223:, saying that a reorganization of the Presidential Majority was necessary to improve its position for that election. Some PCT candidates argued that they failed to win seats due to their opposition to the "refoundation" of the PCT (a project that was favored by the PCT's top leadership), but Ngakala retorted that no action had been taken to eliminate their candidacies and that they had only lost because they failed to win enough votes. He noted that some opponents of the "refoundation" project had succeeded in winning seats.
265:(RDD) extended an offer of dialogue to the PCT on 21 December 2008, Ngakala welcomed the move at a press conference on 9 January 2009. He spoke of the "ideological affinities" between the two parties, saying that "only ideas matter and enable men to transcend their egos". He also took the opportunity to criticize the proliferation of political parties, most of which were ethnically or tribally based, and said that Congolese politics would be more productive if there were only three large parties with specific programs.
185:
controlling the Vinza district indefinitely, as the area was entitled to its parliamentary representation and local government, and he said that Ntoumi should not interpret the government's attempts at peaceful resolution as a sign of weakness. Ngakala's "inflammatory" remarks were followed by a round of renewed fighting between the army and the Ninjas. Shooting subsequently broke out at an April 2002 meeting between
Ngakala and about 700 Ninjas in Brazzaville, causing around 80,000 people to flee.
227:
and that it had completely broken with the monolithic thinking that characterized single-party rule. According to
Ngakala, the PCT's cooperative and pluralistic spirit was reflected in the party's willingness to accept a high level of internal debate as well as its openness to the opposition. He noted that a deputy from the opposition had been allowed to head one of the National Assembly's commissions.
216:
focused on "consultation and consensus" with its allies. While acknowledging that disagreement within the PCT and between the PCT and its allies was common, he said that the party "did not want to stifle enthusiasm". He also said that the election was a stepping stone towards improving the majority's ability to implement Sassou
Nguesso's policies.
30:(PCT), the ruling party in the Republic of the Congo, serving as its Permanent Secretary for Organization. He was Commander of the Congolese People's Militia during the 1980s, and he was the High Commissioner for the Reintegration of Former Combatants, a role that involved the implementation of peace agreements with rebels, from 2001 to 2012.
1045:
215:
The results of the first round of the parliamentary election, held in June 2007, showed the PCT winning half of the seats that were decided in the first round, while PCT allies won many of the other seats. Regarding electoral strategy for the second round, Ngakala said on 4 July 2007 that the PCT was
226:
At a press conference on 20 September 2007, Ngakala said that Congo-Brazzaville was an example to the world because it had, in spite of the ruinous effects of the civil war, restored peace without international intervention. He also argued that the PCT was firmly committed to dialogue and pluralism
53:. Sassou Nguesso placed particular trust in members of the "Oyo clan", and they were given important positions in his regime. At the PCT's Third Ordinary Congress, held on 27–31 July 1984, Ngakala was re-elected to the 75-member PCT Central Committee. Together with Sassou Nguesso, he visited
275:
At the PCT's Sixth
Extraordinary Congress, held in July 2011, Ngakala was elected to the party's 51-member Political Bureau. He was also re-elected to his post as Secretary for Organization, in charge of Party Life. The party leadership was substantially altered at the July 2011 congress; only two
200:
Ngakala was included on the
Directory of the Preparatory Committee for the PCT's Fifth Extraordinary Congress; although not a member of the PCT Political Bureau, he was specially added to the Directory on 31 October 2006, along with a number of others. The congress was held on 22–29 December
152:
After a 2001 national peace convention, the office of High
Commissioner for the Reintegration of Former Combatants was established through a presidential decree on 10 August 2001, and Ngakala was appointed to the post. His task was to oversee the process of disarming rebels and reintegrating them
184:
The process proved to be difficult and spotty. Frustrated by the lack of progress, Ngakala sharply criticized Ntoumi on 21 March 2002, accusing him of failing to follow through on his commitments and thereby obstructing the peace process. He stressed that Ntoumi could not be allowed to continue
192:
On 18 December 2004, Ngakala announced that he had rejoined the PCT. In the wake of disappointing results and international disapproval for the reintegration program, Ngalaka presented a revamped program on 9 February 2005. The new program was broader in scope and placed a higher priority on
1042:
242:
on 11–13 December 2007. On that occasion, he described Congo-Brazzaville's peace process as a unique achievement. According to
Ngalaka, Congo-Brazzaville laid the foundations for peace through a national dialogue and the participation of exiled opposition leaders. He also said that
153:
into civilian life. As High
Commissioner for the Reintegration of Former Combatants, Ngakala continued to be closely associated with Pierre Oba, who served in the government as Minister of the Interior. Ngakala's work was focused on the reintegration of rebel fighters from the
287:
During the campaign for the
September 2014 local elections, Ngakala was dispatched to Pointe-Noire to campaign for the PCT's candidates there. He led a 31-member PCT delegation to China in November 2015 and afterwards spoke about learning from the experience of the CCP.
