Metalworking - Knowledge

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machine and allow it to complete the tasks required. The milling machine can produce most parts in 3D, but some require the objects to be rotated around the x, y, or z coordinate axis (depending on the need). Tolerances come in a variety of standards, depending on the locale. In countries still using

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Turning is a metal cutting process for producing a cylindrical surface with a single point tool. The workpiece is rotated on a spindle and the cutting tool is fed into it radially, axially or both. Producing surfaces perpendicular to the workpiece axis is called facing. Producing surfaces using both

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About 2700 BCE, production of bronze was common in locales where the necessary materials could be assembled for smelting, heating, and working the metal. Iron was beginning to be smelted and began its emergence as an important metal for tools and weapons. The period that followed became known as the

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Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings due to the thicker coating. The four main thermal spray processes include electric wire arc spray, flame (oxy acetylene combustion) spray, plasma spray and

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Modern computer numerical control (CNC) lathes and (CNC) machining centres can do secondary operations like milling by using driven tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. The CNC machines use

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formed by the assembly of two or more work pieces. The filler metal reacts metallurgically with the workpieces and solidifies in the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the work piece is not melted. Brazing is similar to soldering, but occurs at temperatures in excess of 450 °C

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The use of a milling machine adds costs that are factored into the manufacturing process. Each time the machine is used coolant is also used, which must be periodically added in order to prevent breaking bits. A milling bit must also be changed as needed in order to prevent damage to the material.

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The oxidation potential is important because it is one indicator of how tightly bound to the ore the metal is likely to be. As can be seen, iron is significantly higher than the other six metals while gold is dramatically lower than the six above it. Gold's low oxidation is one of the main reasons

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to the surface of the product by hydrolysis. It is used to reduce corrosion, create abrasion resistance and improve the product's aesthetic appearance. Plating can even change the properties of the original part including conductivity, heat dissipation or structural integrity. There are four main

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are hand tools designed to precisely measure the distance between two points. Most calipers have two sets of flat, parallel edges used for inner or outer diameter measurements. These calipers can be accurate to within one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 μm). Different types of calipers have different

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is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece. Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece

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to stainless steel and almost everything in between. Each material requires a different speed on the milling tool and varies in the amount of material that can be removed in one pass of the tool. Harder materials are usually milled at slower speeds with small amounts of material removed. Softer

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As time progressed, metal objects became more common, and ever more complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance. Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and metalsmiths became more knowledgeable. Metalsmiths became important members of

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is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below 450 °C (842 °F). It is similar to brazing in the way that a filler is melted and drawn into a capillary to form a joint, although at a lower temperature. Because of this lower temperature and different alloys used as fillers, the

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These types of forming process involve the application of mechanical force at room temperature. However, some recent developments involve the heating of dies and/or parts. Advancements in automated metalworking technology have made progressive die stamping possible which is a method that can

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In the past grinders were used for finishing operations only because of limitations of tooling. Modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other man-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production

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is held at the desired height (usually the middle of the workpiece) by the toolpost. The carriage is then moved around the rotating workpiece, and the cutting tool gradually removes material from the workpiece. The tailstock can be slid along the axis of rotation and then locked in place as

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is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications. The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part. In

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Grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. From the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today's 30000 RPM CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.

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Grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. Some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for positioning CNC machine axis. The common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10 times more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.

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and is the first step in the handcraft of metalworking. It is performed in many industries or hobbies, although in industry, the repetition eliminates the need to mark out every individual piece. In the metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the engineer's

1961:, modern examples uses electric motors. The workpiece extends out of the spindle along the axis of rotation above the flat bed. The carriage is a platform that can be moved, precisely and independently parallel and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. A hardened 2538:

Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what is known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high alloy special steels, super alloys and titanium alloys.

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In order to keep both the bit and material cool, a high temperature coolant is used. In most cases the coolant is sprayed from a hose directly onto the bit and material. This coolant can either be machine or user controlled, depending on the machine.

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that can move in multiple directions (usually two dimensions relative to the workpiece). The spindle usually moves in the z axis. It is possible to raise the table (where the workpiece rests). Milling machines may be operated manually or under

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Modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.

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Time is the biggest factor for costs. Complex parts can require hours to complete, while very simple parts take only minutes. This in turn varies the production time as well, as each part will require different amounts of time.

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to make a workpiece more conductive to mechanical force. Historically, this and casting were done by blacksmiths, though today the process has been industrialized. In bulk metal forming, the workpiece is generally heated up.

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is one of the most ancient metalwork joining processes. Its use declined markedly during the second half of the 20th century, but it still retains important uses in industry and construction, and in artisan crafts such as

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to separate a plate of steel into smaller pieces is an example of burning. Chemical milling is an example of a specialty process that removes excess material by the use of etching chemicals and masking chemicals.

