Machine tool - Knowledge

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vector it makes sense to arrange it in four rows of three columns with labels x y and z on the columns and labels spin and move on the rows, with those two labels repeated one more time to make a total of four rows so that the first row might be labeled spin work, the second row might be labeled move work, the third row might be labeled spin tool, and the fourth row might be labeled move tool although the position of the labels is arbitrary which is to say there is no agreement in the literature of mechanical engineering on what order these labels should be but there are 12 degrees of freedom in a machine tool. That said it is important to remember that this is in an instant moment and that instant moment may be a preparatory moment before a tool makes contact with a work piece, or maybe an engaged moment during which contact with work and tool requires an input of rather large amounts of power to get work done which is why machine tools are large and heavy and stiff. Since what these vectors describe our instant moments of degrees of freedom the vector structure is capable of expressing the changing mode of a machine tool as well as expressing its fundamental structure in the following way: imagine a lathe spending a cylinder on a horizontal axis with a tool ready to cut a face on that cylinder in some preparatory moment. What the operator of such a lathe would do is lock the x-axis on the carriage of the lathe establishing a new vector condition with a zero in the x slide position for the tool. Then the operator would unlock the y-axis on the cross slide of the lathe, assuming that our examples were equipped with that, and then the operator would apply some method of traversing the facing tool across the face of the cylinder being cut and a depth combined with the rotational speed selected which engages cutting ability within the power of range of the motor powering the lathe. So the answer to what a machine tool is, is a very simple answer but it is highly technical and is unrelated to the history of machine tools.

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slide assembly, or the roundness, lack of taper, and squareness of the two axes of a lathe machine to be transferred to a machined work piece with accuracy and precision better than a thousandth of an inch, not as fine as millionths of an inch. As the fit between sliding parts of a made product, machine, or machine tool approaches this critical thousandth of an inch measurement, lubrication and capillary action combine to prevent Van Der Waals force from welding like metals together, extending the lubricated life of sliding parts by a factor of thousands to millions; the disaster of oil depletion in the conventional automotive engine is an accessible demonstration of the need, and in aerospace design, like-to-unlike design is used along with solid lubricants to prevent Van Der Waals welding from destroying mating surfaces. Given the modulus of elasticity of metals, the range of fit tolerances near one thousandth of an inch correlates to the relevant range of constraint between at one extreme, permanent assembly of two mating parts and at the other, a free sliding fit of those same two parts.

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medium (called bluing today) revealing the high spots which would be removed by hand scraping with a steel scraper, until no irregularities were visible. This would not produce true plane surfaces but a "ball and socket" concave-concave and convex-convex fit, as this mechanical fit, like two perfect planes, can slide over each other and reveal no high spots. The rubbing and marking are repeated after rotating 2 relative to 1 by 90 degrees to eliminate concave-convex "potato-chip" curvature. Next, plate number 3 is compared and scraped to conform to plate number 1 in the same two trials. In this manner plates number 2 and 3 would be identical. Next plates number 2 and 3 would be checked against each other to determine what condition existed, either both plates were "balls" or "sockets" or "chips" or a combination. These would then be scraped until no high spots existed and then compared to plate number 1. Repeating this process of comparing and scraping the three plates could produce plane surfaces accurate to within millionths of an inch (the thickness of the marking medium).

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the work, or from some external source, including for examples a foot treadle by the same worker, or a motor, without limitation; and finally, the control can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or the work, or from some other source, including computer numerical control. With two choices for each of four parameters, the types are enumerated to sixteen types of Manufacturing, where Matter-Additive might mean painting on canvas as readily as it might mean 3D printing under computer control, Matter-Preserving might mean forging at the coal fire as readily as stamping license plates, and Matter-Subtracting might mean casually whittling a pencil point as readily as it might mean precision grinding the final form of a laser deposited turbine blade.

770: 1543: 357:. With a machine tool, toolpaths that no human muscle could constrain can be constrained; and toolpaths that are technically possible with freehand methods, but would require tremendous time and skill to execute, can instead be executed quickly and easily, even by people with little freehand talent (because the machine takes care of it). The latter aspect of machine tools is often referred to by historians of bytechnology as "building the skill into the tool", in contrast to the toolpath-constraining skill being in the 1239: 1185: 1146: 1100: 4710: 20: 545: 106: 4720: 4730: 1003: 713:. Cast iron could be cast in molds for larger parts, such as engine cylinders and gears, but was difficult to work with a file and could not be hammered. Red hot wrought iron could be hammered into shapes. Room temperature wrought iron was worked with a file and chisel and could be made into gears and other complex parts; however, hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. 498:"machinery" encompasses them, but sometimes it is used to imply only those machines that are being excluded from the definition of "machine tool". This is why the machines in a food-processing plant, such as conveyors, mixers, vessels, dividers, and so on, may be labeled "machinery", while the machines in the factory's tool and die department are instead called "machine tools" in contradistinction. 742:

that Whitworth perfected the hand scraping of master surface plane gages. In his paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840, Whitworth pointed out the inherent inaccuracy of grinding due to no control and thus unequal distribution of the abrasive material between the plates which would produce uneven removal of material from the plates.

