
11456:
11450:
11448:Parenchymatous
11445:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11429:
11426:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11387:
11385:
11372:
11368:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11360:
11354:
11352:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11327:
11326:
11321:
11315:
11313:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11287:
11281:
11279:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11266:
11261:
11255:
11253:
11249:Kinetoplastids
11241:
11235:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11227:
11221:
11219:
11208:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11178:
11176:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11142:
11140:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11111:
11109:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11096:
11091:
11085:
11083:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11060:
11055:
11049:
11047:
11038:
11037:
11035:
11034:
11028:
11026:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11013:
11007:
11005:
10996:
10990:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10977:
10971:
10969:
10960:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10945:
10943:
10931:
10925:
10924:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10915:Phycobilisomes
10912:
10910:Pit connection
10906:
10904:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10891:
10889:Phycobilisomes
10886:
10880:
10878:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10844:
10842:
10839:Chloroplastida
10831:
10829:Archaeplastida
10822:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10783:
10782:
10777:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10761:
10751:
10740:
10738:
10732:
10731:
10716:
10715:
10708:
10701:
10693:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10680:
10668:
10656:
10643:
10640:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10615:
10613:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10502:
10501:
10488:
10479:
10467:
10465:
10455:
10451:
10450:
10448:
10447:
10445:Mycotoxicology
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10411:
10409:
10405:
10404:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10380:
10379:
10372:
10365:
10357:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10334:
10323:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10289:
10284:
10275:
10270:
10264:
10262:
10251:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10243:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10191:
10189:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10163:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10151:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10114:
10113:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10088:
10082:
10080:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10038:
10037:
10032:
10030:cell structure
10021:
10019:
10015:
10014:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10007:
10006:
10005:
10003:Saccharophilic
10000:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9971:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9920:
9914:
9912:
9908:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9892:Microaerophile
9889:
9888:
9887:
9882:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9865:
9854:
9852:
9843:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9802:
9800:
9792:
9791:
9780:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9757:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9699:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9668:Thermoproteota
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9629:
9627:
9623:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9603:
9596:
9589:
9581:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9562:
9555:
9550:
9542:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9487:
9479:
9477:
9468:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9439:
9437:Radioresistant
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9387:Lithoautotroph
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9348:
9346:
9342:
9341:
9334:
9333:
9326:
9319:
9311:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9211:
9206:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9159:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9112:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9040:
9034:
9032:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8982:
8976:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8926:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8909:
8908:
8901:
8894:
8886:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8818:
8813:
8811:Deep biosphere
8808:
8806:Bioremediation
8802:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8765:DNA sequencing
8762:
8756:
8754:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8569:Marine viruses
8566:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8506:
8504:Quorum sensing
8501:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8467:
8465:microbial loop
8457:
8455:Microbial cyst
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8416:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8373:run-and-tumble
8364:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8313:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8234:Microorganisms
8230:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8195:
8184:
8171:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8142:
8136:
8123:
8115:
8114:External links
8112:
8109:
8108:
8082:
8056:
7993:
7932:
7881:
7844:
7795:
7752:
7699:
7680:
7673:
7655:
7648:
7630:
7623:
7605:
7562:
7521:
7480:
7473:
7456:
7449:
7427:
7383:
7323:
7316:
7290:
7283:
7259:
7252:
7234:
7227:
7209:
7175:
7168:
7150:
7143:
7123:
7101:
7079:
7057:
7024:
6966:
6925:
6873:(3): 281–292.
6850:
6830:
6816:
6795:
6766:(2): 461–465.
6739:
6720:
6682:
6661:
6654:
6632:
6625:
6603:
6596:
6571:
6520:
6485:
6426:
6419:
6401:
6366:Kumamoto, C.A.
6357:
6315:
6266:
6223:
6180:
6149:(4): 953–994.
6143:Microbiol. Rev
6126:
6115:
6093:
6080:
6026:
6014:
5965:
5944:(10): 767–78.
5938:Res. Microbiol
5924:
5873:
5821:
5786:
5769:
5710:
5682:
5623:
5584:(13): 6045–9.
5561:
5514:Prosser, J. I.
5504:
5447:
5396:
5361:
5326:Microbiol. Rev
5312:
5273:(12): 4576–9.
5250:
5231:(6): 423–431.
5215:
5191:
5128:
5117:(3): 233–243.
5101:
5079:
5022:
4977:
4918:
4859:
4807:
4766:
4717:
4710:
4692:
4662:
4655:
4641:. John Wiley.
4629:
4594:
4563:
4531:
4524:
4503:
4496:
4474:
4447:(2): 277–305.
4424:
4398:(4): 207–221.
4375:
4336:
4324:
4289:
4246:
4233:
4181:
4135:
4094:
4065:10.1086/368701
4045:
4032:
4019:
4012:
3992:
3989:on 3 May 2011.