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Copper ore, being relatively abundant, and tin ore became the next important substances in the story of metalworking. Using heat to smelt copper from ore, a great deal of copper was produced. It was used for both

2344:(842 °F). Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal stresses than welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be more ductile than weldments because alloying elements can not segregate and precipitate. 1878:

Safety is key with these machines. The bits are traveling at high speeds and removing pieces of usually scalding hot metal. The advantage of having a CNC milling machine is that it protects the machine operator.

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through the two pieces of metal to be joined. The holes being aligned, a rivet is passed through the holes and permanent heads are formed onto the ends of the rivet utilizing hammers and forming dies (by either

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Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized into one of three broad areas known as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Modern metalworking workshops, typically known as

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Lathes have four main components: the bed, the headstock, the carriage, and the tailstock. The bed is a precise & very strong base which all of the other components rest upon for alignment. The headstock's

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in order to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term, it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scale: from huge

2198:. Prior to the development of modern machining equipment it provided a relatively accurate means for the production of small parts, especially those with flat surfaces. The skilled use of a file allowed a 1678: 1236:

processes modify metal or workpiece by deforming the object, that is, without removing any material. Forming is done with a system of mechanical forces and, especially for bulk metal forming, with heat.

124:, are no longer economically competitive on a large scale in developed countries; some of them are still in use in less developed countries, for artisanal or hobby work, or for historical reenactment. 328:

of copper and tin. Bronze was an important advance because it had the edge-durability and stiffness that pure copper lacked. Until the advent of iron, bronze was the most advanced metal for tools and

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were created, enforced, and agreed upon by the respective peoples. By the above periods metalworkers were very skilled at creating objects of adornment, religious artifacts, and trade instruments of

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society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly affected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths. The metalworker depends on the extraction of precious metals to make

3040: 1953:, whose jaws (usually three or four) are tightened around the piece. The spindle rotates at high speed, providing the energy to cut the material. While historically lathes were powered by 2688: 194:, that require heat or some other process to liberate the metal. Another feature of gold is that it is workable as it is found, meaning that no technology beyond a stone 2202:

to work to fine tolerances and was the hallmark of the craft. Today filing is rarely used as a production technique in industry, though it remains as a common method of

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the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with

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Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include

3114: 159:. Copper was hammered until it became brittle, then heated so it could be worked further. In America, this technology is dated to about 4000–5000 BCE. The oldest 2002:

x, y, and z coordinates in order to control the turning tools and produce the product. Most modern day CNC lathes are able to produce most turned objects in 3D.

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and simple tools. However, copper by itself was too soft for tools requiring edges and stiffness. At some point tin was added into the molten copper and

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tempering will cause the dissolved alloying elements to precipitate, or in the case of quenched steels, improve impact strength and ductile properties.

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The historical roots of metalworking predate recorded history; its use spans cultures, civilizations and millennia. It has evolved from shaping soft,

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electroplating methods to ensure proper coating and cost effectiveness per product: mass plating, rack plating, continuous plating and line plating.

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Casting achieves a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force. Forms of casting include:

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A turret lathe operator machining parts for transport planes at the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation plant, Fort Worth, Texas, USA in the 1940s.

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technique was employed by numerous ancient cultures before the historic record shows people traveled to far regions to share this process.

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Brazing techniques include, flame brazing, resistance brazing, furnace brazing, diffusion brazing, inductive brazing and vacuum brazing.

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almost simultaneously. In the Americas it was different. Although the peoples of the Americas knew of metals, it was not until the

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quenching can be used to harden alloy steels, or in precipitation hardenable alloys, to trap dissolved solute atoms in solution.

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encompass punching, coining, bending and several other ways below that modify metal at less cost while resulting in less scrap.

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While these processes are not primary metalworking processes, they are often performed before or after metalworking processes.

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came into demand. These ores were mined wherever they were recognized. Remnants of such ancient mines have been found all over

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The pieces produced are usually complex 3D objects that are converted into x, y, and z coordinates that are then fed into the

619:. Most metal cutting is done by high speed steel tools or carbide tools. Each of these categories contains various processes. 2745: 356: 5834: 2153:

The simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.

1998:: Uses a tool to produce a rough surface texture on the work piece. Frequently used to allow grip by hand on a metal part. 1810:

is the complex shaping of metal or other materials by removing material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a

178:, it is found in nature as nuggets of pure gold. In other words, gold, as rare as it is, is sometimes found in nature as a 4276: 3711: 3016: 339:

Outside Southwestern Asia, these same advances and materials were being discovered and used around the world. People in

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necessary. It may hold centers to further secure the workpiece, or cutting tools driven into the end of the workpiece.

1859:), depending on the specific machine. In many other European countries, standards following the ISO are used instead. 4788: 4202: 3679: 3414: 3192: 3161: 2839: 2798: 2721: 2112: 2035:, thread milling, single-point thread cutting, thread rolling, cold root rolling and forming, and thread grinding. A 1788: 463: 2094: 1770: 445: 5699: 3229: 2669: 2617: 2597: 1201: 622:

Prior to most operations, the metal must be marked out and/or measured, depending on the desired finished product.