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surfaces comprising the features of machine parts by removing chips. These chips may be very rough or even as fine as dust. Every machine tools supports its removal process with a stiff, redundant and so vibration resisting structure because each chip is removed in a semi a synchronous way, creating multiple opportunities for vibration to interfere with precision.

734:. That Maudslay had established the manufacture and use of master plane gages in his shop (Maudslay & Field) located on Westminster Road south of the Thames River in London about 1809, was attested to by James Nasmyth who was employed by Maudslay in 1829 and Nasmyth documented their use in his autobiography. 741:

The traditional method of producing the surface gages used an abrasive powder rubbed between the plates to remove the high spots, but it was Whitworth who contributed the refinement of replacing the grinding with hand scraping. Sometime after 1825, Whitworth went to work for Maudslay and it was there

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The process by which the master plane gages were produced dates back to antiquity but was refined to an unprecedented degree in the Maudslay shop. The process begins with three square plates each given an identification (ex., 1,2 and 3). The first step is to rub plates 1 and 2 together with a marking

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Regarding the 1930s NBER definition quoted above, one could argue that its specificity to metal is obsolete, as it is quite common today for particular lathes, milling machines, and machining centers (definitely machine tools) to work exclusively on plastic cutting jobs throughout their whole working

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Matter-Additive, Matter-Preserving, and Matter-Subtractive "Manufacturing" can proceed in sixteen ways: Firstly, the work may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; secondly, the tool may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; thirdly, the energy can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or

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A history most specifically of Burgmaster, which specialized in turret drills; but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era

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Preceding, there is an answer for what machine tools are. We may consider what they do also. Machine tools produce finished surfaces. They may produce any finish from an arbitrary degree of very rough work to a specular optical grade finish the improvement of which is moot. Machine tools produce the

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between like materials is high; freehand manufacture of square plates, produces only square, flat, machine tool building reference components, accurate to millionths of an inch, but of nearly no variety. The process of feature replication allows the flatness and squareness of a milling machine cross

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for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer

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With the creation of master plane gages of such high accuracy, all critical components of machine tools (i.e., guiding surfaces such as machine ways) could then be compared against them and scraped to the desired accuracy. The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e., commercially available) were

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with a hand-cranked belt pulley instead of an electric motor. Thus one can question whether power source is truly a key distinguishing concept; but for economics purposes, the NBER's definition made sense, because most of the commercial value of the existence of machine tools comes about via those

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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. Not comprehensive in terms of firm names and sales statistics (like Floud focuses on), but extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the

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The worldwide market for machine tools was approximately $ 81 billion in production in 2014 according to a survey by market research firm Gardner Research. The largest producer of machine tools was China with $ 23.8 billion of production followed by Germany and Japan at neck and neck with $ 12.9

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was finally realized. An important early example of something now taken for granted was the standardization of screw fasteners such as nuts and bolts. Before about the beginning of the 19th century, these were used in pairs, and even screws of the same machine were generally not interchangeable.

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operation, which is related in principle to tracing but can be a step or two removed from the traced element's matching the reproduced element's final shape. For example, several cams, no one of which directly matches the desired output shape, can actuate a complex toolpath by creating component

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A precise description of what a machine tool is and does in an instant moment is given by a 12 component vector relating the linear and rotational degrees of freedom of the single work piece and the single tool contacting that work piece in any machine arbitrarily and in order to visualize this

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helped expand humans' technological milieu toward the preconditions for industrial machine tools. During the 18th and 19th centuries, and even in many cases in the 20th, the builders of machine tools tended to be the same people who would then use them to produce the end products (manufactured

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are an industry of themselves, but this industry's main drivers of development were the vehicles already listed—trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft; and other industries, such as tractors, farm implements, and tanks, borrowed heavily from those same parent industries.

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American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by

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The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Machine tool innovation continues in several public and private research centers worldwide.

494:(joiners, table saws, routing stations, and so on), but it is difficult to maintain any true logical dividing line, and therefore many speakers accept a broad definition. It is common to hear machinists refer to their machine tools simply as "machines". Usually the 270:

of programmable mechanical control with machine tool toolpath control was delayed many decades, in part because the programmable control methods of musical boxes and looms lacked the rigidity for machine tool toolpaths. Later, electromechanical solutions (such as

872:); however, following the development of high-pressure steam engines in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until 166:

human guidance of the toolpath (with hands, feet, or mouth) was no longer the only guidance used in the cutting or forming process. In this view of the definition, the term, arising at a time when all tools up till then had been

424:, which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool 376:

In the 1930s, the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) referenced the definition of a machine tool as "any machine operating by other than hand power which employs a tool to work on metal".

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The colloquial sense implying metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as

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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC.

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goods). However, from these roots also evolved an industry of machine tool builders as we define them today, meaning people who specialize in building machine tools for sale to others.

67:". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material. 1798:(contemporaneously with its Swiss invention), and Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible 467:

processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact,

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use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with

51:, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the 637:

Historians of machine tools often focus on a handful of major industries that most spurred machine tool development. In order of historical emergence, they have been

506:". And its specificity to "operating by other than hand power" is also problematic, as machine tools can be powered by people if appropriately set up, such as with a 621:

that the modern concept of a machine tool—a class of machines used as tools in the making of metal parts, and incorporating machine-guided toolpath—began to evolve.

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Multitasking machines (MTMs)—CNC machine tools with many axes that combine turning, milling, grinding, and material handling into one highly automated machine tool

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consider that true machine tools were born when the toolpath first became guided by the machine itself in some way, at least to some extent, so that direct,

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billion and $ 12.88 billion respectively. South Korea and Italy rounded out the top 5 producers with revenue of $ 5.6 billion and $ 5 billion respectively.

917:. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators. 897:

to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the

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in England in the middle to late 1700s. Until that time, machinery was made mostly from wood, often including gearing and shafts. The increase in

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Methods were developed to cut screw thread to a greater precision than that of the feed screw in the lathe being used. This led to the bar

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are of a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483. This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest".

2815: 217:), which has many forms, such as dovetail ways, box ways, or cylindrical column ways. Machine slides constrain tool or workpiece movement 4593: 1878:

Woodbury, Robert S. (1972a). "History of the Lathe to 1850: A Study in the Growth of a Technical Element of an Industrial Economy". In

518:). Hand-powered shapers are clearly "the 'same thing' as shapers with electric motors except smaller", and it is trivial to power a 2089: 3026: 2808: 1694: 920:

Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a

689:. Others could be included in this list as well, but they tend to be connected with the root causes already listed. For example, 1424: 3036: 2237: 1912:. Collection of previously published monographs bound as one volume. A collection of seminal classics of machine tool history. 463:, are often performed by machines that could most logically be called machine tools. In addition, some of the newly developed 3085: 2130: 2061: 2020: 1967: 1944: 1898: 1869: 1846: 1737: 1611: 1590: 879:

Today most machine tools are powered by electricity; hydraulic and pneumatic power are sometimes used, but this is uncommon.

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may be defined differently by some users in some contexts, and some elements may be distinguished by contrasting with others)

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that machine tools added to these human talents is in the areas of rigidity (constraining the toolpath despite thousands of

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Tracing, which involves following the contours of a model or template and transferring the resulting motion to the toolpath.

85:), used to make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation. 4578: 3001: 2262: 1991:

A monograph with a focus on history, economics, and import and export policy. Original 1976 publication: LCCN 75-046133,

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are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by

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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

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Today machine tools are typically powered other than by the human muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via

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and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the

613:, known to have existed in multiple regions of Europe since at least 1000 to 500 BC. But it was not until the later 4583: 978: 63:) is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or " 4588: 2503: 2012: 1275: 1038: 720: 662: 566: 436: 210:

incorporated it for the workpiece, but the movement of the tool itself on these machines was entirely freehand.

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sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of

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When considering the difference between freehand toolpaths and machine-constrained toolpaths, the concepts of

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When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are:

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was unable to have an accurately bored cylinder for his first steam engine, trying for several years until

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invented a suitable boring machine in 1774, boring Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine in 1776.

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lifespan. Thus the NBER definition above could be expanded to say "which employs a tool to work on metal

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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865

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A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power

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A biography of a machine tool builder that also contains some general history of the industry.

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Humans are generally quite talented in their freehand movements; the drawings, paintings, and

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of the line can also be accurately controlled. (Machine slides are essentially a subset of

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Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. Early machines used

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were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as

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Abstractly programmable toolpath guidance began with mechanical solutions, such as in

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itself; but the earliest historical records of a lathe with direct mechanical control

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Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via

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may or may not fall under this definition, depending on how one views the headstock

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The Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, independently invented the

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With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of

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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,

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that are powered by electricity, hydraulics, and so on. Such are the vagaries of

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was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.

751: 747: 727: 674: 456: 272: 226: 199: 184: 2038: 206:. This ancient concept predates machine tools per se; the earliest lathes and 4748: 4634: 4527: 4497: 4199: 4169: 4164: 4154: 4101: 3955: 3940: 3902: 3852: 3842: 3595: 3552: 3309: 3234: 3184: 3144: 3139: 2877: 2697: 2661: 2646: 2465: 2420: 2400: 2395: 2126: 1747: 1494: 1285: 837: 755: 702: 606: 413: 338: 263: 1985: 1851:

A seminal classic of machine tool history. Extensively cited by later works.

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boundaries. Many speakers resist using the term "machine tool" to refer to

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thinking behind the intermediate steps. Extensively cited by later works.

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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,

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in one work envelope, and retrofits of existing machines are underway.

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A memoir that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.

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Machine tools filled a need created by textile machinery during the

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screws, bolts, and nuts entirely with freehand toolpaths. But it is

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The mechanical toolpath guidance grew out of various root concepts:

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When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America

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desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective

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machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the

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Machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials

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James Hartness: A Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best

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Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation

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concept itself, which constrains workpiece or tool movement to

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The advance in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to

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ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by

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Important early machine tools included the slide rest lathe,

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From Industry to Alchemy: Burgmaster, a Machine Tool Company

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pp. 87, 112, 121, 146-50, 161, Random House, New York, NY.

