535:"ethicist" columnist, Ariel Kaminer, addressing the question of sharing online subscription, states that "sharing with your spouse or young child is one thing; sharing with friends or family who live elsewhere is another." The reader comments following Kaminer's response focus on the dichotomy between paying for a printed paper and paying for an online subscription. A printed paper's ease of access meant that more individuals could read a single copy, and that everyone who read the paper had the ability to send a letter to the editor without the hassle of registering or paying for the subscription. As such, the use of a paywall closes off the communication in both the personal realm and online. This opinion is not just held by online news readers, but also by opinion writers. Jimmy Wales comments that he "would rather write where it is going to be read", declaring that "putting opinion pieces behind paywalls no sense."
570:, asks, "is digital subscription as permissible as charging a couple of dollars now and then for a paper copy?" While subscription fees have long been attached to print newspapers, all other forms of news have traditionally been free. Online news, in comparison has existed as a medium of free dissemination. Poynter digital media fellow Jeff Sonderman outlines the ethical tension created by a paywall. Sonderman explains that "he underlying tension is that newspapers act simultaneously as businesses and as servants of the public’s interest. As for-profit enterprises, they have the right (the duty, even) to make money for shareholders or private owners. But most also claim to have a social compact, in which they safeguard the entire public interest and help their entire community shape and understand its shared values."
441:
not deter current readers, newspapers must: "invest in flexible systems, exploit their journalists' expertise in niche areas, and, crucially, offer readers their money's worth in terms of new value." The State of the News Media's 2011 annual report on
American journalism makes the sweeping claim that: "o survive financially, the consensus on the business side of news operations is that news sites not only need to make their advertising smarter, but they also need to find some way to charge for content and to invent new revenue streams other than display advertising and subscriptions." Even those who do not believe in the general success of paywalls recognize that, for a profitable future, newspapers must start generating more attractive content with added value, or investigate new sources of earning revenue.
41:
837:
637:, involves creating new revenue by packaging old content in e-books and special feature offerings, to create an appealing product for readers. The draw of these packages is not just the topic but the authors and the breadth of coverage. According to reporter Mathew Ingram, newspapers can benefit from these special offerings in two ways, first by taking advantage of old content when new interest arises, such as an anniversary or an important event, and second, through the creation of packages of general interest.
684:
information scarcity that newspapers used to enjoy." An open API keeps news content free to the public while the newspaper makes a profit from the quality and usefulness of its data to other businesses. The open API strategy can be commended because it takes the pressure off of the news room to continually investigate and explore new means of revenue. Instead, the open API strategy relies on the interest and ideas of those outside the newsroom, to whom the site's content and data are attractive.
303:
33:
851:
260:, requires paid subscription before any of their online content can be accessed. A paywall of this design is considered the riskiest option for the content provider. It is estimated that a website will lose 90% of its online audience and ad revenue only to gain it back through its ability to produce online content appealing enough to attract subscribers. News sites with "hard" paywalls can succeed if they:
222:. Some have changed their opinions of paywalls. Felix Salmon of Reuters was initially an outspoken skeptic of paywalls, but later expressed the opinion that they could be effective. A NYU media theorist, Clay Shirky, was initially a skeptic of paywalls, but in May 2012 wrote, " should turn to their most loyal readers for income, via a digital subscription service of the sort the has implemented."
437:
of a paywall as a "sandbag strategy" – a strategy which may help increase revenue in the short term, but not a strategy that will foster future growth for the newspaper industry. For the "hard" paywall specifically, however, there seems to be an industry consensus that the negative effects (loss of readership) outweigh the potential revenue, unless the newspaper targets a niche audience.
478:
identifies the
Canadian response to paywalls. Surveying 1,700 Canadians, the study found that 92% of participants who read the news online would rather find a free alternative than pay for their preferred site (in comparison to 82% of Americans), while 81% stated that they would absolutely not pay for their preferred online news site. Based on the poor reception of
595:' assistant managing editor, Jeff Roberts, discusses the paper's decision, stating: "e are aware of our obligations to our audience and to the public at large when there is a big story that directly impacts such a large portion of people." In his article discussing the removal of paywalls, Sonderman commends
657:(application programming interface) makes the online news site "a platform for data and information that can generate value from in other ways." Opening their API makes a newspaper's data available to outside sources, allowing developers and other services to make use of a paper's content for a fee.
497:
surveyed 355 participants in Mexico, Europe and the United States. The study found that "Young readers are willing to pay up to €6 for a monthly digital news subscription – 50% less than the average price (€14.09) across countries. According to the
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (Simon
468:
at the
University of Oxford showed that despite the controversies surrounding paywalls, these were on the rise across Europe and the United States. According to the study by Felix Simon and Lucas Graves, more than two-thirds of leading newspapers (69%) across the EU and US were operating some kind of
806:
Throughout 2014, 2015 and most of 2016, Ogden
Newspapers' daily newspapers were placed behind a paywall. The system displayed teaser headlines and the first paragraph of the story. Paid subscribers had access to an e-edition of the newspapers as well as access to the publications via smart phone and
460:
released its industry revenue profile for 2012, which reported that circulation revenue grew by 5 percent for dailies, making it the first year of circulation growth in ten years. Digital-only circulation revenue reportedly grew 275%; print and digital bundled circulation revenue grew 499%. Along
440:
There are also those who remain optimistic about the use of paywalls to help revitalize floundering newspaper revenues. Those who believe implementing paywalls will succeed, however, continually buffer their opinion with contingencies. Bill
Mitchell states that for a paywall to bring new revenue and
436:
Professional reception to the implementation of paywalls has been mixed. Most discussion of paywalls centers on their success or failure as business ventures, and overlooks their ethical implications for maintaining an informed public. In the paywall debate there are those who see the implementation
321:
controversially implemented a metered paywall in March 2011 which let users view 20 free articles a month before paid subscription and in April 2012 they reduced the number of free articles per month to 10. Their metered paywall has been defined as not only soft, but "porous", because it also allows
310:
The "soft" paywall is best embodied by the metered model. The metered paywall allows users to view a specific number of articles before requiring paid subscription. In contrast to sites allowing access to select content outside the paywall, the metered paywall allows access to any article as long as
397:
editor Brian McGrory believed that an ability to sample the site's premium content would encourage more people to subscribe to the service. At the same time, McGrory also announced plans to give Boston.com a more distinct editorial focus, with a "sharper voice that better captures the sensibilities
554:
The use of a paywall to bar individuals from accessing news content online without payment, brings up numerous ethical questions. According to
Hackett, media are already "failing to furnish citizens with ready access to relevant civic information." The implementation of paywalls on previously free
511:
Hackett argues that a "forum on the internet can function as a specialized or smaller-scale public sphere." In the past, the internet has been an ideal location for the general public to gather and discuss relevant news issues – an activity made accessible first through free access to online news
444:
Proponents of the paywall believe that it may be crucial for smaller publications to stay afloat. They argue that since 90 percent of advertising revenues are concentrated in the top 50 publishers, smaller operations can not necessarily depend on the traditional ad-supported free content model the
362:
A "softer" paywall strategy includes allowing free access to select content, while keeping premium content behind a paywall. Such a strategy has been said to lead to "the creation of two categories: cheap fodder available for free (often created by junior staffers), and more 'noble' content." This
530:
The use of paywalls has also received many complaints from online news readers regarding an online subscriptions' inability to be shared like a traditional printed paper. While a printed paper can be shared among friends and family, the ethics behind sharing an online subscription are less clear
422:
is controversial and multiple data protection agencies have established different guidelines. In countries like Italy, Austria, France and
Denmark, it is lawful as long as the website provides the data subject with the option of accessing equivalent content or services without giving his or her
209:
Paywalls have become controversial, with partisans arguing over the effectiveness of paywalls in generating revenue and their effect on media in general. Critics of paywalls include many businesspeople, academics such as media professor Jay Rosen, and journalists such as Howard Owens and media
560:
intimately ties the two mechanisms cited by
Hackett, as the paywall commodifies news content to bring in revenue from both readers and from increased circulation of printed paper's ads. The result of these mechanisms, as stated by Hackett, is an impediment to "equal access to relevant facts."
