1711:
323:, which is biennially given to "a person whose published work and career represent a significant contribution to the art of government through the application of social science research." In 2011, Doyle received the Hubert H. Humphrey Award from the American Political Science Association for "notable public service by a political scientist." In 2012, he was named the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Fellow of the
267:. He has long been a member and is the former chair of the board of the International Peace Institute. He was also a member of the External Research Advisory Committee of the UNHCR and the Advisory Committee of the Lessons-Learned Unit of the Department of Peace-Keeping Operations (UN). He is a member of
365:
The Model
International Mobility Convention fills a gap in international law by covering the multiple forms of international mobility, ranging from visitors through labor migrants to forced migrants and refugees. It proposes a comprehensive framework for international mobility with the goal of
361:
Now a
Carnegie Council project, MIMC is building a Network that will encourage support for and develop the convention in order to address emerging international mobility challenges, including pandemic disease and climate stress.
339:. In the Secretary General's Executive Office, he was responsible for strategic planning, including the Millennium Development Goals, outreach to the international corporate sector through the
602:
1688:
1152:
786:
210:
1158:
Article with
Michael W. Doyle by Columbia Law School, "Professor Michael Doyle Calls Upon Students for Assistance in Creating a Model International Mobility Treaty" (1 Sep 2015)
320:
1779:
1198:
1153:
Interview with
Michael W. Doyle on the background of “Doyle’s Law” given on the occasion of receiving an honorary degree from the University of Warwick (Jul 2014)
1481:
1769:
358:
As the director of the
Columbia Global Policy Initiative's, Doyle convened the group of experts who developed the Model International Mobility Convention.
1764:
1378:
613:
324:
366:
establishing a cumulative set of rights afforded to internationally mobile people (and the corresponding rights and responsibilities of states).
1162:
474:
1191:
1413:
1312:
1157:
1774:
1443:
655:
1133:
1459:
1215:
1475:
1428:
1418:
1373:
1184:
1749:
1271:
316:
292:
1464:
308:
1759:
1754:
1433:
1322:
1233:
787:"Michael W. Doyle, creator of Doyle's Law, discusses the history of international relations, liberalism and world politics"
1398:
1241:
986:
1304:
213:. He is the former director of Columbia Global Policy Initiative. He co-directs the Center on Global Governance at
1695:
1739:
1393:
1289:
258:
206:
812:
1207:
343:, and relations with Washington. He is the former chair of the Academic Council on the United Nations System.
312:
20:
446:
347:
340:
205:. He has also written on the comparative history of empires and the evaluation of UN peace-keeping. He is a
1387:
268:
1408:
379:
230:
845:
1368:
884:
335:
Doyle served as
Assistant Secretary-General and Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary-General
1337:
1261:
1171:
934:
478:
288:
160:
460:
1342:
1284:
1246:
1223:
1147:
296:
198:
194:
1119:
1744:
1167:, "Michael Doyle Brings Diverse Experts Together to Solve Global Policy Problems" (15 Oct 2015)
1256:
350:
from 2007 to 2013, elected by the members and appointed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
250:
155:
1071:(United Nations University Press, 2003) edited with Jean-Marc Coicaud and Anne-Marie Gardner
1734:
1648:
1598:
1583:
1502:
1497:
1383:
1317:
1294:
254:
165:
1148:
Article with
Michael W. Doyle by Foreign Policy, "One World, Rival Theories" (26 Oct 2009)
8:
1538:
1512:
1138:
214:
175:
551:
1613:
1533:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1055:
902:
428:
420:
238:
93:
1332:
1327:
1279:
994:
820:
742:
702:
432:
1172:
Video with
Michael W. Doyle by C-SPAN, "The Question of Intervention," (18 Feb 2016)
1618:
1573:
1438:
1422:
1363:
1251:
732:
692:
412:
97:
1123:(Council on Foreign Relations/McGraw Hill, 1977) with Fred Hirsch and Edward Morse
526:
1715:
1663:
1633:
1623:
1608:
1176:
170:
1043:
The
Question of Intervention: John Stuart Mill and the Responsibility to Protect
1019:
630:
1643:
1603:
1588:
1553:
263:
101:
1111:
760:
737:
720:
697:
680:
500:
118:
1728:
1658:
1638:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1507:
998:
824:
746:
706:
383:
284:
72:
1653:
1568:
1469:
1403:
1101:(Cambridge University Press, 1997) edited with Ian Johnstone and Robert Orr
1692:
327:. In 2014, he received an honorary degree from the University of Warwick.