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and similar economic topics use this broader definition.

2169:, a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968) 933:, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made. 766:

work into the realm of building machine tools for sale.

1833:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( 1695:"2015 World Machine-Tool Output and Consumption Survey" 229:, although the language used to classify these various 1629: 1214: 705:

required more metal parts, which were usually made of

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International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

1864:, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1617: 1450:

Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement

1939:. Available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications ( 43:

metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting,

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Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools

924:machine might contain a magazine with a variety of 2830: 1962:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1857: 1637: 1437: 1416: 471:are already developing machines that include both 1824:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 868:) were used in the past, as was water power (via 4746: 1495:"The spectacular power of interchangeable parts" 281:numerical control and computer numerical control 1644:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press, 1130: 3079: 2816: 2238: 2200: 915:computerized numerical control (CNC) machines 345:) of force fighting against the constraint), 2135:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, 1960:The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850–1914 1635: 1380: 1072: 2252: 1377:, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04. 275:) and soon electronic solutions (including 96:Nomenclature and key concepts, interrelated 3086: 3072: 2823: 2809: 2245: 2231: 2207: 2193: 2180:Milestones in the History of Machine Tools 1689: 1687: 1685: 1665:"What is a CNC machine for natural stone?" 1636:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991), 1404: 361:who wields the tool. As an example, it is 179:period, and modern woodworking lathes and 2003: 1877: 1802:in machine tools (second only to that of 1732:, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1531: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1462: 1392: 585:Learn how and when to remove this message 146:Learn how and when to remove this message 4594:Building and Wood Workers' International 2090:American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1886: 1879: 1443: 1422: 1001: 768: 750:in England around 1800. Others, such as 18: 1890:Studies in the History of Machine Tools 1855: 1724: 1682: 1623: 1549: 1492: 1410: 909:to control their motion. In the 1960s, 4747: 2167:Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968 1922: 1762: 1468: 1398: 830: 815:of the 19th and early 20th centuries. 597:Forerunners of machine tools included 373:to make them only with machine tools. 3067: 2804: 2226: 2188: 2048: 1957: 1775: 1537: 1386: 486:use of the terms varies, with subtle 4729: 2145: 2125: 1930:, New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 1233: 1179: 1140: 1094: 882: 649:; textile machinery; steam engines ( 567:adding citations to reliable sources 538: 302:the machine-constrained option adds 128:adding citations to reliable sources 99: 4719: 4579:American Association of Woodturners 2081: 1814: 1481: 1215:Machine tool manufacturing industry 504:or other materials of high hardness 70:The precise definition of the term 13: 1916: 1821:English and American Tool Builders 1781:Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy 298:become important in understanding 14: 4791: 4609:National Wood Carvers Association 2173: 2056:, New York, New York, US: Knopf, 1928:Sixty Years with Men and Machines 420:in his history of Burgmaster and 74:varies among users, as discussed 4728: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4584:Architectural Woodwork Institute 2214: 2132:A Short History of Machine Tools 1237: 1183: 1144: 1098: 543: 104: 27:is an example of a machine tool. 3093: 1718: 1657: 1606:pp. 5, 7-8, Cypress, CA, 2013. 1596: 1575: 1555: 1507: 941:Examples of machine tools are: 554:needs additional citations for 115:needs additional citations for 4589:British Woodworking Federation 2504:Electrical discharge machining 2293:Numerical control (NC and CNC) 2013:Johns Hopkins University Press 1486: 1444:Zelinski, Peter (2014-02-21), 1423:Zelinski, Peter (2013-11-08), 1401:, p. 178, Ch. 4, Note 75. 1368: 1276:Category:Machine tool builders 1175: 1039:Electrical discharge machining 437:electrical discharge machining 247:that add up to a net toolpath. 1: 4599:Caricature Carvers of America 1887:Woodbury, Robert S. (1972) , 1362: 1301:Machine Tool Standards (ASME) 1057:Other techniques are used to 777: 2082:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937), 1958:Floud, Roderick C. (2006) , 929:control. These are known as 889:History of numerical control 204:rotation around a fixed axis 7: 2351:List of drill and tap sizes 1765:"Mechanization in Industry" 1702:Gardner Business Media, Inc 1493:Harford, Tim (2019-10-09). 