559:
of information and the dependence of commercial media on advertising revenue" as two of the greatest influences on media performance. According to
Hackett, these cultural and economic mechanisms "generate violations of the democratic norm of equality." Implementation of a paywall addresses and
515:
The obvious way in which a paywall restricts equal access to the online public sphere is through requiring payment, deterring those who do not want to pay, and barring those who cannot from joining the online discussion. The restriction of equal access was taken to a new extreme when the UK's
750:
The original online-subscription program, TimesSelect, was implemented in 2005 in an effort to create a new revenue stream. TimesSelect charged $ 49.95 a year, or $ 7.95 a month, for online access to the newspaper's archives. In 2007, paid subscriptions were earning $ 10 million, but growth
477:
General user response to the implementation of paywalls has been measured through a number of recent studies which analyze readers' online news-reading habits. A study completed by the Canadian Media Research Consortium entitled "Canadian Consumers Unwilling to Pay for News Online", directly
683:
While an open API is regarded as a gamble just like a paywall, journalist Matthew Ingram ethically notes that the use of an open API aims at "profiting from the open exchange of information and other aspects of an online-media world, while the is an attempt to create the kind of artificial
388:
content. The paper's editor Martin Baron described the two services as "two different sites for two different kinds of reader – some understand journalism needs to be funded and paid for. Other people just won't pay. We have a site for them." By March 2014 the site had over 60,000 digital
632:
media expert Bill Mitchell, in order for a paywall to generate sustainable revenue, newspapers must create "new value"—higher quality, innovation, etc.—in their online content that merits payment which previously free content did not. In addition to erecting paywalls, newspapers have been
367:, "the commercial press of the 1800s, the modern world's first mass medium, was born with a profound democratic promise: to present information without fear or favour, to make it accessible to everyone, and to foster public rationality based on equal access to relevant facts.".
274:
Many experts denounce the "hard" paywall because of its inflexibility, believing it acts as a major deterrent for users. Financial blogger Felix Salmon wrote that when one encounters a "paywall and can't get past it, you simply go away and feel disappointed in your experience."
375:
implemented a version of this strategy in September 2011 by launching a second website, BostonGlobe.com, to solely offer content from the paper behind a hard paywall, aside from most sports content, which was kept open to compete against other local sports websites. The former
330:
garnered 224,000 subscribers in the first three months. While many proclaimed their paywall a success after it reported a profit in the third quarter of 2011, the profit increase is said to be "ephemeral" and "largely based on a combination of cutbacks and the sale of assets."
461:
with the shift towards bundling print and online into combined access subscriptions, print-only circulation revenue declined 14%. This news corroborates a growing belief that digital subscriptions will be the key to securing the long-term survival of newspapers.
1989:
599:
action, stating that, while a publisher "commits to a paywall as the best business strategy for his news company, there may be some stories or subjects which carry such importance and urgency that it is irresponsible to withhold them from nonsubscribers."
149:
is a general news site, and it was said that rather than paying, users would seek the information without charge elsewhere. The paywall was deemed in practice to be neither a success nor a failure, having recruited 105,000 paying visitors. In contrast
819:
In April 2022, one of the major US business news websites dropped its paywall, which had been in place since 2019. The experiment showed that most of the publication's revenue still comes from advertising, not paid subscribers. All the information on
178:, have oscillated between the implementation and removal of various paywalls. Because online news remains a relatively new medium, it has been suggested that experimentation is key to maintaining revenue while keeping online news consumers satisfied.
337:
previously enforced a policy known as "First Click Free", whereby paywalled news websites were required to have a metered paywall for a minimum number of articles per-day (three, initially five) that could be accessed via results on Google Search or
563:
The commodification of information–making news into a product that must be purchased–restricts the egalitarian founding principle of the newspaper. Editor's Weblog reporter Katherine Travers, addressing this issue in a post discussing the future of
201:
paywall "a foolish experiment." One major concern was that, with content so widely available, potential subscribers would turn to free sources for their news. The adverse effects of earlier implementations included decline in traffic and poor
526:
Hackett and global communications theorist Yuezhi Zhao describe how a new "wave of media democratization arises in the era of the internet which has facilitated transnational civil society networks of and for democratic communication."
78:, especially news. Beginning in the mid-2010s, newspapers started implementing paywalls on their websites as a way to increase revenue after years of decline in paid print readership and advertising revenue, partly due to the use of
3295:
2838:
325:
The model is designed to allow the paper to "retain traffic from light users", which in turn allows the paper to keep their number of visitors high, while receiving circulation revenue from the site's heavy users. Using this model
3308:
These indirect readers, unable to get access to articles behind the pay wall and less likely to pay subscription fees than the more loyal direct users, were seen as opportunities for more page views and increased advertising
512:
content, and subsequently the ability to comment on the content, creating a forum. Erecting a paywall restricts the public's open communication with one another by restricting the ability to both read and share online news.
771:
Originally online content was available only to print subscribers. This changed in 2008 under the supervision of James Bennet, editor-in-chief, in an effort to rebrand the magazine into a multi-platform business.
3748:
627:
Given the overwhelming opinion that, regardless of paywall success, new revenue sources must be sought out for newspapers' financial success, it is important to highlight new business initiatives. According to
644:
Also, successful implementation of paywalls in digital media follows a rule of thumb: where there is a drop in advertising revenue, there is a solid chance for adopting a subscription model and/or paywalls.
93:
Paywalls have also been used as a way of increasing the number of print subscribers; for example, some newspapers offer access to online content plus delivery of a Sunday print edition at a lower price than
1237:
No wonder Rupert Murdoch's in no hurry to do away with The Wall Street Journal's online paywall. Even with it still in place around large sections of the site, traffic is still growing at a most impressive
700:. Data on the number of readers who bypass paywalls is often unclear to publishers due to the variety of options employed to circumvent paywalls, and responses from publishers have been mixed. In 2023, the
3728:
156:
resisted the use of a paywall, citing "a belief in an open Internet" and "care in the community" as its reasoning – an explanation found in its welcome article to online news readers who, blocked from
453:
of MediaPass stated his belief that monetization would become "something of a self-fulfilling prophecy: people pay for content, and that money goes back into making the overall content even better."
2409:
824:
s website became available for free. The membership option is designed only for those who want to receive exclusive editorial newsletters with analysis and insights on one big news item of the week.
1140:
2470:
2439:
1895:
2908:
1810:
2846:
1495:
1106:
2344:
2322:
2500:
2295:
3337:
423:
consent to the storage and use of cookies or other tracking tools and the subscription to the site has a modest and fair cost so that it does not constrain the user’s free choice.