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is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using an

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mechanisms for displaying the distance measured. Where larger objects need to be measured with less precision, a

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At some unknown time, the process of liberating metals from rock by heat became known, and rocks rich in copper,

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between 7000 and 3300 BCE. The end of the beginning of metalworking occurs sometime around 6000 BCE when copper

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A file is an abrasive surface like this one that allows machinists to remove small, imprecise amounts of metal.

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Nearly all types of metal can be turned, although more time & specialist cutting tools are needed for

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The use of an angle grinder in cutting is not preferred as large amounts of harmful sparks and fumes (and

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that gold is found in nuggets. These nuggets are relatively pure gold and are workable as they are found.

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Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations

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interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.

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Burning, a set of processes wherein the metal is cut by oxidizing a kerf to separate pieces of metal

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is a common surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as

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capable of creating highly precise, useful products. Many simpler metalworking techniques, such as

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Percy Knauth et al. "The Emergence of Man, The Metalsmiths", pp. 10–11 ff. Time-Life Books, 1974.

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woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or

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metallurgical reaction between filler and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.

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in the early 21st century. The earlier use of rivets is being superseded by improvements in

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began to have value attached to them. In some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and

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published by Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film. Available in the AV-Portal of the

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Asimov, Isaac: "The Solar System and Back", pp. 151 ff. Doubleday and Company, Inc. 1969.

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a hole in a metal part is the most common example of a chip producing process. Using an

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as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones,

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Miscellaneous specialty process, not falling easily into either of the above categories

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When it is necessary to remove rivets, one of the rivet's heads is sheared off with a

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Ancient civilisations knew of seven metals. Here they are arranged in order of their

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from 8,700 BCE. The earliest substantiated and dated evidence of metalworking in the

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is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a pre-drilled hole, while a

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Parting: The tool is fed radially into the workpiece to cut off the end of a part.

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the imperial system, this is usually in the thousandths of an inch (unit known as

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Schneider, George. "Cutting Tool Applications: Chapter 2 Metal Removal Methods",

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Other operations that can be performed with a single point tool on a lathe are:

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annealing softens the metal by allowing recovery of cold work and grain growth.

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were the principal uses of metals in the Americas prior to European influence.

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are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has

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speculated that gold was the "first metal". His reasoning being, that, by its

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to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture.

576: 504: 344: 156: 121: 2272: 1847:, etc. Two common types of mills are the horizontal mill and vertical mill. 1378: 5817: 5755: 5735: 5535: 5505: 5467: 5462: 5413: 5366: 5354: 5314: 5174: 5151: 4976: 4945: 4757: 4704: 4694: 4679: 4654: 4644: 4624: 4604: 4571: 4551: 4513: 4473: 4463: 4448: 4423: 4319: 4125: 4105: 3992: 3569: 3524: 3332: 3296: 3276: 2642: 2607: 2451: 2432: 2427: 2291: 1980: 1909:

is a machine tool which spins a block or cylinder of material so that when

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is a joining process in which a filler metal is melted and drawn into a

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Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas

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is needed to work the metal. This is a result of gold's properties of

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There are many threading processes including: cutting threads with a

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that metalworking for tools and weapons became common. Jewelry and

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Karbasian, H.; Tekkaya, A. E. (2010). "A review on hot stamping".

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uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A

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environments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.

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There are many technologies available to cut metal, including:

100:, up to and including highly technical modern processes such as 5812: 5636: 5261: 5244: 4531: 4503: 4468: 4443: 4339: 4294: 4085: 4042: 4032: 3736: 3643: 3146: 2561: 2447: 2443: 2439:). Rivets are commonly purchased with one head already formed. 2203: 1840: 1511: 631: 524: 520: 329: 321: 298: 286: 195: 183: 136: 133: 70: 66: 1925:. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include 1871:

materials vary, but usually are milled with a high bit speed.

1814:, a power-driven machine that in its basic form consists of a 5361: 5306: 5204: 4737: 4732: 4684: 4488: 4161: 3774: 3595: 3383: 3373: 3066:"What is the difference between the thermal spray processes?" 2483: 2463: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2382: 1819: 1716: 1543: 1468: 512: 492: 485: 481: 348: 347:

began using bronze with little time being devoted to copper.

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Cutting processes fall into one of three major categories:

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A red-hot metal workpiece is inserted into a forging press.

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which holds two other pieces of metal together. Holes are

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Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003).

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is combination of grinding and saw tooth cutting using a

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Chamfering: Cutting an angle on the corner of a cylinder.

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Metalworking generally is divided into three categories:

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Schneider, George. "Chapter 1: Cutting Tool Materials",

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A milling machine in operation, including coolant hoses.

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today still use this and many other ancient techniques.

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vibrations to machine very hard or brittle materials.

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A caliper is used to precisely measure a short length.

519:(non-ferrous), as well as weaponry usually of ferrous 1307: 170:

Not all metal required fire to obtain it or work it.