3965:
3950:
3943:
3923:
3916:
3896:
3889:
3866:
3805:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3747:
3703:micro-organism
3592:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3494:
3491:
3452:
3449:
3439:are caused by
3425:histoplasmosis
3318:
3315:
3311:food additives
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3224:Main article:
3221:
3218:
3168:
3165:
3143:are important
3091:
3088:
2992:
2989:
2964:
2961:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:dairy products
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2718:
2715:
2707:soil fertility
2683:Main article:
2680:
2677:
2665:photosynthetic
2640:cyanobacterium
2631:
2628:
2571:Bradyrhizobium
2550:of the genera
2528:nitrogen cycle
2520:Main article:
2517:
2514:
2482:radioresistant
2460:high pressures
2393:radioresistant
2369:Main article:
2366:
2363:
2255:Main article:
2252:
2249:
2209:Main article:
2206:
2203:
2193:, can undergo
2165:Main article:
2162:
2159:
2152:protists, and
2121:photosynthetic
2104:Main article:
2101:
2098:
2048:photosynthesis
1964:Main article:
1961:
1958:
1950:transformation
1931:binary fission
1851:Main article:
1848:
1845:
1786:Thermoproteota
1756:are made from
1754:cell membranes
1743:membrane bound
1713:Main article:
1710:
1707:
1654:transformation
1635:Siberian Traps
1516:
1513:
1464:
1461:
1457:bacteriophages
1455:co-discovered
1396:photosynthetic
1308:
1305:
1258:proposed that
1220:
1217:
1191:On Agriculture
1164:6th century BC
1134:6th century BC
1122:
1119:
1107:
1104:
1017:high radiation
832:
831:
829:
828:
821:
814:
806:
803:
802:
801:
800:
787:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Marine biology
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
316:Bioinformatics
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
226:
221:
214:
213:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
161:
160:
155:Properties of
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
128:
126:Key components
125:
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
106:
105:
100:
95:
89:
86:
85:
80:
72:
71:
65:
64:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12291:
12280:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12259:
12258:
12249:
12247:
12246:
12237:
12235:
12234:
12225:
12223:
12222:
12217:
12213:
12212:
12209:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12172:Viral disease
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12111:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12084:Bacteriophage
12082:
12080:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12070:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12034:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12017:Virus latency
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11990:
11986:
11981:
11971:
11970:Viral protein
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11957:
11955:
11951:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11926:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11908:
11903:
11901:
11896:
11894:
11889:
11888:
11885:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11850:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11830:
11829:
11826:
11822:
11819:
11818:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11808:Fertilization
11806:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11795:
11792:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11778:
11775:
11774:
11772:
11766:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11706:
11700:
11691:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11680:
11676:Pleuromitosis
11675:
11672:
11669:
11666:
11665:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11647:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11631:
11625:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11613:Hydrogenosome
11611:
11610:
11608:
11602:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11577:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11502:
11495:
11491:
11488:
11487:Multicellular
11485:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11460:
11457:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11440:
11436:
11433:
11430:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11419:
11416:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11376:
11373:
11369:
11359:
11356:
11355:
11353:
11349:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11335:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11309:Dictyostelids
11305:
11302:
11300:
11296:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11276:
11271:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11250:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11236:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11203:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11172:Apicomplexans
11168:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11137:
11132:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11101:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11069:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11044:
11039:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11027:
11023:
11018:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10994:Stramenopiles
10991:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10966:
10961:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10926:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10901:
10896:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10875:
10870:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10823:
10819:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10772:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10714:
10709:
10707:
10702:
10700:
10695:
10694:
10691:
10679:
10678:
10669:
10667:
10666:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10610:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10579:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10522:Chlamydospore
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10504:
10503:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10461:Reproduction/
10459:
10456:
10452:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10415:Ethnomycology
10413:
10412:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10378:
10373:
10371:
10366:
10364:
10359:
10358:
10355:
10343:
10335:
10333:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10282:Schizomycetes
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10256:
10252:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10232:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10184:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10146:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10123:Teichoic acid
10121:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10095:Peptidoglycan
10092:
10089:
10087:
10086:Cell membrane
10084:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10064:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9909:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9873:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9778:
9773:
9771:
9766:
9764:
9759:
9758:
9755:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9692:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9684:Halobacterium
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9624:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9608:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9590:
9588:
9587:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9578:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9563:
9561:
9560:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9548:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9488:
9486:
9485:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9469:
9467:extremophiles
9463:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9338:Extremophiles
9332:
9327:
9325:
9320:
9318:
9313:
9312:
9309:
9297:
9289:
9288:
9285:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9253:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9201:
9198:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9165:(abiogenesis)
9161:
9160:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8980:Earth science
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8960:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8907:
8902:
8900:
8895:
8893:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8872:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8655:Microbial oil
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8633:Human related
8631:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8619:Picoeukaryote
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8477:Microbial mat
8475:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8301:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8270:Nanobacterium
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:Cyanobacteria
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8228:
8223:
8221:
8216:
8214:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8190:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8120:Microbes.info
8118:
8117:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8052:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7997:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7936:
7928:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7885:
7866:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7815:(7): 688–93.
7814:
7810:
7806:
7799:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7723:(1): 117–20.
7722:
7718:
7714:
7712:
7703:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7676:
7670:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7645:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7566:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7541:(5): 625–44.
7540:
7536:
7535:BioTechniques
7532:
7525:
7517:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7500:(1): 93–106.
7499:
7495:
7491:
7484:
7476:
7470:
7466:
7460:
7452:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7387:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7328:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7263:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7154:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7127:
7111:
7105:
7089:
7083:
7067:
7061:
7052:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6929:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6847:(1): 575–577.
6846:
6842:
6834:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6799:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6754:
6752:
6743:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6698:absolute zero
6695:
6692:
6691:Psychrophilic
6686:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6670:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6636:
6628:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6599:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6540:(2): 210–25.
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6501:(14): 39–48.
6500:
6496:
6495:Adv Space Res
6489:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6446:(5): 1810–3.
6445:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6422:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6196:(1–3): 1–14.
6195:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6031:
6023:
6018:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5831:
5830:Shapiro, J.A.
5825:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5566:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5377:(6): 638–42.
5376:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5042:(7121): 835.
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4780:Res Microbiol
4777:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4356:(5): 613–18.
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4305:(6): 553–60.
4304:
4300:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:(2): 266–72.