1327:
1224:
2016:
522:
in October 2011 placed a paywall on foreign readers only. Online news media have the proven ability to create global connection beyond the typical reach of a public sphere. In
2810:
1369:
3137:
1934:
960:
128:
set up and has continued to maintain a "hard" paywall. It continued to be widely read, acquiring over one million users by mid-2007, and 15 million visitors in March 2008.
445:
way that larger sites can. Many paywall advocates also contend that people are more than willing to pay a small price for quality content. In a March 2013 guest post for
3031:
2992:
2038:
2379:
1405:
246:
that allow a set number of free articles that a reader can access over a specific period of time, allowing more flexibility in what users can view without subscribing.
2600:
1060:
1085:
2719:
2688:
1705:
1470:
776:
reintroduced a soft paywall on 5 September 2019 which allows readers to view five free articles each month, requiring a subscription to view articles after that.
2749:
3106:
3891:
1029:
3397:
2938:
2401:
538:
In the U.S., it has been observed that the use of paywalls by high-quality publications has enhanced the reach of non-paywalled online outlets that promote
3743:
679:"Bespoke" Arrangement – Developers can partner with the newspaper, using specific data to create a service or an app, the revenue from which will be shared
1588:
1565:
1132:
482:
by the participants, the study concludes with a statement similar to those of the media experts, stating, with the exception of prominent papers such as
354:. Google discontinued the policy in 2017, stating that it provides additional tools for helping publications integrate subscriptions into its platforms.
3568:
2462:
1903:
807:
tablet apps. Ogden's papers began removing the paywall in November 2016, in conjunction with launching redesigned, mobile and tablet friendly websites.
2431:
2877:
2649:
3738:
3425:
1841:
1806:
993:
900:
62:
The second wall from the left does not require the user to pay, but rather requires the user to subscribe (or register) for full access to content.
2900:
1964:
1503:
1293:
1749:
1102:
469:
online paywall as of 2019, a trend that has increased since 2017 according to the researchers, with the US seeing an increase from 60% to 76%.
393:
announced that it would replace the hard paywall with a metered system allowing users to read 10 articles without charge in any 30-day period.
3163:
2318:
2492:
2348:
2291:
1654:
1627:
1216:
465:
3322:
1262:
342:. The site could still paywall other articles that were accessible via the page. This encouraged publications to allow their articles to be
3846:
3733:
3605:
1783:
3257:
555:
news content heightens this failure through intentional withholding. Hackett cites "general cultural and economic mechanisms, such as the
3070:
1179:
633:
increasingly exploiting tablet and mobile news products, the profitability of which remains inconclusive. Another strategy, pioneered by
704:
expressed a lack of concern over paywall circumvention, finding that only a small portion of its readers bypass its paywalls, while the
3226:
2227:
1319:
2531:
350:, thus enhancing their prominence on Google Search and Google News. Sites that opted out of First Click Free were demoted in Google's
2008:
1534:
676:
Commercial – Commercial licenses are available for developers to use the API content if they agree to keep the associated advertising
3827:
2802:
1445:
1361:
181:
Some implementations of paywalls proved unsuccessful, and have been removed. Experts who are skeptical of the paywall model include
3199:
3129:
1926:
952:
3221:
3000:
2524:"Survey shock: Young readers trust quality news and a good proportion are prepared to pay €6 for a monthly digital subscription"
796:. The model was dropped in March 2010; paid subscriber growth during the 4-month period was reportedly in the low double-digits.
363:
type of separation brings into question the egalitarianism of the online news medium. According to political and media theorist
3962:
1864:
3023:
2046:
286:, argued that the use of a "hard" paywall diminishes a site's influence. Wales stated that, by implementing a "hard" paywall,
2371:
1397:
786:
In November 2009, the UK regional publisher of over 300 titles erected paywalls on six local newspapers' websites, including
2961:
3886:
3630:
2592:
2260:
494:
110:
use this tactic because it increases both their online revenue and their print circulation (which in turn provides more ad
1052:
1082:
498:
and Graves 2019), €14.09 is the average monthly subscription price across six European countries and the United States."
322:
access to any link posted on a social media site, and up to 25 free articles a day if accessed through a search engine.
2672:
2171:
490:, that given the "current public attitudes, most publishers had better start looking elsewhere for revenue solutions."
419:
2711:
2094:
1677:
1467:
3836:
3533:(2010). "'We should make money on our news?': The problem of profitability in network broadcast journalism history".
2741:
1173:
654:
591:
declared that all storm related coverage, accessed both online and through mobile devices, would be free to readers.
539:
3367:
3098:
3598:
234:
that allow no free content and prompt the user straight away to pay in order to read, listen or watch the content,
2197:
1021:
3723:
3389:
2930:
17:
3972:
3822:
1596:
1557:
865:
3222:"Paywall avoidance add-on 'Bypass Paywalls Clean' is deleted from Firefox's official add-on distribution site"
4117:
4091:
3841:
3576:
885:
856:
2145:
2119:
4043:
4033:
3672:
895:
384:, was relaunched with a larger focus on community news, sports, and lifestyle content, as well as selected
48:, featuring the character Carrot and various paywalls. A paywall may restrict non-paying users either from
2869:
4122:
4002:
3794:
3657:
3591:
3561:
Li, Sheng et al. (2016). "The Optimal Pricing Model of Digital Music: Subscription, Ownership or Mixed?"
2641:
75:
3416:
306:
In this fictional example, the user can read seven more articles for free before they need to subscribe.
3977:
3789:
1833:
984:
203:
2839:"Why floods couldn't break through Pennsylvania paywall, while New York Times created leaks in theirs"
1956:
1220:
4127:
3876:
3861:
3702:
1285:
880:
418:
in order to read the content. The compatibility of this technique with data protection laws like the
1741:
3912:
3881:
3866:
3856:
3753:
1650:
1619:
875:
1775:
641:, for example, has created packages, mainly ebooks, on baseball, golf and the digital revolution.
402:
writers, such as blogs from Boston.com to the paper's website, but keeping them freely available.
40:
3992:
3687:
3286:
1254:
692:
Readers are sometimes able to bypass paywalls by changing their browser settings (e.g. disabling
608:
124:
661:, in keeping with its "belief in an open internet", has been experimenting with the use of API.
4017:
3952:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3917:
3784:
3625:
1927:"Google scraps controversial policy that gave free access to paywalled articles through search"
615:
went further and removed its paywall from all content in April 2020, with a sponsorship from a
343:
3066:
3054:
1163:
27:
System that prevents Internet users from accessing webpage content without a paid subscription
4012:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3947:
3937:
3927:
3812:
724:
3452:
2234:
983:
583:
Some newspapers have removed their paywall from blocking content covering emergencies. When
4076:
4007:
3967:
3957:
3707:
2523:
813:
2577:
2068:
1526:
141:(London) implemented a "hard" paywall; a decision which was controversial because, unlike
8:
4112:
3779:
3646:
566:
457:
415:
280:
3191:
1437:
3758:
3682:
3550:
3530:
3518:
3489:
1697:
239:
210:
analyst Matthew Ingram of GigaOm. Those who see potential in paywalls include investor
182:
174:
106:
3828:
3662:
3554:
3522:
3493:
3062:
2680:
2432:"Across seven countries, the average price for paywalled news is about $ 15.75/month"
1701:
1169:
915:
759:
are still behind the paywall, but an abstract of most articles is available for free.
716:
629:
604:
543:
364:
1872:
836:
3817:
3677:
3542:
3510:
3481:
3053:
Li, Shengli; Luo, Qiuyue; Qiu, Liangfei; Bandyopadhyay, Shubho (12 December 2016).
