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the sovereignty of their nation when he did not possess it. They were informed that the French had claimed legal possession of their country for a century, on account of laws decreed by kings in Europe, that no land could be legally owned by any non-Christian, and that such land was therefore freely available to any
Christian prince who claimed it. Miꞌkmaw historian Daniel Paul observes that, "If this warped law were ever to be accorded recognition by modern legalists they would have to take into consideration that, after Grand Chief Membertou and his family converted to Christianity in 1610, the land of the Miꞌkmaq had become exempt from being seized because the people were Christians. However, it's hard to imagine that a modern government would fall back and try to use such uncivilized garbage as justification for non-recognition of aboriginal title."
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developed the $ 160 million
Marshall Response Initiative, which operated until 2007, through which the DFO offered to purchase over 1,000 commercial fishing licences, including boats and gear, to support the expansion of the Mi'kmaq lobster fishery. By mid-2000, about 1,400 commercial fishermen stated their intention to retire over 5,000 licences. On August 20, 2001, the DFO issued a temporary license to Burnt Church Mi'kmaq fishers while negotiations for a more permanent agreement were underway. The DFO license had restrictions that some Burnt Church fishers refused: the fishers could not sell their lobsters, they could only use them for food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) purposes. The "Aboriginal right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes (FSC)" was confirmed in the landmark 1990
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commodities such as furs, and begin an ongoing friendship with the
British crown. In return, the Mi'kmaq offered friendship and tolerance of limited British settlement, although without any formal land surrender, according to Reid and Connor. To fulfill the reciprocity intended by the Miꞌkmaq, that any additional British settlement of land would have to be negotiated, and accompanied by giving presents to the Miꞌkmaq. The documents summarizing the peace agreements failed to establish specific territorial limits on the expansion of British settlements, but assured the Miꞌkmaq of access to the natural resources that had long sustained them along the regions' coasts and in the woods. Their conceptions of land use were quite different. In his 2003 book about the British
1911:
73:
2199:, began to sell the Mic-Mac hockey sticks nationally and internationally. Hockey became a popular sport in Canada in the 1890s. Throughout the first decade of the 20th century, the Mic-Mac hockey stick was the best-selling hockey stick in Canada. By 1903, apart from farming, the principal occupation of the Miꞌkmaq on reserves throughout Nova Scotia, and particularly on the Shubenacadie, Indian Brook, and Millbrook Reserves, was producing the Mic-Mac hockey stick. The department of Indian Affairs for Nova Scotia noted in 1927 that the Miꞌkmaq remained the "experts" at making hockey sticks. The Miꞌkmaq continued to make hockey sticks until the 1930s, when the product was industrialized.
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the facility in Middle West
Pubnico. Indigenous leaders called the raids racist hate crimes and called on the RCMP to intervene, citing their slow response on the evening and lack of arrests even a day after the police claimed they "witnessed criminal activity". Social media posts from the commercial fishers and their supporters claimed that the lobsters taken in the raids were removed as they represented "bad fishing practices" on the part of the Miꞌkmaq, but Sipekne'katik Chief Mike Sack and a worker at the Middle West Pubnico facility claimed the lobsters that were stored there were caught by the commercial fishers, not Miꞌkmaw.
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threats by commercial and non-indigenous fishers, including some that had cut the Miꞌkmaw lobster traps. On
September 25, the Sipekne'katik fishery released its proposed regulations allowing the legal sale of seafood harvested under the fishery to Indigenous and non-Indigenous consumers and wholesalers. However, at the time of the announcement, Nova Scotia's Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act prohibited anyone in Nova Scotia from purchasing fish from "a person who does not hold a valid commercial fishing license issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada," which would include the fishery.
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2019, after concerns about legitimacy had been addressed, the Qalipu First Nation was accepted by the Miꞌkmaq Grand
Council as being part of the Miꞌkmaq Nation. Qalipu Chief Mitchell stated, "Our inclusion into the AFN, APC and acknowledgement by the Miꞌkmaq Grand Council are important to us; it is part of our reconciliation as Miꞌkmaq people. Friendships are being formed, and relationships are being established. It is a good time for the Qalipu First Nation." By 2021, nearly 24,000 people were recognized as founding members, in 67 Newfoundland communities and abroad.
55:
1008:
562:
699:
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1570:, stepped down from his position with KMKNO and the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi'kmaq Chiefs, saying " confidence in the operations of the organization have weakened over time," citing issues of transparency, and preferring to pursue treaty rights negotiations outside of the Assembly. Membertou's withdrawal follows Sipekne'katik's own withdrawal earlier in the month on October 6, leaving the Assembly as a representative of 10 of the 13 Mi'kmaq First Nation bands (
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1181:, submitted its report on fisheries issues, which "recommended that all charges stemming from the " be dropped and that the fishers should be compensated by federal government for "their lost traps and boats." The report said that Mi'kmaq fishers have the "same season as non-native fishermen" and could not therefore, fish in the fall. It recommended that "native bands be issued licences, which they would distribute to native fishermen."
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Court of Canada decision in R. v. Marshall, recognizing the Mi'kmaq right to fish and trade." By that point, vehicles and property belonging to members of the
Sipekne'katik First Nation had already been damaged and stolen, including boats being burned. There were already planned protests by non-Indigenous fishers to block the Mi'kmaq fishers' access to several wharves. One such protest took place on September 15 at
1031:, each district had its own independent government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws, justice, apportioning fishing and hunting grounds, making war and suing for peace.
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4006:, "In 'Marshall 2,' the supreme court ruled that governments must justify restrictions or regulations on treaty rights based on previous, legally-tested criteria including "a valid legislative objective" such as conservation, "whether there has been as little infringement as possible" on rights, and "whether the aboriginal group in question has been consulted" on the government's proposed restrictions."
2142:, where he lived from 1853 until his death in 1889, he travelled widely among Miꞌkmaw communities, spreading the Christian faith, learning the language, and recording examples of the Miꞌkmaw oral tradition. Rand produced scriptural translations in Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet, compiled a Miꞌkmaq dictionary and collected numerous legends, and through his published work, was the first to introduce the stories of
1690:, archaeologist Dean Snow says that the fairly deep linguistic split between the Miꞌkmaq and the Eastern Algonquians to the southwest suggests the Miꞌkmaq developed an independent prehistoric cultural sequence in their territory. It emphasized maritime orientation, as the area had relatively few major river systems. In the chapter "Early Indian-European Contact" in the 1978
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601:, pardoned Sylliboy and issued a formal apology: it was the "second posthumous pardon in Nova Scotia's history". His grandson, Andrew Denny, now the Grand Keptin of the Council, said that his grandfather had "commanded respect. Young people who were about to get married would go and ask for his blessing. At the Chapel Island Mission boats would stop if he was crossing."
1211:, early in 2020, a negotiator for the DFO had offered Nova Scotia First Nations nearly $ 87 million for boats, gear, and training, with the condition that the First Nations would not practice their treaty right to earn a moderate livelihood fishing (ie out of the DFO season) for a period of 10 years. The proposal did not define "moderate livelihood", and was rejected.
1755:. During the second half of the century, dry curing became the preferred preservation method. Brasser said that trading furs for European trade goods had changed Miꞌkmaw social perspectives. Desire for trade goods encouraged the men to devote a larger portion of the year away from the coast, trapping in the interior. Trapping non-migratory animals, such as
2488:(balsam fir) is traditionally used for a variety of purposes by the Miꞌkmaq. They use the buds, cones and inner bark for diarrhea; the gum for burns, colds, fractures, sores and wounds; the cones for colic; the buds as a laxative; and the bark for gonorrhea. They use the boughs to make beds, the bark to make a beverage, and the wood for kindling and fuel.
1199:, remains in effect—as it does in other Atlantic provinces. These regulations do not mention the Mi'kmaq or the Marshall decision. These regulations prevent Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from selling their lobster to non-Mi'kmaq. Mi'kmaq fishers say that this does not align with the Marshall decision. In 2019, the government of the Listuguj First Nation in the
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details regarding the man's association to the lobster pound, other than that he was not an employee. The destruction led to further calls from Chief Sack for increased police presence, as well as an appeal from the
Maritime Fisherman's Union for the federal government to appoint an independent mediator.
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on the spot at low water. There is a tradition that in 1786, soon after the
American Revolutionary War, when there were threats of American invasion of Canada, agents of the US were trying to recruit supporters in Halifax. As people were celebrating St. Aspinquid with wine, they suddenly hauled down the
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In 2017, only 18,044 people were eligible for Band membership. In 2018, the Qalipu First Nation announced that the updated
Founding Members List for the Band had been adopted by way of an Order in Council which came into effect on June 25, 2018. The 2018 Band list included 18,575 members. In November
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to document the ethnography of the Miꞌkmaw people in the early 20th century. Lonecloud wrote the first Miꞌkmaw memoir, which his biographer entitled "Tracking Dr. Lonecloud: Showman to Legend Keeper". Historian Ruth Holmes Whitehead writes, "Ethnographer of the Mi'kmaq nation could rightly have been
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that were being used by Miꞌkmaw fishers to store lobsters. During the raids, a van was set aflame, another vehicle was defaced and damaged, lobsters being stored in the facilities were destroyed, and the New Edinburgh facility was damaged, while a Miꞌkmaw fisher was forced to barricade himself inside
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using a hieroglyphic system created in 1677 by French Catholic missionary Chrestien Le Clerq. Le Clerq noted that the Mi'kmaq children were memorizing prayers utilizing the counting of marks, but did not claim to have incorporated any of this system into the hieroglyphs he created. It is likely that
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A short statement of facts relating to the history, manners, customs, language, and literature of the Micmac tribe of Indians, in Nova-Scotia and P.E. Island: being the substance of two lectures delivered in Halifax, in November, 1819, at public meetings held for the purpose of instituting a mission
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appeared in the Nova Scotia almanacks from 1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or immediately after the last quarter of the moon in the month of May, when the tide was low. The townspeople assembled on the shore of the North West Arm and shared a dish of clam soup, the clams being collected
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The Miꞌkmaw people had very little in the way of physical recording and storytelling; petroglyphs, while used, are believed to have been rare. In addition, it is not believed that pre-contact Miꞌkmaq had any form of written language. As such, almost all of Miꞌkmaw traditions were passed down orally,
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and supported the Miꞌkmaq over the thirteen years he lived in Halifax (1813–1825). Bromley devoted himself to the service of the Miꞌkmaw people. The Miꞌkmaq were among the poor of Halifax and in the rural communities. According to historian Judith Finguard, his contribution to give public exposure
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As their military power waned in the beginning of the 19th century, the Miꞌkmaw people made explicit appeals to the British to honor the treaties and reminded them of their duty to give "presents" to the Miꞌkmaq in order to occupy Miꞌkmaꞌki. In response, the British offered charity or, the word most
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But the Miꞌkmaq were not included in the treaty, and never conceded any land to the British. In 1715, the Miꞌkmaq were told that the British now claimed their ancient territory by the Treaty of Utrecht. They formally complained to the French commander at Louisbourg about the French king transferring
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Masters thesis, Mi'kmaq elder Roger Lewis investigated how pre-contact Mi'kmaq populations had a reciprocal relationship with the environment that was reflected in subsistence fishing, hunting and gathering, as well as in settlement locations. Lewis, who has held the position of ethnology curator at
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to the Atlantic ocean. Research published in 1871 showed that some Mi’kmaq believed they had emigrated from the west, and then lived alongside the Kwēdĕchk. According to Mi’kmaw traditions recorded by S. T. Rand, the Kwēdĕchk were the original inhabitants of the land. The two tribes engaged in a war
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Intimidation over the fishery dispute has continued into 2021. In mid-January, lobster harvester and Sipekne'katik citizen Jolene Marr, whose brother was surrounded in the West Pubnico lobster pound on October 13, was sent a seven second-long close-up video of a man's face that included what "sounds
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The inshore fishery is the last small-scale fishery in Nova Scotia. St. Marys Bay is part of Lobster Fishing Area (LFA) 34, making it the "largest lobster fishing area in Canada with more than 900 licensed commercial fishermen harvesting from the southern tip of Nova Scotia up to Digby in the Bay of
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One myth explains that the Miꞌkmaq once believed that evil and wickedness among men is what causes them to kill each other. This causes great sorrow to the creator-sun-god, who weeps tears that become rains sufficient to trigger a deluge. The people attempt to survive the flood by traveling in bark
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Bromley's attitudes towards the Indians were singularly enlightened for his day. ... Bromley totally dismissed the idea that native people were naturally inferior and set out to encourage their material improvement through settlement and agriculture, their talents through education, and their pride
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By 1997, all Miꞌkmaq on reserves were given the responsibility for their own education. By 2014, there were 11 band-run schools in Nova Scotia, and the province has the highest rate of retention of aboriginal students in schools in Canada. More than half the teachers are Miꞌkmaq. From 2011 to 2012
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was established. On August 31, 2010, the governments of Canada and Nova Scotia signed a historic agreement with the Miꞌkmaw Nation, establishing a process whereby the federal government must consult with the Miꞌkmaw Grand Council before engaging in any activities or projects that affect the Miꞌkmaq
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and other endemic European infectious diseases, to which the Miꞌkmaq had no immunity, wars and alcoholism led to a further decline of the native population. It reached its lowest point in the middle of the 17th century. Then the numbers grew slightly again, before becoming apparently stable during
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developed a fishing plan based on their right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood. They issued seven lobster licenses to band members; each license has 50 tags, representing a combined total of 350 tags. One commercial lobster license represents 350 tags. The lobster fishery they initiated
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announced their $ 1 billion purchase of Clearwater Seafoods, which was finalised on January 25, 2021. The group of First Nations includes Sipekne'katik, We'koqma'q, Potlotek, Pictou Landing, and Paqtnkek First Nations, and is led by Membertou and Miapukek First Nations. The purchase represents the
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were affected in the provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé region of Quebec. The West Nova Fishermen's Coalition submitted an appeal asking for the Marshall decision to be set aside. In November 17, 1999, released a new ruling (Marshall 2) to clarify that the
1922:
Between 1725 and 1779, the Mi'kmaq, Wolastoqey (Maliseet), and Peskotomuhkati (Passamaquoddy) signed numerous treaties, commonly referred to as the Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties, through which they entered into a "peaceful relationship with the British Crown." The Mi'kmaq assert
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maintained his position that this issue must be solved federally when asked about it at a press conference. Several months later, in January 2021, the manager of the Middle West Pubnico facility, James Muise, made a public post in a Facebook group for commercial fishers, claiming that he gave the
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launched their own moderate livelihood fishery in a celebration at Battery Provincial Park that coincided with Mi'kmaq Treaty Day. The management plan behind this fishery had been in development for three months, prompted by the seizure of lobster traps by DFO officials. Community licenses issued
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On September 17, Sipekne'katik launched a "moderate livelihood fishery" with a ceremony at the Saulnierville wharf, the first lobster fishery regulated by Miꞌkmaq in Nova Scotia. On September 18, the Assembly of Nova Scotia Miꞌkmaw Chiefs declared a province-wide state of emergency in response to
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Chief Michael Sack sent a letter to Premier Stephen McNeil, DFO Minister Bernadette Jordan and Nova Scotia RCMP Commanding Officer Lee Bergerman, calling for them "to uphold the rule of law amid ongoing violence, threats, human rights discrimination and ongoing failure to uphold the 1999 Supreme
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were widely covered by the media from 1999 and 2002. On October 3, 1999, non-Indigenous commercial fishers in 150 boats destroyed hundreds of Mi'kmaq lobster traps, then returned to shore and vandalized fishing equipment, as well as three fish plants. This was captured and documented in the 2002
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David L. Schmidt and Murdena Marshall published some of the prayers, narratives, and liturgies represented in hieroglyphs—pictographic symbols in a 1995 book. As noted, the pre-contact Mi'kmaq utilized some form of writing, but Le Clerq indicated that the hieroglyphs were "formed" by him. French
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of "life-ways of the Mi'kmaq", include written hieroglyphics, human figures, Mi'kmaq houses and lodges, decorations including crosses, sailing vessels, and animals, etched into slate rocks. These are attributed to the Mi'kmaq, who have continuously inhabited the area since prehistoric times. The
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peoples of Newfoundland and Labrador. After the Labrador Innu and Inuit left the Association in 1975, the organization was renamed as the Federation of Newfoundland Indians. The FNI included six Mi'kmaq bands (Elmastogoeg First Nations, Corner Brook Indian Band, Flat Bay Indian Band, Gander Bay
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Fisheries Minister Bernadette Jordan sent a letter to Chief Mike Sack on March 3, 2021, outlining the terms under which a moderate livelihood fishery could be negotiated, and what the federal government would be "prepared" to allow; the letter proposed balancing "additional First Nations access
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Three days after the initial raids on the storage facilities, on the evening of October 16, the Middle West Pubnico facility was destroyed in a large fire, deemed "suspicious" by the RCMP. One man was taken to hospital with life-threatening injuries after the fire, but the RCMP did not provide
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of Peace and Friendship Treaties with the British Crown throughout the eighteenth century; the first was signed in 1725, and the last in 1779. The Miꞌkmaq maintain that they did not cede or give up their land title or other rights through these Peace and Friendship Treaties. The landmark 1999
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developed their own self-regulated lobster fisheries management plan and opened their own lobster fishery in the fall of 2020. Under the existing Fish Buyers' Licensing Regulations the self-regulated Listuguj fisheries can harvest, but can only use the lobster for "food, social and ceremonial
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with "helicopters, patrol boats, guns, with observation by airplanes and dozens of RCMP officers". The documentary asks why the fishers were being harassed for "exercising rights that had been affirmed by the highest court in the land." Following lengthy negotiations with the Mi'kmaq, the DFO
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and Brenda Conroy. In the early 1760s, there were approximately 300 Miꞌkmaw fighters in the region and thousands of British soldiers. The goals of the Miꞌkmaw treaty negotiators engaged in the 1760 Halifax treaty negotiations, were to make peace, establish secure and well-regulated trade in
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On March 26, 2021, 43 Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from the Sipekne'katik First Nation filed a statement of claim against the attorney general of Canada, the RCMP, the DFO, and 29 non-Indigenous fishers including the Bay of Fundy Inshore Fishermen's Association (BFIFA). The claim alleges that the
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to a group in Newfoundland and Labrador called the Qalipu First Nation. The new band, which is landless, had accepted 25,000 applications to become part of the band by October 2012. In total over 100,000 applications were sent in to join the Qalipu, equivalent of one-fifth of the province's
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said that the commercial fishing industry had not suffered because of this. Others disagreed, saying that Canada had never fully implemented the Marshall Decision, and that, over the decades, various levels of government and authorities mishandled and neglected local concerns related to the
1703:, anthropologist Philip Bock described the annual cycle of seasonal movement of precontact Miꞌkmaq. Bock wrote that the Mi'kmaq had lived in dispersed interior winter camps and larger coastal communities during the summer. The spawning runs of March began their movement to converge on
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non-Indigenous fishers named as defendants took the law into their own hands and engaged in violence against the moderate livelihood fishery, that they were encouraged to do so by BFIFA, and that the DFO and RCMP contributed to the harm by not intervening in the foreseeable violence.