4261:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4030:, v. 1, p. 48
4029:
4023:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3779:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3603:
3602:microorganism
3597:
3593:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Nanobacterium
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:Osmosis Jones
3497:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:food spoilage
3468:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:toxoplasmosis
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:carbohydrates
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:endosymbiotic
3266:
3262:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:immune system
3237:
3233:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3214:Aum Shinrikyo
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3195:siege engines
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:biotechnology
3107:
3104:A laboratory
3102:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:Cyclosporin A
3065:
3064:
3063:Streptococcus
3059:
3058:Streptokinase
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:Lactobacillus
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2673:cyanobacteria
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:soil bacteria
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:Sinorhizobium
2561:
2560:
2559:Mesorhizobium
2555:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:biotechnology
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:thrive in an
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:Psychrophiles
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:Extremophiles
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2365:Extremophiles
2362:
2360:
2355:
2352:Bacteria use
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:decomposition
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:extremophiles
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:multicellular
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:multicellular
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
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1989:
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1967:
1957:
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1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:is usually a
1908:
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1900:
1895:
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1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1865:
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1833:Archael cells
1828:
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1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
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1771:
1770:extremophiles
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
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1632:
1628:
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1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:life on Earth
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:billion years
1593:
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1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:micro-animals
1490:
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1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
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1425:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1410:named it the
1409:
1408:Ernst Haeckel
1405:
1401:
1397:
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1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1376:
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1366:
1362:
1354:
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1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:growth medium
1324:
1323:Louis Pasteur
1317:
1316:Louis Pasteur
1313:
1304:
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1301:
1296:
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1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:ferment foods
1037:
1033:
1030:Microbes are
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:high pressure
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
952:micro-animals
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:includes all
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:food spoilage
878:
877:Louis Pasteur
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
856:form or as a
855:
854:single-celled
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:microorganism
827:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
807:
805:
804:
798:
788:
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774:
773:
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764:
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723:
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629:
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619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:Phylogenetics
584:
582:
579:
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574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
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539:
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532:
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519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Human biology
479:
477:
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472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
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442:
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404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
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389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:Chronobiology
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Biotechnology
344:
342:
341:Biostatistics
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
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314:
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309:
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99:
96:
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91:
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88:
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70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
52:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
12255:
12243:
12231:
12219:
12135:Viral vector
12130:Helper virus
12094:Human virome
12079:Animal virus
12058:Reassortment
11934:Introduction
11914:Microbiology
11828:Heterotrophy
11798:Reproduction
11673:Orthomitosis
11658:Heterokaryon
11605:Mitochondria
11506:Cell surface
11382:organization
11338:Opisthokonta
11161:Micronucleus
11156:Macronucleus
11058:Pneumatocyst
10874:Glaucophytes
10858:Phragmoplast
10797:Thallophytes
10724:Protistology
10720:Microbiology
10675:
10663:
10651:
10505:
10491:Basidiospore
10470:
10425:Marine fungi
10384:Microbiology
10312:Mendosicutes
10297:Gracilicutes
10277:
10177:Mycolic acid
10167:Mycobacteria
10165:
10137:
10116:
10052:Coccobacilli
9952:in pregnancy
9918:Extremophile
9902:Aerotolerant
9836:Biochemistry
9798:microbiology
9784:Microbiology
9742:Thermotogota
9729:
9703:Methanopyrus
9701:
9689:
9682:
9678:Halobacteria
9658:Berkeley Pit
9613:Pompeii worm
9605:
9598:
9591:
9584:
9564:
9557:
9545:
9520:
9513:
9506:
9497:Deinococcota
9489:
9482:
9444: /
9432:Psychrophile
9271:
9204:Biodiversity
9190:astrobiology
8912:Elements of
8821:Microswimmer
8715:in pregnancy
8665:Nylon-eating
8548:Spermosphere
8510:
8309:Microbiology
8241:
8233:
8099:. Retrieved
8095:the original
8085:
8073:. Retrieved
8069:the original
8059:
8045:cite journal
8010:
8006:
7996:
7951:
7945:
7935:
7903:(2): 591–6.
7900:
7896:Infect Immun
7894:
7884:
7872:. Retrieved
7865:the original
7860:
7847:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7702:
7693:
7683:
7664:
7658:
7639:
7633:
7614:
7608:
7578:(2): 73–84.
7575:
7571:
7565:
7538:
7534:
7524:
7497:
7493:
7483:
7464:
7459:
7440:
7430:
7422:
7403:(1): 47–51.
7400:
7396:
7386:
7376:28 September
7374:. Retrieved
7367:the original
7349:(2): 100–8.
7346:
7342:
7301:
7293:
7269:
7262:
7243:
7237:
7218:
7212:
7195:
7191:
7178:
7159:
7153:
7133:
7126:
7114:. Retrieved
7104:
7094:30 September
7092:. Retrieved
7082:
7072:30 September
7070:. Retrieved
7060:
7041:
7037:
7027:
6984:
6980:
6969:
6942:
6938:
6928:
6916:. Retrieved
6909:the original
6870:
6867:Astrobiology
6866:
6853:
6844:
6841:Food Technol
6840:
6833:
6819:
6798:
6763:
6759:
6750:
6742:
6729:
6723:
6711:. Retrieved
6707:the original
6685:
6664:
6641:
6635:
6612:
6606:
6583:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6443:
6439:
6429:
6410:
6404:
6377:
6373:
6360:
6335:
6331:
6318:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6146:
6142:
6129:
6121:the original
6106:
6096:
6083:
6042:
6038:
6017:
5985:(4): 736–7.
5982:
5978:
5968:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5865:the original
5844:
5840:
5824:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5772:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5701:. Retrieved
5695:
5685:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5581:
5577:
5523:
5517:
5507:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5332:(1): 70–80.