1668:
1543:
1517:
1347:
375:
62:
1710:
576:
1673:
1628:
1548:
424:
336:
88:
987:"Her Father Fled the Nazis. She's the New U.S. Ambassador to Germany"
960:
234:
870:
416:
403:
Doyle, Michael W. (December 1986). "Liberalism and World
Politics".
1056:
Striking First: Preemption and Prevention of International Conflict
920:
226:
42:
1134:
Member Profile, Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University
257:, and Yale Law School. At Princeton University, he directed the
261:
and chaired the editorial board and the Committee of Editors of
211:
Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs
299:
among liberal states (see below) and international imprudence.
113:
1063:
Making War and Building Peace: United Nations peace operations
287:'s views on various issues; especially noted are his views on
813:"America's U.N. Ambassador Post Is Empty. Is That a Problem?"
237:
He earned his AB, AM, and PhD in political science, all from
1020:"Princeton University Department of Chemistry Abigail Doyle"
378:, US Ambassador to Germany and the former President of the
353:
1090:
Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism
105:
1077:(Rowman and Littlefield, 1998) edited with Olara Otunnu
961:"Meet President Gutmann | Penn Office of the President"
209:
of International Affairs, Law and Political Science at
1780:
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1206:
1105:UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC's Civil Mandate
1726:
1075:Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century
325:American Academy of Political and Social Science
612:. and II (12): 205–235, 323–353. Archived from
1082:New Thinking in International Relations Theory
1065:(Princeton Press, 2006) with Nicholas Sambanis
1192:
461:"Center's Team | Center on Global Governance"
1770:Political liberals (international relations)
603:"Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs"
1085:(Westview, 1997) edited with John Ikenberry
307:In 2001, Doyle was elected a fellow of the
1199:
1185:
281:Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs
197:scholar who is a theorist of the liberal "
1765:American international relations scholars
1444:Chinese school of international relations
935:"Model International Mobility Convention"
903:"Model International Mobility Convention"
810:
736:
696:
274:
984:
846:"Who Is The New U.N. Secretary-General?"
16:American international relations scholar
635:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
552:"Michael W. Doyle | Princeton Politics"
386:, is a professor of chemistry at UCLA.
354:Model International Mobility Convention
291:. Doyle discusses the two legacies of
1727:
317:American Political Science Association
1180:
1037:Cold Peace: Avoiding the New Cold War
939:Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
811:Gladstone, Rick (February 19, 2019).
600:
405:The American Political Science Review
402:
309:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
725:PS: Political Science & Politics
685:PS: Political Science & Politics
302:
1163:Interview with Michael W. Doyle by
1139:Interview with Michael W. Doyle by
13:
985:Bennhold, Katrin (June 24, 2022).
447:"Michael W. Doyle | Columbia SIPA"
14:
1791:
1775:Jesuit High School (Tampa) alumni
1127:
1120:Alternatives to Monetary Disorder
1069:The Globalization of Human Rights
907:Columbia Global Policy Initiative
330:
1709:
1115:(Cornell University Press, 1986)
1107:(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995)
369:
1394:International political economy
1290:Uneven and combined development
1030:
1012:
978:
953:
927:
913:
895:
877:
863:
838:
804:
779:
753:
713:
673:
648:
623:
259:Center of International Studies
1208:International relations theory
1049:Liberal Peace: Selected Essays
594:
577:"Council on Foreign Relations"
569:
544:
519:
493:
467:
453:
439:
396:
313:American Philosophical Society
1:
1750:American political scientists
610:Philosophy and Public Affairs
389:
348:United Nations Democracy Fund
225:Michael W. Doyle was born in
220:
203:Liberalism and World Politics
1388:liberal intergovernmentalism
731:(4): 885–898. October 2011.
691:(4): 885–898. October 2011.
581:Council on Foreign Relations
315:. In 2009, he received the
269:Council of Foreign Relations
253:, Johns Hopkins University,
7:
1760:Columbia Law School faculty
1755:Columbia University faculty
193:(born 1948) is an American
10:
1796:
1409:Hegemonic stability theory
601:Doyle, Michael W. (1983).
475:"AAPSS : Fellows A-Z"
380:University of Pennsylvania
120:A General Theory of Empire
18:
1706:
1682:
1526:
1490:
1452:
1369:Critical security studies
1356:
1303:
1270:
1232:
1214:
889:globalpolicy.columbia.edu
885:"International Migration"
738:10.1017/S1049096511001582
698:10.1017/S1049096511001582
346:He was also the chair of
244:
184:
148:
140:
132:
127:
112:
87:
82:
78:
68:
58:
50:
37:
30:
1338:Territorial peace theory
1262:Liberal institutionalism
321:Charles E. Merriam Award
289:liberal internationalism
249:Doyle has taught at the
161:Johns Hopkins University
1696:International relations
1343:Democratic peace theory
1285:Theories of imperialism
1247:Democratic peace theory
1224:Feminist constructivism
1059:(Princeton Press, 2008)
195:international relations
1740:Harvard College alumni
556:politics.princeton.edu
295:: the pacification of
275:Kant's Perpetual Peace
1482:Inter-paradigm debate
1257:Republican liberalism
791:University of Warwick
619:on February 16, 2014.