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through already available licences" and stated that "these fisheries will operate within established seasons." These terms were rejected by Chief Sack, who stated that "we have a management plan that is better for conservation than theirs is, so we're going to follow our own plan."
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1747:. The most important animal hunted by the Miꞌkmaq was the moose, which was used in every part: the meat for food, the skin for clothing, tendons and sinew for cordage, and bones for carving and tools. Other animals hunted/trapped included deer, bear, rabbit, beaver and porcupine.
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history professor, Geoffrey Plank, described the relationship between the Mi'kmaq and Acadians as strong. The Miꞌkmaq believed they could share their traditional lands with both the British and the Acadians—with the Mi'kmaq hunting as usual, and getting to the coast for seafood.
6309:. The tribes ranged from present-day northern and eastern New England in the United States to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. At the time of contact with the French (late 16th century), they were expanding from their maritime base westward along the Gaspé Peninsula /
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readers and historians, who also dealt with the treaties with the non-natives and other Native tribes), the women's council, and the grand chief. The grand chief was a title given to one of the district chiefs, who was usually from the Miꞌkmaw district of Unamáki or
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in greater number put pressure on land use and the treaties. This migration into the region created significant economic, environmental and cultural pressures on the Miꞌkmaq. The Miꞌkmaq tried to enforce the treaties through threat of force. At the beginning of the
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On October 23, 2020, the Mi'kmaq Rights Initiative (known as the KMKNO for "Kwilmu'kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office") announced that talks with the DFO over defining "moderate livelihood" had broken down. The following Wednesday (October 28), Terry Paul, chief of
3986:"The definite article "the" suggests that "Miꞌkmaq" is the undeclined form indicated by the initial letter "m". When declined in the singular, it reduces to the following forms: nikmaq – my family; kikmaq – your family; wikma – his/her family. The variant form
1147:—"one of Canada's most lucrative lobster fisheries"— became the site of a violent conflict between Mi'kmaq fishers and non-Mi'kmaq commercial fishers. Immediately after the ruling, Mi'kmaq fishers began to lay lobster traps out of season. Incidents such as the
1953:. In his 2002, book on the Marshall case, historian William Wicken said that there is no written documentation to support this assertion that Cope made the treaty on behalf of all the Miꞌkmaq. has been cited in the Supreme Court of Canada's 1985 decision in
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in their 1999 ruling that resulted in Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Peskotomuhkati people the "right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood' from the resources of the land and waters." The legal precedent had previously been established in the
1759:, increased awareness of territoriality. Trader preferences for good harbors resulted in greater numbers of Miꞌkmaq gathering in fewer summer rendezvous locations. This in turn encouraged their establishing larger bands, led by the ablest trade negotiators.
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The pre-contact population is estimated at 3,000–30,000. In 1616, Father Biard believed the Miꞌkmaw population to be in excess of 3,000, but he remarked that, because of European diseases, there had been large population losses during the 16th century.
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was presented with a report recommending a First Nations band without any reserved land to represent the Mi'kmaq of Newfoundland. An Agreement-in-principle was reached in 2006, which the FNI accepted in 2007. The federal government ratified it in 2008.
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having also withdrawn earlier). According to Paul, when he talked with the other ANSMC Chiefs about his decision, there seemed to be a willingness to deal with the issues he had identified in the negotiation process, so that he could rejoin shortly.
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On October 21, Sipekne'katik managed to secure an interim injunction against the restriction of band members' access to the Saulnierville and Weymouth wharves, as well as the New Edinburgh lobster pound. The motion for the injunction was filed
2031:, arrived and battled with the Miꞌkmaq. One Miꞌkmaw was killed and 16 were taken prisoner to Quebec. The prisoners were eventually taken to Halifax. They were released on 28 July 1779 after signing the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown.
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The Sipekneꞌkatik fishing plan "became a flash point" resulting in violent highly-charged conflict pitting non-Miꞌkmaw lobster fishers in the adjacent coastal communities and Miꞌkmaw fishers those carrying out the moderate livelihood fishery.
1767:. The Miꞌkmaq made their bows from maple. They ate fish of all kinds, such as salmon, sturgeon, lobster, squid, shellfish, and eels, as well as seabirds and their eggs. They hunted marine mammals such as porpoises, whales, walrus, and seals.
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Jesuit missionaries adopted their use to teach Catholic prayers and religion to the Mi'kmaq. Schmidt and Marshall showed that these hieroglyphics served as a fully functional writing system. They assert it is the oldest writing system for an
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is the official authority that engages in consultation with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia, as established by the historic August 30, 2010, agreement with the Miꞌkmaq Nation, resulting from the
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According to the Nova Scotia Museum, bear teeth and claws were used as decoration in regalia. The women used porcupine quills to create decorative beadwork on clothing, moccasins, and accessories. The weapon used most for hunting was the
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in Nova Scotia. This covers most, if not all, actions these governments might take within that jurisdiction. This is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history including all the First Nations within an entire province.
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4019:, a Supreme Court case that spanned over a decade, the Ahousaht Indian Band and Nation in British Columbia confirmed their right to "fish in their court-defined territories and sell that fish into the commercial marketplace."
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often used by government officials, "relief". The British said the Miꞌkmaq must give up their way of life and begin to settle on farms. Also, they were told they had to send their children to British schools for education.
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Although the treaties of 1760–61 contain statements of Miꞌkmaw submission to the British crown, later statements made by Miꞌkmaw reveal that they intended a friendly and reciprocal relationship, according to the 2009 book,
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said that his government was "extremely active" in trying to de-escalate the situation. He also stated that he expected the police to be keeping people safe, and acknowledged concerns that the police had not been doing so.
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Wappel, Tom (November 2003). Report Of The Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans, May 2003, Atlantic Fisheries Issues (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Report Of The Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans, House Of
695:, was inspired by marks made by a young Mi'kmaq using charcoal on birchbark. Leclercq created what is now known as Mi'kmaq hieroglyphs to teach Catholic prayers and hymns to the people in their own form of language.
1637:—was established in 1982 he result of a collaboration between the Miꞌkmaw community and the Nova Scotia government. The school is the most successful First Nation Education Program in Canada, according to Benjamin.
576:(1874–1964), a respected Mi'kmaq religious leader and traditional Grand Chief of the Council, was elected as the Council's Grand Chief in 1918. Repeatedly re-elected, he held this position for the rest of his life.
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Braser described the first contact between the Mi'kmaq and early European fishermen. These fishermen salted their catch at sea and sailed directly home with it, but they set up camps ashore as early as 1520 for
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this pre-Le Clerq writing system was part of a writing tradition by the Mi'kmaq similar to that observed in 1651 observed amongst the Eastern Abenakis of Maine. Today it is written mainly using letters of the
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preceded the agreement. The August 2010 agreement is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history; it includes representation for all the First Nations within the entire province of Nova Scotia.
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resulted in a compensation to Marshall of a lifetime pension of $ 1.5 million. Marshall used the financial compensation to finance the lengthy and costly Supreme Court case. When Marshall won, 34 Mi'kmaq and
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Harassment around the Sipekne'katik fishery continued through October. On October 5, Sipekne'katik fisher Robert Syliboy, a holder of one of the moderate livelihood fishery's licenses, found his boat at the
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and myths which account for the organization of the world and society; for instance, how men and women were created and why they are different from one another. The most well known Miꞌkmaw myth is that of
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related families indigenous people who lived in a climate unfavorable for agriculture, had subsisted on fishing and hunting. Developed leadership did not extend beyond hunting parties. In the same 1978
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people involved in the raids permission to enter the facility and take the lobsters. Muise offered to work with people charged with offenses connected to the raids and try to get those charges dropped.
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plays two grammatical roles: 1) It is the singular of Miꞌkmaq and 2) it is an adjective in circumstances where it precedes a noun (e.g., miꞌkmaw people, miꞌkmaw treaties, miꞌkmaw person, etc.)" see
1219:"largest investment in the seafood industry by a Canadian Indigenous group". The harvest of non-Indigenous fishermen in the region will now be purchased by Clearwater Seafoods' Miꞌkmaq part owners.
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1533:
due to the urgency of the situation, as the band was struggling to sell any of their catch in the midst of the violence and protests. The injunction will remain in place until December 15, 2020.
482:
disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments along the Canadian model, and attempting to limit the Council's role to spiritual guidance.
5810:
2437:
Some Miꞌkmaw people practice the Catholic faith while some only practice traditional Miꞌkmaw beliefs. However, many have adopted both because of the compatibility between both systems.
5429:
1497:
On October 15, the Miꞌkmaq Warrior Peacekeepers arrived at the Saulnierville wharf with the intention of providing protection to Miꞌkmaq who were continuing to fish amid the violence.
680:
Jerry Lonecloud (1854 – 1930, Mi'kmaq) is considered the "ethnographer of the Mi'kmaq nation". In 1912, he transcribed some of the Kejimkujik petroglyphs, and donated his works to the
5613:
1671:
that lasted "many years", and involved the "slaughter of men, women, and children, and torture of captives", and the eventual displacement of the Kwēdĕchk by the victorious Mi’kmaq.
1122:. This resulted in the 1993 charges laid against Marshall Jr. for "fishing eels out of season, fishing without a licence, and fishing with an illegal net". In the 2018 publication,
757:. Although this older spelling is still in use, the Miꞌkmaq consider the spelling "Micmac" to be "tainted" by colonialism. The "q" ending is used in the plural form of the noun, and
7079:
2405:. Several Miꞌkmaw institutions, including the Grand Council, had argued that the Qalipu Miꞌkmaq Band did not have legitimate aboriginal heritage and was accepting too many members.
1625:, journalist Chris Benjamin wrote about the "raw wounds" of Miꞌkmaw children who attended the Shubenacadie institution in the period spanning over three decades, from 1930 to 1967.
7314:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250–259, page 258
2019:
soon after it declared its independence in July 1776. These delegates did not officially represent the Miꞌkmaw government, although many individual Miꞌkmaq did privately join the
6861:
5943:
1614:
519:
disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments and attempting to limit the Council's role to that of spiritual guidance.
2394:
population. In response, parliament passed Bill C-25, authorizing it to review all applications and retroactively reject some, based on criteria similar to those used in the
2188:. The oldest known hockey stick was made between 1852 and 1856. Recently, it was sold for US$ 2.2 million. The stick was carved by Miꞌkmaq from Nova Scotia, who made it from
1778:, and Portuguese explorers about conditions there encouraged visits by Portuguese, Spanish, Basque, French, and English fishermen and whalers, beginning in the 16th century.
6991:
6768:
6039:
2867:
5479:
5208:
1445:
through this fishery will entitle fishers to 70 tags, and boats will be allowed to carry up to 200 lobster traps each. At the time of the launch of the Potlotek fishery,
5345:
8164:
8137:
8029:
8002:
7975:
7948:
7921:
7894:
7867:
7840:
7813:
7761:
7734:
7707:
7680:
7653:
7626:
7599:
7572:
7545:
7518:
7491:
7464:
7437:
7410:
7383:
7356:
7329:
2455:. Good storytellers are highly prized by the Miꞌkmaq, as they provide important teachings that shape who a person grows to be, and are sources of great entertainment.