5329:
5325:
5315:
5270:
5266:
5253:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5206:. Retrieved
5194:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5131:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5039:
5035:
5025:
4993:(4): 470–8.
4990:
4986:
4980:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4827:
4823:
4810:
4786:(9): 611–7.
4783:
4779:
4769:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4701:
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4679:the original
4675:highveld.com
4674:
4665:
4638:
4632:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4581:the original
4576:
4566:
4553:. Retrieved
4549:the original
4544:
4534:
4515:
4487:
4477:
4444:
4440:
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4408:the original
4395:
4391:
4378:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4327:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4240:Payne, A.S.
4236:
4201:
4197:
4184:
4151:
4147:
4138:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4027:
4022:
4002:
3995:
3987:the original
3982:
3978:
3968:
3960:
3933:
3926:
3906:
3899:
3879:
3827:(1): 53–58.
3824:
3818:
3808:
3796:. Retrieved
3782:
3750:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3680:
3676:
3662:
3601:
3596:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3483:preservation
3464:
3433:yellow fever
3386:tuberculosis
3367:
3352:
3268:
3250:Human health
3229:
3202:bioterrorism
3199:
3180:
3177:Bioterrorism
3138:
3132:
3118:biochemistry
3111:
3106:fermentation
3081:
3071:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3034:
3024:
3021:butyric acid
3014:
3009:produced by
3000:
2985:usable fuels
2966:
2957:
2956:
2937:
2908:Erythromycin
2904:Tetracycline
2894:
2890:Antibiotics
2867:Citric acid
2857:
2840:
2823:
2733:fermentation
2730:
2703:bioterrorism
2688:
2679:Applications
2654:
2649:
2642:
2623:
2597:
2582:
2577:Azorhizobium
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2540:root nodules
2525:
2522:Soil biology
2484:, resisting
2475:
2441:Alkaliphiles
2430:
2419:temperatures
2411:Thermophiles
2401:
2396:extremophile
2386:
2385:A tetrad of
2371:Extremophile
2351:
2334:
2260:
2214:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2133:groups, the
2128:
2114:
2083:
2056:
2040:chloroplasts
2000:mitochondria
1992:cell nucleus
1990:such as the
1974:, including
1969:
1904:
1897:
1882:myxobacteria
1871:
1869:
1861:
1829:
1794:
1766:ether lipids
1751:
1739:cell nucleus
1725:Archaea are
1724:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1658:transduction
1647:
1589:
1505:microbiology
1495:and plants.
1466:
1416:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1358:
1321:
1307:19th century
1298:
1294:Micrographia
1292:
1277:Robert Hooke
1267:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1231:Akshamsaddin
1228:
1219:Early modern
1213:tuberculosis
1202:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1161:
1072:bioterrorism
1054:, and other
1048:produce fuel
1044:treat sewage
1029:
1010:
1005:, others to
964:
948:green plants
946:and some to
909:
893:tuberculosis
862:
841:
837:
835:
742:Applications
631:Sociobiology
611:Protistology
576:Photobiology
571:Pharmacology
561:Parasitology
556:Paleontology
536:Neuroscience
516:Microbiology
426:Epidemiology
396:Cytogenetics
356:Cell biology
336:Biosemiotics
326:Biomechanics
306:Biogeography
301:Biochemistry
296:Bacteriology
291:Astrobiology
203:
191:Reproduction
154:
81:
48:
36:
12257:WikiProject
12125:Giant virus
12104:Plant virus
12022:Lytic cycle
11997:Viral entry
11858:Necrotrophy
11843:Saprotrophy
11833:Phagotrophy
11821:Phototrophy
11814:Nutrition:
11803:Life cycles
11794:Development
11768:Ecology and
11636:Nucleomorph
11590:Pseudopodia
11391:Unicellular
11275:Euglenoidea
11259:Kinetoplast
11043:Brown algae
11011:Mastigoneme
10949:Mastigoneme
10939:Cryptophyta
10849:green algae
10807:Slime molds
10677:WikiProject
10532:Pycniospore
10420:Lichenology
10200:Slime layer
9880:Facultative
9868:Facultative
9709:Movile Cave
9663:Blood Falls
9442:Thermophile
9427:Psammophile
9357:Alkaliphile
9255:Prokaryotes
9043:Atmosphere
9038:Meteorology
8853:Siderophore
8614:Phycosphere
8470:viral shunt
7874:17 December
7572:Curr. Genet
6803:Picrophilus
6735:Haloarchaea
6730:HALOARCHAEA
6338:(1): 31–8.
6103:"Chapter 1"
5979:J Bacteriol
4441:J Hist Biol
3979:Heart Views
3963:1, xii Loeb
3798:18 December
3756:piezophilic
3554:Microbivory
3421:candidiasis
3361:, in human
3183:Middle Ages
3045:citric acid
3031:lactic acid
3007:acetic acid
2949:methanogens
2900:Amoxicillin
2788:wine making
2589:rhizosphere
2536:diazotrophs
2494:hydrosphere
2456:Piezophiles
2452:Acidophiles
2233:flagellates
2229:embryophyte
2217:green algae
2201:in others.
2154:slime molds
2139:unicellular
2079:cell nuclei
2032:plant cells
2012:chromosomes
1817:hot springs
1792:oxidation.
1778:hot springs
1727:prokaryotic
1705:eukaryote.