1268: 1131:Adverse effects mitigations 1049:Multiple edge cutting tools 1044:Grinding (abrasive cutting) 936: 10: 4796: 2667:Magnetic switchable device 2150:, London: B. T. Batsford, 2144:. Co-edition published as 1389:, p. 137, figure 213. 1218: 1134: 1076: 886: 534: 221:. If a stop is added, the 189:of the cutting tool's path 175:, those prior to the late 4704: 4678: 4627: 4614:Society of Wood Engravers 4571: 4485: 4435: 4392: 4264: 4257: 4145: 4032: 3974: 3793: 3784: 3727: 3398: 3317: 3308: 3132: 3101: 2986: 2843: 2745: 2690: 2617: 2509:Electrochemical machining 2484: 2374: 2306: 2261: 2222: 1519:www.nationalgalleries.org 1229: 1073:Adverse effects on humans 1053:Single edge cutting tools 798:, pattern tracing lathe, 514:) or a hand lever (for a 441:electrochemical machining 279:) were added, leading to 3027:Machine and metalworking 1331:Self-replicating machine 1296:Machine tool dynamometer 691:rolling-element bearings 160:historians of technology 3037:Measuring and alignment 2948:Rotary transfer machine 2589:Rotary transfer machine 2574:Photochemical machining 2514:Electron-beam machining 2476:Tool and cutter grinder 2146:Rolt, L. T. C. (1965), 2011:, Baltimore, Maryland: 1065:of material are called 625:of the Middle Ages and 605:, which had existed in 449:photochemical machining 445:electron beam machining 4691:Frameless construction 3772:Wood-plastic composite 2933:Oxy-fuel cutting torch 1856:Thomson, Ross (2009), 1800:accuracy and precision 1763:Jerome, Harry (1934), 1281:Damped machining tools 1246:This section is empty. 1192:This section is empty. 1153:This section is empty. 1007: 850: 783: 609:prior to 2500 BC, and 477:additive manufacturing 465:additive manufacturing 371:economically practical 347:accuracy and precision 288:accuracy and precision 28: 2785:Tools and terminology 2163:Ryder, Thomas and Son 1005: 834: 808:interchangeable parts 772: 699:Industrial Revolution 529:controlled vocabulary 492:woodworking machinery 469:machine tool builders 90:interchangeable parts 59:(which is called the 22: 4760:Industrial machinery 4619:Timber Framers Guild 3473:Australian Blackwood 3002:Cutting and abrasive 2703:Machining vibrations 2609:Ultrasonic machining 1375:Define Metal Cutting 1356:Types of press tools 1311:Machinist calculator 1306:Machining vibrations 1221:Machine tool builder 823:as by machine guns. 665:) (the story of how 619:Age of Enlightenment 563:improve this article 453:ultrasonic machining 124:improve this article 4339:Hammer-headed tenon 3858:Janka hardness test 2723:Tool and die making 2411:Cylindrical grinder 2005:Hounshell, David A. 1816:Roe, Joseph Wickham 1430:Modern Machine Shop 989:Shear (sheet metal) 831:Drive power sources 788:screw-cutting lathe 412:, and others. Thus 363:physically possible 325:of artists such as 251:Van Der Waals Force 213:The machine slide ( 3200:Japanese carpentry 2391:Abrasive machining 1808:tool and die maker 1291:Four slide machine 1110:. You can help by 1008: 784: 29: 4742: 4741: 4696:Green woodworking 4553:Wood preservation 4481: 4480: 4384:Tongue and groove 4364:Mortise and tenon 4253: 4252: 3951:Warrington hammer 3780: 3779: 3468:African Blackwood 3260:Segmented turning 3061: 3060: 2798: 2797: 2741: 2740: 2063:978-0-394-51262-4 2022:978-0-8018-2975-8 1969:978-0-521-02555-3 1945:978-0-917914-86-7 1900:978-0-262-73033-4 1871:978-0-8018-9141-0 1847:978-0-917914-73-7 1739:978-0-87584-208-0 1671:. 23 January 2020 1612:978-0-9897906-0-4 1591:978-1-4000-6964-4 1465:, pp. 18–35. 1326:Numerical control 1266: 1265: 1212: 1211: 1173: 1172: 1128: 1127: 1067:rapid prototyping 1026:Grinding machines 1006:5 axis bridge saw 946:Broaching machine 931:machining centers 899:numerical control 883:Automatic control 776:milling machine, 631:Leonardo da Vinci 595: 594: 587: 461:water jet cutting 331:Leonardo da Vinci 156: 155: 148: 4787: 4732: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4262: 4261: 3931:Thickness planer 3791: 3790: 3585:(lime, basswood) 3315: 3314: 3175:Chainsaw carving 3088: 3081: 3074: 3065: 3064: 2888:Grinding machine 2858:Ball-peen hammer 2825: 2818: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2708:Speeds and feeds 2461:Sharpening stone 2436:Grinding machine 2431:Grinding dresser 2298:Stewart platform 2247: 2240: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2186: 2185: 2158: 2143: 2109: 2075: 2041: 1988: 1938: 1911: 1883: 1874: 1863: 1832: 1791: 1772: 1751: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1704:. Archived from 1699: 1691: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1643: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1602:Parker, Dana T. 1600: 1594: 1581:Herman, Arthur. 