139:
77:
36:
749:
reintroduced both titles, although temple names were assigned sporadically and remained more exclusive than posthumous names. It was also during the Han era that other adjectives aside from the four listed above began appearing in temple names. Numerous Han emperors had their temple names removed by
792:
The first character is an adjective, chosen to reflect the circumstances of the monarch's reign. The vocabulary may overlap with that of the posthumous names' adjectives, but for one sovereign, the temple name's adjective character usually does not repeat as one of the many adjective characters in
776:
The practice of honoring rulers with temple names had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes within the East Asian cultural sphere|Sinosphere, including those based on the Korean
Peninsula and in Vietnam. Japan, while having adopted both posthumous names and
692:
The "temple" in "temple name" (廟號) refers to the grand temples (太廟) built by each dynasty for the purpose of ancestor worship. The temple name of each monarch was recorded on their respective ancestral tablet placed within the grand temple.
772:
Temple names became widespread from the Tang dynasty onwards. Apart from the final ruler of a dynasty, monarchs who died prematurely, or monarchs who were deposed, most
Chinese monarchs were given temple names by their descendants.
804:; "progenitor"): typically used for founders, either of a dynasty or a new line within an existing one. Temple names bearing this character were also accorded to monarchs with great accomplishments. The equivalent in Korean is
761:; "ancestor"), a principle was strictly adhered to: "祖" was to be given to accomplished rulers while "宗" was to be assigned to virtuous rulers. However, this principle was effectively abandoned during the
608:
Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to the position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example,
640:. In other cases, numerous individuals were honored with more than one temple name by intentional changes or being accorded different titles by different individuals. For instance, the
2537:
789:
Most temple names consist of two
Chinese characters, unlike the more elaborate posthumous names. In extremely rare cases, temple names could consist of three characters.
701:
Temple names trace their origins to the Shang dynasty of China. In earlier times, temple names were exclusively assigned to competent rulers after their death.
664:. There were also instances of individuals ruling as the sovereign of a particular realm but being accorded a temple name by another realm, as was the case for
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929:
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211:
2403:
2250:
624:. Meanwhile, several individuals who were initially assigned temple names had their titles revoked, as was the case for
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1922:
1824:
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230:
120:
63:
168:
102:
2678:
2532:
2408:
2255:
190:
2324:
486:
278:
164:
87:
2542:
1971:
1958:
1539:
294:
197:
2728:
1675:
1302:
1254:
922:
531:
160:
49:
2738:
1780:
980:
847:
582:
179:
2069:
1330:
1051:
527:
2733:
2723:
2703:
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862:
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570:
2713:
2483:
2339:
1876:
1165:
837:
149:
17:
2652:
2222:
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542:
in the
Sinosphere, with the notable exception of Japan. Temple names should not be confused with
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98:
1554:
733:; "resurgent"): honored to sovereigns who revitalized their realm following a period of decline.
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1644:
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602:
419:
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The temple name system established during the Shang period utilized only four adjectives:
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1218:
1094:
985:
745:, the practices both of assigning temple names and posthumous names was abandoned. The
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1843:
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Modern academia usually refers to the following rulers by their temple names:
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2058:
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1948:
1911:
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1761:
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901:"ChinaKnowledge.de — An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art"
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681:
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379:
326:
2600:
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2181:
2176:
2171:
2092:
2006:
1996:
1856:
1814:
1809:
1626:
1602:
1544:
1511:
1481:
1461:
1456:
1431:
1421:
1388:
1383:
1199:
1134:
1129:
1010:
852:
766:
746:
742:
726:; "eternal"): honored to rulers deemed worthy of eternal remembrance; and
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2593:
2576:
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2497:
2154:
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2029:
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1953:
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1516:
1338:
1292:
1249:
1204:
1155:
1088:
1068:
1031:
1005:
961:
956:
534:. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the
27:
Posthumous titles granted to
Sinosphere monarchs for ancestral worship
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1882:
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105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Initially, in deciding whether a monarch should be honored as "祖" (
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was posthumously honored as an emperor and given the temple name
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578:
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447:
819:; "ancestor"): used for all other monarchs. It is rendered as
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were given posthumous names but not temple names. During the
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from China, did not assign temple names to its monarchs.
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352:
719:; "high"): honored to monarchs with great achievements;
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era with the ubiquitous usage of "祖" by various non-
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491:
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526:are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the
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433:
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923:
538:in China and had since been adopted by other
299:
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468:
452:
656:, but his temple name was later amended to
167:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
930:
916:
796:The last character is either "祖" or "宗":
750:Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Xie, in AD 190.
712:; "grand"): honored to dynastic founders;
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
14:
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911:
165:adding citations to reliable sources
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2689:Ancient institutions in East Asia
2684:Confucian royal ancestral shrines
45:This article has multiple issues.
1578:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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2694:Ancient Chinese institutions
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2699:Ancient Korean institutions
848:List of monarchs of Vietnam
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672:, who was later honored as
101:the claims made and adding
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2241:Imperial, royal, and noble
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648:was originally honored as
605:dynasties as exceptions).