311:and, in 2009, to the
251:University of Warwick
229:, and graduated from
156:University of Warwick
144:International affairs
1649:Immanuel Wallerstein
1599:Peter J. Katzenstein
1584:Samuel P. Huntington
1503:Historical sociology
1498:International ethics
1384:Intergovernmentalism
1318:Neoclassical realism
1295:World-systems theory
660:search.amphilsoc.org
656:"APS Member History"
531:World Economic Forum
374:Doyle is married to
255:Princeton University
207:University professor
166:Princeton University
19:For other uses, see
1716:Politics portal
1539:Zbigniew Brzezinski
1513:State cartel theory
1093:(W.W. Norton, 1997)
1039:(W.W. Norton, 2023)
965:president.upenn.edu
941:. December 13, 2017
215:Columbia Law School
176:Columbia University
83:Academic background
1614:Stephen D. Krasner
1045:(Yale Press, 2015)
991:The New York Times
909:. August 25, 2017.
817:The New York Times
631:"Michael W. Doyle"
527:"Michael W. Doyle"
481:on October 6, 2015
382:. Their daughter,
283:, Doyle builds on
279:In his 1983 essay
239:Harvard University
231:Jesuit High School
94:Harvard University
1722:
1721:
1414:Copenhagen School
1333:Defensive realism
1328:Offensive realism
1313:Classical realism
1280:Dependency theory
1098:Keeping the Peace
1051:(Routledge, 2011)
921:"Carngie Council"
303:Awards and honors
297:foreign relations
293:modern liberalism
188:
187:
136:Political science
1787:
1714:
1713:
1694:
1619:John Mearsheimer
1574:Martha Finnemore
1559:Michael W. Doyle
1491:Other approaches
1439:Intercommunalism
1423:neofunctionalism
1364:Neo-Gramscianism
1252:Capitalist peace
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
931:
925:
924:
917:
911:
910:
899:
893:
892:
881:
875:
874:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
767:. August 8, 2016
757:
751:
750:
740:
717:
711:
710:
700:
677:
671:
670:
668:
666:
652:
646:
645:
643:
641:
627:
621:
620:
618:
607:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
573:
567:
566:
564:
562:
548:
542:
541:
539:
537:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
507:. August 8, 2016
497:
491:
490:
488:
486:
477:. Archived from
471:
465:
464:
457:
451:
450:
443:
437:
436:
411:(4): 1151–1169.
400:
227:Honolulu, Hawaii
201:" and author of
199:democratic peace
191:Michael W. Doyle
32:Michael W. Doyle
28:
27:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1678:
1664:Alexander Wendt
1634:Kathryn Sikkink
1624:Hans Morgenthau
1609:Henry Kissinger
1534:Michael Barnett
1522:
1486:
1453:Classifications
1448:
1434:Postcolonialism
1374:Critical theory
1352:
1299:
1266:
1228:
1210:
1205:
1130:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
983:
979:
969:
967:
959:
958:
954:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
919:
918:
914:
901:
900:
896:
883:
882:
878:
869:
868:
864:
854:
852:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
809:
805:
795:
793:
785:
784:
780:
770:
768:
761:"Michael Doyle"
759:
758:
754:
719:
718:
714:
679:
678:
674:
664:
662:
654:
653:
649:
639:
637:
629:
628:
624:
616:
605:
599:
595:
585:
583:
575:
574:
570:
560:
558:
550:
549:
545:
535:
533:
525:
524:
520:
510:
508:
501:"Michael Doyle"
499:
498:
494:
484:
482:
473:
472:
468:
459:
458:
454:
445:
444:
440:
417:10.2307/1960861
401:
397:
392:
372:
356:
333:
305:
277:
247:
223:
180:
171:Yale University
46:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:J. Ann Tickner
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Robert Keohane
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:John Ikenberry
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Daniel Deudney
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:Postpositivism
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1379:English School
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1357:Other theories
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1216:Constructivism
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1129:
1128:External links
1126:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1011:
977:
952:
926:
912:
894:
876:
862:
837:
803:
778:
752:
712:
672:
647:
622:
593:
568:
543:
518:
492:
466:
452:
438:
394:
393:
391:
388:
371:
368:
355:
352:
341:Global Compact
332:
331:Public service
329:
304:
301:
276:
273:
264:World Politics
246:
243:
222:
219:
186:
185:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:Sub-discipline
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
116:
110:
109:
91:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
45:, Hawaii, U.S.