283:
at a ceremony on 14 November 2012. Ngakala explained on the occasion that at the PCT's 2011 congress it had been decided that state positions were incompatible with positions on the PCT Secretariat and therefore he must devote himself exclusively to his party work.
168:
On 25 February 2002, Ngakala said that the disarmament and reintegration program was nearly ready to begin and that five regional offices across the country would be opened to facilitate its work. He also observed that the program had received about 3.4 billion
258:(RMP), a large coalition of parties supporting Sassou Nguesso, was created on 20 December 2007. Ngakala, who was credited with playing a key role in the establishment of the RMP, was designated as the First Vice-President of the RMP's National Coordination.
188:
Ngakala retired from the military in 2002. The pace of disarmament and reintegration remained slow in subsequent years. Speaking on 4 June 2004, Ngakala again blamed Ntoumi for delaying the process through his failure to follow through on his commitments.
246:
Ngakala continued to stress the importance of reorganizing the presidential majority and improving its cohesion in the wake of the 2007 parliamentary election. He said in
December 2007 that the presidential majority would present joint lists for the
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was followed by an extended round of serious political violence between the government and opposition, and in that environment the various sides formed ethnically based militias to fight in Brazzaville. Ngakala and General
248:
125:
attacked their opponents on 3 November 1993, but were unsuccessful; the competing militias continued to violently dominate the city. An agreement in January 1994 facilitated a gradual return to peace.
219:
Following the second round, Ngakala said on 11 August 2007 that the results were good because they gave Sassou Nguesso "a comfortable majority in the National Assembly". He also looked ahead to the
1087:
243:
Congo-Brazzaville was alone in managing its own disarmament and reintegration program, and he said that his country was willing to share its experience with other countries in the sub-region.
46:, Ngakala was elected to the PCT Central Committee at an extraordinary party congress held on 26–31 March 1979. He was also appointed as Commander of the Congolese People's Militia.
255:
181:(IOM) had already managed to collect about 1,200 weapons. However, the number of weapons collected by the IOM constituted only a small fraction of the total number of illegal weapons.
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Crimes de sang et pouvoir au Congo Brazzaville : les assassinats de Lazare Matsokota, Joseph Pouabou, Anselme Massouémé, Ange Diawara, Marien Ngouabi et Pierre Anga
276:
previous members of the Permanent Secretariat, including Ngakala, were retained amongst the 12 members of the Secretariat elected at the Sixth Extraordinary Congress.
272:(CCP) on 11 June 2010 in Brazzaville. The meeting was intended to strengthen the already warm relationship between the two parties and their respective countries.
1016:
251:. Some parties in the presidential majority opposed this move, and Ngakala said that they were free to contest the elections on their own if they wished.
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1130:"Coopération entre le P.c.t (Congo) et le P.c.c (Chine) : De retour de Chine, Michel Ngakala a partagé à la presse les enseignements tirés"
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broke out between the government of President Lissouba and Sassou Nguesso's Cobra militia. After months of fighting, the Cobras, assisted by
1043:"Denis Sassou Nguesso aux congressistes du P.c.t : «Les élections ne se gagnent pas dans les bureaux. Elles se gagnent sur le terrain»"
49:
Ngakala was considered part of the "Oyo clan", a group of political and military figures who were natives of Sassou Nguesso's home village,
178:
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in May 1985. East Germany, as an ally of Congo-Brazzaville, provided the Congolese People's Militia with training and equipment.