1691:, that are
1650:conjugation
1639:methanogens
1600:Precambrian
1361:Robert Koch
1349:Robert Koch
993:. Some are
958:, and some
889:Robert Koch
850:microscopic
681:Xenobiology
676:Virophysics
646:Systematics
601:Primatology
546:Ornithology
486:Ichthyology
471:Herpetology
466:Gerontology
431:Epigenetics
391:Cryobiology
281:Agrostology
271:Aerobiology
266:Abiogenesis
132:Cell theory
12202:Virosphere
12177:Viral load
12167:Satellites
11953:Components
11872:Auxotrophy
11867:Mixotrophy
11848:Parasitism
11838:Osmotrophy
11816:Autotrophy
11770:physiology
11646:Plasmodium
11572:Locomotion
11508:structures
11472:Coenocytic
11216:Phytomyxea
11187:Apicoplast
11115:Dinokaryon
11094:Trichocyst
10965:Haptophyte
10853:Phycoplast
10821:Morphology
10792:Cryptogams
10553:Haustorium
10512:Sporangium
10499:Teliospore
10307:Mollicutes
10302:Firmicutes
10292:Prokaryota
10210:Glycocalyx
10035:plasticity
9998:Lipophilic
9851:preference
9826:Resistance
9732:polymerase
9724:Tardigrade
9553:Strain 121
9417:Piezophile
9407:Oligotroph
9397:Methanogen
9392:Lithophile
9362:Capnophile
9352:Acidophile
9136:Wilderness
8989:geological
8753:Techniques
8584:Microalgae
8492:microbiota
8487:Microbiome
8275:Prokaryote
6918:26 October
6669:Strain 121
6190:BioSystems
5847:: 81–104.
5802:: 105–37.
5208:24 October
4190:Lane, Nick
3774:References
3699:hyphenated
3695:organismós
3691:ὀργανισμός
3667:(from the
3570:Petri dish
3493:In fiction
3372:) in many
3347:eukaryotic
3303:probiotics
3291:folic acid
3216:in Tokyo.
3161:fuel cells
3157:proteomics
3094:See also:
3039:and other
2896:Penicillin
2798:and other
2695:weaponised
2667:microbial
2502:atmosphere
2427:Halophiles
2323:parasitism
2321:organism (
2225:charophyta
2131:eukaryotic
2124:flagellate
2036:cell walls
2016:metabolism
1988:organelles
1972:eukaryotes
1960:Eukaryotes
1890:life cycle
1841:DNA damage
1827:on Earth.
1813:microbiome
1776:, such as
1772:living in
1731:Carl Woese
1721:Prokaryote
1619:morphology
1564:Carl Woese
1501:not living
1481:eukaryotes
1445:nitrifying
1281:microscopy
1110:See also:
1080:human body
1025:Australian
1021:microbiota
989:, and the
940:protozoans
901:diphtheria
869:microscope
666:Toxicology
661:Teratology
606:Proteomics
591:Physiology
531:Neontology
496:Lipidology
491:Immunology
461:Geobiology
421:Embryology
401:Dendrology
331:Biophysics
311:Biogeology
186:Regulation
166:Adaptation
12162:Oncovirus
12099:Mycovirus
12089:Virophage
12012:Viroplasm
11853:Biotrophy
11726:Extrusome
11716:Cytostome
11580:Flagellum
11537:Cell wall
11496:/histonal
11476:Siphonous
11467:Syncytial
11435:Coenobial
11431:Sarcinoid
11380:Levels of
11319:Macrocyst
11299:Amoebozoa
11264:Glycosome
11192:Microneme
11072:Alveolata
10980:Haptonema
10975:Coccolith
10954:Periplast
10900:Red algae
10884:Cyanelles
10771:Infusoria
10568:Sporocarp
10563:Cell wall
10482:Ascospore
10477:Zygospore
10454:Structure
10260:evolution
10234:Composite
10133:Endospore
10091:Cell wall
10067:Structure
9958:Placental
9897:Nanaerobe
9875:Anaerobic
9806:Infection
9719:Rio Tinto
9577:Eukaryota
9456:Xerophile
9412:Osmophile
9382:Lipophile
9372:Halophile
9214:Eukaryota
9181:Hierarchy
9176:Biosphere
9141:Wildfires
9131:Radiation
9121:Ecosystem
9061:Moonlight
8995:Structure
8950:particles
8826:biohybrid
8680:dysbiosis
8497:holobiont
8395:amoeboids
8378:twitching
8065:"Hygiene"
7116:9 October
6939:J Exp Bot
6883:CiteSeerX
6089:coenocyte
5259:Woese, C.
5093:Space.com
4995:CiteSeerX
4987:Syst Biol
4587:3 October
4417:1 October
4176:186209549
3934:The Jains
3758:bacteria
3685:from the
3600:The word
3487:autoclave
3467:infection
3429:influenza
3409:dysentery
3397:parasites
3394:protozoan
3370:pathogens
3279:gut flora
3232:nutrients
2971:, and in
2875:Vitamins
2661:symbiosis
2630:Symbiosis
2616:symbiosis
2553:Rhizobium
2486:radiation
2398:bacterium
2331:pathogens
2315:mutualism
2307:radiation
2028:symbiotic
2002:in their
1966:Eukaryote
1927:cell wall
1811:, as the
1797:organisms
1747:organelle
1741:or other
1689:superbugs
1633:from the
1611:organisms
1584:Eukaryota
1570:based on
1515:Evolution
1404:John Hogg
1359:In 1876,
1287:. In his
1106:Discovery
1092:pathogens
1088:gut flora
1078:. In the
1046:, and to
928:Eukaryota
914:from all
706:Biologist
581:Phycology
566:Pathology
551:Osteology
541:Nutrition
501:Mammalogy
476:Histology
147:Phylogeny
142:Evolution
137:Ecosystem
12273:Category
12233:Category
12036:Genetics
11944:Virology
11746:Axostyle
11741:Pyrenoid
11721:Fimbriae
11653:Dikaryon
11618:Mitosome
11547:Skeleton
11532:Frustule
11522:Mucilage
11494:tissular
11418:Colonial
11401:Amoeboid
11396:Monadoid
11324:Sorocarp
11239:Excavate
11206:Rhizaria
11136:Ciliates
11120:Dinocyst
11081:General:
11032:Frustule
11003:General:
10929:Hacrobia
10780:Sporozoa
10775:Ciliates
10764:Heliozoa
10744:Protozoa
10728:Protists
10653:Category
10603:Mushroom
10558:Mycelium
10517:Conidium
10495:Basidium
10435:Mycology
10332:Category
10255:Taxonomy
10188:envelope
10078:envelope
9968:Salivary
9885:Obligate
9863:Obligate
9811:Exotoxin
9788:Bacteria
9502:Snottite
9475:Bacteria
9377:Hypolith
9367:Endolith
9296:Category
9265:bacteria
9248:protista
9209:Organism
9076:Sunlight
8922:Universe
8871:Category
8790:Staining
8722:placenta
8352:Virology
8347:Mycology
8285:Protozoa
8255:Bacteria
8177:Archived
8148:Archived
8129:Archived
8037:29111273
8013:: 8–25.