1689:
801:
450:
371:
100:
87:
3485:
3164:"Publishers still find it challenging to measure readers bypassing their paywalls"
2463:"PEW: 82% Of Users Will Abandon Their Favorite News Site If They Put Up A Paywall"
4071:
4038:
3514:
3401:
2969:
2570:
1693:
1496:"Times paywall is a "foolish experiment" that won't last, says Knowledge founder"
1474:
1089:
842:
584:
556:
518:
313:
71:
3453:"Why Drop a Paywall? Mapping Industry Accounts of Online News Decommodification"
2268:
4081:
4066:
3774:
3192:"Mozilla pulls a popular paywall circumvention tool from Firefox add-ons store"
3055:"The Optimal Pricing Model of Digital Music: Subscription, Ownership or Mixed?"
2226:
Logan, Donna; Fletcher, Fred; Hermida, Alfred; Korell, Darryl (29 March 2011).
870:
792:
781:
219:
211:
83:
603:
Similarly in 2020, a large number of outlets exempted stories relating to the
4106:
3546:
2684:
1103:"Skirting Around Paywalls: How Scientists Quickly Get the Articles They Need"
925:
708:
saw its subscriber count triple after closing its paywall loopholes in 2019.
411:
334:
2968:. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism. Archived from
2402:"Newspaper paywalls slowly increasing, but online news is still mostly free"
2292:"As Online Ad Revenue Remains Concentrated in Few Hands, Frustration Builds"
1255:"Operation Failure: Times Plans To Charge For One-Day Access To Online News"
751:
projections were low compared to the growth of online advertising. In 2007,
4086:
4056:
3262:
765:
479:
152:
3562:
2319:"How charging for premium content will save publishers from certain death"
1362:"Stop taking the 'paywall pill' by pioneering new forms of online revenue"
302:
3614:
3501:
Myllylahti, Merja (2013). "Newspaper Paywalls–the Hype and the Reality".
3359:
3231:
2009:"BostonGlobe.Com Launches Today; Shifts To Paying Subscribers Only 1 Oct"
930:
905:
446:
339:
276:
194:
45:
3258:"Bypass Paywalls Clean Shut Down For DMCA Anti-Circumvention Violations"
2146:"Cookie wall: all'esame del Garante privacy le iniziative degli editori"
1398:"Poynter's Bill Mitchell on paywalls – how to shape the paid experience"
294:
had potentially increased its revenue, it decreased its traffic by 60%.
2172:"Cookie walls : la CNIL publie des premiers critères d'évaluation"
1896:"Truth and Contradictions: The Global New Industry Looks to the Future"
727:
was also removed from the Firefox add-on store in 2023, as well as the
723:
add-on store for violating its terms of service. The browser extension
693:
381:
79:
1320:"A warm welcome to guardian.co.uk for all former readers of the Times"
696:
to bypass a paywall that requires it) or using third-party tools like
4061:
3697:
616:
612:
347:
317:
allows users to access 10 articles before becoming paid subscribers.
283:
256:
190:
137:
665:
has created an "open platform" which works on a three level system:
3851:
3692:
3469:
1083:
Harvard University says it can’t afford journal publishers’ prices.
890:
755:
dropped the paywall to its post-1980 archive. Pre-1980 articles in
351:
169:
168:
since experimented with other revenue-increasing ventures such as
32:
3896:
3168:
3130:"Guardian CEOAndrew Miller on paywalls, mobile, and going global"
2493:"Most Canadians unwilling to pay for news online, study suggests"
1678:"Salvation or Folly? The Promises and Perils of Digital Paywalls"
920:
910:
720:
712:
111:
3024:"Planning a paywall? Maybe you should sell some e-books instead"
2788:
Remaking Media: The Struggle to Democratize Public Communication
2773:
Remaking Media: The Struggle to Democratize Public Communication
2555:
Remaking Media: The Struggle to Democratize Public Communication
673:
s content is free to anyone for personal and non-commercial uses
3871:
1834:"How To Hack the New York Times Paywall … With Your Delete Key"
1286:"The Times UK Lost 4 Million Readers To Its Paywall Experiment"
1162:
Salwen, Michael B.; Garrison, Bruce; Driscoll, Paul D. (2004).
985:"Here are 6 reasons why newspapers have dropped their paywalls"
850:
732:
728:
611:
relating to the virus. In April 2020, Canadian newspaper group
95:
3583:
1053:"Why Should Taxpayer-Funded Research Be Put Behind a Paywall?"
2901:"News organizations drop paywall for coronavirus information"
185:, who declared "the paywall is history" in a 2009 article in
2345:"The American Newspaper Media Industry Revenue Profile 2012"
2069:"Is the use of a cookie wall allowed in European Countries?"
506:
160:
site following the implementation of their paywall, came to
2031:
1435:
697:
2593:"Independent website to launch paywall for non-UK readers"
2225:
1133:"Can a Paywall Stop Newspaper Subscribers From Canceling?"
3099:"Don't think of it as a newspaper – it's a data platform"
1996:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 197–211.
1807:"NYTimes.com Cuts Free Articles To 10 Per Month, From 20"
756:
607:
from their paywalls as a public service, and to combat
587:
hit the United States' east coast in late August 2011,
36:
Mock-up of a "hard" paywall on a fictional news website
2120:"Linee guida cookie e altri strumenti di tracciamento"
1438:"Five Failed Paywalls and What We Can Learn from Them"
1161:
648:
3892:
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
3052:
2624:
Democratizing Global Media: One World, Many Struggles
2228:"Canadian Consumers Unwilling to Pay for News Online"
86:
are often subject to a paywall and are available via
2233:. Canadian Media Research Consortium. Archived from
832:
3417:"Quartz, the business news site, drops its paywall"
1676:Pickard, Victor; T. Williams, Alex (3 April 2014).
578:
3415:
3287:"Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site"
3285:
2569:
2347:. Newspaper Association of America. Archived from
1675:
1651:"Responding to Clay Shirky on the Washington Post"
1217:"Whoah! WSJ.com Quietly Makes Big Traffic Strides"
1988:
981:
230:Three high level models of paywall have emerged:
98:access alone. Newspaper websites such as that of
4104:
2039:"Boston Globe drops paywall, adds meter instead"
901:List of public domain resources behind a paywall
738:
2931:"All of our content is now accessible for free"
2626:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16.
2221:
2219:
1527:"The paywall debate: the challenge of charging"
3396:(1 November 2016). Retrieved 1 November 2016.
2712:"The Truth Is Paywalled But The Lies Are Free"
2485:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
531:because there is no physical object involved.
414:that requires to either pay or accept ads and
311:the user has not surpassed the set limit. The
3599:
3450:
2406:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
2372:"Pay Walls Could Be Print's Salvation Online"
2095:"Cookie Wall & Paywall - Do's and Don'ts"
715:removed Bypass Paywalls, a paywall-bypassing
687:
466:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
398:of Boston", while migrating other content by
3847:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
2216:
297:
249:
3569:"Publishers: Best paywall examples of 2022"
2993:"Can paywalls and tablets save newspapers?"
2261:"Online: Key Questions Facing Digital News"
2252:
1776:"How The New York Times Paywall Is Working"
1420:
3606:
3592:
3500:
3283:
2959:
2635:
2633:
1984:
1982:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1359:
1313:
1311:
1050:
622:
549:
218:publisher Gordon Crovitz, and media mogul
3413:
3284:Pérez-Peña, Richard (18 September 2007).