996:"Le Parti congolais du travail se félicite de son rapprochement avec le Rassemblement pour la démocratie et le développement"
174:
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881:"A Paris, Michel Ngakala évoque l'expertise congolaise pour le Désarmement, la démobilisation et la réintégration"
1088:"Haut-commissariat à la réinsertion des ex-combattants : Michel Ngakala a passé le témoin à Norbert Dabira"
862:
Pascal Azad Doko, "Michel Ngakala satisfait de l'ouverture faite à l'opposition à l'Assemblée nationale",
926:"Le rassemblement de la majorité présidentielle pose les bases de la création d'un grand parti politique"
279:
After 11 years as High Commissioner for the Reintegration of Former Combatants, Ngakala was succeeded by
673:"Michel Ngakala : « Les accords de paix souffrent de la versatilité du pasteur Ntoumi »"
975:"Le Rassemblement de la majorité présidentielle installe les coordinations départementales et locales"
600:
902:"Elections locales : la plate-forme de la majorité présidentielle opte pour les listes d'union"
1109:"Elections locales : VĂ©ritable marathon de Pierre Ngolo, pour soutenir les candidats du P.c.t"
204:
On 17–18 January 2007, Ngakala—acting as the representative of the PCT—met with
693:"Le gouvernement présente son nouveau programme de désarmement et réinsertion des ex-combattants"
269:
774:"Le ministre de l'Administration du territoire rencontre les responsables des partis politiques"
1155:
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Florence Bernault, "The Political Shaping of Sacred Locality in Brazzaville 1959–97", in
27:
798:"Michel Ngakala : « Nous devons respecter l'esprit de nos accords politiques »"
562:"Delegates at Republic of Congo talks sign peace convention", Associated Press, 15 April 2001.
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on 14–15 October 1997, thereby ousting Lissouba and returning Sassou Nguesso to power.
23:
493:(2000), eds. David M. Anderson and Richard Rathbone, James Currey Ltd., pages 287–288.
617:"Le Haut-commissaire chargé de la réinsertion des ex-miliciens rencontre le pasteur Ntoumi"
43:
64:(UJSC), the PCT's youth organization, for a time. In 1990, he was promoted to the rank of
8:
653:"Les autorités congolaises souhaitent régler au plus vite le cas « Ntoumi »"
165:
district on 16 October 2001, and both sides spoke warmly about peace and cooperation.
110:
733:"La feuille de route du PCT en vue de la tenue du 5e congrĂšs extraordinaire du parti"
473:(1997), eds. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, Westview Press, pages 70–75.
549:
RĂ©my Bazenguissa-Ganga, "The Spread of Political Violence in Congo-Brazzaville", in
205:
1017:"Le Parti congolais du travail renforce ses liens avec le Parti communiste chinois"
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39:
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753:"La direction du Parti Congolais du Travail s'ouvre aux jeunes et aux femmes"
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La guerre civile du Congo-Brazzaville, 1993–2002: "chacun aura sa part"
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93:, which was loyal to Sassou Nguesso. The Cobras were concentrated in the
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819:"Michel Ngakala tire les leçons des élections législatives pour le PCT"
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John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in
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Ngakala headed a PCT delegation that met with a delegation from the
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843:"Le Parti congolais du travail prĂŽne la politique de l'ouverture"
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Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique
359:
Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique
342:
Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique
325:
Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique
133:
26:
military officer and politician who is a leading member of the
947:"Le R.m.p et les enjeux fondamentaux de la politique au Congo"
239:
162:
1069:"Membres de Comité central du PCT élus par le VIe congrés",
534:"Rebels, Backed by Angola, Take Brazzaville and Oil Port"
80:, he and the PCT went into opposition. The controversial
105:
districts of Brazzaville, and they were allied with the
637:"Revue de la presse congolaise - semaine du 25 FĂ©vrier"
553:, vol. 98, no. 390, January 1999, pages 389–411.