1579: 1573: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1490: 1484: 1479: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1261: 1258: 1248:You can help by 1241: 1234: 1207: 1204: 1194:You can help by 1187: 1180: 1168: 1165: 1155:You can help by 1148: 1141: 1123: 1120: 1102: 1095: 1020:Stewart platform 848: 813:length standards 782: 779: 760:Joseph Whitworth 732:Joseph Whitworth 641:(small arms and 590: 583: 579: 576: 570: 547: 539: 525:natural language 484:natural language 231:machine elements 151: 144: 140: 137: 131: 108: 100: 39:for handling or 4795: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4700: 4686:Frame and panel 4674: 4623: 4567: 4477: 4436:Surface piecing 4431: 4388: 4309:Crown of thorns 4249: 4235:Smoothing plane 4141: 4028: 3970: 3873:Milling machine 3776: 3737:Cross-laminated 3723: 3394: 3304: 3275:Spindle turning 3265:Shingle weaving 3235:Pallet crafting 3128: 3097: 3092: 3062: 3057: 3056: 2982: 2963:Thread restorer 2853:Automatic lathe 2839: 2829: 2799: 2794: 2737: 2686: 2613: 2480: 2471:Surface grinder 2406:Coated abrasive 2377: 2370: 2341:Drill bit sizes 2336:Drill bit shank 2311: 2302: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2218: 2213: 2176: 2064: 2050:Noble, David F. 2023: 1970: 1947:). Foreword by 1924:Colvin, Fred H. 1919: 1917:Further reading 1901: 1880:Woodbury (1972) 1872: 1777:Moore, Wayne R. 1740: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1601: 1597: 1580: 1576: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1515:"James Nasmyth" 1513: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1442: 1438: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1271: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1178: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1139: 1137:Dust extraction 1133: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1108:needs expansion 1093: 1075: 984:Milling machine 961:Hobbing machine 939: 891: 885: 874:electrification 849: 846:David Wilkinson 844: 833: 796:milling machine 780: 746:constructed by 730:and refined by 675:sewing machines 627:renaissance men 603:potter's wheels 591: 580: 574: 571: 560: 548: 537: 367:interchangeable 227:linear bearings 208:potter's wheels 181:potter's wheels 152: 141: 135: 132: 121: 109: 98: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4793: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4726: 4716: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4665:Quarter sawing 4662: 4657: 4655:Wood splitting 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4563:Wood finishing 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4523:Paint stripper 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4230:Shoulder plane 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4205:Moulding plane 4202: 4197: 4195:Japanese plane 4192: 4187: 4185:Grooving plane 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3999:Flooring clamp 3996: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3956:Winding sticks 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3936:Timber-framing 3933: 3928: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3762:Particle board 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3742:Glue laminated 3739: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3280:Timber framing 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3250:Relief carving 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3150:Bush carpentry 3147: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2992:Types of tools 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2923:Milling cutter 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2564:Milling cutter 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2441:Grinding wheel 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263:Computer-aided 2259: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2174:External links 2172: 2171: 2170: 2160: 2127:Rolt, L. T. C. 2116: 2115: 2079: 2062: 2046: 2021: 2001: 1968: 1955: 1949:Ralph Flanders 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1899: 1884: 1875: 1870: 1853: 1812: 1773: 1760: 1738: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1711:on 2015-09-21. 1681: 1656: 1650: 1628: 1616: 1595: 1574: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1506: 1485: 1467: 1463:Woodbury 1972a 1455: 1436: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1244: 1242: 1231: 1228: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1190: 1188: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1164:September 2024 1151: 1149: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1105: 1103: 1074: 1071: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1012: 996: 991: 986: 981: 979:Screw machines 976: 975:Honing Machine 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 938: 935: 884: 881: 842: 832: 829: 752:Henry Maudslay 748:Matthew Murray 728:Henry Maudslay 721:John Wilkinson 593: 592: 551: 549: 542: 536: 533: 457:plasma cutting 380:The narrowest 264:Jacquard looms 256: 255: 248: 237: 234: 211: 154: 153: 112: 110: 103: 97: 94: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4792: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Machine tools 4753: 4752: 4750: 4735: 4727: 4725: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4635:Chainsaw mill 4633: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572:Organizations 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4528:Steam bending 