5319:
5055:
4590:
9006:
5724:
1408:
Fundy." It is also "one of the most lucrative fishing areas in Canada". DFO reported that as of December 2019, there were 979 commercial lobster licenses in LFA 34.
1641:
there was a 25% increase in Miꞌkmaw students going to university. Atlantic Canada has the highest rate of aboriginal students attending university in the country.
6409:
6347:
2146:
to the wider world. The mission was dissolved in 1870. After a long period of disagreement with the Baptist church, he eventually returned to the church in 1885.
8054:
1851:
Over a period of seventy-five years, during six wars in Miꞌkmaꞌki, the Miꞌkmaq and Acadians fought to keep the British from taking over the region (See the four
1457:
wharf destroyed in a suspicious fire. On the evening of October 13, several hundred non-Indigenous fishers and their supporters raided two storage facilities in
1077:
498:
460:
4424:
3880:
8764:
6195:
Snow, Dean R. (1978). "Late Prehistory of the East Coast: Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Eastern New Brunswick Drainages". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
6096:
Christianson, D.J. 1979. The Use of Subsistence Strategy Descriptions in Determining Wabanaki Residence Location. Journal of Anthropology at McMaster 5( 1 ).
5755:
5556:
4306:
3900:
1449:
was also planning on launching their own fishery, following a similar plan. After the launch of this fishery, DFO officers continued to seize Mi'kmaq traps.
1109:
ruling, which "affirmed a treaty right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood'." The Supreme Court also cited Section 35 of the 1982
7017:
4270:
9031:
8073:
5293:
64:
Although the flag is meant to be displayed hanging vertically as shown here, it is quite commonly flown horizontally, with the star near the upper hoist.
2027:
valley of New Brunswick attacked and plundered some of the British in the area. The following month, British Captain Augustus Harvey, in command of HMS
934:
was documented as the first European to record the term "Mi'kmaq" for the people, using it in his 1676 memoir. Marion Robertson stated this in the book
8511:
Mr. Bromley's second address, on the deplorable state of the Indians delivered in the "Royal Acadian School," at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, March 8, 1814
5505:
5891:
3968:
professor of history of religions; she conducted fieldwork on reservations of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and Canada in 1992–1993, 1996 and 2000.
2988:
Big Hole Tract 8 (North Half), Indian Point 1, Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 3, Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 8, Metepenagiag Uta'nk, Red Bank 4, Red Bank 7
2184:
appeared in recorded colonial histories from as early as the 18th century. Since the nineteenth century, the Miꞌkmaq were credited with inventing the
6936:
1878:
Along with Acadians, the Miꞌkmaq used military force to resist the founding of British (Protestant) settlements by making numerous raids on Halifax,
579:
In 1927, Grand Chief Sylliboy was charged by Nova Scotia with hunting muskrat pelts out of season. He was the first to use the rights defined in the
7305:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49–68, page 53
5865:
2446:
primarily via storytelling. There were traditionally three levels of oral traditions: religious myths, legends, and folklore. This includes Miꞌkmaw
1523:, released a Twitter statement requesting that the federal government define "what constitutes legal harvesting in a "moderate livelihood" fishery.
8787:
7277:
2475:. The island is also the site of the St. Anne Mission, an important pilgrimage site for the Miꞌkmaq. The island has been declared a historic site.
371:
6527:
2509:
1512:
On October 16, Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from the Sipekne'katik First Nation quickly sold all their lobsters after setting up shop in front of the
593:. On the 50th anniversary of Sylliboy's death, the Grand Council asked the Nova Scotia government for a pardon for the late Grand Chief. Premier
7141:
854:
1140:
DFO had the power to regulate the fishery for conservation purposes if it "consulted with the First Nation and could justify the regulations".
938:(1960s), published by the Nova Scotia Museum, Robertson cites Professor Ganong, who suggested that "Mi'kmaq" was derived from the Mi'kmaq word
6883:
5001:
5582:
3693:
768:
The Miꞌkmaq prefer to use one of the three current Miꞌkmaq orthographies when writing the language. Spellings used by Mi'kmaq people include
589:
5917:
4247:
2075:
was celebrated by Nova Scotians on October 1, 1986 in recognition of the treaties signed between the British Empire and the Miꞌkmaw people.
497:
was the official consultative authority that engages with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia. The
463:. This collaborative agreement, which includes all the First Nations within the province of Nova Scotia, was the first in Canadian history.
451:
upheld the 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty "which promised Indigenous Peoples the right to hunt and fish their lands and establish trade."
5836:
7090:
4363:
2467:
One spiritual capital of the Miꞌkmaq Nation is Mniku, the gathering place of the Miꞌkmaw Grand Council or Santé Mawiómi, Chapel Island in
753:, which is preferred by the Miꞌkmaq people, was widely adopted by scholarly publications and the media. It replaced the previous spelling
8710:
6115:
5639:
2374:
was willing to work with the FNI and the government of Newfoundland, but the provincial government considered it to be a federal matter.
1662:
In southwestern Nova Scotia, there is archaeological evidence that traces traditional land use and resources to at least 4,000 years. In
2290:
In 1914, over 150 Miꞌkmaw men signed up during World War I. During the First World War, thirty-four out of sixty-four male Miꞌkmaq from
8757:
8596:
6793:
6398:
According to historian Stephen Patterson, the British imposed the treaties on the Miꞌkmaq to confirm the British conquest of Miꞌkmaꞌki.
1807:
5264:
3530:
the 19th century. During the 20th century, the population was on the rise again. The average growth from 1965 to 1970 was about 2.5%.
9011:
8991:
8159:
8132:
8024:
7997:
7970:
7943:
7916:
7862:
7835:
7808:
7756:
7729:
7702:
7648:
7621:
7594:
7540:
7405:
7378:
7351:
6526:
Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost, was the celebration of St. Aspinquid's Day; he was known as the Indian Saint.
5395:
5371:
3611:
1596:
1516:
in Halifax with potential customers lined up around the block. The fishers said they were putting pressure on Premier McNeil to act.
7889:
7675:
7567:
7513:
7486:
7459:
7432:
7324:
5968:
4824:
1536:
In January 2021, 23 people were charged in connection to the violence at the lobster storage facilities on October 13, 2020: 15 for
9016:
2079:
1478:, and Colin Sproul, president of the Bay of Fundy Inshore Fishermen's Association, all condemned the violence. Nova Scotia Premier
493:
On August 30, 2010, the Miꞌkmaw Nation and the Nova Scotia provincial government reached an historic agreement, affirming that the
6539:. This was soon reversed, but public officials quickly left, and St. Aspinquid was never after celebrated at Halifax. (See Akins.
5085:
4003:
8904:
7116:
7053:
5430:
Implementing the right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood: Rebuilding trust and establishing a constructive path forward
1490:
while trying to give a press conference on October 14. Also during the violence, an elder had sage knocked out of her hand while
1164:. The documentary also described how Ocean and Fisheries department officials seemed to "wage a war" on the Mi'kmaq fishermen of
6043:
5694:"Manager of Nova Scotia pound claims in online post that he 'opened the doors' for non-Indigenous fishers to take Mi'kmaw catch"
4198:
2343:
In 1972 activists formed the Native Association of Newfoundland and Labrador as the main organization representing the Mi'kmaq,
1770:
Miꞌkmaw territory was the first portion of North America that Europeans exploited at length for resource extraction. Reports by
6962:
3837:
1618:
5456:
2743:
1367:
who said that Mik'maq communities had benefitted from improvements resulting from the Marshall decision, as the Department of
597:
granted the posthumous pardon in 2017. Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, John James Grant, McNeil, and the Justice Minister
8750:
8407:
7155:
6473:
6448:
6383:
6023:
5039:
4899:
4767:
4713:
4685:
4660:
4573:
2616:
1883:
391:
6910:
6862:"Statement by the Honourable Chuck Strahl on the Ratification Vote by the Mi'kmaq of the Federation of Newfoundland Indians"
2352:
Indian Band, Glenwood Mi'kmaq First Nation, and the Port au Port Indian Band). The provincial government supported the FNI.
644:
According to the 2021 census, 9,245 people identified as speakers of the Miꞌkmaq language. 4,910 of which said it was their
8601:
7208:
5530:
4600:
3945:
2307:
1970:
735:
6105:
Ferguson, R. 1986. Archaeological Sites of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Unpublished Ms., Parks Canada , Halifax.
2496:
Miꞌkmaw names in the following table are spelled according to several orthographies. The Miꞌkmaw orthographies in use are
8791:
8306:
2298:. In 1939, over 250 Miꞌkmaq volunteered in World War II. (In 1950, over 60 Miꞌkmaq enlisted to serve in the Korean War.)
1215:
6637:
4310:
3633:
2321:
8185:
1371:(DFO) granted access to Mi'kmaq fishers to the "commercial fishery through communal licences operated by the bands".
8619:
8586:
8564:
8541:
8519:
8455:
8388:
7241:
4535:
The Petroglyphs of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia: A Fresh Perspective on their Physical and Cultural Contexts
4496:
3925:
3559:
2923:
2356:
2234:
2221:
2060:
was the first Miꞌkmaw elected as grand chief in 1919 and the first to fight for treaty recognition—specifically, the
1910:
1060:
350:
6589:
4389:
4333:
1785:, (1885–1965), a journalist who wrote historical novels. By 1578, some 350 European ships were operating around the
9026:
8996:
8695:
8242:
6835:
6704:
6571:
6495:
5506:"Trapped in Conflict: How the corporate megafishery Clearwater has set the stage for violent conflict in Mi'kma'ki"
2497:
2355:
The federal government approved only the petition for recognition made by the Mi'kmaq at Conne River. In 1987, the
2008:
1683:
in Halifax, since 2007 focused his MA research specifically on pre-contact fish weirs in southwestern Nova Scotia.
1462:
657:
418:
5811:"Lobsters quickly sell out in front of Nova Scotia legislature: 'They have a treaty right to buy from the Mi'kmaq"
4759:
We Were Not the Savages: A Miꞌkmaq Perspective on the Collision Between European and Native American Civilizations
4514:
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travel and Explorations of the Jesuit Missions in New France, 1610–1791
4219:
405:
There are 66,748 Mi'kmaq people in the region as of 2023, (including 25,182 members in the more recently formed
9001:
7182:
5614:"Respected chief leaves two Mi'kmaw political organizations because of 'distrust' over moderate livelihood plans"
4940:
3930:
3574:
2978:
1781:
European fishing camps traded with Miꞌkmaw fishermen, and trading rapidly expanded to include furs, according to
1228:
7028:
5111:
72:
8347:
8083:
6290:
5665:
3280:
1421:
1384:
1118:, one in a series of treaties known as the Peace and Friendship Treaties, but was not being respected prior to
7294:
4971:
9021:
8981:
8690:
8307:"Investigating the restoration of the Miꞌkmaq language and culture on the First Nations reserve of Miawpukek"
5944:"'We're going to establish our own fishery': Sipekne'katik First Nation rejects DFO moderate livelihood plan"
2606:
1817:
1666:, there are canoe routes that have been used for thousands of years by Indigenous people travelling from the
1329:
931:
17:
8278:"Our Strength is Ourselves: Identity, Status, and Cultural Revitalization among the Miꞌkmaq in Newfoundland"
7209:"Canada signed private agreement with Qalipu Mi'kmaq days before contentious changes to application process"
1890:
between France and Britain in Europe, the Miꞌkmaq assisted the Acadians in resisting the British during the
969:
as "red on the earth", "red ground", or "red earth". Other suggestions from Robertson include its origin in
8773:
8501:
8277:
2329:
2225:
2217:
2007:
tribes supported the Americans against the British. They participated in the Maugerville Rebellion and the
1513:
558:. The Miꞌkmaq, as trading allies of the French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst.
414:
5235:"Fish Buyers' Licensing and Enforcement Regulations via Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act (Nova Scotia)"
8986:
8680:
8247:
7274:
6709:
6576:
6500:
3189:
3080:
2121:
to the plight of the Miꞌkmaq "particularly contributes to his historical significance". Finguard writes:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1165:
612:
in Cape Breton. In the early 21st century, this site is now within the reserve known as Chapel Island or
522:
In addition to the district councils, the Mꞌikmaq have been traditionally governed by a Grand Council or
506:
494:
467:
455:
59:
31:
8262:
8186:
Massachusetts Historical Society; John Davis Batchelder Collection (Library of Congress) (8 June 1792).
1654:
5457:
The Marshall Decision at 20: Two Decades of Commercial Re-Empowerment of the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet, Munk
5086:"Mi'kmaq tackle decades-old standstill on fishing rights with historic, self-regulated lobster fishery"
3799:
3583:
3158:
2892:
2688:
2291:
1923:
that through these treaties—which were referenced as legal precedent by the Supreme Court of Canada in
1895:
1864:
1458:
1389:
842:, meaning "human being" or "the people". Members of the Miꞌkmaq historically referred to themselves as
684:. He is credited with the first Mi'kmaq memoir, which was recorded from his oral history in the 1920s.
6256:
3862:
2078:
The treaties were only formally recognized by the Supreme Court of Canada once they were enshrined in
7142:"Updated Founding Members List for the Qalipu First Nation Adopted Through Order in Council – Qalipu"
6536:
3260:
3031:
2733:
2313:
2065:
2047:
1979:
1891:
1860:
1467:
1352:
After Mi'kmaq chiefs declared a state of emergency in October 2020, the Federal Government appointed
627:
119:
6513:
Sessional papers, Volume 5 By Canada. Parliament July 2 – September 22, 1779; Wilfred Brenton Kerr.
4039:
1898:
in Cape Breton. In 1763, Great Britain formalized its colonial possession of all of Miꞌkmaki in the
1177:, 1982. In May 2003, the House of Commons' Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans chaired by MP
616:. The Grand Council continues to meet at Mniku to discuss current issues within the Miꞌkmaq Nation.
4916:
2294:, Prince Edward Island enlisted in the armed forces, distinguishing themselves particularly in the
2138:
in 1849 help found the Mi'kmaq Missionary Society, a full-time Miꞌkmaw mission. Basing his work in
2072:
2024:
1983:
1879:
1663:
669:
204:
192:
8495:
6742:
4457:
4157:
8898:
8877:
8477:
5557:"Sipekne'katik Chief calls on NS Premier, DFO, RCMP to protect Mi'kmaw harvesters' treaty rights"
3712:
3316:
3172:
3118:
2799:
2709:
2633:
2512:
orthography. The latter has been adopted throughout Nova Scotia and in most Miꞌkmaw communities.
2416:
is currently taking Qalipu First Nation (and its precursor) to court over the enrolment process.
2378:
2337:
2295:
1735:
of the interior. Autumn frost killed the biting insects during the September harvest of spawning
1603:
1096:
584:
543:. This title was hereditary within a clan and usually passed on to the grand chief's eldest son.
442:
78:
5781:
5725:"Southwest N.S. lobster pound destroyed by fire, man in hospital with life-threatening injuries"
5666:"Vehicle torched, lobster pounds storing Mi'kmaw catches trashed during night of unrest in N.S."
5320:"The deal is sealed, Mi'kmaq coalition partner with B.C company to buy seafood giant Clearwater"
587:
finally recognized the 1752 treaty rights for indigenous hunting and fishing in their ruling on
6724:
6590:
Nova Scotia Historical Society; Nova Scotia Historical Society. Report and collections (1878).
