309:, and silver dealers and collectors, use the term "silver plate" for items made from solid silver, derived long before silver plating was invented from the Spanish word for silver "plata", seizures of silver from Spanish ships carrying silver from America being a large source of silver at the time. This can cause confusion when talking about silver items; plate or plated. In the UK it is illegal to describe silver-plated items as "silver". It is not illegal to describe silver-plated items as "silver plate", although this is ungrammatical.
824:, offers many advantages: uniform layer thickness over most complicated surfaces, direct plating of ferrous metals (steel), superior wear and corrosion resistance compared to electroplated nickel or chrome. Much of the chrome plating done in aerospace industry can be replaced with electroless nickel plating, again environmental costs, costs of hexavalent chromium waste disposal and notorious tendency of uneven current distribution favor electroless nickel plating.
773:
283:
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835:(PTFE). While superior compared to many other plating processes, it is expensive because the process is complex. Moreover, the process is lengthy even for thin layers. When only corrosion resistance or surface treatment is of concern, very strict bath composition and temperature control is not required and the process is used for plating many tons in one bath at once.
638:(Restriction of Hazardous Substances) regulations enacted beginning in 2006 require that no lead be added intentionally and that the maximum percentage not exceed 1%. Some exemptions have been issued to RoHS requirements in critical electronics applications due to failures which are known to have occurred as a result of tin whisker formation.
584:
variation of chromate. The most common mixed chromates include hexavalent iridescent, trivalent or black trivalent chromate. Used to protect steel, cast iron, brass, copper, and other materials, this acidic plating is an environmentally safe option. Hexavalent chromate has been classified as a human carcinogen by the EPA and OSHA.
431:
plating is occasionally used on white gold, silver or copper and its alloys. A barrier layer of nickel is usually deposited on silver first, though in this case it is not to prevent migration of silver through rhodium, but to prevent contamination of the rhodium bath with silver and copper, which
583:
Zinc-nickel plating is one of the best corrosion resistant finishes available offering over 5 times the protection of conventional zinc plating and up to 1,500 hours of neutral salt spray test performance. This plating is a combination of a high-nickel zinc-nickel alloy (10–15% nickel) and some
63:
is deposited on a surface. Plating has been done for hundreds of years; it is also critical for modern technology. Plating is used to decorate objects, for corrosion inhibition, to improve solderability, to harden, to improve wearability, to reduce friction, to improve paint adhesion, to alter
838:
Electroless nickel plating layers are known to provide extreme surface adhesion when plated properly. Electroless nickel plating is non-magnetic and amorphous. Electroless nickel plating layers are not easily solderable, nor do they seize with other metals or another electroless nickel-plated
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Electroless nickel plating is self-catalyzing process, the resultant nickel layer is NiP compound, with 7–11% phosphorus content. Properties of the resultant layer hardness and wear resistance are greatly altered with bath composition and deposition temperature, which should be regulated with
669:
plating can be manufactured when a substrate is plated in a bath containing a suspension of ceramic particles. Careful selection of the size and composition of the particles can fine-tune the deposit for wear resistance, high temperature performance, or mechanical strength.
514:. A high current is used, in part to stabilize a thin layer of chromium(+2) at the surface of the plated work. Acid chrome has poor throwing power, fine details or holes are further away and receive less current resulting in poor plating.
697:
of the cadmium metal. Cadmium plating is widely used in some applications in the aerospace, military, and aviation fields. However, it is being phased out due to its toxicity. Military and
Aerospace components manufacturers, such as
618:
of tin allows a tin coated base metal sheet to be formed into a variety of shapes without damage to the surface tin layer. It provides sacrificial protection for copper, nickel and other non-ferrous metals, but not for
724:
If environmental concerns matter, in most aspects cadmium plating can be directly replaced with gold plating as it shares most of the material properties, but gold is more expensive and cannot serve as a paint base.
245:. With direct gold-on-copper plating, the copper atoms have the tendency to diffuse through the gold layer, causing tarnishing of its surface and formation of an oxide/sulfide layer. Therefore, a layer of a suitable
559:) does not cause a breakdown of the substrate's surface integrity as it is formed. Indeed, the zinc oxide, if undisturbed, can act as a barrier to further oxidation, in a way similar to the protection afforded to
887:
Kuo, Hong-Shi; Hwang, Ing-Shouh; Fu, Tsu-Yi; Lin, Yu-Chun; Chang, Che-Cheng; Tsong, Tien T. (7 November 2006). "Noble Metal/W(111) Single-Atom Tips and Their Field
Electron and Ion Emission Characteristics".