2478:) or a particular metal does not weld well (such as 116:, hold a wide variety of specialized or general-use 2043:cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod. 5125: 2821: 664:Compatibility chart of materials versus processes 3142:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 205–215. 3119:German National Library of Science and Technology 5892: 2904: 2734:Emory Dean Keoke; Kay Marie Porterfield (2002). 2267:process that joins materials, usually metals or 1478:Chip producing processes most commonly known as 2714:Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia. 1993:: Feeding the drill into the workpiece axially. 1715:when cutting ferrous metals. They also produce 163:artifacts in the world come from the Bulgarian 2793:, Brian Fagan (Ed.). Oxford University Press. 5111: 4796: 4210: 3687: 3422: 3200: 3162: 2993:"Metal Joining Processes | nuclear-power.com" 2950: 2948: 1902:radial and axial feeds is called profiling. 1818:that rotates about the spindle axis (like a 241:. Metalworking was being carried out by the 3701: 3125:Evidences of Metalworking History Reference 2812:, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-14-05. 2418:is essentially a two-headed and unthreaded 2093:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1769:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 444:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5118: 5104: 4803: 4789: 4217: 4203: 3694: 3680: 3429: 3415: 3207: 3193: 3169: 3155: 2945: 2907:Journal of Materials Processing Technology 1891:A lathe cutting material from a workpiece. 139:and working was the discovery of a copper 2933:"What's the Best Way to Cut Thick Steel?" 2113:Learn how and when to remove this message 1789:Learn how and when to remove this message 1703:) are generated when compared with using 1542:Welding/burning technologies: burning by 1240: 464:Learn how and when to remove this message 2826:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing 2360: 2240: 2182: 2050: 2021:Three different types and sizes of taps. 2016: 1886: 1866:Materials that can be milled range from 1726: 1674: 1444: 1377: 1244: 1172: 598: 586: 401: 384: 56:is the process of shaping and reshaping 36: 3092:What's the Best Way to Cut Thick Steel? 2956:Chapter 4: Turning Tools and Operations 2489: 2318:, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to 186:. Almost all other metals are found in 14: 5893: 4224: 3129: 2779: 2446:. The rivet is then driven out with a 1606:Angle grinder § Safety and health 226:, all of which sufficed to work gold. 132:The oldest archaeological evidence of 41:A fireman turning a bar of metal on a 5099: 4784: 4198: 3675: 3410: 3188: 3150: 2740:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 14–. 2588:high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) spray. 2457: 2283:, or by itself, to produce the weld. 2217:is a machining operation used to cut 2878: 2236: 2091:adding citations to reliable sources 2058: 1767:adding citations to reliable sources 1734: 1639: 1440: 1227: 582: 563:and technological applications from 442:adding citations to reliable sources 409: 324:was developed thereby. Bronze is an 253:became common in Southwestern Asia. 88:with simple hand tools, through the 2898: 2716:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 56. 2576: 507:, among other ancient populations, 182:. Some metals can also be found in 24: 2958:, American Machinist, January 2010 2365:Soldering a printed circuit board. 1596:Particulates § Health effects 1308:Sheet (and tube) forming processes 27:Process of making items from metal 25: 5932: 3085: 2497: 1589: 476:By the historical periods of the 5921:9th-millennium BC establishments 5700:Bronze and brass ornamental work 3176: 2919:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.019 2670:Timeline of materials technology 2618:List of metalworking occupations 2598:Bronze and brass ornamental work 2063: 1739: 1689:potentially harmful particulates 1643: 414: 151:was the processing of copper in 47:the USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) 4863:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW) 4853:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW) 3130:Horner, Joseph Gregory (1911). 3058: 3033: 3009: 2985: 2961: 2925: 2872: 2830:(9th ed.). Wiley. p. 2791:Oxford Companion to Archaeology 2665:List of manufacturing processes 1602:Power tool § Health impact 4848:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW) 3953:Electrical discharge machining 3742:Numerical control (NC and CNC) 3389:Semi-finished casting products 2881:"The Evolution of Foldforming" 2848: 2815: 2803: 2770: 2761: 2727: 2706: 2681: 595:used for transferring designs. 13: 1: 2879:Lacy, Sue (15 October 2015). 2675: 1949:secures the workpiece with a 127: 4828:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW) 2785:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). 2689:"Steampunk Metal Sculptures" 2350: 2012: 1624:Heavy_metals § Toxicity 1610:Welding § Safety issues 351:began the use of bronze and 7: 4810: 3800:List of drill and tap sizes 3214: 2810:Mechanics of metal cutting. 2591: 2376: 2127:Grinding (abrasive cutting) 2046: 10: 5937: 4562:Magnetic switchable device 4116:Magnetic switchable device 2712:Hesse, Rayner, W. (2007). 