4181:
4053:
3841:
3780:
3070:
3047:
3026:
2944:
2196:
2084:
1995:
1957:. With the signing of various treaties, the 75 years of regular warfare ended in 1761 with the
1899:
1852:
1571:
1567:
1446:
1208:
5346:"Twenty Indigenous stories that shaped 2020 — a year of racism and fear, of fighting and hope"
4680:. Vitality of indigenous religions series. Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
8724:
6618:
Cutherbertson, Brian (2005). "The Starr Manufacturing Company: Skate Exporter to the World".
4118:
3347:
3228:
3215:
3207:
2822:
2768:
2535:
1915:
1441:
1437:
1052:
1016:
6373:
5976:
5143:
4892:
Red earth: tales of the Micmac with an introduction to the customs and beliefs of the Micmac
4757:
4533:
4145:
Best Practices and Challenges in Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet/Wolastoqi Language Immersion Programs.
2370:
Recognition for the remainder of Newfoundland's Mi'kmaq was a much longer process. Minister
1126:, Marshall was quoted as saying, "I don't need a licence. I have the 1752 Treaty." The 1989
8652:
8485:
7183:"Qalipu First Nation marks a milestone, celebrating 10 years as recognized Indigenous band"
6797:
6070:
5294:"Nova Scotia chiefs rejected $ 87-million offer from DFO, want moderate livelihood defined"
5234:
3891:
3853:
3786:
3663:
3617:
3203:
3199:
2897:
2540:
2505:
2386:
2117:
1991:
1825:
1813:
1786:
1752:
1600:
1592:
949:
The Mi'kmaq may have identified as "the Red Earth People, or the People of the Red Earth".
639:
626:
territory. (Later the large island was organized as a separate district in the province of
410:
360:
188:
169:
109:
8976:
6699:
2332:
in Newfoundland." This ultimately led to the Miꞌkmaq people of Newfoundland not receiving
1694:, ethnologist T. J. Brasser, described how pre-contact small semi-nomadic bands of a few
8:
8795:
8576:
7159:
4832:
4729:
3751:
3255:
3009:
2566:
2088:
of 1982. The first Treaty Day occurred the year after the Supreme Court upheld the Peace
2012:
2000:
1946:
1887:
1675:
1153:
1148:
1100:
688:
406:
269:
6769:"In Newfoundland, too many want recognition as Mi'kmaq Indians, federal government says"
6591:
6566:
2258:
2246:
382:, primarily Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, and the
8336:
6310:
5756:"After a week of violence, Mi'kmaq Warrior Peacekeepers arrive at wharf in Nova Scotia"
4271:"N.S. calls on Ottawa to define a 'moderate livelihood,' as fishing dispute boils over"
3935:
3920:
3758:
2501:
2135:
2093:
1942:
1816:
between English colonists and Native Americans in southern New England (which included
1680:
839:
681:
623:
540:
222:
8237:
4093:"Native Languages of the Americas: Mi'kmaq Language (Mi'kmaw, Micmac, Mikmaq, Mikmak)"
1388:
was located "outside of the regulated commercial season in Lobster Fishing Area 34 in
865:
692:
383:
8615:
8582:
8560:
8537:
8515:
8451:
8403:
8384:
8371:
8343:
8187:
7237:
6684:
6490:
6469:
6444:
6379:
6286:
6019:
5035:
4895:
4763:
4709:
4681:
4656:
4569:
4568:. Fredericton, N.B. : Halifax, N.S: Goose Lane Editions via Nova Scotia Museum.
4492:
4220:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country]"
3790:
3539:
3211:
3168:
2999:
2468:
2413:
2159:
1782:
1617:
that travelled to various communities in Atlantic Canada, who were all served by the
1475:
1024:
998:
715:
609:
409:
in Newfoundland.) According to the Canadian 2021 census, 9,245 people claim to speak
399:
6217:
Brasser, T.J. (1978). "Early Indian-European Contacts". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
6169:
4307:"Miꞌkmaq of Nova Scotia, Province of Nova Scotia and Canada Sign Landmark Agreement"
1789:
estuary. Most were independent fishermen, but increasing numbers were exploring the
719:
from 1856 to 1871. He included samples of Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, such as the
8487:
An account of the customs and manners of the MicMakis and Marichetts Savage Nations
7234:
Tán Teli-Ktlamsitasit (Ways of Believing): Míkmaw Religion in Eskasoni, Nova Scotia
3887:
3735:
3731:
3629:
3092:
3013:
2954:
2854:
2390:
2185:
2097:
2057:
2020:
1958:
1935:
1868:
1471:
1353:
1222:
1161:
1051:, Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg), Siknikt (Signigtewaꞌgi), Sipekniꞌkatik (Sugapuneꞌgati),
727:
573:
566:
555:
530:("captains" in English), who were the district chiefs. There were also elders, the
324:
184:
8718:
2878:
1894:. The military resistance was reduced significantly with the French defeat at the
677:
petroglyphs date from the late prehistoric period through the nineteenth century.
515:, was the traditional senior level of government for the Miꞌkmaw people. The 1876
476:, was the traditional senior level of government for the Miꞌkmaw people. The 1876
8923:
8910:
8636:
8436:
7281:
6410:"Eighteenth-Century Treaties:The Miꞌkmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy Experience"
6348:"Eighteenth-Century Treaties:The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy Experience"
5531:"The lobster catch in St. Marys Bay is down, but there's little consensus on why"
4653:
Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic prayers: readings in North America's first indigenous script
4628:. Wien [Vienna: Die Kaiserliche wie auch Königliche Buchdruckerei hat es gedruckt
4623:
4489:
Mi'kmaq Hieroglyphic Prayers: Readings in North America's First Indigenous Script
3965:
3824:
3806:
3794:
3601:
3595:
3570:
3302:
3290:
3238:
3084:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2584:
2580:
2274:
1931:
1856:
1775:
1537:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1136:
974:
551:
547:
379:
279:
105:
8705:
8628:
5892:"Sipekne'katik First Nation lobster harvesters sue feds, non-Indigenous fishers"
2402:
1027:, is traditionally divided into seven districts. Prior to the imposition of the
561:
8861:
8742:
8108:
4753:
3722:
3718:
3706:
3669:
3652:
3623:
3579:
2484:
2325:
2113:
2089:
2061:
2043:
1695:
1520:
1501:
1479:
1200:
1115:
943:
662:
645:
594:
580:
437:
422:
54:
5169:
1188:
reported that "Maritime waters" were "calm a decade after Marshall decision."
8970:
8851:
8681:
Bras d'Or – Pitawpoꞌq, Indian name; Little Bras d'Or – Panuꞌskek, Indian name
8578:
The Abnakis and their history: Historical notices on the aborigines of Acadia
8055:"Government of Canada Announces the Creation of the Qalipu First Nation Band"
5918:"Membertou latest First Nation to leave Assembly of NS Mi'kmaw Chiefs, KMKNO"
5866:"Mi'kmaw lobster harvester fears for her safety after receiving online video"
5583:"Mi'kmaw harvesters confront protesters at wharf in southwestern Nova Scotia"
4595:
4092:
3872:
3675:
3357:
3326:
3242:
3176:
3142:
3123:
2983:
2962:
2958:
2849:
2804:
2786:
2747:
2738:
2714:
2693:
2669:
2651:
2647:
2592:
2549:
2447:
2371:
2333:
2016:
1837:
1764:
1686:
In the chapter "Late Prehistory of the East Coast" in the Smithsonian's 1978
1658:
Miꞌkmaq Women Selling Baskets, Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Mary R. McKie c. 1845
1426:
1170:
1144:
1007:
433:
235:
139:
6645:
5209:"Listuguj impatient with failure to define 'moderate livelihood' in fishery"
822:(the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled "L'nu"; the plural is
698:
569:– first to fight for Treaty Rights in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1929
511:, or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of
472:, or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of
8803:
6515:
The Maritime Provinces of British North America and the American Revolution
6236:. Northeast. Vol. 15. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 109–122.
6040:"Number of Mi'kmaq graduates continues to rise | the Chronicle Herald"
5436:(Report). Final report by the Federal Special Representative. 29 April 2021
5032:
Truth and conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi'kmaw quest for justice
4425:"9 decades after hunting conviction, Mi'kmaq leader gets posthumous pardon"
3852:
Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the
3818:
3768:
3687:
3681:
3607:
3547:
3330:
3266:
3088:
2809:
2751:
2674:
2664:
2643:
2620:
2553:
2459:
canoes, but only a single old man and woman survive to populate the earth.
1974:
1736:
1712:
1704:
1667:
1588:
1487:
1333:
1124:
Truth and conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi'kmaq quest for justice
1105:
1090:
598:
447:
208:
7156:"Qalipu First Nation to welcome special guests from Mi'kmaq Grand Council"
4965:
4963:
4961:
2038:
1938:(1760–61), marked the end of warfare between the Miꞌkmaq and the British.
1927:—the Mi'kmaq "did not cede or give up their land title and other rights."
8846:
8816:
8609:
8553:
8531:
8509:
6466:
An unsettled conquest: the British campaign against the peoples of Acadia
6221:. Northeast. Vol. 15. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 78–88.
3658:
3543:
3352:
3321:
3294:
3285:
3233:
3194:
3163:
3075:
3057:
2949:
2832:
2827:
2782:
2773:
2638:
2611:
2576:
2571:
2472:
2364:
2278:
2167:
2051:
2011:
in 1776. Miꞌkmaw delegates concluded the first international treaty, the
1949:
Miꞌkmaq has been cited in the Supreme Court of Canada's 1985 decision in
1454:
1341:
1056:
889:
129:
8223:
Megumaage: the home of the Micmacs or the True Men. A map of Nova Scotia
6839:
4246:
Bernard, Tim; Rosenmeier, Leah Morine; Farrell, Sharon L., eds. (2015).
1621:, the sole residential school for the region. In his 2004 book entitled
1066:
648:, and 2,595 reported it to be their most often spoken language at home.
6666:
6532:
5835:
Forester, Brett; Moore, Angel; Pashagumskum, Jamie (October 21, 2020).
4958:
4783:
3940:
3812:
3763:
3738:
3725:
3626:, Elder, author, tribal historian, columnist, and human rights activist
3620:, wrongly convicted of murder; later, fought for Mi'kmaq fishing rights
2965:
2778:
2588:
2395:
2181:
2154:
1771:
1595:
in Canadian history, representing an estimated 79,000 survivors of the
1376:
1364:
1178:
874:
673:
478:
6937:"Scrap Qalipu membership requirements, says Mi'kmaq association chair"
3538:
The Miꞌkmaw people have been commemorated in numerous ways, including
1941:
The 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty Between His Majesty the King and
1930:
Some historians have asserted that first treaty signed in 1725, after
765:. It is also used as an adjective, for example, "the Miꞌkmaw nation".
8821:
8685:
8533:
An account of the aborigines of Nova Scotia called the Micmac Indians
8203:
6314:
5480:"Scale of Sipekne'katik fishery won't harm lobster stocks, says prof"
3907:
3298:
3104:
3100:
3096:
2720:
2139:
1833:
1790:
1720:
720:
703:
239:
8675:
6992:"About 80,000 denied eligibility for Newfoundland first nation band"
6911:"6,500 rejected Qalipu Mi'kmaq band applications to be reconsidered"
5837:"Mi'kmaq secure injunction against interference with treaty fishery"
5804:
5802:
1886:. During the French and Indian War, the North American front of the
1739:. Smaller groups would disperse into the interior where they hunted
1332:
members of the Mi'kmaq and non-Indigenous lobster fishers mainly in
973:, which means "my brother" or "my friend", or a term of endearment.
8882:
8841:
6375:
Miꞌkmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior
6016:
Indian school road: legacies of the Shubenacadie Residential School
5640:"Mi'kmaw fishing vessel destroyed in suspicious fire at N.S. wharf"
3868:
3646:
3526:
2545:
2452:
2340:
that other indigenous groups in Canada did in the years following.
2189:
2143:
2004:
1845:
1841:
1744:
1732:
1724:
1541:
1529:
1491:
1132:
1048:
1002:
429:
366:
284:
231:
8670:
8597:
An account of the present state of Nova Scotia Hollingsworth. 1873
6257:"The Nova Scotia Museum – Heritage Attractions across Nova Scotia"
6072:
Pre-contact fish weirs: a case study from southwestern Nova Scotia
4704:
Metallic, Emmanuel N; Cyr, Danielle E; Sévigny, Alexandre (2005).
4358:
4356:
1905:
1719:
and shellfish, and coastal breezes brought relief from the biting
8856:
8811:
8655:(1986) — Míkmaq basketmakers and potato diggers in northern Maine
8078:
5799:
1829:
1708:
227:
6305:
The allied tribes occupied the territory which the French named
5265:"Mi'kmaq push for legal lobster sales for non-Indigenous buyers"
4564:
Whitehead, Ruth Holmes; Dennis, Clara; Lonecloud, Jerry (2002).
1828:), an alliance with four other Algonquian-language nations: the
1223:
Dispute over rights-based inshore lobster fishery (2020–present)
8777:
8700:
6306:
5396:"Fisheries conflict: Mi'kmaw Chiefs declare state of emergency"
5034:. Law and society series. Vancouver ; Toronto: UBC Press.
4941:"Factsheet: The 1999 Supreme Court of Canada Marshall Decision"
4557:
4391:
Kekina'muek (learning)Learning about the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia
4353:
4335:
Kekina'muek (learning)Learning about the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia
3376:
3052:
2928:
2872:
2317:
1818:
the first military conflict between the Miꞌkmaq and New England
1756:
1253:
723:
706:
535:
387:
375:
149:
8717:
6963:"Decision week for thousands of applicants to the Qalipu band"
6821:
6285:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 54.
6232:
Bock, Philip K. (1978). "Micmac". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
3977:"It is now the preferred choice of our People." See Paul:2000.
1615:
Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission
8836:
5782:"Massive fire destroys lobster pound in southern Nova Scotia"
5372:"Mi'kmaq lobster dispute: A conflict brewing since the 1700s"
3906:
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki,
3004:
2348:
2220:(3rd from left with beard) meets Governor General of Canada,
1740:
1728:
1047:
aq Piktuk (Epegwitg aq Pigtug), Eskikewaꞌkik (Esgeꞌgewaꞌgi),
869:. Adopting a term from the English, they referred to them as
398:. The traditional national territory of the Mi'kmaq is named
395:
342:
159:
8428:
The Míkmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural Survival
7018:"Nova Scotia Chiefs Raise Concerns over Qalipu Miꞌkmaq Band"
4462:
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada
1019:. Taqamgug was historically part of Onamag before the 1800s.
8831:
8826:
8448:
The Old Man Told Us: Excerpts from Míkmaq History 1500–1950
8263:"50 Things You Don't Know About Halifax – Halifax Magazine"
7257:
7080:"Defining Aboriginal Identity: What the Courts Have Stated"
6260:
6158:. New York and London: Longman, Green, and Co. p. 206.