41:
39:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1792:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Living people
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Kenneth Waltz
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Susan Strange
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Robert Jervis
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Robert Gilpin
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Cynthia Enloe
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Regime theory
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:Great Debates
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Postmodernism
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:Functionalism
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1165:Columbia News
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:(16 Apr 2008)
1142:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1015:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
966:
962:
956:
940:
936:
930:
922:
916:
908:
904:
898:
890:
886:
880:
872:
866:
851:
847:
841:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
792:
788:
782:
766:
762:
756:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
716:
708:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
661:
657:
651:
636:
632:
626:
615:
611:
604:
597:
582:
578:
572:
557:
553:
547:
532:
528:
522:
506:
502:
496:
480:
476:
470:
462:
456:
448:
442:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
395:
387:
385:
384:Abigail Doyle
381:
377:
370:Personal life
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
344:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Immanuel Kant
282:
272:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
252:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:Academic work
126:
122:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
90:
86:
81:
77:
74:
73:Abigail Doyle
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
29:
26:
22:
21:Michael Doyle
1654:Stephen Walt
1569:James Fearon
1558:
1470:Reflectivism
1404:Green theory
1164:
1141:Theory Talks
1140:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1031:Publications
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
990:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
943:. Retrieved
938:
929:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
865:
853:. Retrieved
850:www.wbur.org
849:
840:
828:. Retrieved
816:
806:
794:. Retrieved
790:
781:
769:. Retrieved
764:
755:
728:
724:
715:
688:
684:
675:
663:. Retrieved
659:
650:
638:. Retrieved
634:
625:
614:the original
609:
596:
584:. Retrieved
580:
571:
559:. Retrieved
555:
546:
534:. Retrieved
530:
521:
509:. Retrieved
504:
495:
483:. Retrieved
479:the original
469:
455:
441:
408:
404:
398:
373:
364:
360:
357:
345:
334:
306:
280:
278:
271:, New York.
262:
248:
224:
202:
190:
189:
149:Institutions
123: (1977)
119:
25:
1735:1948 births
1669:Yan Xuetong
1544:Hedley Bull
1518:Geopolitics
1465:Rationalism
1348:Realpolitik
945:January 17,
376:Amy Gutmann
63:Amy Gutmann
51:Nationality
1729:Categories
1683:Categories
1674:Qin Yaqing
1629:Joseph Nye
1549:E. H. Carr
1323:Neorealism
1234:Liberalism
1004:August 17,
390:References
337:Kofi Annan
221:Early life
133:Discipline
89:Alma mater
999:0362-4331
825:0362-4331
747:1537-5935
721:"Gazette"
707:1537-5935
681:"Gazette"
485:March 25,
433:145154148
235:Tampa, FL
1527:Scholars
1399:Feminism
1242:Idealism
970:July 28,
855:July 28,
830:July 28,
796:July 28,
771:July 28,
665:July 28,
640:July 28,
586:July 28,
561:July 28,
536:July 28,
511:July 28,
69:Children
54:American
43:Honolulu
1305:Realism
1272:Marxism
1112:Empires
871:"UNDEF"
425:1960861
997:
823:
745:
705:
431:
423:
245:Career
114:Thesis
59:Spouse
765:AAPSS
617:(PDF)
606:(PDF)
505:AAPSS
429:S2CID
421:JSTOR
1006:2022
995:ISSN
972:2020
947:2018
857:2020
832:2020
821:ISSN
798:2020
773:2020
743:ISSN
703:ISSN
667:2020
642:2020
588:2020
563:2020
538:2020
513:2020
487:2017
38:Born
733:doi
693:doi
413:doi
319:'s
233:in
106:PhD
1731::
993:.
989:.
963:.
937:.
905:.
887:.
848:.
819:.
815:.
789:.
763:.
741:.
729:44
727:.
723:.
701:.
689:44
687:.
683:.
658:.
633:.
608:.
579:.
554:.
529:.
503:.
427:.
419:.
409:80
407:.
241:.
217:.
104:,
102:AM
100:,
98:AB
1478:"
1474:"
1425:)
1421:(
1390:)
1386:(
1200:e
1193:t
1186:v
1022:.
1008:.
974:.
949:.
923:.
891:.
873:.
859:.
834:.
800:.
775:.
749:.
735::
709:.
695::
669:.
644:.
590:.
565:.
540:.
515:.
489:.
463:.
449:.
435:.
415::
108:)
96:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.