2638:Occupational dust exposure 2580: 2546: 2542: 2501: 2380: 2354: 2329: 2325: 2253: 2249: 2176: 2124: 2024: 1894: 1882: 1829:computer numerical control 1800: 1722: 1621: 1618:Brain health and pollution 1599: 1593: 1456: 1428:Superplastic forming (SPF) 1311: 1180: 1168: 1149: 670: 378: 374: 29: 5713: 5650: 5602: 5549: 5481: 5305: 5150: 5137: 5040: 5005: 4964: 4886:Electric resistance (ERW) 4876: 4818: 4780: 4723: 4585: 4512: 4414: 4363: 4275: 4232: 4194: 4139: 4066: 3958:Electrochemical machining 3933: 3823: 3755: 3710: 3671: 3614: 3578: 3477: 3451: 3406: 3356: 3305: 3222: 3184: 3115:Videos about metalworking 2172: 2027:Threading (manufacturing) 1719:cutting other materials. 1711:. Angle grinders produce 1614:Health impacts of sawdust 1556:Erosion technologies: by 3500:Electrohydraulic forming 2275:. This is often done by 2209: 1362:Incremental forming (IF) 167:and date from 4450 BCE. 30:For metal assembly, see 5835:Painting in Hälsingland 4620:Engineer's spirit level 4038:Rotary transfer machine 4023:Photochemical machining 3963:Electron-beam machining 3925:Tool and cutter grinder 3505:Electromagnetic forming 3139:Encyclopædia Britannica 3021:Encyclopædia Britannica 2514:precipitation hardening 2223:Electron beam machining 1573:Photochemical machining 1571:Chemical technologies: 1566:abrasive flow machining 1382:A metal spun brass vase 1259:involves using heat or 1154:= Routinely performed, 555:, build more efficient 5911:Mechanical engineering 4335:Oxy-fuel cutting torch 3490:Casting (metalworking) 2633:Metalworking hand tool 2366: 2246: 2188: 2056: 2022: 1892: 1837:drilling and threading 1732: 1696: 1520:Machine technologies: 1496:oxy-fuel cutting torch 1454: 1383: 1250: 1241:Bulk forming processes 1178: 753:Permanent mold casting 604: 596: 407: 399: 96:of harder metals like 50: 5080:Tools and terminology 4587:Measuring instruments 3262:Investment (Lost wax) 2364: 2244: 2186: 2179:Filing (metalworking) 2054: 2020: 1890: 1730: 1686: 1622:Further information: 1506:Manual technologies: 1448: 1381: 1354:Hot metal gas forming 1248: 1176: 602: 590: 405: 388: 357:European colonisation 40: 5916:Chemical engineering 5855:Pressed flower craft 4152:Machining vibrations 4058:Ultrasonic machining 3540:Progressive stamping 3045:Chemistry LibreTexts 2490:Associated processes 2227:Ultrasonic machining 2087:improve this section 1763:improve this section 1408:Repoussé and chasing 438:improve this section 190:, a mineral-bearing 5272:Spinning (textiles) 5190:Friendship bracelet 4916:Friction stir (FSW) 4891:Electron-beam (EBW) 4172:Tool and die making 3860:Cylindrical grinder 3616:Finishing processes 3245:Evaporative-pattern 2954:Schneider, George. 2472:flat-pack furniture 1919:rotational symmetry 1803:Milling (machining) 1358:Hot press hardening 1202:Centrifugal casting 1177:A sand casting mold 665: 569:shipping containers 332:in common use (see 258:oxidation potential 73:parts and delicate 5013:Heat-affected zone 4941:Oxyacetylene (OAW) 4710:Thread pitch gauge 4675:Optical comparator 4429:Combination square 4226:Metalworking tools 3840:Abrasive machining 3133:"Metal-Work" 3108:American Machinist 3099:American Machinist 2969:"What is welding?" 2458:Mechanical fixings 2397:medieval armouring 2367: 2247: 2189: 2057: 2023: 1893: 1733: 1697: 1655:. You can help by 1562:electric discharge 1471:and excess metal. 1455: 1436:(wheeling machine) 1432:Wheeling using an 1413:Rubber pad forming 1384: 1251: 1192:Investment casting 1179: 1162:= Not recommended 930:Closed-die forging 824:Investment casting 663: 605: 597: 593:combination square 408: 400: 396:Constantin Meunier 381:Ferrous metallurgy 336:for more detail). 69:, down to precise 51: 5888: 5887: 5778:Hardstone carving 5726:Balloon modelling 5240:Ribbon embroidery 5093: 5092: 5036: 5035: 4896:Electroslag (ESW) 4843:Flux-cored (FCAW) 4776: 4775: 4190: 4189: 3667: 3666: 3579:Joining processes 3510:Explosive forming 3478:Forming processes 3402: 3401: 2860:Alrouf Electrical 2747:978-1-4381-0990-9 2320:ultraviolet light 2237:Joining processes 2123: 2122: 2115: 2055:A surface grinder 1915:deformation tools 1799: 1798: 1791: 1705:reciprocating saw 1687:Large amounts of 1684: 1673: 1672: 1632:Toxic heavy metal 1441:Cutting processes 1349:Hydroforming (HF) 1339:Deep drawing (DD) 1294:Friction drilling 1289:Powder metallurgy 1228:Forming processes 1166: 1165: 1115:Powder metallurgy 697:Refractory metals 583:General processes 501:Maya civilization 474: 473: 466: 239:Southwestern Asia 65:, buildings, and 32:metal fabrication 16:(Redirected from 5928: 5860:Qing handicrafts 5665:Chemical milling 5120: 5113: 5106: 5097: 5096: 4926:Laser beam (LBW) 4833:Electrogas (EGW) 4805: 4798: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4650:Machinist square 4459:Needlegun scaler 4454:Machinist square 4267:Water jet cutter 4234:Cutting machines 4219: 4212: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4157:Speeds and feeds 3910:Sharpening stone 3885:Grinding machine 3880:Grinding dresser 3747:Stewart platform 3696: 3689: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3446: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3282:Semi-solid metal 3209: 3202: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3110:, November, 2009 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3041:"Electroplating" 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2941:. 7 August 2021. 