3815:, a scout around the time of the American Revolutionary War
2344:
1934:, did not cede hunting, fishing, and gathering rights. The
554:
and was baptised. He concluded an alliance with the French
6317:-speaking tribes. The Miꞌkmaq name for this peninsula was
4708:. Sainte-Foy, Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval/IQRC.
1214:
On November 9, 2020, a group of Miꞌkmaq First Nations and
896:, meaning "The Brother(s)/Ally(ies)", with the use of the
8737:
8192:. Boston : The Society – via Internet Archive.
8141:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
8033:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
8006:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7952:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7925:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7871:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7817:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7783:
7765:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7738:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7684:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7603:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7549:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7495:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7468:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7441:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
6199:. Northeast. Vol. 15. Smithsonian Institution Press.
5834:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4249:
Mi'kmawe'l Tan Teli-kina'muemk Teaching About the Mi'kmaq
2424:
1867:
and political claim (apart from Cape Breton) by the 1713
1716:
1044:
1015:, the eighth district that includes the entire island of
709:
prayer in Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics by Christian Kauder, 1866
336:
333:
6560:
6558:
5063:
Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr. Prosecution
4563:
4516:(Vol. 38 ed.). Cleveland: Burrows Bros. p. 27.
4245:
2419:
1548:
like a racial slur and six gunshots in the background."
1128:
Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr. Prosecution
957:, what they called themselves, were linked to the words
953:, the name the Mi'kmaq used to describe their land, and
604:
Traditionally, the Grand Council met on a small island,
7117:"Thousands of Qalipu Mi'kmaq applicants rejected again"
5389:
5387:
5385:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5002:"Maritime waters calm a decade after Marshall decision"
4646:
4644:
4642:
4582:
4264:
4262:
4199:"Thousands of Qalipu Miꞌkmaq applicants rejected again"
3783:, a Miꞌkmaw chief and medical practitioner in the 1850s
2116:
was a British officer and reformer who established the
1359:
In the March 2021 report's backgrounder, Surette cited
730:, in his German Christian catechism published in 1866.
8732:
8165:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
8138:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
8030:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
8003:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7976:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7949:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7922:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7895:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7868:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7841:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7814:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7762:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7735:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7708:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7681:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7654:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7627:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7600:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7573:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7546:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7519:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7492:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7465:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7438:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7411:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7384:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7357:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7330:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7054:"Statement to United Nations Special Rapporteur Anaya"
6736:
6734:
6687:(Press release). Nova Scotia Museum. October 11, 2002.
6613:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
5337:
4926:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4218:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09).
3128:
Big Hole Tract 8 (South Half), Eel Ground 2, Renous 12
1582:
1011:
Miꞌkmaꞌki: Divided into seven districts. Not shown is
30:
This article is about the people. For other uses, see
6555:
6331:
Nicholas, Andrea Bear. "Mascarene's treaty of 1725".
6188:
6116:"Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site"
5473:
5471:
5469:
5227:
5163:
5161:
4894:(2 ed.). Halifax: Nimbus Publisher. p. 98.
4591:"Tradition, Change and Survival: Mi'kmaq Tourist Art"
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
2440:
1633:
The first Miꞌkmaq-operated school in Nova Scotia—the
1067:
Current federal and provincial relations with Miꞌkmaq
583:
in his court defence. He lost his case. In 1985, the
351:
8665:
8416:
7703:"Registered Population: Listuguj Mi'gmaq Government"
6816:
6814:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6064:
6062:
6060:
5522:
5382:
5249:
5077:
4822:
4639:
4259:
4255:. The Mi'kmawey Debert Cultural Centre. p. 106.
4217:
1184:
On the tenth anniversary of the benchmark decision,
880:
Various explanations exist for the rise of the term
838:) is the term the Miꞌkmaq use for themselves, their
8430:. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. Wadsworth.
8342:. St. John's, Newfoundland: Harry Cuff Publishing.
8189:
Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society
8168:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7979:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7898:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7844:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7711:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7657:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7649:"Registered Population: La Nation Micmac de Gespeg"
7630:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7576:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7522:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7414:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7387:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7360:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7333:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
6731:
6685:"New Book Features First Known Memoir of a Miꞌkmaq"
6620:
Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society
6600:
6339:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
4566:
Tracking Doctor Lonecloud: showman to legend keeper
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4288:
1664:
Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site
873:. The British originally referred to the people as
670:
Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site
622:(Newfoundland) was historically defined as part of
339:
330:
327:
8335:
8327:
6638:"The Slingshot: Improving the Modern Hockey Stick"
6162:
5466:
5462:(Report). Macdonald-Laurier Institute. p. 52.
5363:
5158:
4703:
4678:Mi'kmaq landscapes: from animism to sacred ecology
4409:
4397:. Eastern Woodland Print Communication. p. 11
4341:. Eastern Woodland Print Communication. p. 11
4313:and Government of Nova Scotia – Aboriginal Affairs
1356:as Federal Special Representative to investigate.
1193:Fish Buyers' Licensing and Enforcement Regulations
8400:Niꞌn na L'nu: The Miꞌkmaq of Prince Edward Island
8285:Memorial University via Collections Canada Theses
6811:
6593:Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society
6468:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 256.
6427:
6057:
5723:Young, Brandon; April, Allan (October 17, 2020).
5434:Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Government of Canada
4970:Pannozzo, Linda; Baxter, Joan (October 5, 2020).
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4810:Niꞌn na L'nu: The Miꞌkmaq of Prince Edward Island
4527:
4525:
4523:
4119:"Ancient Miꞌkmaq Customs: A Shaman's Revelations"
2432:
2367:was classified as reserved land for the Mi'kmaq.
2202:
1236:Dispute over rights-based inshore lobster fishery
1173:Supreme Court case which cited section 35 of the
436:nations signed a series of treaties known as the
9007:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
8968:
8772:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5394:Roache, Trina; Moore, Angel (October 18, 2020).
5191:
5189:
5129:
5025:
5023:
4706:The Metallic Mìgmaq-English reference dictionary
4443:
1324:Since September 2020, there has been an ongoing
859:The French initially referred to the Miꞌkmaq as
741:
27:Indigenous ethnic group of eastern North America
8397:
8246:. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.).
7836:"Registered Population: Micmacs of Gesgapegiag"
6838:. Miawpukek Mi'kamawey Mawi'omi. Archived from
6575:. Vol. VII (1836–1850) (online ed.).
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4650:
4486:
1906:Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties
1844:. The Wabanaki Confederacy was allied with the
1707:spawning streams. They next harvested spawning
1623:Legacies of the Shubenacadie Residential School
8465:
8160:"Registered Population: We'koqma'q L'nue'kati"
7275:Canada's First Nations – Native Creation Myths
7200:
6884:"More than 60,000 applying for Mi'kmaq status"
6708:. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.).
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
4969:
4870:
4520:
4491:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus. pp. 6–7.
2240:Miꞌkmaq encampment, Sydney, Cape Breton Island
1544:. Their court date is set for March 29, 2021.
1264:Miꞌkmaq exercising their treaty rights to fish
485:
421:, it is now written using most letters of the
8758:
8298:
6617:
6499:. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.).
6134:
6132:
6078:(Thesis). Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada
5990:
5448:
5186:
5020:
4669:
4651:Schmidt, David L.; Marshall, Murdena (1995).
4487:Schmidt, David L.; Marshall, Murdena (1995).
2130:
1059:. The orthography between parentheses is the
6333:University of New Brunswick Library Journals
6324:
6274:
6203:
5969:"Police investigate death at Bernard's home"
5201:
4989:
4748:
4746:
2491:
2195:In 1863, the Starr Manufacturing Company in
1063:orthography used in the Gespeꞌgewaꞌgi area.
888:says that "Miꞌkmaq" means "the family". The
855:Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France
7027:. Miꞌkmaq Rights Initiative. Archived from
6457:
6365:
6018:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing.
5413:
5393:
4699:
4697:
4615:
1078:Miꞌkmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum
749:By the 1980s, the spelling of the ethnonym
499:Miꞌkmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum
461:Miꞌkmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum
370:) are an Indigenous group of people of the
9032:Ethnic groups in Newfoundland and Labrador
8765:
8751:
8715:
8514:. : Printed at the Recorder Office.
8338:On the country: The Micmac of Newfoundland
8269:
7059:. Grand Council of Micmacs. 4 October 2013
6985:
6983:
6702:. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.).
6438:
6129:
5722:
4730:"The use of the terms Mi'kmaq and Mi'kmaw"
4054:"Various Mi'kmaq flags and their meanings"
2698:Eel River 3, Indian Ranch, Moose Meadows 4
2324:in 1949, political leader (later Premier)
2301:
2269:
2023:as a result. In June 1779, Miꞌkmaq in the
1796:
928:, "brother(s)/compatriot(s)/comrade(s)").
71:
53:
8696:Miꞌkmaq Language. Mass Historical Society
8574:
8478:A Geographic History of Nova Scotia. 1749
8445:
8398:Johnston, A.J.B.; Francis, Jesse (2013).
8378:
7379:"Registered Population: Annapolis Valley"
6760:
6697:
6407:
6345:
6251:
6249:
6225:
6147:
5369:
4889:
4743:
4625:Buch das Gut, enthaltened den Katechismus
4482:
4480:
4478:
4017:Ahousaht Indian Band and Nation v. Canada
3741:team and the Chicago Blackhawks NHL team.
3612:Canadian Indian residential school system
2126:through his own study of their languages.
1628:
1597:Canadian Indian residential school system
1380:implementation of the Marshall decision.
8483:
8305:Jeddore, Roderick Joachim (March 2000),
7231:
6766:
6013:
5808:
5478:Smith, Emma Smith (September 22, 2020).
5109:
5029:
4846:
4807:
4694:
4675:
4511:
4116:
3147:Oinpegitjoig Indian Reserve, Pabineau 11
2423:
2153:
2149:
2037:
1909:
1715:. By May, the seashore offered abundant
1653:
1197:N.S. Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act
1006:
877:, which appears to have a French basis.
697:
560:
8905:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
8733:Unamaꞌki Institute of Natural Resources
8529:
8507:
8421:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
8333:
8304:
8235:
7971:"Registered Population: Pictou Landing"
7206:
7180:
7114:
6989:
6980:
6960:
6908:
6828:
6740:
6596:. Halifax – via Internet Archive.
6564:
6280:
6216:
5779:
5528:
5262:
5112:"Fishermen square off as tempers flare"
5083:
4914:
4864:Weshki-ayaad, Lippert, Gambill (2009).
4268:
4155:
4143:Sock, S., & Paul-Gould, S. (2011).
2108:
1494:, and a woman was grabbed by the neck.
1039:The eight Miꞌkmaw districts (including
656:The Mi'kmaq language was written using
651:
94:168,480 claimed Mi'kmaq ancestry (2016)
14:
8969:
8611:Relics of the stone age in Nova Scotia
8260:
7676:"Registered Population: Lennox Island"
7622:"Registered Population: Indian Island"
7514:"Registered Population: Esgenoopetitj"
7460:"Registered Population: Eel River Bar"
7227:
7225:
7181:Connors, Colleen (23 September 2021).
6934:
6741:Jeddore, John Nick (21 October 2011).
6439:Reid, John G.; Conroy, Brenda (2009).
6371:
6246:
6108:
5915:
5581:Googoo, Maureen (September 15, 2020).
5580:
5555:Googoo, Maureen (September 15, 2020).
5554:
5454:
5370:Slaughter, Graham (October 20, 2020).
5291:
5195:
5056:Digest of Findings and Recommendations
4915:Jeddore, John Nick (August 25, 2011).
4621:
4475:
4387:
4331:
4126:The Canadian Journal of Native Studies
3994:, Eastern Woodlands Publishing (1997).
3821:, Saqmaw forced into exile (1865–1944)
2414:Friends of Qalipu Advocacy Association
1808:Military history of the Miꞌkmaq people
1711:, gathered waterfowl eggs, and hunted
1619:Shubenacadie Indian Residential School
1500:On Friday, October 16, Prime Minister
1143:Soon after the September 17 decision,
961:, which refers to the colour red, and
365:
8746:
8634:
8607:
8434:
8425:
8365:
8220:
7757:"Registered Population: Metepenagiag"
6667:"Explore the Royal Collection Online"
6488:
6463:
6138:
6068:
5941:
5889:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5663:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5503:
5477:
5343:
5317:
5287:
5285:
5168:Obomsawin, Alanis (Director) (2002).
4855:, Eastern Woodlands Publishing (1997)
4422:
4241:
4239:
4213:
4211:
2617:Annapolis Valley First Nation Reserve
2420:Religion, spirituality, and tradition
1820:), the Miꞌkmaq became members of the
1649:
916:, "my brother(s)/comrade(s)") or the
713:Christian Kauder was a missionary in
687:In the late 1670s, French missionary
8728:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
8551:
8275:
7115:Connors, Colleen (8 December 2017).
7077:
7015:
6961:Hillier, Bernice (4 February 2017).
6722:
6330:
6231:
6194:
6153:
6069:Lewis, Roger J (February 20, 2006).
5916:Googoo, Maureen (October 28, 2020).
5637:
4752:
4655:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Pub.
4588:
4531:
4068:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73)"
3827:, Grand Chief and spiritual leader (
3809:, first Miꞌkmaw judge in Nova Scotia
3684:, folk singer-songwriter and fiddler
2277:worked with historian and archivist
1099:upheld the treaty rights of Miꞌkmaw
1084:
526:. The Grand Council was composed of
99:Regions with significant populations
8646:
8316:(Master's), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
8133:"Registered Population: Wagmatcook"
7890:"Registered Population: Natoaganeg"
7568:"Registered Population: Fort Folly"
7487:"Registered Population: Elsipogtog"
7406:"Registered Population: Bear River"
7222:
6725:"In our words, stories of Veterans"
5809:Woodford, Zane (October 20, 2020).
5292:Googoo, Maureen (October 5, 2020).
5263:Meloney, Nic (September 25, 2020).
5084:Meloney, Nic (September 19, 2020).
4722:
4269:Bundale, Brett (October 18, 2020).
2744:Esgenoôpetitj Indian Reserve No. 14
2428:A dancer in the Miꞌkmaq celebration
1863:). France lost military control of
1583:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1519:On October 17, Nova Scotia Premier
1216:Premium Brands Holdings Corporation
1071:
804:by the Listuguj Council in Quebec (
633:
24:
8417:Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. (1999).
8379:Joe, Rita; Choyce, Lesley (2005).
8359:
8074:"Press Release September 26, 2011"
7944:"Registered Population: Paq'tnkek"
7863:"Registered Population: Millbrook"
7809:"Registered Population: Miawpukek"
7730:"Registered Population: Membertou"
7433:"Registered Population: Buctouche"
7295:Cape Breton Míkmaq site recognized
6935:Newell, David (22 December 2016).
6864:. Government of Canada. April 2008
6234:Handbook of North American Indians
6219:Handbook of North American Indians
6197:Handbook of North American Indians
5986:– via Arnold Pizzo McKiggan.
5854:
5780:Boynton, Sean (October 17, 2020).
5742:
5711:
5682:
5600:
5344:Morin, Brandi (31 December 2020).
5282:
4458:"1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty"
4388:Julien, Donald M. (October 2007).