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863:List of Chinese era names
843:List of monarchs of Korea
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1166:Maiden and married names
838:List of Chinese monarchs
757:; "progenitor") or "宗" (
737:Chinese monarchs of the
279:Traditional Chinese
2679:Posthumous recognitions
2653:Category:Lists of names
295:Simplified Chinese
1583:Eritrean and Ethiopian
418:
2513:Galton–Watson process
2118:Ancient Tamil country
1540:Australian Aboriginal
793:his posthumous name.
628:, whose temple name,
2280:Post-nominal letters
1399:Indigenous Taiwanese
597:dynasties (with the
577:(until AD 1274) and
487:Revised Romanization
161:improve this article
2729:Vietnamese monarchs
2640:Surnames by country
2265:Pre-nominal letters
1322:Surnames by country
878:Vietnamese era name
823:(종) in Korean, and
638:Eastern Han dynasty
632:, was abolished by
530:for the purpose of
413:Vietnamese alphabet
2739:Culture of Vietnam
2503:Endonym and exonym
2446:Calendar of saints
2429:Related traditions
2203:Manners of address
1565:Sub-Saharan Africa
986:Nobiliary particle
86:possibly contains
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1144:By life situation
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370:[mǐːuhōu]
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2474:Anthropomorphism
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1450:and Western Asia
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540:dynastic regimes
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2145:Christian name
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2035:Southeast Asia
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654:Hongxi Emperor
642:Yongle Emperor
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2709:Chinese names
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2400:
2397:
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2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
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2239:
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2234:
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2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Mandaean name
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Biblical name
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1828:
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1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:Ancient Greek
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:North America
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
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1579:
1576:
1574:
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1570:
1568:
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1562:
1556:
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1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:Northern Asia
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
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1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:Nom de guerre
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
997:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
950:Personal name
948:
944:
940:
933:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
913:
910:
902:
898:
897:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:
797:
794:
790:
782:
780:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
707:
706:
705:
702:
694:
685:
683:
679:
678:Emperor Shizu
675:
671:
670:Mongol Empire
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:Korean rulers
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Shang dynasty
533:
529:
525:
516:
504:
502:
498:
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
467:
465:
461:
456:
451:
449:
445:
440:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
414:
410:
405:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
371:
365:
363:
359:
351:
349:
345:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
321:
317:
312:
308:
303:
298:
296:
292:
287:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
262:
253:
250:
235:
232:
224:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182: –
181:
180:"Temple name"
177:
176:Find sources:
170:
166:
162:
156:
155:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2719:Korean names
2628:Signum manus
2616:Royal cypher
2581:
2566:Nomen nescio
2564:
2560:Nomenclature
2555:Naming taboo
2367:Professional
2210:of authority
2160:Saint's name
1825:Scandinavian
1447:Muslim world
1285:
1261:
1232:
1180:
1084:Occupational
943:anthroponymy
824:
820:
816:
809:
805:
801:
795:
791:
788:
775:
771:
758:
754:
752:
739:Zhou dynasty
736:
730:
723:
716:
709:
703:
700:
691:
682:Yuan dynasty
673:
657:
649:
646:Ming dynasty
634:Emperor Xian
629:
626:Emperor Huan
613:
607:
556:
548:regnal names
524:Temple names
523:
522:
380:Southern Min
327:Hanyu Pinyin
273:Chinese name
245:
227:
218:
208:
201:
194:
187:
175:
159:Please help
147:
117:
108:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2601:Proper name
2523:Name change
2377:Educational
2355:Substantive
2294:decorations
2177:Jewish name
2172:Dharma name
2137:By religion
1802:Hongkongese
1627:Australasia
1467:Azerbaijani
1200:Regnal name
1181:Temple name
1011:Middle name
999:By sequence
976:Matrilineal
972:Patrilineal
853:Regnal name
747:Han dynasty
743:Qin dynasty
569:dynasties,
442:Korean name
264:Temple name
2668:Categories
2594:Identifier
2577:Onomastics
2518:Legal name
2498:Deadnaming
2394:Diplomatic
2350:Subsidiary
2345:Hereditary
2236:Diplomatic
2155:Papal name
2064:Indonesian
2030:South Asia
2026:Indosphere
1992:Macedonian
1965:Belarusian
1872:Portuguese
1714:Lithuanian
1608:Zimbabwean
1404:Vietnamese
1364:Generation
1331:East Asian
1319:By culture
1293:Stage name
1250:Hypocorism
1215:Pseudonyms
1205:Slave name
1156:Birth name
1108:Teknonymic
1089:Patronymic
1069:Matronymic
1032:Diminutive
1006:First name
962:Given name
957:Birth name
889:References
603:Later Trần
528:Sinosphere
191:newspapers
95:improve it
50:improve it
2606:Signature
2493:Call sign
2469:Anonymity
2404:Religious
2330:Chivalric
2251:Religious
2246:Judiciary
2231:Honorific
2214:of honour
2113:Sinhalese
2103:Pakistani
2088:Malaysian
2083:Cambodian
1987:Kashubian
1979:Ukrainian
1944:Bulgarian
1883:Praenomen
1820:Icelandic
1691:Hungarian
1492:Pakistani
1427:Mongolian
1281:Ring name
1274:Heteronym
1240:Nicknames
1161:Code name
1113:Toponymic
1103:Sobriquet
1079:Mononymic
1074:Metonymic
1016:Last name
808:(조), and
785:Structure
779:era names
769:regimes.