2929: 2923: 2922: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2829: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2731: 2725: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2691:. Archived from 2685: 2583:Thermal spraying 2577:Thermal spraying 2136:grinding machine 2118: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2067: 2059: 1923:axis of rotation 1794: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1743: 1735: 1685: 1668: 1665: 1647: 1640: 1636:Metal fume fever 1548:oxy-fuel burning 1196:lost wax casting 894:Open-die forging 860:Ablation casting 666: 662: 497:Tribes of Israel 469: 462: 458: 455: 449: 418: 410: 165:Varna Necropolis 92:of ores and hot 21: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5870:Straw marquetry 5709: 5646: 5622:Enamelled glass 5598: 5545: 5477: 5301: 5146: 5133: 5127:Decorative arts 5124: 5094: 5089: 5032: 5023:Residual stress 5001: 4960: 4878:Other processes 4872: 4868:Submerged (SAW) 4814: 4809: 4772: 4719: 4615:Engineer's blue 4581: 4514:Machine tooling 4508: 4410: 4386:Hydraulic press 4359: 4271: 4228: 4223: 4186: 4135: 4062: 3929: 3920:Surface grinder 3855:Coated abrasive 3826: 3819: 3790:Drill bit sizes 3785:Drill bit shank 3760: 3751: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3663: 3610: 3574: 3535:Press hardening 3473: 3447: 3445:, and finishing 3437: 3435: 3398: 3364:Casting defects 3352: 3301: 3218: 3213: 3180: 3175: 3101:, October, 2009 3088: 3083: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2946: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2885:Foldforming Hub 2877: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2732: 2728: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2594: 2585: 2579: 2551: 2545: 2506: 2500: 2492: 2460: 2385: 2379: 2359: 2353: 2334: 2328: 2258: 2252: 2239: 2212: 2181: 2175: 2129: 2119: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2084: 2068: 2049: 2029: 2015: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1899: 1885: 1812:milling machine 1805: 1795: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1760: 1744: 1725: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1653:needs expansion 1638: 1620: 1598: 1592: 1461: 1443: 1316: 1310: 1243: 1230: 1185: 1171: 660:is often used. 585: 535:practitioners, 517:precious metals 509:precious metals 470: 459: 453: 450: 435: 419: 383: 377: 245:inhabitants of 210:. The earliest 130: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5934: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5906:Metal industry 5903: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798:Leatherworking 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5751:Egg decorating 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5018:Photokeratitis 5015: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4936:Magnetic pulse 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4725:Smithing tools 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4640:Go/no go gauge 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4610:Dial indicator 4607: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4406:Stamping press 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4325:Milling cutter 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4013:Milling cutter 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3890:Grinding wheel 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3712:Computer-aided 3708: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3639:Mass finishing 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3267:Permanent mold 3264: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3127: 3122: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3087: 3086:External links 3084: 3082: 3081: 3070:twi-global.com 3057: 3032: 3008: 2984: 2960: 2944: 2924: 2897: 2871: 2847: 2840: 2814: 2802: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2746: 2726: 2705: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2613:Lead poisoning 2610: 2605: 2603:Chip formation 2600: 2593: 2590: 2581:Main article: 2578: 2575: 2554:Electroplating 2547:Main article: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2504:Heat treatment 2502:Main article: 2499: 2498:Heat treatment 2496: 2491: 2488: 2462:This includes 2459: 2456: 2407:and component 2381:Main article: 2378: 2375: 2355:Main article: 2352: 2349: 2330:Main article: 2327: 2324: 2316:electric shock 2294:, a laser, an 2269:thermoplastics 2254:Main article: 2251: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2211: 2208: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2140:abrasive wheel 2125:Main article: 2121: 2120: 2071: 2069: 2062: 2048: 2045: 2025:Main article: 2014: 2011: 1913:, cutting, or 1895:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1816:milling cutter 1801:Main article: 1797: 1796: 1747: 1745: 1738: 1724: 1721: 1671: 1670: 1650: 1648: 1628:Metal toxicity 1594:Main article: 1591: 1590:Health effects 1588: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1554: 1540: 1518: 1516:shear or snips 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1457:Main article: 1451:plasma cutting 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1242: 1239: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1181:Main article: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1004: 998: 997: 995: 993: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 968: 962: 961: 959: 957: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 932: 926: 925: 923: 921: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 896: 890: 889: 887: 885: 883: 881: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 862: 856: 855: 852: 849: 847: 845: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 826: 820: 819: 817: 815: 812: 810: 808: 806: 803: 800: 797: 795: 793: 787: 786: 783: 780: 777: 775: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 749: 748: 