3161:
2962:"Survey: Mobile News & Paying Online"
2836:
2673:"Liberals Are Losing the Journalism Wars"
2576:. Cary: Oxford University Press. p.
1865:"Newspapers: Missed the 2010 Media Rally"
1856:
1769:
1767:
1493:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1283:
1248:
1246:
1015:
1013:
1011:
950:
507:Deterioration of the online public sphere
238:that allow some free content, such as an
44:"Philosophy 03 paywall" by French artist
3320:
3189:
2316:
1555:
1489:
1487:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
301:
39:
31:
3563:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2884252
3529:
3255:
2800:
2785:
2770:
2709:
2670:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2590:
2552:
2522:Benitez, Elizabeth (25 February 2021).
2521:
2092:
1979:
1739:
1720:
1524:
1308:
1252:
1126:
1124:
1019:
542:perspectives, conspiracy theories, and
501:
131:In 2010, following in the footsteps of
14:
4105:
3467:
3457:International Journal of Communication
3321:Goldberg, Jeffrey (5 September 2019).
3096:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3021:
2990:
2898:
2870:"Hurricane Irene Knocks Down Paywalls"
2742:"What the pandemic means for paywalls"
2460:
2289:
1893:
1831:
1773:
1764:
1384:
1243:
1194:
1022:"A Paywall that pays? Only in America"
1008:
493:A study by Elizabeth Benítez from the
3587:
3451:Ananny, Mike; Bighash, Leila (2016).
3370:from the original on 30 November 2016
3202:from the original on 26 February 2021
3157:
3155:
3127:
3109:from the original on 13 November 2011
3034:from the original on 24 February 2021
2868:Owen, Laura Hazard (12 August 2011).
2813:from the original on 21 November 2011
2801:Travers, Katherine (17 August 2011).
2442:from the original on 28 February 2021
2369:
2267:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
1994:Democratic Equality: What went wrong?
1937:from the original on 11 November 2020
1871:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
1657:from the original on 23 December 2016
1558:"Newspapers' Perilous Paywall Moment"
1549:
1484:
1448:from the original on 25 February 2021
1342:
1317:
1227:from the original on 6 September 2012
1130:
573:
290:"made itself irrelevant." Though the
70:is a method of restricting access to
3887:Registry of Open Access Repositories
3340:from the original on 8 December 2020
3298:from the original on 16 January 2008
3277:
3140:from the original on 2 February 2013
2911:from the original on 6 February 2021
2867:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2790:. New York: Routledge. pp. 6–7.
2567:
2473:from the original on 4 December 2020
2258:
1752:from the original on 18 October 2011
1630:from the original on 19 October 2016
1537:from the original on 9 February 2013
1494:MacMillan, Gordon (10 August 2010).
1481:(London). Retrieved 25 October 2011.
1408:from the original on 7 February 2012
1360:Greenslade, Anne (3 November 2011).
1284:Schonfeld, Erick (2 November 2011).
1131:Rosen, Rebecca (12 September 2011).
1121:
495:World Association of News Publishers
264:Provide added value to their content
3190:Doctorow, Cory (29 November 2018).
3085:
3061:. Social Science Research Network.
2960:Rosenstiel, Tom (17 October 2008).
2837:Sonderman, Jeff (12 October 2011).
2803:"Pexton, The Post, and the Paywall"
2503:from the original on 29 August 2014
1924:
1862:
1804:
1740:Filloux, Frederick (15 June 2011).
1648:
1466:Huffington, Arianna (11 May 2009),
1253:Wauters, Robin (17 November 2011).
1051:McWilliams, James (12 March 2019).
735:software hosting services in 2024.
649:Alternative revenue initiative: API
24:
3444:
3414:Robertson, Katie (14 April 2022).
3162:Guaglione, Sara (25 August 2023).
3152:
3097:Ingram, Mathew (21 October 2011).
3073:from the original on 25 March 2020
3022:Ingram, Mathew (11 October 2011).
2941:from the original on 25 April 2022
2710:Affairs, Current (2 August 2020).
2534:from the original on 25 March 2021
2382:from the original on 6 August 2020
2317:CasSelle, Malcolm (7 March 2013).
2298:from the original on 10 March 2021
2093:Bouvier, Caroline (16 June 2022).
2006:
1967:from the original on 13 March 2021
1813:from the original on 15 April 2015
1617:
1586:
1556:Milstead, David (8 October 2010).
1395:
996:from the original on 21 March 2019
982:Joseph Lichterman (20 July 2016).
420:General Data Protection Regulation
25:
4139:
3837:Directory of Open Access Journals
3128:Ellis, Justin (30 January 2013).
2880:from the original on 9 March 2021
2825:
2775:. New York: Routledge. p. 2.
2671:Pareene, Alex (21 October 2020).
2652:from the original on 9 March 2021
2603:from the original on 8 March 2021
2591:Sweeney, Mark (10 October 2011).
2557:. New York: Routledge. p. 3.
2499:. Public Affairs. 12 April 2011.
2461:Reagan, Gillian (15 March 2010).
2412:from the original on 5 March 2021
2325:from the original on 8 March 2021
2290:Kaplan, David (13 October 2007).
2019:from the original on 9 March 2021
1894:Nelson, Anne (22 November 2011).
1844:from the original on 3 March 2021
1568:from the original on 29 June 2013
1436:Gillian Reagan and Lauren Hatch.
1372:from the original on 9 March 2021
1330:from the original on 8 March 2021
1296:from the original on 2 March 2021
1182:from the original on 3 March 2021
1143:from the original on 8 March 2021
1032:from the original on 9 March 2021
963:from the original on 4 April 2020
953:"Are paywalls saving journalism?"
405:
270:Already dominate their own market
3575:, 15 August 2022, archived from
3428:from the original on 15 May 2022
3256:Maxwell, Andy (20 August 2024).
2991:Reinan, John (7 November 2011).
2966:The State of the News Media 2011
2752:from the original on 26 May 2021
2722:from the original on 3 June 2021
2691:from the original on 19 May 2021
2640:Kaminer, Ariel (22 April 2011).
1832:Indvik, Lauren (28 March 2011).
1786:from the original on 31 May 2012
1774:Salmon, Felix (14 August 2011).
1708:from the original on 9 July 2020
1620:"WaPo must transform to survive"
1525:Chimbel, Aaron (17 March 2011).
1265:from the original on 12 May 2021
1109:from the original on 25 May 2021
1063:from the original on 12 May 2021
1020:Preston, Peter (7 August 2011).
849:
835:
579:Newspapers disabling the paywall
458:Newspaper Association of America
3724:Budapest Open Access Initiative
3613:
3407:
3382:
3352:
3314:
3249:
3214:
3183:
3121:
3046:
3015:
2984:
2953:
2923:
2899:Bauder, David (20 March 2020).
2892:
2861:
2794:
2779:
2764:
2734:
2703:
2664:
2615:
2584:
2561:
2546:
2515:
2454:
2424:
2394:
2370:Sneed, Tierney (9 April 2013).
2363:
2337:
2310:
2283:
2190:
2164:
2138:
2112:
2086:
2061:
2000:
1949:
1918:
1887:
1825:
1798:
1669:
1642:
1611:
1580:
1518:
1460:
1277:
1209:
1092:" The Guardian 24 (2012): 2012.