4332:Julien, Donald M. (October 2007).
4311:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
4236:
4208:
4174:
4074:. Government of Canada. 2017-10-25
3696:, drummer, lead singer-Crown Lands
3553:
2677:, Buctouche Mi'kmaq Band Extension
2462:
2441:Oral traditions in Miꞌkmaw culture
2158:Miꞌkmaq making hockey sticks from
1688:Handbook of North American Indians
965:, "on the earth". Rand translated
738:in North America north of Mexico.
25:
9043:
8716:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
8659:
8240:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
7998:"Registered Population: Potlotek"
7917:"Registered Population: Pabineau"
7595:"Registered Population: Glooscap"
7541:"Registered Population: Eskasoni"
7325:"Registered Population: Abegweit"
6569:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
6493:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
5864:Moore, Angel (January 19, 2021).
5754:Moore, Angel (October 16, 2020).
5692:Moore, Angel (January 20, 2021).
5664:Grant, Taryn (October 14, 2020).
5612:Moore, Angel (October 28, 2020).
5529:Withers, Paul (October 6, 2020).
5318:Moore, Angel (January 26, 2021).
4972:"Lobster fishery at a crossroads"
4676:Hornborg, Anne-Christine (2008).
4532:Cave, Beverley (September 2005).
4423:Weeks, Joan (February 16, 2017).
3634:Grand Chief of the Miꞌkmaq Nation
3533:
2508:orthography, and the most recent
1560:
1207:According to Chief Terry Paul of
9012:Native American history of Maine
8992:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
8738:Miꞌkmaw Native Friendship Centre
8484:Malliard, Antoine Simon (1758).
8419:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
8368:Míkmaq: Peoples of the Maritimes
8276:Tulk, Jamie Esther (July 2008),
8254:
8243:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
8229:
8214:
8196:
8179:
8152:
8125:
8101:
8044:
8017:
7990:
7963:
7936:
7909:
7882:
7855:
7828:
7801:
7776:
7749:
7722:
7695:
7668:
7641:
7614:
7587:
7560:
7533:
7506:
7479:
7452:
7425:
7398:
7371:
7344:
7317:
7308:
7299:
7287:
7268:
7250:
7174:
7148:
7134:
7108:
7071:
7046:
7009:
6990:Thomson, Aly (7 February 2017).
6954:
6928:
6909:Howells, Laura (27 March 2016).
6902:
6876:
6854:
6786:
6727:. Miꞌkmaq Maliseet Nations News.
6723:Sark, John Joe (December 2013).
6716:
6705:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
6691:
6677:
6659:
6630:
6583:
6572:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
6546:
6520:
6507:
6496:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
6482:
6464:Plank, Geoffrey Gilbert (2003).
6401:
6392:
5638:Ryan, Hailey (October 5, 2020).
4917:"There were no Indians here ..."
4464:, Treaty Texts, November 3, 2008
3946:Qalipu Miꞌkmaq First Nation Band
3899:
3879:
3861:
3690:, film director and screenwriter
3672:, screenwriter and film director
3265:(administrative headquarters in
2877:(administrative headquarters in
2308:Qalipu Miꞌkmaq First Nation Band
2282:his epitaph, his final honour."
2257:
2245:
2233:
2209:
2180:The Miꞌkmaq practice of playing
1801:
1043:which is often not counted) are
323:
92:66,748 registered members (2023)
9017:Native American tribes in Maine
8581:. New York : J.B. Kirker.
8446:Whitehead, Ruth Holmes (2004).
8082:(Press release). Archived from
8025:"Registered Population: Qalipu"
7352:"Registered Population: Acadia"
6767:Contenta, Sandro (5 May 2013).
6698:Whitehead, Ruth Holmes (2005).
6378:. University of Toronto Press.
6299:
6240:
6143:. Vol. 112, No. 230. p. 3.
6099:
6090:
6032:
5961:
5935:
5909:
5890:Moore, Angel (March 31, 2021).
5883:
5828:
5773:
5657:
5631:
5574:
5548:
5497:
5311:
5103:
5048:
4908:
4858:
4816:
4801:
4776:
4505:
4381:
4325:
4009:
3997:
3980:
3971:
3958:
3931:Military history of Nova Scotia
3575:Toronto Metropolitan University
3372:
2103:
1551:
936:Red Earth: Tales of the Mi'kmaq
8402:. Charlottetown: Acorn Press.
8261:Sawler, Sarah (30 July 2013).
8236:Johnson, Micheline D. (1974).
7207:Meloney, Nic (25 April 2018).
5942:Moore, Angel (March 3, 2021).
4784:"Mi'kmaq Portraits Collection"
4192:
4156:Gallant, David Joseph (2008).
4149:
4137:
4110:
4085:
4060:
4046:
4032:
3926:List of grand chiefs (Mi'kmaq)
3560:List of grand chiefs (Mi'kmaq)
3471: 6,000
3460: 5,000
3449: 4,000
3438: 3,100
3427: 3,000
3416: 2,000
3405: 3,000
3394: 4,500
2478:
2433:Current forms of Miꞌkmaw faith
2357:Miawpukek Mi'kmaq First Nation
2203:Gallery of 19th century images
1587:In 2005, Nova Scotian Miꞌkmaw
1540:and 8 for break-and-enter and
546:On June 24, 1610, Grand Chief
394:in the northeastern region of
77:A Miꞌkmaw father and child at
13:
1:
8559:. Halifax, N.S.? : s.n.
6441:Nova Scotia: a pocket history
4364:"Mi'kmaq Historical Overview"
4026:
3964:Anne-Christine Hornbord is a
3828:
2607:Annapolis Valley First Nation
2328:declared that there were "no
2285:
2228:, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1879.
2170:
1967:Nova Scotia: a pocket history
1613:In autumn 2011, there was an
1474:, federal Fisheries minister
1347:
932:Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye
816:) in some native literature.
8552:Rand, Silas Tertius (1850).
8426:Prins, Harald E. L. (1996).
6154:Rand, Silas Tertius (1894).
5455:Coates, Ken (October 2019).
5171:Is the Crown at war with us?
5144:"CBC News In-depth: Fishing"
5110:CBC News (October 4, 1999).
4823:Lydia Affleck; Simon White.
4739:. Government of Nova Scotia.
4040:"Mi'kmaq Grand Council Flag"
3589:
3564:
3212:Franklin Manor No. 22 (Part)
3169:Franklin Manor No. 22 (Part)
3107:, Tufts Cove Indian Reserve
2498:Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing
2401:that defined rights for the
2389:announced recognition by an
2218:Jacques-Pierre Peminuit Paul
2066:Supreme Court of Nova Scotia
1229:2020 Mi'kmaq lobster dispute
1158:Is the Crown at war with us?
1034:
992:
658:Miꞌkmaq hieroglyphic writing
419:Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing
62:Flag of the Miꞌkmaq Nation.
7:
8691:Míkmaq Portraits Collection
8466:Archival primary references
8248:University of Toronto Press
7784:"Aroostook Band of Micmacs"
6710:University of Toronto Press
6577:University of Toronto Press
6501:University of Toronto Press
6408:Patterson, Stephen (2009).
6372:Wicken, William C. (2002).
6346:Patterson, Stephen (2009).
6281:Costain, Thomas B. (1954).
5504:Tress, Robin (2020-10-15).
4945:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
4808:Johnston, A. J. B. (2013).
4512:Thwaites, Ruben G. (1959).
3914:
3745:
3700:
3256:Qalipu Miꞌkmaq First Nation
2979:Metepenagiag Miꞌkmaq Nation
2924:Listuguj Mi'gmaq Government
2911:Lennox Island Reserve No. 5
2868:La Nation Mi'kmaq de Gespeg
2835:, Glooscap Landing Reserve
1606:the lawsuit for upwards of
1415:
1373:Macdonald-Laurier Institute
1369:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
1361:Macdonald-Laurier Institute
1166:Burnt Church, New Brunswick
1156:feature-length documentary
1095:On September 17, 1999, the
776:) in Prince Edward Island (
10:
9048:
8575:Vetromile, Eugene (1866).
8366:Davis, Stephen A. (1998).
8314:University of Saskatchewan
7258:"Mi'kmaq Spirit Home Page"
6321:(meaning "last-acquired").
5174:. Event occurs at 1:36:35
5030:McMillan, L. Jane (2018).
4890:Robertson, Marion (2006).
4866:Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary
4812:. Acorn Press. p. 96.
4762:(2nd ed.). Fernwood.
4622:Kauder, Christian (1866).
3789:, first Mi'kmaw to earn a
3640:
3584:University of Saskatchewan
3557:
3542:, and place names such as
2734:Esgenoôpetitj First Nation
2689:Eel River Bar First Nation
2305:
2292:Lennox Island First Nation
2192:, also known as ironwood.
2131:Mi'kmaq Missionary Society
1896:Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
1805:
1644:
1422:Sipekne'katik First Nation
1390:St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia
1385:Sipekne'katik First Nation
1330:Sipekne'katik First Nation
1226:
1088:
1023:Miꞌkmaw Country, known as
996:
979:Mi'kmaq Magic and Medicine
852:
637:
417:language. Once written in
29:
8946:
8932:
8920:
8891:
8870:
8802:
8784:
8706:The Mi'kmaq of Megumaagee
8221:Bates, George T. (1961).
7232:Robinson, Angela (2005).
6443:. Halifax: Fernwood Pub.
6141:The North American Review
4162:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3261:Newfoundland and Labrador
3032:Newfoundland and Labrador
2492:First Nation subdivisions
2363:, and their community of
2359:was recognized under the
2048:Shubenacadie First Nation
2009:Battle of Fort Cumberland
1980:expulsion of the Acadians
1468:Assembly of First Nations
1312:
1307:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1248:
1240:
1235:
989:, in reference to magic.
946:had also suggested this.
691:, who was working in the
628:Newfoundland and Labrador
374:, native to the areas of
275:
265:
257:
249:
220:
215:
203:
198:
183:
178:
168:
158:
148:
138:
128:
120:Newfoundland and Labrador
118:
103:
98:
91:
86:
70:
52:
45:
8892:Treaties and land claims
8711:Míkmaq Learning Resource
8701:Míkmaq Dictionary Online
8602:Thomas Pichon on Miꞌkmaq
8530:Bromley, Walter (1822).
8508:Bromley, Walter (1814).
6565:Fingard, Judith (1988).
6014:Benjamin, Chris (2014).
5510:The Council of Canadians
4589:Dubé, Alexandre (2003).
4117:Lockerby, Earle (2004).
3951:
3774:
1984:University of Cincinnati
1244:September 2020 – ongoing
904:, opposed to the use of
892:refer to the Miꞌkmaq as
850:(my kin) as a greeting.
205:Native American religion
32:Mi'kmaq (disambiguation)
9027:Ethnic groups in Canada
8997:First Nations in Quebec
8899:Great Peace of Montreal
8878:Seven Nations of Canada
7284:, University of Calgary
6139:Elder, William (1871).
4182:"Programs and Services"
3856:(from north to south):
3847:
3713:Jahkeele Marshall-Rutty
3305:, Wallace Hills No. 14A
3173:Paqtnkek-Niktuek No. 23
3159:Paqtnkek Mi'kmaq Nation
3048:Mi'kmaqs of Gesgapegiag
2710:Elsipogtog First Nation
2634:Bear River First Nation
2302:Miꞌkmaq of Newfoundland
2270:20th and 21st centuries
1996:United Empire Loyalists
1971:Saint Mary's University
1797:17th and 18th centuries
1383:In September 2020, the
1097:Supreme Court of Canada
761:is used as singular of
585:Supreme Court of Canada
443:Supreme Court of Canada
79:Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia
9002:History of Nova Scotia
8804:Ethnolinguistic groups
8788:Northeastern Woodlands
8676:Bras D'Or First Nation
8653:Our Lives in Our Hands
8536:. London? : s.n.
8502:Miꞌkmaq Language, 1797
8471:In chronological order
8334:Jackson, Doug (1993).
6794:"The Mi'kmaq (Micmac)"
6489:Upton, L.F.S. (1983).
6283:The White and The Gold
6156:Legends of the Micmacs
4853:Miꞌkmaw Resource Guide
4737:Office of L’nu Affairs
4368:Cape Breton University
4004:CBC News reported that
3992:Miꞌkmaw Resource Guide
3842:Millbrook First Nation
3781:Peter Paul Toney Babey
3598:, activist (1946–1976)
2665:Buctouche First Nation
2429:
2197:Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
2177:
2140:Hantsport, Nova Scotia
2128:
2054:
1919:
1914:Miꞌkmaw Encampment by
1861:Father Le Loutre's War
1853:French and Indian Wars
1659:
1635:Miꞌkmaq Kinaꞌ matnewey
1629:Miꞌkmaq Kinaꞌ matnewey
1568:Membertou First Nation
1429:and Weymouth wharves.
1209:Membertou First Nation
1191:However, by 2020, the
1049:Kespek (Gespeꞌgewaꞌgi)
1020:
886:Miꞌkmaw Resource Guide
742:Etymology of the word
710:
570:
372:Northeastern Woodlands
8921:Regional councils and
8725:Catholic Encyclopedia
8635:Speck, Frank (1922).
8629:Rand and the Mi'kmaqs
8608:Piers, Harry (1896).
8450:. Nimbus Publishing.
8435:Speck, Frank (1922).
8383:. Nimbus Publishing.
7236:. Pearson Education.
6537:the Stars and Stripes
6535:and replaced it with
6417:Native Studies Review
6355:Native Studies Review
3894:, Pigwacket/Pequawket
3793:and recipient of the
3348:We'koqma'q L’nue’kati
3229:Potlotek First Nation
3216:Merigomish Harbour 31
2823:Glooscap First Nation
2536:Abegweit First Nation
2500:, the orthography of
2427:
2264:Miꞌkmaq people (1865)
2252:Miꞌkmaq People (1873)
2157:
2150:Mi'kmaq hockey sticks
2123:
2041:
1916:Hibbert Newton Binney
1913:
1657:
1442:Eskasoni First Nation
1438:Potlotek First Nation
1010:
853:Further information:
784:), and Newfoundland (
701:
564:
495:Miꞌkmaw Grand Council
456:Miꞌkmaw Grand Council
283:
216:Related ethnic groups
114:Canada, United States
9022:Wabanaki Confederacy
8982:Algonquian ethnonyms
8883:Iroquois Confederacy
8381:The Míkmaq Anthology
6822:"Enrolment – Qalipu"
6743:"Getting recognized"
5215:. September 24, 2020
5008:. September 17, 2009
4134:see page 418, note 2
4097:Native-Languages.org
3854:Wabanaki Confederacy
3791:teaching certificate
3787:Elsie Charles Basque
3664:Degrassi: Next Class
3618:Donald Marshall, Jr.
3515: 66,748
3200:Boat Harbour West 37
2898:Prince Edward Island
2541:Prince Edward Island
2387:Government of Canada
2118:Royal Acadian School
2109:Royal Acadian School
1992:New England Planters
1882:, Lawrencetown, and
1826:Wabanaki Confederacy
1601:Government of Canada
1593:class-action lawsuit
1486:Chief Mike Sack was
1057:Unamaꞌkik (Unamaꞌgi)
846:, but used the term
796:) in New Brunswick (
652:Hieroglyphic writing
170:Prince Edward Island
8871:Historical polities
8671:Benoit First Nation
8666:Qalipu First Nation
8614:. S.l. : s.n.