745: 742: 739: 737: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 711: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 673: 672: 669: 584: 581: 472: 471: 422: 420: 413: 376: 373: 309: 308: 302: 296: 290: 284: 278: 272: 129: 126: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5933: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Private press 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761:Faux painting 5759: 5757: 5756:Engraved gems 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5642:Stained glass 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Glass etching 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160:Banner-making 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006:Related terms 5004: 4998: 4997:Shielding gas 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Friction stud 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4715:Vernier scale 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4700:Surface plate 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:Marking gauge 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Machine taper 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:Indexing head 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4391:Machine press 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381:English wheel 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364:Forming tools 4362: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4277:Cutting tools 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4147:Cutting fluid 4145: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4111:Machine taper 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4096:Indexing head 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4068:Machine tools 4065: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915:Spark testing 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3870:Flick grinder 3868: 3866: 3865:Diamond plate 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850:Bench grinder 3848: 3846: 3845:Angle grinder 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3705:and computing 3704: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3634:Heat treating 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3318:Cope and drag 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3292:Shell molding 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3022: 3018: 3012: 2998: 2997:Nuclear Power 2994: 2988: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2841:0-471-65653-4 2837: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2799:0-19-507618-4 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2723: 2722:0-313-33507-9 2719: 2715: 2709: 2695:on 2015-07-07 2694: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2628:Metal testing 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2584: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466:, as well as 2465: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:metal couture 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2374: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271:, by causing 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2221:into shafts. 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2117: 2114: 2106: 2103:November 2019 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2072:This section 2070: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1793: 1790: 1782: 1779:November 2019 1772: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1748:This section 1746: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1667: 1658: 1654: 1651:This section 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579:Cutting fluid 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1452: 1447: 1435: 1434:English wheel 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:Shear forming 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1217:Shell casting 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1183:Metal casting 1175: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075:Screw machine 1073: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 994: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 969: 967: 964: 963: 960: 958: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 933: 931: 928: 927: 924: 922: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 897: 895: 892: 891: 888: 886: 884: 882: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 863: 861: 858: 857: 853: 850: 848: 846: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 827: 825: 822: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 809: 807: 804: 801: 798: 796: 794: 792: 789: 788: 784: 781: 778: 776: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 746: 743: 740: 738: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 674: 668: 667: 661: 659: 654: 653: 648: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628: 623: 620: 618: 614: 610: 601: 594: 589: 580: 578: 577:air transport 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:North America 502: 498: 494: 490: 487: 483: 479: 468: 465: 457: 454:November 2019 447: 443: 439: 433: 432: 428: 423:This section 421: 417: 412: 411: 404: 397: 393: 392: 387: 382: 372: 370: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345:Great Britain 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 313: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 265: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 166: 162: 158: 157:Lake Michigan 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 