389:subscribers; at that time, the
254:The "hard" paywall, as used by
3823:Directory of Open Access Books
1155:
1095:
1075:
1044:
975:
944:
866:Attribute-based access control
357:
13:
1:
3842:Initiative for Open Citations
3486:10.1080/1461670X.2015.1027788
2152:(in Italian). 18 October 2022
1742:"Analyzing the metered model"
937:
886:Embargo (academic publishing)
857:Business and economics portal
739:Abandoned paywall initiatives
464:In May 2019, research by the
4044:List of open-access journals
4034:Access to Knowledge movement
3673:Copyright transfer agreement
3515:10.1080/21670811.2013.813214
2497:The State of News Media 2011
2376:U.S. News & World Report
2265:The State of News Media 2011
1992:(2001). Ed Broadbent (ed.).
1925:Ong, Thuy (2 October 2017).
1869:The State of News Media 2011
1694:10.1080/21670811.2013.865967
1589:"The NYT Paywall is Working"
1531:The Online Journalism Review
896:Information wants to be free
426:
172:. Other papers, prominently
7:
3795:Delayed open-access journal
3658:Subscription business model
3390:Redesigned website launches
1318:Crace, John (2 July 2011).
828:
524:Democratizing Global Media,
431:
10:
4144:
3790:Hybrid open-access journal
2786:Hackett, Robert A (2006).
2771:Hackett, Robert A (2006).
2746:Columbia Journalism Review
2642:"The Pay Wall's the Thing"
2622:Hackett, Robert A (2005).
2553:Hackett, Robert A (2006).
2126:(in Italian). 10 June 2021
1624:Columbia Journalism Review
1168:. Routledge. p. 136.
1165:Online News and the Public
957:City, University of London
951:Tom Felle (4 March 2016).
688:Readers bypassing paywalls
204:search engine optimization
117:
4052:
4026:
3905:
3877:Public Library of Science
3862:Open Knowledge Foundation
3803:
3767:
3716:
3703:Article processing charge
3639:
3621:
3470:"From Gratis to Paywalls"
3330:s New Subscription Model"
1957:"Google and paid content"
881:Digital rights management
472:
3882:Public Knowledge Project
3867:Open Society Foundations
3857:Open Archives Initiative
3754:NIH Public Access Policy
3573:Whatsnewinpublishing.com
3547:10.1177/1464884910379707
2568:Gans, Herbert J (2003).
1468:"The Paywall Is History"
876:Content control software
225:
3400:2 November 2016 at the
623:New revenue initiatives
550:Paying to stay informed
484:The Wall Street Journal
267:Target a niche audience
143:The Wall Street Journal
133:The Wall Street Journal
125:The Wall Street Journal
74:, with a purchase or a
3785:Open-access repository
3468:Arrese, Ángel (2015).
2572:Democracy and the News
1562:Editor & Publisher
1088:1 October 2017 at the
307:
63:
37:
3813:The Cost of Knowledge
3134:Nieman Journalism Lab
2150:www.garanteprivacy.it
2124:www.garanteprivacy.it
1404:. Web Editors Forum.
725:Bypass Paywalls Clean
305:
43:
35:
4118:Internet terminology
3708:Predatory publishing
1599:on 17 September 2011
502:Ethical implications
348:Google's web crawler
56:of content, or from
3963:Republic of Ireland
3780:Open-access mandate
3531:Socolow, Michael J.
3003:on 16 November 2011
2849:on 14 November 2011
2202:www.datatilsynet.dk
2049:on 28 November 2014
1875:on 28 November 2011
1506:on 1 September 2011
1473:24 May 2021 at the
597:The New York Times'
567:The Washington Post
533:The New York Times'
416:third-party cookies
281:online encyclopedia
216:Wall Street Journal
4123:1996 introductions
3759:Research Works Act
3749:Geneva Declaration
3734:Bethesda Statement
3729:Berlin Declaration
3683:Scientific journal
3503:Digital Journalism
3474:Journalism Studies
3422:The New York Times
3292:The New York Times
3237:. 15 February 2023
2972:on 12 October 2011
2646:The New York Times
2271:on 7 November 2011
1682:Digital Journalism
753:The New York Times
745:The New York Times
711:In November 2018,
639:The New York Times
635:The New York Times
593:The New York Times
589:The New York Times
574:Counter strategies
456:In April 2013 the
328:The New York Times
319:The New York Times
308:
197:reportedly called
183:Arianna Huffington
175:The New York Times
107:The New York Times
88:academic libraries
64:
38:
4100:
4099:
3663:Subscribe to Open
3579:on 16 August 2022
2259:Olmstead, Kenny.
1990:Robert A. Hackett
1223:. 11 April 2008.
916:Pay what you want
717:browser extension
605:COVID-19 pandemic
279:, founder of the
164:for online news.
76:paid subscription
16:(Redirected from
4135:
4128:1990s neologisms
3833:
3830:
3818:Creative Commons
3744:Durham Statement
3678:Academic journal
3608:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3558:
3526:
3497:
3480:(8): 1051–1067.
3464:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3394:The Post-Journal
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2999:. Archived from
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2937:. 1 April 2020.
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2845:. Archived from
2834:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2677:The New Republic
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2467:Business Insider
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2351:on 10 April 2013
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2240:on 10 April 2011
2239:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1961:Google News Blog
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:. Archived from
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1737:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1595:. Archived from
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1502:. Archived from
1491:
1482:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1442:Business Insider
1433:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1396:Vinter, Hannah.
1393:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1357:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1105:. 3 March 2014.
1099:
1093:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1057:Pacific Standard
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1017:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
987:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
948:
859:
854:
853:
845:
840:
839:
802:Ogden Newspapers
451:Malcolm CasSelle
395:The Boston Globe
372:The Boston Globe
365:Robert A Hackett
244:metered paywalls
242:or summary, and
101:The Boston Globe
90:that subscribe.
82:. In academics,
52:content, from a
21:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4072:Open government
4048:
4039:Access2Research
4022:
3901:
3825:
3805:
3799:
3763:
3712:
3635:
3617:
3612:
3567:
3447:
3445:Further reading
3442:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3412:
3408:
3402:Wayback Machine
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3301:
3299:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3160:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2795:
2784:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2716:Current Affairs
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2631:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2007:Kramer, Staci.
2005:
2001:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1863:Edmonds, Rick.
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1805:MEMMOTT, MARK.
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:Chittum, Ryan.
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1587:Salmon, Felix.
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1485:
1475:Wayback Machine
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1244:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:. 30 July 2010.
1201:"The media's".
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1129:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1090:Wayback Machine
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1018:
1009:
999:
997:
980:
976:
966:
964:
949:
945:
940:
935:
855:
848:
843:Internet portal
841:
834:
831:
788:Carrick Gazette
741:
702:Financial Times
690:
651:
625:
585:Hurricane Irene
581:
576:
557:commodification
552:
519:The Independent
509:
504:
475:
434:
429:
408:
360:
314:Financial Times
300:
298:"Soft" paywalls
252:
250:"Hard" paywalls
228:
120:
84:research papers
61:
28:
23:
22:
18:Metered paywall
15:
12:
11:
5:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Open knowledge
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Open education
4064:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Self-archiving
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3565:
3559:
3541:(6): 675–691.
3527:
3509:(2): 179–194.