7988:15067114
7927:12540534
7839:16819463
7809:EMBO Rep
7790:26273035
7747:15112666
7600:22067347
7592:12478386
7557:16708762
7516:14761307
7419:23407807
7363:18191255
7019:21764952
6961:15911555
6905:12530238
6809:Archived
6790:12511491
6566:24672519
6515:11541716
6480:11607462
6411:Seaweeds
6396:16207242
6352:11755083
6310:16191619
6075:19424594
6067:15073369
6009:13888946
5960:17997281
5919:27303375
5832:(1998).
5816:11544351
5764:26884154
5548:16915287
5499:12039760
5434:11206545
5391:16236543
5245:23024290
5186:12032344
5123:14743976
5066:17167469
5017:12116647
4972:16592084
4854:16754610
4818:(2006).
4802:14596897
4761:16754604
4624:23231482
4469:32462158
4461:11542176
4435:(1989).
4404:10943416
4319:12758285
4284:23998841
4276:15834198
4228:25750239
4192:(2015).
4089:37260514
4081:11612689
3861:29255053
3682:organism
3575:Staining
3522:See also
3475:bacteria
3417:ringworm
3350:parasite
3337:Parasite
3323:Pathogen
3289:such as
3287:vitamins
3236:hormones
3153:genomics
3149:genetics
3122:genetics
3033:made by
3013:such as
2853:Vinegar
2811:Product
2796:pickling
2757:xynogala
2548:bacteria
2445:alkaline
2429:such as
2335:microbes
2291:deep sea
2245:Charales
2237:flagella
2221:protists
2135:protists
2106:Protista
2100:Protists
2052:bacteria
1980:bacteria
1919:plasmids
1896:such as
1886:swarming
1878:colonies
1853:Bacteria
1847:Bacteria
1782:habitats
1666:mutation
1623:Triassic
1576:Bacteria
1566:'s 1990
1509:virology
1485:protists
1473:Bacteria
1412:Protista
1263:diseases
1260:epidemic
1209:Avicenna
1207:(1020),
1185:scholar
1176:Mahavira
1130:Mahavira
999:very hot
997:such as
991:deep sea
967:habitats
936:protists
924:Bacteria
846:organism
844:, is an
797:Category
763:Pharming
700:Research
671:Virology
656:Taxonomy
596:Pomology
526:Mycology
456:Genomics
451:Genetics
276:Agronomy
258:Branches
245:Protists
224:Bacteria
209:Kingdoms
114:timeline
103:Glossary
54:bacteria
12245:Commons
12072:By host
11929:History
11689:Zygotic
11686:Gametic
11628:Nucleus
11406:Coccoid
11371:General
11182:Rhoptry
11089:Alveoli
11022:Diatoms
10759:Testate
10665:Commons
10440:Mycosis
10342:Commons
10241:Biofilm
10220:Fimbria
10205:S-layer
10186:Outside
10047:Bacilli
9963:Uterine
9948:Vaginal
9858:Aerobic
9841:ecology
9796:Medical
9538:Archaea
9465:Notable
9273:Viruses
9260:archaea
9236:animals
9188: (
9186:Biology
9163:Origin
9116:Ecology
9091:tornado
9051:Climate
9045:(Earth)
9030:Weather
9000:Geology
8987: (
8985:History
8420:Biofilm
8412:Ecology
8383:gliding
8280:Protist
8250:Archaea
8193:YouTube
8015:Bibcode
7956:Bibcode
7830:1500832
7770:Bibcode
7762:Science
7738:3322761
7694:Gizmodo
7410:3558118
7044:(385).
7010:3165402
6989:Bibcode
6875:Bibcode
6713:20 July
6676:archaea
6557:3954078
6448:Bibcode
6301:1559898
6261:2672337
6241:Bibcode
6233:Science
6218:1292654
6198:Bibcode
6175:8302218
6047:Bibcode
6039:Science
5910:4880591
5893:: 781.