428:(1990), Cambridge University Press, page 141, note 99.
236:
Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program
147:
34:
Military and political career under single-party rule
392:"Third Congolese Party Congress Issues Statement"
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517:Noir silence: qui arrĂȘtera la Françafrique?
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193:disarmament, which was to be funded by the
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82:May–June 1993 parliamentary election
42:in 1968. Said to be a cousin of President
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76:After Sassou Nguesso was defeated in the
16:Congolese military officer and politician
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60:Ngakala was also First Secretary of the
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426:The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa
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504:Political Transformations of the Congo
471:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
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1161:Congolese Party of Labour politicians
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866:, N° 2729, 21 September 2007, page 3
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607:, volume 43, number 12, 14 June 2002.
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175:International Development Association
960:, N° 2755, 28 December 2007, page 3
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327:(1997), Karthala Editions, page 352
109:loyal to another opposition leader,
38:Ngakala was promoted to the rank of
378:(2006), Karthala Editions, page 40
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263:Rally for Democracy and Development
148:High Commissioner for Reintegration
13:
639:, Congopage website, 2 March 2002
574:Haut commissariat à la réinsertion
256:Rally of the Presidential Majority
62:Union of Congolese Socialist Youth
14:
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576:dresse le bilan de ses activités"
506:(2000), Pentland Press, page 102.
443:"Michel Ngakala réintÚgre le PCT"
398:, 1 August 1984, pages 4–6.
78:August 1992 presidential election
113:, which was concentrated in the
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161:. He met with Ntoumi in the
7:
1071:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
1021:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
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930:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
906:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
885:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
847:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
823:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
802:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
778:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
757:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
737:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
717:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
697:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
677:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
657:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
621:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
580:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
515:François-Xavier Verschave,
447:Les DĂ©pĂȘches de Brazzaville
210:2007 parliamentary election
117:district. The army and the
10:
1182:
230:Ngakala was present for a
221:2009 presidential election
323:RĂ©my Bazenguissa-Ganga,
157:-based Ninja militia of
306:Albert-Rogert Massema,
270:Chinese Communist Party
1086:Pascal Biozi Kiminou,
28:Congolese Labour Party
261:After the opposition
1134:La Semaine Africaine
1115:, 23 September 2014
1113:La Semaine Africaine
1092:La Semaine Africaine
1054:La Semaine Africaine
958:La Semaine Africaine
864:La Semaine Africaine
849:, 20 September 2007
249:2008 local elections
173:in funding from the
44:Denis Sassou Nguesso
1094:, 16 November 2012
932:, 22 December 2007
908:, 19 December 2007
887:, 20 December 2007
759:, 30 December 2006
699:, 10 February 2005
605:Africa Confidential
582:, 26 February 2001
491:Africa's Urban Past
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407:Bazenguissa-Ganga,
357:Bazenguissa-Ganga,
340:Bazenguissa-Ganga,
121:loyal to President
72:Events of the 1990s
1136:, 4 December 2015
1128:Pascal-Azad Doko,
1107:Pascal Azad Doko,
1048:2012-03-17 at the
981:, 2 February 2008
952:2008-11-20 at the
780:, 19 January 2007
739:, 3 November 2006
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623:, 19 October 2001
540:, 16 October 1997.
538:The New York Times
532:Howard W. French,
424:Gareth M. Winrow,
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1138:(in French)
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138:Brazzaville
130:a civil war
1150:Categories
292:References
232:World Bank
171:CFA francs
87:Pierre Oba
24:Congolese
1046:Archived
950:Archived
103:TalangaĂŻ
134:Angolan
115:Bacongo
66:colonel
201:2006.
101:, and
99:Ouenzé
396:Mweti
240:Paris
163:Vinza
95:Mpila
22:is a
572:"Le
254:The
155:Pool
140:and
51:Oyo
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