7160:Qalipu First Nation
6541:History of Halifax,
4947:, November 20, 2019
4603:on October 21, 2020
4543:Memorial University
4224:www12.statcan.gc.ca
4072:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3802:, Senator of Canada
3604:, health campaigner
3582:, professor at the
3504: 20,000
3493: 15,000
3482: 10,000
2907:Lennox Island No. 6
2567:Acadia First Nation
2071:In 1986, the first
2013:Treaty of Watertown
2003:, many Miꞌkmaw and
2001:American Revolution
1990:The arrival of the
1973:history professor,
1945:, on behalf of the
1676:Memorial University
1463:Middle West Pubnico
1154:National Film Board
1149:Burnt Church Crisis
1101:Donald Marshall Jr.
736:indigenous language
689:Chrestien Le Clercq
407:Qalipu First Nation
42:
8987:Algonquian peoples
8774:Indigenous peoples
8638:Beothuk and Micmac
8438:Beothuk and Micmac
8208:www.dickshovel.com
8109:"Who We Are Today"
7790:. Presque Isle, ME
7280:2014-01-14 at the
7016:Battiste, Jaimie.
6996:The Globe and Mail
6700:"Lonecloud, Jerry"
6313:at the expense of
6311:St. Lawrence River
6174:Nova Scotia Museum
5973:Halifax Daily News
5948:APTN National News
5896:APTN National News
5870:APTN National News
5841:APTN National News
5760:APTN National News
5698:APTN National News
5618:APTN National News
5324:APTN National News
4788:Nova Scotia Museum
3936:Silas Tertius Rand
3921:Algonquian peoples
3759:Jean-Baptiste Cope
3540:HMCS Mi'kmaq (R10)
3208:Fisher's Grant 24G
3036:Samiajij Miawpukek
2817:Amlamkuk Kwesawék
2502:Silas Tertius Rand
2430:
2377:In 2003, Minister
2336:or recognition as
2178:
2136:Silas Tertius Rand
2094:Jean-Baptiste Cope
2055:
1943:Jean-Baptiste Cope
1920:
1681:Nova Scotia Museum
1660:
1650:Pre-contact period
1296:Commercial fishers
1053:Ktaqmkuk (Gtaqamg)
1021:
782:Mi'kma'ki-Unama'ki
711:
682:Nova Scotia Museum
571:
541:Cape Breton Island
415:Eastern Algonquian
380:Atlantic Provinces
223:Algonquian peoples
40:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8409:978-1-894838-93-1
8372:Nimbus Publishing
7162:. 7 November 2019
7096:on 4 January 2019
7078:Battiste, Jaime.
7034:on 5 January 2019
6842:on April 14, 2021
6836:"About Miawpukek"
6567:"Bromley, Walter"
6475:978-0-8122-0710-1
6450:978-1-55266-325-7
6385:978-0-8020-7665-6
6025:978-1-77108-213-6
5041:978-0-7748-3748-4
4920:TheIndependent.ca
4901:978-1-55109-575-2
4829:Native Traditions
4769:978-1-55266-039-3
4715:978-2-7637-8015-3
4687:978-0-7546-6371-3
4662:978-1-55109-069-6
4575:978-0-86492-356-1
4309:(Press release).
3886:Eastern Abenaki (
3734:, played for the
3721:, played for the
3709:, marathon runner
3522:
3521:
3370:
3369:
3223:Puksaqtéknékatik
3204:Fisher's Grant 24
2595:, Hammonds Plains
2222:Marquess of Lorne
2162:Ostrya virginiana
1932:Father Rale's War
1869:Treaty of Utrecht
1857:Father Rale's War
1814:King Philip's War
1783:Thomas B. Costain
1476:Bernadette Jordan
1420:On September 11,
1322:
1321:
1303:
1302:
1195:, under the 1996
1085:Marshall Decision
505:Historically the
466:Historically the
367:[miːɡmaɣ]
290:
289:
245:
244:
65:
16:(Redirected from
9039:
8947:Tribal Council 2
8933:Tribal Council 1
8930:
8929:
8786:Cultural areas:
8767:
8760:
8753:
8744:
8743:
8729:
8721:
8647:Documentary film
8642:
8625:
8592:
8570:
8547:
8525:
8491:
8461:
8442:
8431:
8422:
8413:
8394:
8375:
8354:
8353:
8341:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8311:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8282:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8105:
8099:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8086:on July 26, 2012
8069:
8067:
8065:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7306:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7262:www.muiniskw.org
7254:
7248:
7247:
7229:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7089:. Archived from
7087:Mikmaqrights.com
7084:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7033:
7025:mikmaqrights.com
7022:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6890:. 4 October 2012
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6818:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6796:. Archived from
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6773:The Toronto Star
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6738:
6729:
6728:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6644:. Archived from
6634:
6628:
6627:
6615:
6598:
6597:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6562:
6553:
6550:
6544:
6543:p. 218, note 94)
6524:
6518:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6436:
6425:
6424:
6414:
6405:
6399:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6352:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6328:
6322:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6259:. Archived from
6253:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6214:
6201:
6200:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6066:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6042:. Archived from
6036:
6030:
6029:
6011:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5975:. Archived from
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5815:Halifax Examiner
5806:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5751:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5720:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5609:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5426:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5391:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5260:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5140:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5060:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4998:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4976:Halifax Examiner
4967:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4937:
4924:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4887:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4831:. Archived from
4820:
4814:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4648:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4599:. Archived from
4586:
4580:
4579:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4540:
4529:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4484:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4454:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4303:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4215:
4206:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3903:
3883:
3865:
3833:
3830:
3736:Quebec Nordiques
3732:Everett Sanipass
3630:Gabriel Sylliboy
3377:
3093:Sheet Harbour 36
2955:Caribou Marsh 29
2855:Indian Island 28
2515:
2514:
2448:creation stories
2391:order-in-council
2296:Battle of Amiens
2261:
2249:
2237:
2213:
2186:ice hockey stick
2175:
2172:
2160:hornbeam trees (
2098:Peregrine Hopson
2085:Constitution Act
2058:Gabriel Sylliboy
2042:Monument to the
2021:Continental Army
1959:Halifax Treaties
1936:Halifax Treaties
1888:Seven Years' War
1609:
1591:led the largest
1472:Perry Bellegarde
1354:Allister Surette
1328:dispute between
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1233:
1232:
1175:Constitution Act
1162:Alanis Obomsawin
1111:Constitution Act
1072:Tripartite Forum
1013:Taqamgug/Tagamuk
780:), Nova Scotia (
640:Miꞌkmaq language
634:Miꞌkmaq language
574:Gabriel Sylliboy
567:Gabriel Sylliboy
402:(or Miꞌgmaꞌgi).
392:Native Americans
369:
364:
354:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
322:
247:
246:
87:Total population
75:
63:
57:
43:
39:
21:
9047:
9046:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9036:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8956:
8942:
8922:
8916:
8911:Paix des Braves
8887:
8866:
8798:
8780:
8771:
8719:"Micmacs"
8686:Mi'kmaq History
8662:
8649:
8622:
8589:
8567:
8544:
8522:
8468:
8458:
8410:
8391:
8362:
8360:Further reading
8357:
8350:
8332:
8328:
8319:
8317:
8309:
8303:
8299:
8290:
8288:
8280:
8274:
8270:
8259:
8255:
8238:"Laurent, Paul"
8234:
8230:
8219:
8215:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8184:
8180:
8171:
8169:
8158:
8157:
8153:
8144:
8142:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8117:
8115:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8089:
8087:
8072:
8063:
8061:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8036:
8034:
8023:
8022:
8018:
8009:
8007:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7982:
7980:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7955:
7953:
7942:
7941:
7937:
7928:
7926:
7915:
7914:
7910:
7901:
7899:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7874:
7872:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7847:
7845:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7820:
7818:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7793:
7791:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7768:
7766:
7755:
7754:
7750:
7741:
7739:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7714:
7712:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7687:
7685:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7660:
7658:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7633:
7631:
7620:
7619:
7615:
7606:
7604:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7579:
7577:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7552:
7550:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7525:
7523:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7498:
7496:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7471:
7469:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7444:
7442:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7417:
7415:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7390:
7388:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7363:
7361:
7350:
7349:
7345:
7336:
7334:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7282:Wayback Machine
7273:
7269:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7244:
7230:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7205:
7201:
7191:
7189:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7144:. 28 June 2018.
7140:
7139:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7082:
7076:
7072:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7047:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7020:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6988:
6981:
6971:
6969:
6959:
6955:
6945:
6943:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6907:
6903:
6893:
6891:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6867:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6845:
6843:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6803:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6747:The Independent
6739:
6732:
6721:
6717:
6696:
6692:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6651:
6649:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6616:
6601:
6588:
6584:
6563:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6525:
6521:
6512:
6508:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6437:
6428:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6370:
6366:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6329:
6325:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6279:
6275:
6266:
6264:
6255:
6254:
6247:
6241:
6230:
6226:
6215:
6204:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6176:. April 8, 2013
6168:
6167:
6163:
6152:
6148:
6137:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6012:
5991:
5982:
5980:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5922:Ku'ku'kwes News
5914:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5862:
5855:
5845:
5843:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5807:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5762:
5752:
5743:
5733:
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5587:Ku'ku'kwes News
5579:
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5561:Ku'ku'kwes News
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5298:Ku'ku'kwes News
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4781:
4777:
4770:
4754:Paul, Daniel N.
4751:
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4205:, Dec 08, 2017.
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3985:
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3972:
3966:Lund University
3963:
3959:
3954:
3917:
3910:
3904:
3895:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3850:
3831:
3825:Henri Membertou
3807:Timothy Gabriel
3795:Order of Canada
3777:
3748:
3715:, soccer player
3703:
3655:, visual artist
3643:
3602:J. Kevin Barlow
3596:Anna Mae Aquash
3592:
3573:, professor at
3571:Pamela Palmater
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:Notable Miꞌkmaq
3536:
3375:
3360:, Whycocomagh 2
3329:, Margaree 25,
3303:Shubenacadie 13
3291:Indian Brook 14
3239:Chapel Island 5
3085:Cole Harbour 30
2903:Lennox Island 1
2719:Richibucto 15,
2585:Medway River 11
2581:Ponhook Lake 10
2494:
2481:
2465:
2463:Spiritual sites
2443:
2435:
2422:
2310:
2304:
2288:
2275:Jerry Lonecloud
2272:
2265:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2241:
2238:
2229:
2224:, Red Chamber,
2214:
2205:
2173:
2152:
2133:
2111:
2106:
1908:
1900:Treaty of Paris
1812:In the wake of
1810:
1804:
1799:
1776:Jacques Cartier
1652:
1647:
1631:
1607:
1585:
1563:
1554:
1538:break-and-enter
1470:national chief
1418:
1350:
1338:Yarmouth County
1326:lobster fishing
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1256:
1231:
1225:
1093:
1087:
1074:
1069:
1037:
1005:
997:Main articles:
995:
975:Stansbury Hagar
857:
747:
726:prayer and the
693:Gaspé Peninsula
654:
642:
636:
491:
384:Gaspé Peninsula
359:
352:
326:
320:
319:
282:
261:Lnu'k (Mi'kmaq)
225:
113:
93:
82:
66:
48:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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8703:
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8661:
8660:External links
8658:
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8599:
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8496:Thomas Picheon
8492:
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8408:
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8297:
8287:, Newfoundland
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7788:Mi'kmaq Nation
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7667:
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6519:
6506:
6491:"Julien, John"
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5102:
5076:
5065:(Report). 1989
5047:
5040:
5019:
4988:
4957:
4925:
4907:
4900:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4825:"Our Language"
4815:
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3892:Arosaguntacook
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3810:
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3797:
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3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3754:(18th century)
3752:Étienne Bâtard
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3729:
3723:Calgary Flames
3719:Sandy McCarthy
3716:
3710:
3707:Patti Catalano
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3670:Bretten Hannam
3667:
3656:
3653:Ursula Johnson
3650:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:, 1918 to 1964
3627:
3624:Daniel N. Paul
3621:
3615:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3580:Marie Battiste
3577:
3566:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3535:
3534:Commemorations
3532:
3520:
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3197:
3192:
3190:Pictou Landing
3186:
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3140:
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3108:
3081:Beaver Lake 17
3078:
3073:
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3037:
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3000:Mi'kmaq Nation
2996:
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2847:
2846:Indian Island
2843:
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2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:Province/State
2519:
2493:
2490:
2485:Abies balsamea
2480:
2477:
2469:Bras d'Or Lake
2464:
2461:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2326:Joey Smallwood
2306:Main article:
2303:
2300:
2287:
2284:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2226:Province House
2215:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2151:
2148:
2132:
2129:
2114:Walter Bromley
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2090:Treaty of 1752
2062:Treaty of 1752
2044:Treaty of 1752
1907:
1904:
1871:with England.
1865:Acadia in 1710
1846:Acadian people
1806:Main article:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1787:Saint Lawrence
1753:dry-curing cod
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1627:
1584:
1581:
1562:
1561:Talks with DFO
1559:
1553:
1550:
1521:Stephen McNeil
1514:Province House
1502:Justin Trudeau
1488:sucker punched
1480:Stephen McNeil
1436:On October 1,
1417:
1414:
1400:) district of
1396:(also spelled
1349:
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1252:
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1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1227:Main article:
1224:
1221:
1201:Bay of Chaleur
1135:First Nations
1116:Treaty of 1752
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1036:
1033:
994:
991:
981:that the word
944:Marc Lescarbot
746:
740:
663:Latin alphabet
653:
650:
638:Main article:
635:
632:
610:Bras d'Or lake
595:Stephen McNeil
581:Treaty of 1752
490:
486:Grand Council
484:
438:Covenant Chain
423:Latin alphabet
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8584:
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8566:9780665395062
8562:
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8556:to that tribe
8549:
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8539:
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8521:9780665209987
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8113:Sipekne'katik
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7923:
7918:
7912:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7885:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7858:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7804:
7789:
7785:
7779:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7725:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7671:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7590:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7482:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7428:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7347:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7320:
7311:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7271:
7263:
7259:
7253:
7245:
7243:0-13-177067-5
7239:
7235:
7228:
7226:
7210:
7203:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7143:
7137:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7092:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7055:
7049:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7012:
6997:
6993:
6986:
6984:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6942:
6938:
6931:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6863:
6857:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6815:
6800:on 2022-05-18
6799:
6795:
6789:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6735:
6726:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6694:
6686:
6680:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6648:on 2015-06-10
6647:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6561:
6559:
6549:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6528:St. Aspinquid
6523:
6516:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6395:
6387:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6263:on 2007-01-25
6262:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6243:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6198:
6191:
6175:
6171:
6170:"Roger Lewis"
6165:
6157:
6150:
6142:
6135:
6133:
6117:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6074:
6073:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6046:on 2014-10-26
6045:
6041:
6035:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5979:on 2008-10-26
5978:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5858:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5686:
5670:
5667:
5660:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5458:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5274:September 28,
5270:
5266:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5236:
5230:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5192:
5190:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5162:
5146:. May 9, 2004
5145:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5064:
5057:
5051:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4921:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4835:on 2006-12-16
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4596:McCord Museum
4592:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4544:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4498:1-55109-069-4
4494:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4431:. Nova Scotia
4430:
4426:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4132:(2): 403–423.