3498:
3465:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3406:
3381:
3351:
3313:
3276:
3248:
3213:
3182:
3151:
3120:
3084:
3045:
3014:
2983:
2952:
2922:
2891:
2860:
2824:
2793:
2778:
2763:
2733:
2702:
2663:
2629:
2614:
2583:
2560:
2545:
2514:
2484:
2453:
2423:
2393:
2362:
2336:
2309:
2282:
2251:
2215:
2198:"Cookie walls"
2189:
2163:
2137:
2111:
2085:
2060:
2030:
1999:
1978:
1948:
1917:
1906:on 30 May 2012
1886:
1855:
1824:
1797:
1763:
1719:
1688:(2): 195–213.
1668:
1641:
1618:Shirky, Clay.
1610:
1579:
1548:
1517:
1483:
1459:
1419:
1402:Editors Weblog
1383:
1341:
1307:
1276:
1242:
1208:
1193:
1174:
1154:
1120:
1094:
1081:Sample, Ian. "
1074:
1043:
1007:
974:
942:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
871:Consent or pay
868:
862:
861:
860:
846:
830:
827:
826:
825:
817:
809:
808:
804:
798:
797:
793:Whitby Gazette
784:
782:Johnston Press
778:
777:
769:
761:
760:
748:
740:
737:
689:
686:
681:
680:
677:
674:
650:
647:
624:
621:
609:misinformation
580:
577:
575:
572:
551:
548:
508:
505:
503:
500:
474:
471:
433:
430:
428:
425:
407:
406:Cookie paywall
404:
359:
356:
299:
296:
272:
271:
268:
265:
251:
248:
227:
224:
220:Rupert Murdoch
212:Warren Buffett
119:
116:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4140:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Open hardware
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:organizations
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3323:"Introducing
3317:
3310:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2935:National Post
2932:
2926:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2767:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1181:
1177:
1175:9781410611611
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
995:
991:
986:
978:
962:
958:
954:
947:
943:
932:
929:
927:
926:TV Everywhere
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
858:
852:
847:
844:
838:
833:
823:
818:
816:
815:
811:
810:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
770:
768:
767:
763:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:— TimesSelect
746:
743:
742:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
685:
678:
675:
672:
671:The Guardian'
668:
667:
666:
664:
660:
656:
646:
642:
640:
636:
631:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
571:
569:
568:
561:
558:
547:
545:
541:
536:
534:
528:
525:
521:
520:
513:
499:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
470:
467:
462:
459:
454:
452:
448:
442:
438:
424:
421:
417:
413:
412:cookie banner
403:
401:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
373:
368:
366:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
335:Google Search
332:
329:
323:
320:
316:
315:
304:
295:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
269:
266:
263:
262:
261:
259:
258:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:soft paywalls
233:
232:hard paywalls
223:
221:
217:
213:
207:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
148:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
127:
126:
115:
113:
109:
108:
103:
102:
97:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
4087:Open science
4057:Open content
4003:South Africa
3804:Projects and
3667:
3651:
3647:
3577:the original
3572:
3538:
3534:
3506:
3502:
3477:
3473:
3463:: 3359–3380.
3460:
3456:
3430:. Retrieved
3421:
3409:
3393:
3384:
3372:. Retrieved
3364:Post Journal
3363:
3360:"All Access"
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3334:The Atlantic
3333:
3325:The Atlantic
3324:
3316:
3307:
3300:. Retrieved
3291:
3279:
3269:16 September
3267:. Retrieved
3263:TorrentFreak
3261:
3251:
3241:16 September
3239:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3195:
3185:
3175:30 September
3173:. Retrieved
3167:
3142:. Retrieved
3133:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3075:. Retrieved
3058:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3027:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2996:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2965:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2904:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2874:Paid Content
2873:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:the original
2842:
2815:. Retrieved
2806:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2745:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2715:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2676:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2645:
2623:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2597:The Guardian
2596:
2586:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2527:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2466:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2405:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2375:
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:the original
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:the original
2264:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2206:. Retrieved
2201:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2042:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2012:
2002:
1993:
1969:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1930:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1899:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1868:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1779:
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1710:. Retrieved
1685:
1681:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1592:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1561:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1530:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1499:
1479:The Guardian
1478:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1441:
1410:. Retrieved
1401:
1374:. Retrieved
1366:The Guardian
1365:
1332:. Retrieved
1324:The Guardian
1323:
1298:. Retrieved
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1258:
1236:
1229:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1164:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1137:The Atlantic
1136:
1111:. Retrieved
1097:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1026:The Guardian
1025:
998:. Retrieved
989:
977:
965:. Retrieved
956:
946:
821:
812:
791:
787:
774:The Atlantic
773:
766:The Atlantic
764:
752:
744:
710:
706:Boston Globe
705:
701:
691:
682:
670:
669:Base/Free –
663:The Guardian
662:
659:The Guardian
658:
652:
643:
638:
634:
626:
602:
596:
592:
588:
582:
565:
562:
553:
537:
532:
529:
523:
517:
514:
510:
492:
487:
483:
480:paid content
476:
463:
455:
443:
439:
435:
409:
399:
394:
390:
386:Boston Globe
385:
378:Boston Globe
377:
370:
369:
361:
333:
327:
324:
318:
312:
309:
291:
287:
273:
255:
253:
243:
235:
231:
229:
215:
208:
198:
187:The Guardian
186:
180:
173:
166:The Guardian
165:
162:The Guardian
161:
157:
153:The Guardian
151:
146:
142:
136:
132:
130:
123:
121:
105:
99:
92:
67:
65:
57:
53:
49:
29:
4092:Open source
3978:New Zealand
3973:Netherlands
3826: [
3615:Open access
3374:25 November
3344:18 December
3230: [
3196:Boing Boing
3144:10 February
3113:16 November
3038:16 November
3007:15 November
2884:15 November
2853:15 November
2817:20 November
2607:15 November
2507:15 November
2477:15 November
2329:8 September
2275:15 November
2244:15 November
2204:(in Danish)
2178:(in French)
2176:www.cnil.fr
2013:PaidContent
1910:23 November
1900:Media Shift
1879:15 November
1809:. NPR.org.
1746:Monday Note
1376:15 November
1334:15 November
1300:19 November
1290:Tech Crunch
1269:19 November
1259:Tech Crunch
1186:17 December
931:Pay to play
906:Open access
719:, from the
447:VentureBeat
358:Combination
340:Google News
277:Jimmy Wales
199:The Times's
195:Jimmy Wales
193:co-founder
189:. In 2010,
80:ad blockers
46:David Revoy
4113:E-commerce
4107:Categories
3906:By country
3768:Strategies
3717:Statements
3688:Manuscript
3535:Journalism
2976:12 October
2915:19 January
2656:17 October
2599:. London.
2436:Nieman Lab
2302:23 October
2053:3 December
2023:3 December
2015:. Gigaom.
1848:13 October
1790:15 October
1756:13 October
1541:27 October
1510:13 October
1452:25 October
1412:22 October
1368:. London.
1326:. London.
1221:Condé Nast
1147:12 October
1036:22 October
1028:. London.
938:References
694:JavaScript
540:right-wing
382:Boston.com
4062:Open data
3913:Australia
3698:Postprint
3555:144035502
3523:166744924
3494:146390006
2997:Minn Post
2685:0028-6583
2208:9 January
2182:9 January
2156:9 January
2130:9 January
2104:9 January
2078:9 January
1931:The Verge
1702:143335698
1572:22 August
990:NiemanLab
617:fast food
613:Postmedia
544:fake news
488:The Times
427:Reception
380:website,
288:The Times
284:Knowledge
257:The Times
214:, former
191:Knowledge
158:The Times
147:The Times
138:The Times
122:In 1996,
54:set limit
3993:Portugal
3852:OpenAIRE
3829:Wikidata
3693:Preprint
3640:Concepts
3631:Timeline
3426:Archived
3398:Archived
3368:Archived
3338:Archived
3309:revenue.