5861:9891794
5755:4780597
5732:Bibcode
5677:9618454
5645:Bibcode
5618:1631089
5586:Bibcode
5556:4380804
5528:Bibcode
5469:Bibcode
5442:6789859
5414:Bibcode
5356:3083222
5307:2112744
5275:Bibcode
5154:Bibcode
5142:(MRSA)"
5074:4401723
5044:Bibcode
4940:Bibcode
4913:8041691
4881:Bibcode
4845:1578732
4752:1578735
4488:Biology
4370:8902385
4219:4360124
4156:Bibcode
4116:Bibcode
3852:5776830
3829:Bibcode
3764:nanobes
3707:microbe
3657:) uses
3457:Hygiene
3451:Hygiene
3401:malaria
3390:anthrax
3359:malaria
3317:Disease
3281:in the
3210:anthrax
3181:In the
3167:Warfare
3090:Science
3078:statins
3003:enzymes
2977:methane
2953:methane
2819:Cheese
2784:brewing
2772:alcohol
2737:yoghurt
2699:warfare
2544:legumes
2327:disease
2285:of the
2275:geysers
2271:deserts
2263:habitat
2251:Ecology
2241:coccoid
2146:species
2094:syngamy
2090:meiosis
2086:mitosis
2075:diploid
2071:haploid
1984:archaea
1939:meiotic
1935:budding
1825:biomass
1790:ammonia
1715:Archaea
1709:Archaea
1609:), all
1580:Archaea
1497:Viruses
1487:, some
1477:archaea
1428:viruses
1383:Euglena
1365:anthrax
1353:disease
1172:nigodas
1060:biology
1052:enzymes
983:geysers
979:deserts
975:equator
973:to the
954:, some
944:animals
920:Archaea
905:anthrax
897:cholera
842:microbe
686:Zoology
416:Ecology
286:Anatomy
233:Animals
229:Eukarya
219:Archaea
211:of life
205:Domains
110:History
98:Outline
69:Biology
45:cluster
12221:Portal
12197:Virome
11960:Capsid
11692:Sporic
11670:Closed
11585:Cilium
11542:Lorica
11443:hyphal
11151:Cirrus
11146:Cilium
11053:Lamina
10735:Former
10527:Oidium
10408:Branch
10388:Fungus
10287:Monera
10057:Spiral
9849:Oxygen
9528:GFAJ-1
9224:plants
9056:Clouds
9020:Future
9010:Oceans
8962:Change
8945:Matter
8940:Energy
8914:nature
8727:uterus
8710:vagina
8675:asthma
8557:Marine
8521:Plants
8361:Motion
8242:Groups
8101:23 May
8075:18 May
8035:
7986:
7979:395942
7976:
7925:
7918:145348
7915:
7837:
7827:
7788:
7745:
7735:
7671:
7646:
7621:
7598:
7590:
7555:
7514:
7471:
7447:
7417:
7407:
7361:
7314:
7281:
7250:
7225:
7166:
7141:
7017:
7007:
6959:
6903:
6885:
6788:
6781:145327
6778:
6652:
6623:
6594:
6564:
6554:
6513:
6478:
6468:
6417:
6394:
6350:
6308:
6298:
6259:
6216:
6173:
6166:372943
6163:
6113:
6073:
6065:
6007:
6000:279347
5997:
5958:
5917:
5907:
5859:
5814:
5780:
5762:
5752:
5675:
5665:
5616:
5606:
5554:
5546:
5519:Nature
5497:
5490:123986
5487:
5440:
5432:
5406:Nature
5389:
5354:
5347:373054
5344:
5305:
5295:
5243:
5184:
5177:124322
5174:
5121:
5072:
5064:
5036:Nature
5015:
4997:
4970:
4963:433525
4960:
4911:
4901:
4852:
4842:
4800:
4759:
4749:
4708:
4685:2 June
4653:
4622:
4545:APSnet
4522:
4494:
4467:
4459:
4402:
4368:
4317:
4282:
4274:
4226:
4216:
4174:
4087:
4079:
4073:301787
4071:
4056:Osiris
4010:
3941:
3914:
3887:
3859:
3849:
3677:mikros
3673:μικρός
3664:micro-
3382:plague
3295:biotin
3191:sieges
3130:yeasts
3128:. The
3124:, and
3108:vessel
3076:, and
3043:, and
2973:biogas
2963:Energy
2906:, and
2792:baking
2768:sugars
2761:leaven
2741:cheese
2657:lichen
2647:lichen
2574:, and
2468:vacuum
2303:vacuum
2287:oceans
2277:, and
2205:Plants
2167:Fungus
2067:zygote
1994:, the
1976:humans
1954:spores
1907:genome
1905:Their
1899:E.coli
1670:evolve
1582:, and
1400:motile
1388:animal
1331:spores
1285:moulds
1246:alive.
1166:, the
1090:. The
1036:health
903:, and
795:
351:Botany
241:Plants
176:Growth
12113:Other
11918:Virus
11703:Other
11557:Theca
11527:Scale
11125:Theca
10787:Algae
10598:Yeast
10548:Hypha
10541:Other
10486:Ascus
10463:spore
10215:Pilus
10169:only:
10149:Porin
10141:only:
10120:only:
10042:Cocci
10018:Shape
9938:Mouth
9911:Other
9345:Types
9243:fungi
9231:fauna
9219:flora
9126:Field
9081:Tides
8972:Earth
8930:Space
8843:Omics
8799:Other
8700:mouth
8685:fecal
8290:Virus
8265:Fungi
7868:(PDF)
7857:(PDF)
7596:S2CID
7370:(PDF)
7339:(PDF)
7188:(PDF)
6912:(PDF)
6863:(PDF)
6756:(PDF)
6689:Some
6471:43253
6328:(PDF)
6071:S2CID
5868:(PDF)
5837:(PDF)
5703:6 May
5668:33863
5609:49434
5552:S2CID
5438:S2CID
5298:54159
5203:(PDF)
5070:S2CID
4904:44277
4555:2 May
4465:S2CID
4411:(PDF)
4388:(PDF)
4280:S2CID
4172:S2CID
4085:S2CID
4069:JSTOR
3687:Greek
3669:Greek
3588:Notes
3363:blood
3309:, or
2764:bread
2753:ayran
2749:kefir
2669:algae
2659:is a
2612:fungi
2608:plant
2585:roots
2498:crust
2472:space
2279:rocks
2211:Plant
2173:fungi
2161:Fungi
2143:algae
2044:light
2034:have
2004:cells
1821:rocks
1801:water
1762:ester
1760:with
1672:(via
1615:amber
1489:fungi
1469:Earth
1392:plant
1291:book
1183:Roman
1168:Jains
1015:, to
987:rocks
971:poles
960:algae
956:fungi
840:, or
710:list)
237:Fungi
181:Order
93:Index
11711:Cyst
11667:Open
11552:Test
11490:s.s.