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:French polish 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 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4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3941:Veneer hammer 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3853:Impact driver 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3669:Red Quebracho 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3597: 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3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3145:Bow and arrow 3143: 3141: 3140:Boat building 3138: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2943:Plasma cutter 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878:English wheel 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2698:Cutting fluid 2696: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2662:Machine taper 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2647:Indexing head 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2619:Machine tools 2616: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2466:Spark testing 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2421:Flick grinder 2419: 2417: 2416:Diamond plate 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2401:Bench grinder 2399: 2397: 2396:Angle grinder 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2260: 2256:and computing 2255: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1997:0-521-21203-0 1994: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1653: 1651:0-262-08198-9 1647: 1642: 1641: 1632: 1626:, p. 24. 1625: 1620: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1571:0-684-86729-X 1568: 1564: 1563:One Good Turn 1558: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1464: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1286:Epoxy granite 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1260: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1222: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1167: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1122: 1113: 1109: 1106:This section 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 942: 934: 932: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 907:punched cards 904: 900: 896: 890: 880: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 847: 841: 839: 828: 824: 822: 821:machine shops 816: 814: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 775: 771: 767: 765: 761: 757: 756:James Nasmyth 753: 749: 743: 739: 735: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 712: 708: 704: 703:mechanization 700: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607:ancient Egypt 604: 600: 589: 586: 578: 575:February 2021 568: 564: 558: 557: 552:This section 550: 546: 541: 540: 532: 530: 526: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 315: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 252: 249: 246: 241: 238: 235: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 198:First is the 197: 196: 195: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 150: 147: 139: 136:February 2021 129: 125: 119: 118: 113:This section 111: 107: 102: 101: 93: 91: 86: 84: 79: 77: 73: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 26: 21: 4503:Heat bending 4448:Edge banding 4220:Router plane 4215:Rebate plane 4175:Finger plane 3906: 3610: 3604: 3584: 3578:Lignum vitae 3336: 3330: 3295:Wood carving 3270:Shipbuilding 3255:Root carving 3215:Log building 3180:Chip carving 2973:Turret lathe 2913:Machine tool 2912: 2836:metalworking 2831: 2677:Rotary table 2657:Lathe center 2544:Machine tool 2543: 2376:Grinding and 2216:Metalworking 2166: 2147: 2131: 2119: 2117: 2088:, New York: 2084: 2076: 2053: 2042: 2008: 1990: 1959: 1952: 1927: 1889: 1859: 1850: 1820: 1804:metrological 1793: 1780: 1768: 1757: 1752: 1729: 1726:Holland, Max 1719:Bibliography 1706:the original 1701: 1673:. Retrieved 1668: 1659: 1639: 1631: 1624:Thomson 2009 1619: 1603: 1598: 1582: 1577: 1562: 1561:Rybczynsky, 1557: 1550:Thomson 2009 1545: 1533: 1522:. Retrieved 1518: 1509: 1498:. Retrieved 1488: 1458: 1449: 1439: 1428: 1418: 1411:Holland 1989 1406: 1394: 1382: 1370: 1321:Multimachine 1316:Metalworking 1254: 1250:adding to it 1245: 1224: 1200: 1196:adding to it 1191: 1161: 1157:adding to it 1152: 1116: 1112:adding to it 1107: 1087:Construction 1079:Particulates 1062: 1058: 1056: 1033: 940: 919: 892: 878: 876:after 1900. 851: 835: 825: 817: 804:metal planer 792:turret lathe 785: 744: 740: 736: 725: 715: 711:wrought iron 696: 636: 596: 581: 572: 561:Please help 556:verification 553: 503: 500: 481: 434: 404:, shearing, 379: 375: 370: 362: 358: 355:productivity 327:Michelangelo 320: 316: 312: 308: 299: 296:productivity 285: 257: 222: 193: 188: 157: 142: 133: 122:Please help 117:verification 114: 87: 80: 72:machine tool 71: 69: 60: 57:cutting tool 33:machine tool 32: 30: 4780:Woodworking 4724:WikiProject 4670:Rift sawing 4660:Flat sawing 4548:Wood drying 4225:Scrub plane 4210:Razee plane 4160:Block plane 4014:Mitre clamp 3961:Wood scribe 3912:Combination 3654:Purpleheart 3350:Douglas fir 3300:Woodturning 3133:Occupations 3095:Woodworking 3052:Woodworking 2958:Tap and die 2918:Metal lathe 2883:Gear shaper 2868:Drill press 2848:Arbor press 2755:Fabrication 2691:Terminology 2627:Angle plate 2554:Metal lathe 2446:Jig grinder 2356:Tap and die 2265:engineering 1552:, p. . 