4131:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4018:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3873:Passamaquoddy
3870:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3843:
3840:, a chief of
3839:
3838:Lawrence Paul
3836:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:Brian Francis
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3676:Amanda Peters
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3528:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:Verification
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:Malagawatch 4
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:Malagawatch 4
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:Sipekníkatik
3310:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Sipekneꞌkatik
3279:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Malagawatch 4
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Welnek No. 38
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:New Brunswick
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:New Brunswick
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:New Brunswick
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:Membertou 28B
2960:
2959:Malagawatch 4
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Lennox Island
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:Lnui Menikuk
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:New Brunswick
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:New Brunswick
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Malagawatch 4
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:Pokemouche 13
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:New Brunswick
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Soegao No. 35
2718:
2716:
2715:New Brunswick
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:New Brunswick
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:New Brunswick
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Bear River 6B
2649:
2648:Bear River 6A
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:Gold River 21
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:Rocky Point 3
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:Miꞌkmaw name
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Smith-Francis
2507:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2438:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2385:In 2011, the
2383:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2372:David Crombie
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2338:First Nations
2335:
2334:indian status
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:confederation
2319:
2315:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2101:
2099:
2096:and Governor
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:United States
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:Passamaquoddy
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1802:Colonial wars
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1765:bow and arrow
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:American eels
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:patrilineally
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:CA$ 5 billion
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1459:New Edinburgh
1456:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:Saulnierville
1423:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:R. v. Sparrow
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1145:Miramichi Bay
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:its landmark
1102:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1076:In 1997, the
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
984:
980:
977:suggested in
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
867:
863:and later as
862:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Sipekni'katik
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
739:
737:
731:
729:
728:Lord's Prayer
725:
722:
718:
717:
708:
705:
700:
696:
694:
690:
685:
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
659:
649:
647:
646:mother tongue
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
577:
575:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
550:converted to
549:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Santé Mawiómi
520:
518:
514:
510:
509:
508:Santé Mawiómi
503:
500:
496:
489:
488:Santé Mawiómi
483:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
469:Santé Mawiómi
464:
462:
457:
452:
450:
449:
444:
439:
435:
431:
428:The Mi'kmaq,
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
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373:
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317:
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278:
274:
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270:Mi'kmawi'simk
268:
264:
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237:
236:Passamaquoddy
233:
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140:New Brunswick
137:
133:
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60:Grand Council
56:
51:
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8084:the original
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6261:the original
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5440:21 September
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4096:
4087:
4076:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
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4034:
4016:
4011:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3973:
3960:
3890:, Kennebec,
3851:
3819:Noel Jeddore
3769:Paul Laurent
3688:Jeff Barnaby
3682:Morgan Toney
3662:
3608:Nora Bernard
3548:Mic Mac Mall
3544:Lake Mi'kmaq
3537:
3523:
3373:Demographics
3339:
3331:Wagmatcook 1
3267:Corner Brook
3113:Wékopekwitk
3089:Millbrook 27
3065:Keskapekiaq
3010:Presque Isle
2994:Metepnákiaq
2918:Lnui Mnikuk
2810:Fort Folly 1
2794:Wékistoqnik
2760:
2752:Tabusintac 9
2704:Ugpiꞌganjig
2675:Buctouche 16
2644:Bear River 6
2621:St. Croix 34
2554:Scotchfort 4
2524:Town/Reserve
2495:
2483:
2482:
2466:
2457:
2444:
2436:
2411:
2407:
2403:Métis people
2396:
2384:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2342:
2314:Newfoundland
2311:
2289:
2273:
2216:Grand Chief
2194:
2179:
2161:
2134:
2124:
2112:
2104:19th century
2083:
2077:
2070:
2056:
2033:
2028:
1989:
1975:John G. Reid
1966:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1947:Shubenacadie
1940:
1929:
1925:R v Marshall
1924:
1921:
1877:
1873:
1850:
1821:
1811:
1780:
1769:
1761:
1749:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1673:
1668:Bay of Fundy
1661:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1589:Nora Bernard
1586:
1577:
1564:
1555:
1552:Legal action
1546:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1485:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:Gespogoitnag
1397:
1393:
1382:
1358:
1351:
1334:Digby County
1323:
1213:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1157:
1142:
1123:
1120:R v Marshall
1119:
1110:
1106:R v Marshall
1104:
1094:
1091:R v Marshall
1075:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1017:Newfoundland
1012:
987:megumoowesoo
986:
982:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
948:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
881:
879:
870:
864:
860:
858:
847:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
748:
743:
732:
714:
712:
686:
679:
667:
655:
643:
619:
618:
613:
605:
603:
599:Diana Whalen
588:
578:
572:
545:
531:
527:
523:
521:
516:
512:
507:
504:
492:
487:
477:
473:
468:
465:
453:
448:R v Marshall
446:
445:decision in
434:Pasamaquoddy
427:
404:
315:
310:
309:
304:
303:
298:
297:
293:
291:
209:Christianity
37:Ethnic group
8926:governments
8817:Anishinaabe
6642:www.odec.ca
6552:Reid. p. 26
6180:October 19,
6121:October 19,
6082:October 19,
5927:October 29,
5875:January 29,
5846:October 25,
5820:October 20,
5791:October 17,
5786:Global News
5765:October 17,
5734:October 17,
5703:January 29,
5674:October 14,
5649:October 14,
5623:October 29,
5592:October 25,
5566:October 25,
5540:October 20,
5489:October 20,
5405:October 19,
5355:31 December
5329:January 29,
5303:October 21,
5241:October 20,
5219:October 20,
5178:October 20,
5150:October 20,
5095:October 20,
5069:October 20,
5012:October 18,
4981:October 20,
4951:October 18,
4607:October 19,
4549:October 19,
4468:October 18,
4435:October 21,
4401:21 February
4373:21 February
4345:21 February
4280:October 18,
4102:October 31,
3832: 1525
3694:Cody Bowles
3661:, actress,
3659:Nikki Gould
3441:Estimation
3430:Estimation
3419:Estimation
3408:Estimation
3397:Estimation
3353:Nova Scotia
3322:Nova Scotia
3295:New Ross 20
3286:Nova Scotia
3234:Nova Scotia
3195:Nova Scotia
3164:Nova Scotia
3153:Kékwapskuk
3134:Natuaqanek
3076:Nova Scotia
3058:Gesgapegiag
3042:Miawpukwek
2950:Nova Scotia
2833:Glooscap 35
2828:Nova Scotia
2783:Eskasoni 3A
2774:Nova Scotia
2639:Nova Scotia
2628:Kampalijek
2612:Nova Scotia
2577:Yarmouth 33
2572:Nova Scotia
2479:Ethnobotany
2473:Nova Scotia
2365:Conne River
2279:Harry Piers
2174: 1890
2168:Nova Scotia
2052:Nova Scotia
2015:, with the
1955:R. v. Simon
1951:R. v. Simon
1855:as well as
1721:black flies
1455:Comeauville
1342:Nova Scotia
1204:purposes".
983:megumawaach
967:megakumegek
955:Megumawaach
926:Wiijimaa(g)
914:Niijimaa(g)
894:Miijimaa(g)
890:Anishinaabe
875:Tarrantines
674:petroglyphs
590:R. v. Simon
552:Catholicism
536:wampum belt
390:as well as
226:Especially
130:Nova Scotia
8971:Categories
8349:0921191804
8172:2023-05-21
8145:2023-05-21
8118:2023-05-21
8059:Marketwire
8037:2023-05-21
8010:2023-05-21
7983:2023-05-21
7956:2023-05-21
7929:2023-05-21
7902:2023-05-21
7875:2023-05-21
7848:2023-05-21
7821:2023-05-21
7794:2023-05-21
7769:2023-05-21
7742:2023-05-21
7715:2023-05-21
7688:2023-05-21
7661:2023-05-21
7634:2023-05-21
7607:2023-05-21
7580:2023-05-21
7553:2023-05-21
7526:2023-05-21
7499:2023-05-21
7472:2023-05-21
7445:2023-05-21
7418:2023-05-21
7391:2023-05-21
7364:2023-05-21
7337:2023-05-21
7214:9 November
7001:9 November
6804:2022-03-28
6778:9 November
6752:9 November
6671:www.rct.uk
6652:2013-09-05
6533:Union Jack
6292:0385045263
6267:2007-01-17
6050:2014-10-26
5983:2018-11-10
5515:2024-04-09
5378:. Toronto.
4839:2006-11-08
4793:12 January
4632:2020-10-19
4317:August 31,
4229:2023-06-14
4167:2023-07-23
4078:2017-11-23
4027:References
3941:Tarrantine
3813:Indian Joe
3764:Sam Gloade
3739:ice hockey
3726:ice hockey
3558:See also:
3546:, and the
3383:Population
3317:Wagmatcook
3184:Paq'tnkek
3119:Natoaganeg
2973:Maupeltuk
2966:Sydney 28A
2939:Listikujk
2800:Fort Folly
2779:Eskasoni 3
2763:nuopitijk
2728:Lsipuktuk
2589:Wildcat 12
2397:R v Powley
2379:Andy Scott
2361:Indian Act
2286:World Wars
2182:ice hockey
2092:signed by
2080:Section 35
2073:Treaty Day
1772:John Cabot
1733:mosquitoes
1725:deer flies
1394:Kespukwitk
1377:Ken Coates
1365:Ken Coates
1348:Background
1308:Casualties
1179:Tom Wappel
1029:Indian Act
951:Megumaagee
866:Gaspesiens
861:Souriquois
786:K'taqamkuk
772:(singular
517:Indian Act
479:Indian Act
8924:community
8822:Atikamekw
8792:Subarctic
8320:August 5,
8291:August 5,
7293:CBCnews.
7100:4 January
7063:4 January
7038:4 January
6315:Iroquoian
5400:APTN News
4186:Qalipu.ca
4158:"Mi'kmaq"
3908:Pennacook
3888:Penobscot
3590:Activists
3565:Academics
3366:Wékoqmáq
3299:Pennal 19
3250:Potlotek
3105:Truro 27C
3101:Truro 27B
3097:Truro 27A
3071:Millbrook
3027:Miawpukek
3014:Limestone
2945:Membertou
2933:Listuguj
2601:Malikiaq
2561:Epekwitk
2527:Est. Pop.
2518:Community
2506:Pacifique
2025:Miramichi
1892:Expulsion
1884:Lunenburg
1880:Dartmouth
1834:Penobscot
1791:fur trade
1572:Millbrook
1447:Membertou
1402:Mi'kma'ki
1261:Caused by
1035:Districts
1025:Miꞌkmaꞌki
999:Miꞌkmaꞌki
993:Geography
971:nigumaach
963:magumegek
942:(earth).
940:megamingo
871:Mickmakis
778:Epekw'itk
721:Holy Mary
716:Miꞌkmaꞌki
704:Holy Mary
624:Unamaꞌkik
608:, on the
548:Membertou
513:Miꞌkmaꞌki
474:Miꞌkmaꞌki
400:Miꞌkmaꞌki
321:English:
280:Mi'kma'ki
240:Penobscot
179:Languages
106:Mi'kma'ki
8953:Bands...
8842:Maliseet
8204:"Micmac"
7278:Archived
7187:CBC News
7121:CBC News
6967:CBC News
6941:CBC News
6915:CBC News
6888:CBC News
6868:29 March
6517:], p. 96
5953:April 6,
5901:April 6,
5729:CTV News
5669:CBC News
5644:CBC News
5350:The Star
5269:CBC News
5197:Commons.
5121:April 9,
5116:CBC News
4756:(2000).
4545:(Thesis)
4275:Atlantic
3915:See also
3869:Maliseet
3746:Military
3701:Athletes
3678:, writer
3647:Rita Joe
3614:activist
3527:Smallpox
3139:Pabineau
3021:Ulustuk
2841:Kluskap
2769:Eskasoni
2683:Puktusk
2659:Lsetkuk
2546:Morell 2
2453:Glooscap
2190:hornbeam
2144:Glooscap
2064:—in the
2005:Maliseet
1918:, c.1791
1842:Maliseet
1701:Handbook
1692:Handbook
1542:mischief
1530:ex parte
1492:smudging
1416:Violence
1249:Location
1186:CBC News
1133:Maliseet
1061:Listuguj
1045:Epekwitk
1041:Ktaqmkuk
1003:Dawnland
985:is from
620:Taqamkuk
614:Potlotek
528:Keptinaq
430:Maliseet
285:Wabanaki
266:Language
232:Maliseet
211:, others
199:Religion
110:Dawnland
8977:Mi'kmaq
8862:Wyandot
8857:Naskapi
8847:Miꞌkmaq
8812:Abenaki
8090:Jul 31,
8079:Reuters
8064:Jul 31,
7192:26 July
7166:20 June
7126:26 July
6972:26 July
6946:26 July
6920:26 July
6894:26 July
6846:Oct 16,
5376:CTVNews
3988:Miꞌkmaw
3641:Artists
3518:Census
3507:Census
3485:Census
3474:Census
3463:Census
3452:Census
3275:Qalipu
3272:25,182
2887:Kespék
2330:Indians
2316:joined
2082:of the
1830:Abenaki
1822:Wapnáki
1745:caribou
1709:herring
1674:In his
1645:History
1604:settled
1314:Charged
1288:Miꞌkmaq
1277:Parties
1272:ongoing
959:megwaak
924:(i.e.,
920:prefix
908:prefix
900:prefix
882:Miꞌkmaq
840:autonym
808:); and
802:Miꞌgmaq
794:Miigmao
790:Miigmaq
774:Miꞌkmaw
770:Miꞌkmaq
763:Miꞌkmaq
759:Miꞌkmaw
751:Miꞌkmaq
744:Miꞌkmaq
668:At the
556:Jesuits
411:Miꞌkmaq
361:Miꞌkmaq
316:Miꞌgmaw
311:Miꞌkmaw
299:Mi'gmaq
294:Mi'kmaq
276:Country
228:Abenaki
189:Miꞌkmaq
185:English
41:Mi'kmaq
8913:(2002)
8907:(1975)
8901:(1701)
8852:Mohawk
8796:Arctic
8778:Quebec
8618:
8585:
8563:
8540:
8518:
8454:
8406:
8387:
8346:
7240:
6472:
6447:
6382:
6319:Kespek
6307:Acadia
6289:
6022:
5237:. 2001
5038:
4898:
4766:
4712:
4684:
4659:
4572:
4495:
3834:-1611)
3805:Judge
3757:Chief
3649:, poet
3110:2,288
3062:1,669
3053:Quebec
2936:4,336
2929:Quebec
2915:1,080
2884:1,811
2873:Quebec
2504:, the
2347:, and
2318:Canada
1840:, and
1757:beaver
1729:midges
1599:. The
1269:Status
1254:Canada
1055:, and
912:(i.e.
884:. The
848:níkmaq
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