11421:s.s.
10612:List
10593:Mold
10258:and
10076:Cell
9943:Skin
9933:Lung
9839:and
9151:Life
9086:Wind
9071:Snow
9066:Rain
8935:Time
8705:skin
8695:lung
8103:2021
8077:2017
8051:link
8033:PMID
7984:PMID
7923:PMID
7876:2012
7835:PMID
7786:PMID
7743:PMID
7669:ISBN
7644:ISBN
7619:ISBN
7588:PMID
7553:PMID
7512:PMID
7469:ISBN
7445:ISBN
7415:PMID
7378:2017
7359:PMID
7312:ISBN
7279:ISBN
7248:ISBN
7223:ISBN
7164:ISBN
7139:ISBN
7118:2006
7096:2017
7074:2017
7015:PMID
6957:PMID
6920:2017
6901:PMID
6786:PMID
6715:2009
6671:, a
6650:ISBN
6621:ISBN
6592:ISBN
6562:PMID
6511:PMID
6476:PMID
6440:PNAS
6415:ISBN
6392:PMID
6348:PMID
6306:PMID
6257:PMID
6214:PMID
6171:PMID
6111:ISBN
6087:See
6063:PMID
6005:PMID
5956:PMID
5915:PMID
5857:PMID
5812:PMID
5778:ISBN
5760:PMID
5705:2016
5673:PMID
5637:PNAS
5614:PMID
5544:PMID
5495:PMID
5430:PMID
5387:PMID
5352:PMID
5303:PMID
5241:PMID
5210:2017
5182:PMID
5119:PMID
5062:PMID
5013:PMID
4968:PMID
4932:PNAS
4909:PMID
4873:PNAS
4850:PMID
4798:PMID
4757:PMID
4706:ISBN
4687:2017
4651:ISBN
4620:PMID
4589:2017
4557:2010
4520:ISBN
4492:ISBN
4457:PMID
4419:2017
4400:PMID
4366:PMID
4315:PMID
4272:PMID
4224:PMID
4077:PMID
4008:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3912:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3857:PMID
3820:PNAS
3800:2017
3754:The
3743:life
3459:and
3437:AIDS
3411:and
3388:and
3345:The
3335:and
3325:and
3293:and
3263:and
3244:soil
3220:Soil
3175:and
3155:and
3137:and
2800:food
2780:beer
2778:and
2776:wine
2745:curd
2725:and
2701:and
2610:and
2583:The
2526:The
2500:and
2480:are
2413:and
2391:, a
2345:and
2319:host
2289:and
2215:The
2171:The
2148:are
2119:, a
2092:and
2059:cell
2022:and
1998:and
1982:and
1805:soil
1656:and
1572:rRNA
1523:and
1475:and
1447:and
1422:and
1300:cell
1289:1665
1252:1546
1114:and
1070:and
1042:and
1034:and
938:and
922:and
207:and
157:life
10851:":
10110:DAP
10105:NAG
10100:NAM
9928:Gut
9730:Taq
8690:gut
8191:on
8023:doi
7974:PMC
7964:doi
7952:101
7913:PMC
7905:doi
7825:PMC
7817:doi
7778:doi
7766:349
7733:PMC
7725:doi
7580:doi
7543:doi
7502:doi
7405:PMC
7351:doi
7308:157
7200:doi
7046:doi
7005:PMC
6997:doi
6947:doi
6893:doi
6776:PMC
6768:doi
6764:185
6552:PMC
6542:doi
6503:doi
6466:PMC
6456:doi
6382:doi
6340:doi
6296:PMC
6288:doi
6284:272
6249:doi
6237:245
6206:doi
6161:PMC
6151:doi
6055:doi
6043:304
5995:PMC
5987:doi
5946:doi
5942:158
5905:PMC
5895:doi
5849:doi
5804:doi
5750:PMC
5740:doi
5728:113
5663:PMC
5653:doi
5604:PMC
5594:doi
5536:doi
5524:442
5485:PMC
5477:doi
5422:doi
5410:409
5379:doi
5342:PMC
5334:doi
5293:PMC
5283:doi
5233:doi
5172:PMC
5162:doi
5052:doi
5040:444
5005:doi
4958:PMC
4948:doi
4899:PMC
4889:doi
4840:PMC
4832:doi
4828:361
4788:doi
4784:154
4747:PMC
4739:doi
4735:361
4643:doi
4639:eLS
4612:doi
4449:doi
4358:doi
4307:doi
4264:doi
4214:PMC
4206:doi
4202:370
4164:doi
4124:doi
4061:doi
3847:PMC
3837:doi
3825:115
3661:of
3632:ɔːr
3469:or
3435:or
3423:or
3212:by
3053:.
2947:by
2884:12.
2882:, B
2774:in
2770:to
2671:or
2542:of
2470:of
2464:atm
2129:Of
2073:or
2046:by
2008:DNA
1915:DNA
1837:DNA
1809:air
1733:'s
1603:eon
1507:is
1390:or
1250:In
1201:In
1062:as
1001:or
848:of
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