125: 123: 122:blacksmithing 119: 118:machine tools 115: 114:machine shops 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82:native metals 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 55: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 5901:Metalworking 5818:Glass mosaic 5736:Bone carving 5651: 5536:Wood carving 5531:Wood burning 5506:Chip carving 5463:Scrapbooking 5448:Papier-mâché 5414:Papercutting 5367:Iris folding 5355:Photomontage 5350:Papier collé 5315:Altered book 5175:Cross-stitch 4987:Power supply 4977:Filler metal 4931:Laser-hybrid 4858:Plasma (PAW) 4758:Steam hammer 4705:Tape measure 4695:Straightedge 4680:Radius gauge 4655:Marking blue 4645:Height gauge 4625:Feeler gauge 4605:Center gauge 4572:Rotary table 4552:Lathe center 4464:Piercing saw 4449:Hand scraper 4320:Hand scraper 4126:Rotary table 4106:Lathe center 3993:Machine tool 3825:Grinding and 3570:Tube bending 3525:Hydroforming 3333:Molding sand 3287:Shaw process 3272:Plaster mold 3178:Metalworking 3177: 3137: 3107: 3098: 3073:. Retrieved 3069: 3060: 3049:. Retrieved 3047:. 2013-10-02 3044: 3035: 3024:. Retrieved 3020: 3011: 3000:. Retrieved 2996: 2987: 2976:. Retrieved 2972: 2963: 2936: 2927: 2913:(15): 2103. 2910: 2906: 2900: 2888:. Retrieved 2884: 2874: 2863:. Retrieved 2859: 2850: 2825: 2817: 2805: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2751:. Retrieved 2736: 2729: 2713: 2708: 2697:. Retrieved 2693:the original 2683: 2658: 2657: 2643:Particulates 2608:Heavy metals 2586: 2552: 2537: 2507: 2493: 2461: 2441: 2433:cold working 2413: 2411:techniques. 2387: 2386: 2369: 2368: 2346: 2336: 2335: 2292:electric arc 2285: 2260: 2259: 2213: 2191: 2190: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2109: 2100: 2085:Please help 2073: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2009:workpieces. 2004: 2000: 1971: 1968: 1963:cutting tool 1943: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1807: 1806: 1785: 1776: 1761:Please help 1749: 1701:particulates 1698: 1661: 1657:adding to it 1652: 1577: 1501: 1490: 1473: 1463: 1462: 1403:Roll bending 1398:Roll forming 1317: 1252: 1233: 1231: 1222:Spin casting 1212:Sand casting 1186: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1039:deep drawing 1002:Cold heading 715:Sand casting 658:tape measure 650: 649: 625: 624: 621: 616: 612: 608: 606: 565:construction 549: 533:atharvavedic 475: 460: 451: 436:Please help 424: 391:Le Marteleur 389: 365: 338: 314: 310: 255: 228: 214:were stone, 204:malleability 180:native metal 172:Isaac Asimov 169: 143:in northern 131: 110: 79: 54:Metalworking 53: 52: 5845:Pietra dura 5808:Micromosaic 5741:Doll making 5695:Silversmith 5612:Cameo glass 5569:Earthenware 5541:Woodturning 5453:Pop-up book 5438:Papermaking 5325:Calligraphy 5320:Bookbinding 5250:Rug hooking 5220:Needlepoint 5200:Lace-making 5165:Canvas work 5050:Fabrication 5028:Weldability 4820:Arc welding 4768:Trip hammer 4763:Swage block 4748:Hardy tools 4665:Marking out 4635:Gauge block 4522:Angle plate 4484:Tap and die 4401:Screw press 4396:Punch press 4350:Tipped tool 4305:Countersink 4300:Counterbore 4140:Terminology 4076:Angle plate 4003:Metal lathe 3895:Jig grinder 3805:Tap and die 3714:engineering 3629:Galvanizing 3469:Sheet metal 3459:Fabrication 3443:fabrication 3357:Terminology 3230:Centrifugal 2653:Stone mould 2623:Metal swarf 2444:cold chisel 2437:hot working 2409:fabrication 2273:coalescence 2265:fabrication 2245:Mig welding 2150:materials. 1931:crankshafts 1927:candlestick 1375:Flowforming 1344:Foldforming 1334:Decambering 1314:Sheet metal 1269:Cold sizing 1257:deformation 1207:Die casting 791:Die casting 627:Marking out 557:electronics 545:Metalsmiths 541:granulation 529:blacksmiths 243:South Asian 5895:Categories 5880:Wall decal 5803:Miniatures 5721:Assemblage 5589:Terracotta 5564:Bone china 5443:Paper toys 5409:Papercraft 5335:Cast paper 5330:Cardmaking 5277:String art 5267:Shoemaking 5255:Rug making 5225:Needlework 5180:Embroidery 5170:Crocheting 5131:handicraft 5070:Metallurgy 4951:Ultrasonic 4946:Spot (RSW) 4901:Exothermic 4670:Micrometer 4595:Bore gauge 4416:Hand tools 4018:Pantograph 3810:Tap wrench 3644:Patination 3464:Piece work 3306:Components 3235:Continuous 3075:2023-07-04 3051:2023-07-04 3026:2023-07-04 3002:2023-07-04 2978:2023-07-18 2865:2023-07-04 2699:2012-08-30 2676:References 2648:Power tool 2308:underwater 2304:ultrasound 2231:ultrasonic 2033:tap or die 1959:line shaft 1693:metal dust 1600:See also: 1388:Planishing 1312:See also: 1303:Burnishing 561:industrial 559:, and for 537:alchemists 499:, and the 379:See also: 334:Bronze Age 128:Prehistory 18:Metal work 5875:Taxidermy 5865:Scrimshaw 5840:Pargeting 5766:Grotesque 5746:Dollhouse 5690:Goldsmith 5685:Jewellery 5675:Engraving 5632:Glassware 5617:Chip work 5584:Stoneware 5574:Porcelain 5526:Marquetry 5501:Carpentry 5496:Cabinetry 5473:Wallpaper 5399:Embossing 5392:Moneygami 5345:Decoupage 5230:Patchwork 5215:Millinery 5065:Machining 5060:Jewellery 4972:Electrode 4965:Equipment 4499:Workbench 4434:Drift pin 4257:Miter saw 4182:Workpiece 4177:Tramp oil 4167:Tolerance 3998:Machining 3988:Jig borer 3973:Engraving 3948:Broaching 3935:Machining 3815:Threading 3780:Drill bit 3762:threading 3703:Machining 3659:Polishing 3624:Anodizing 3601:Soldering 3515:Extrusion 3255:Lost foam 3250:Full mold 3223:Processes 2973:Materials 2890:1 January 2522:tempering 2518:quenching 2510:annealing 2393:jewellery 2370:Soldering 2357:Soldering 2351:Soldering 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