3302:14 April
3296:Archived
3227:Gigazine
3200:Archived
3138:Archived
3107:Archived
3077:18 March
3071:Archived
3032:Archived
2939:Archived
2909:Archived
2905:ABC News
2878:Archived
2811:Archived
2756:20 March
2750:Archived
2726:20 March
2720:Archived
2695:20 March
2689:Archived
2650:Archived
2601:Archived
2538:18 March
2532:Archived
2528:WAN-IFRA
2501:Archived
2471:Archived
2440:Archived
2410:Archived
2380:Archived
2323:Archived
2296:Archived
2099:Lexology
2017:Archived
1971:20 March
1965:Archived
1941:20 March
1935:Archived
1842:Archived
1817:28 March
1811:Archived
1784:Archived
1750:Archived
1706:Archived
1655:Archived
1628:Archived
1566:Archived
1535:Archived
1500:The Wall
1471:Archived
1446:Archived
1406:Archived
1370:Archived
1328:Archived
1294:Archived
1263:Archived
1231:14 April
1225:Archived
1203:The Week
1180:Archived
1141:Archived
1107:Archived
1086:Archived
1061:Archived
1030:Archived
994:Archived
961:Archived
891:Freemium
829:See also
790:and the
653:An open
432:Industry
352:rankings
240:abstract
170:open API
60:content.
4018:Ukraine
3953:Hungary
3943:Germany
3933:Denmark
3923:Belgium
3918:Austria
3897:Sci-Hub
3668:Paywall
3650:versus
3626:History
3206:15 July
3169:Digiday
3067:2884252
2945:1 April
2843:Poynter
2386:9 April
2355:9 April
2073:iubenda
2043:Poynter
1593:Reuters
921:Sci-Hub
911:Paysite
822:Quartz'
721:Firefox
713:Mozilla
630:Poynter
619:chain.
344:indexed
118:History
112:revenue
72:content
68:paywall
4013:Sweden
3998:Russia
3988:Poland
3983:Norway
3948:Greece
3938:France
3928:Canada
3872:Plan S
3648:Gratis
3553:
3521:
3492:
3432:15 May
3103:Gigaom
3065:
3028:Gigaom
2807:Gigaom
2683:
2446:10 May
2416:10 May
1700:
1661:2 June
1634:2 June
1603:2 June
1172:
1113:5 July
1067:27 May
814:Quartz
733:GitHub
729:GitLab
473:Reader
96:online
58:select
4027:Other
4008:Spain
3968:Italy
3958:India
3832:]
3652:libre
3551:S2CID
3519:S2CID
3490:S2CID
3327:'
3234:]
2238:(PDF)
2231:(PDF)
1838:Wired
1780:Wired
1712:3 May
1698:S2CID
1238:rate.
1000:3 May
967:3 May
400:Globe
391:Globe
292:Times
226:Types
3739:DORA
3434:2022
3376:2016
3346:2019
3304:2008
3271:2024
3243:2024
3208:2020
3177:2023
3146:2013
3115:2011
3079:2021
3063:SSRN
3059:SSRN
3040:2011
3009:2011
2978:2011
2947:2020
2917:2021
2886:2011
2855:2011
2819:2011
2758:2021
2728:2021
2697:2021
2681:ISSN
2658:2011
2609:2011
2540:2021
2509:2011
2479:2011
2448:2019
2418:2019
2388:2013
2357:2013
2331:2017
2304:2015
2277:2011
2246:2011
2210:2024
2184:2024
2158:2024
2132:2024
2106:2024
2080:2024
2055:2014
2025:2014
1973:2021
1943:2021
1912:2011
1881:2011
1850:2011
1819:2012
1792:2011
1758:2011
1714:2017
1663:2012
1636:2012
1605:2012
1574:2011
1543:2011
1512:2011
1454:2011
1414:2011
1378:2011
1336:2011
1302:2011
1271:2011
1233:2008
1188:2018
1170:ISBN
1149:2011
1115:2017
1069:2021
1038:2011
1002:2017
969:2017
731:and
698:12ft
486:and
104:and
3543:doi
3511:doi
3482:doi
3392:".
2578:102
1690:doi
757:PDF
655:API
346:by
114:).
50:any
4109::
3571:,
3549:.
3539:11
3537:.
3517:.
3505:.
3488:.
3478:17
3476:.
3472:.
3461:10
3459:.
3455:.
3424:.
3420:.
3366:.
3362:.
3336:.
3332:.
3306:.
3294:.
3290:.
3260:.
3232:jp
3224:.
3198:.
3194:.
3166:.
3154:^
3136:.
3132:.
3105:.
3101:.
3087:^
3069:.
3057:.
3030:.
3026:.
2995:.
2964:.
2933:.
2907:.
2903:.
2876:.
2872:.
2841:.
2827:^
2809:.
2805:.
2748:.
2744:.
2718:.
2714:.
2687:.
2679:.
2675:.
2648:.
2644:.
2632:^
2595:.
2530:.
2526:.
2495:.
2469:.
2465:.
2438:.
2434:.
2408:.
2404:.
2378:.
2374:.
2321:.
2294:.
2263:.
2218:^
2200:.
2174:.
2148:.
2122:.
2097:.
2071:.
2041:.
2011:.
1981:^
1963:.
1959:.
1933:.
1929:.
1898:.
1867:.
1840:.
1836:.
1782:.
1778:.
1766:^
1748:.
1744:.
1722:^
1704:.
1696:.
1684:.
1680:.
1653:.
1626:.
1622:.
1591:.
1564:.
1560:.
1533:.
1529:.
1498:.
1486:^
1477:,
1444:.
1440:.
1422:^
1400:.
1386:^
1364:.
1344:^
1322:.
1310:^
1292:.
1288:.
1261:.
1257:.
1245:^
1235:.
1219:.
1178:.
1139:.
1135:.
1123:^
1059:.
1055:.
1024:.
1010:^
992:.
988:.
959:.
955:.
546:.
449:,
410:A
206:.
145:,
135:,
66:A
3607:e
3600:t
3593:v
3557:.
3545::
3525:.
3513::
3507:2
3496:.
3484::
3436:.
3404:.
3388:"
3378:.
3348:.
3273:.
3245:.
3210:.
3179:.
3148:.
3117:.
3081:.
3042:.
3011:.
2980:.
2949:.
2919:.
2888:.
2857:.
2821:.
2760:.
2730:.
2699:.
2660:.
2611:.
2580:.
2542:.
2511:.
2481:.
2450:.
2420:.
2390:.
2359:.
2333:.
2306:.
2279:.
2248:.
2212:.
2186:.
2160:.
2134:.
2108:.
2082:.
2057:.
2027:.
1975:.
1945:.
1914:.
1883:.
1852:.
1821:.
1794:.
1760:.
1716:.
1692::
1686:2
1665:.
1638:.
1607:.
1576:.
1545:.
1514:.
1456:.
1416:.
1380:.
1338:.
1304:.
1273:.
1190:.
1151:.
1117:.
1071:.
1040:.
1004:.
971:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