688:Etymology
561:from the
544:era names
420:miếu hiệu
148:does not
99:verifying
56:talk page
2623:Khelrtva
2611:Monogram
2572:Misnomer
2550:Namesake
2484:National
2441:Name day
2399:Judicial
2389:Business
2382:Honorary
2372:Academic
2362:Military
2335:Courtesy
2320:Academic
2285:Academic
2275:Emeritus
2078:Javanese
2059:Filipino
2044:Balinese
2012:Suffixes
1949:Croatian
1912:Romanian
1897:Cognomen
1795:Canadian
1781:American
1762:Germanic
1747:Scottish
1665:Georgian
1655:Estonian
1640:Armenian
1635:Albanian
1593:Ghanaian
1550:Hawaiian
1487:Mandaean
1394:Okinawan
1379:Japanese
1350:Courtesy
1310:Username
1303:Mononyms
1269:Pen name
1255:Monarchs
1228:Art name
1171:Necronym
1151:Aptronym
1064:Eponymic
1025:By trait
832:See also
674:Xianzong
595:Later Lê
550:(尊號) or
354:miu2hou3
348:Jyutping
333:miào hào
221:May 2023
111:May 2023
18:Miao Hao
2543:Surname
2464:Acronym
2457:Related
2436:Baptism
2070:Chinese
2054:Burmese
2049:Bengali
2002:Serbian
1972:Russian
1917:Spanish
1904:Agnomen
1867:Occitan
1862:Italian
1852:Catalan
1844:Romance
1831:Swedish
1775:English
1732:Cornish
1709:Latvian
1683:Cypriot
1660:Finnish
1573:Ashanti
1532:Oceania
1522:Turkish
1502:Persian
1497:Pashtun
1472:Bengali
1437:Tibetan
1344:Chinese
1287:Shikona
1193:Notname
1125:Patrial
1118:Surname
1095:Surname
1042:Epithet
981:Affixes
967:Surname
697:History
680:of the
668:of the
660:by the
658:Chengzu
652:by the
650:Taizong
644:of the
636:of the
630:Weizong
620:of the
610:Cao Cao
585:of the
573:of the
565:to the
429:Chữ Hán
387:Hokkien
205:scholar
169:removed
154:sources
93:Please
2674:Titles
2633:Tughra
2538:Middle
2508:Family
2312:Titles
2298:medals
2296:, and
2290:Orders
2270:Suffix
2223:Styles
2182:Hebrew
2108:Sindhi
2093:Indian
2007:Slovak
1997:Polish
1936:Slavic
1857:French
1815:Gothic
1810:German
1724:Celtic
1701:Baltic
1650:Basque
1618:Europe
1603:Yoruba
1545:Fijian
1512:Somali
1507:Sindhi
1482:Coptic
1477:Berber
1462:Arabic
1457:Afghan
1422:Kalmyk
1389:Manchu
1384:Korean
1371:Titles
1135:Virtue
1130:Unisex
1052:Common
1047:Animal
666:Möngke
618:Cao Pi
593:, and
579:Joseon
575:Goryeo
554:(謚號).
546:(年號),
448:Hangul
396:biō-hō
207:
200:
193:
186:
178:
2583:-onym
2533:Given
2529:List
2414:Papal
2340:False
1954:Czech
1890:Nomen
1877:Roman
1770:Dutch
1752:Welsh
1737:Irish
1670:Greek
1555:Māori
1517:Tatar
1432:Sakha
1339:Amami
1057:Plant
731:zhōng
614:Taizu
507:myoho
493:myoho
464:Hanja
212:JSTOR
198:books
2206:List
2123:Thai
2033:and
1742:Manx
1625:and
1598:Igbo
1298:List
1245:list
1234:Bugō
1219:list
941:and
825:tông
821:jong
817:zōng
759:zōng
601:and
591:Trần
567:Yuan
563:Tang
184:news
152:any
150:cite
2098:Lao
1588:Ewe
1357:Art
815:宗 (
800:祖 (
767:Han
729:中 (
724:shì
722:世 (
717:gāo
715:高 (
710:tài
708:太 (
676:by
616:by
390:POJ
362:IPA
163:by
97:by
2670::
2292:,
1620:,
810:tổ
806:jo
802:zǔ
755:zǔ
684:.
599:Hồ
589:,
587:Lý
470:廟號
455:묘호
435:廟號
302:庙号
286:廟號
59:.
2212:/
2037:)
2028:(
1221:)
1217:(
974:/
931:e
924:t
917:v
903:.
252:)
246:(
234:)
228:(
223:)
219:(
209:·
202:·
195:·
188:·
171:.
157:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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