1399:Jerome 1934 1257:August 2024 1203:August 2024 1176:Regulations 1119:August 2024 1091:Metal swarf 956:Gear shaper 951:Drill press 870:water wheel 866:treadwheels 781: 1818 774:Eli Whitney 683:automobiles 623:Clockmakers 615:Middle Ages 520:micro lathe 488:connotative 473:subtractive 418:Max Holland 396:. However, 268:convergence 260:musical box 25:metal lathe 4749:Categories 4679:Techniques 4628:Conversion 4558:Wood stain 4486:Treatments 4274:Birdsmouth 4240:Spokeshave 4190:Jack plane 4180:Fore plane 4019:Pipe clamp 3984:Band clamp 3908:Carpenters 3729:Engineered 3679:Rubberwood 3528:Eucalyptus 3332:Calocedrus 3245:Pyrography 3210:Kohlrosing 2775:Metallurgy 2569:Pantograph 2361:Tap wrench 2112:HathiTrust 2110:link from 2039:1104810110 1978:2006275684 1675:2020-07-29 1538:Moore 1970 1524:2022-11-01 1500:2019-10-09 1387:Moore 1970 1363:References 1219:See also: 1135:See also: 1083:Renovation 1077:See also: 1069:machines. 926:drill bits 903:paper tape 887:See also: 862:treadmills 838:Mr. Slater 764:millwright 717:James Watt 651:stationary 599:bow drills 455:, or even 398:economists 382:colloquial 351:efficiency 323:sculptures 292:efficiency 169:hand tools 83:line shaft 4770:Machining 4468:Parquetry 4463:Oystering 4458:Marquetry 4299:Butterfly 3966:Workbench 3898:Sandpaper 3878:Mitre box 3823:Drawknife 3813:Burnisher 3798:Abrasives 3747:Hardboard 3408:Afromosia 3290:Whittling 3240:Parquetry 3225:Marquetry 3170:Certosina 3165:Carpentry 3155:Cabinetry 3102:Overviews 2903:Jig borer 2770:Machining 2765:Jewellery 2733:Workpiece 2728:Tramp oil 2718:Tolerance 2549:Machining 2539:Jig borer 2524:Engraving 2499:Broaching 2486:Machining 2366:Threading 2331:Drill bit 2313:threading 2254:Machining 1796:jig borer 1748:246343673 1351:Tool Ways 1346:Tool wear 911:computers 895:flywheels 707:cast iron 663:otherwise 643:artillery 496:mass noun 422:Houdaille 386:machining 277:computers 262:cams and 53:workpiece 41:machining 4765:Machines 4714:Category 4493:Adhesive 4473:Purfling 4453:Intarsia 4394:Profiles 4319:Dovetail 4258:Geometry 4097:Hand saw 4082:Crosscut 4067:Circular 4062:Chainsaw 4009:Holdfast 3674:Rosewood 3606:American 3601:Mahogany 3573:Jelutong 3543:Hornbeam 3508:Cocobolo 3503:Chestnut 3418:Andiroba 3230:Millwork 3195:Intarsia 3190:Fretwork 3185:Ébéniste 3114:Glossary 3007:Forestry 2997:Cleaning 2968:Tool bit 2873:End mill 2780:Smithing 2519:End mill 2426:Grinding 2386:Abrasive 2346:Drilling 2321:Die head 2308:Drilling 2156:65080822 2129:(1965), 2098:37016470 2072:83048867 2052:(1984), 2031:83016269 2007:(1984), 1986:70251252 1936:47003762 1926:(1947), 1909:72006354 1839:27-24075 1830:16011753 1818:(1916), 1789:73127307 1779:(1970), 1728:(1989), 1565:, 2000, 1482:Roe 1916 1341:Tool bit 1269:See also 1063:addition 937:Examples 858:treadles 843:— 687:aircraft 679:bicycles 639:firearms 629:such as 617:and the 410:riveting 390:grinding 365:to make 219:linearly 215:tool way 177:medieval 164:freehand 65:freehand 61:toolpath 49:grinding 4734:Commons 4650:Whipsaw 4645:Sawmill 4538:Varnish 4533:Thermal 4508:Lacquer 4443:Binding 4412:Chamfer 4279:Biscuit 4245:Surform 4137:Whipsaw 4107:Keyhole 4092:Fretsaw 4072:Compass 4057:Bucksaw 4047:Bandsaw 4042:Backsaw 4024:Sawbuck 3994:F-clamp 3989:C-clamp 3863:Jointer 3767:Plywood 3719:Zebrano 3659:Ovankol 3624:Meranti 3612:African 3583:Linden 3538:Hickory 3493:Cedrela 3488:Camphor 3483:Bubinga 3478:Boxwood 3458:Bilinga 3443:Avodire 3360:Juniper 3345:Cypress 3220:Luthier 3109:History 3032:Masonry 3022:Kitchen 2893:Hacksaw 2832:Machine 2790:Welding 2760:Forming 2750:Casting 2682:Wiggler 2672:Mandrel 2642:Fixture 2604:Turning 2599:Skiving 2559:Milling 2534:Hobbing 2456:Sanding 2451:Lapping 2378:lapping 2106:3456642 1669:Thibaut 999:Bandsaw 535:History 510:(for a 508:treadle 414:presses 406:swaging 339:newtons 245:vectors 200:spindle 185:spindle 37:machine 4640:Hewing 4379:Splice 4334:Halved 4329:Groove 4324:Finger 4304:Coping 4289:Bridle 4266:Joints 4147:Planes 4132:Veneer 4122:Scroll 4117:Ripsaw 4102:Jigsaw 4077:Coping 3976:Clamps 3903:Square 3893:Shaper 3888:Router 3868:Mallet 3843:Gimlet 3818:Chisel 3714:Willow 3704:Walnut 3694:Totara 3684:Sapele 3649:Poplar 3634:Padauk 3596:Merbau 3568:Jarrah 3553:Imbuia 3548:Idigbo 3513:Cumaru 3498:Cherry 3423:Anigre 3385:Spruce 3338:Cedrus 3205:Khatam 3160:Caning 3123:lumber 3042:Mining 3012:Garden 2978:Welder 2953:Shaper 2938:Planer 2863:Broach 2637:Collet 2594:Shaper 2584:Reamer 2579:Planer 2529:Facing 2494:Boring 2288:G-code 2154: 2141:250074 2139: 2104: 2096: 2070: 2060: 2037: 2029: 2019: 1995: 1984: 1976: 1966: 1943: 1934: 1907: 1897: 1868: 1845: 1837: 1828: 1787: 1746: 1736: 1648: 1610: 1589: 1569: 1230:Safety 1089:, and 1015:Planer 994:Shaper 854:cranks 802:, and 800:shaper 758:, and 685:; and 661:, and 655:marine 647:clocks 611:lathes 516:shaper 451:, and 430:import 426:export 359:person 353:, and 343:pounds 294:, and 273:servos 266:. 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