419:
Copper plating is the process of electrolytically forming a layer of copper on the surface of an item. It is commonly used as an even cheaper alternative to silver plating as it is much cheaper than silver.
486:
between the layers of nickel and chromium. Depending on the application, coatings of different thicknesses will require different balances of the aforementioned properties. Thin, bright chrome imparts a
89:
There are several plating methods, and many variations. In one method, a solid surface is covered with a metal sheet, and then heat and pressure are applied to fuse them (a version of this is
839:
workpiece under pressure. This effect benefits electroless nickel-plated screws made out of malleable materials like titanium. Electrical resistance is higher compared to pure metal plating.
470:
plate. When plating on iron or steel, an underlying plating of copper allows the nickel to adhere. The pores (tiny holes) in the nickel and chromium layers work to alleviate stress caused by
831:
During bath circulation, any particles in it will become also nickel-plated; this effect is used to advantage in processes which deposit plating with particles like silicon carbide (SiC) or
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may be added to improve solderability and to prevent the growth of metallic "whiskers" in compression stressed deposits, which would otherwise cause electrical shorting. However,
375:
261:
Sapphires, plastics, and carbon fiber are some other materials that are able to be plated using advance plating techniques. The substrates that can be used are almost limitless.
646:
In some cases, it is desirable to co-deposit two or more metals resulting in an electroplated alloy deposit. Depending on the alloy system, an electroplated alloy may be
957:
316:, where thin sheets of silver are fused to a layer or core of base metal, but in the 19th century new methods of production (including electroplating) were introduced.
702:, have recently been exploring drop-in electroplating replacements for use with currently fielded equipment in order to support the phaseout of the dangerous finish.
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applications; however some experts consider that in practice the plating is often poorly implemented, making the result inferior to similarly priced copper cables.
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478:, which is determined by the chemical composition and processing, and is damaged by cracks and pores. In a special case, micropores can help distribute the
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of plated threads, can be dyed to many colors and clear, has good lubricity and solderability, and works well either as a final finish or as a paint base.
709:) offers a long list of technical advantages such as excellent corrosion resistance even at relatively low thickness and in salt atmospheres, softness and
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Silver plating has been used since the 18th century to provide cheaper versions of household items that would otherwise be made of solid silver, including
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industry because of its ability to protect the base metal from oxidation thus preserving its solderability. In electronic applications, 3% to 7%
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are considered of the highest quality when they have silver-plated plates. Similarly, silver-plated, or even solid silver cables, are prized in
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environments because in such environments, when the silver layer is porous or contains cracks, the underlying copper undergoes rapid
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Metals and glass may also be coated with gold for ornamental purposes, using a number of different processes usually referred to as
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196:, and oxidized, thus producing a negative charge on the surface of the part. The most common electroless deposition method is
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491:-like finish to items such as metal furniture frames and automotive trim. Thicker deposits, up to 1000 ÎĽm, are called
1282:
269:
This section is about the method of adding a thin layer of silver to an object. For the
Manhattan Project operation, see
866:
1097:"Chemical Sampling Information - Chromium (VI) (Hexavalent Chromium) - Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
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mismatch but also hurt the corrosion resistance of the coating. Corrosion resistance relies on what is called the
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of the protected metal by forming a barrier and by acting as a sacrificial anode if this barrier is damaged.
17:
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405:. Silver plated copper maintained in a moisture-free environment will not undergo this type of corrosion.
847:"Aluminum plating" can refer to either plating on aluminum or the plating of aluminum on other materials.
713:, freedom from sticky and/or bulky corrosion products, galvanic compatibility with aluminum, freedom from
658:
to improve the plating's physical and chemical properties. Nickel-Cobalt is a common electroplated alloy.
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Another method that can be used to apply a thin layer of silver to objects such as glass, is to place
249:, usually nickel, has to be deposited on the copper substrate, forming a copper-nickel-gold sandwich.
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New nano-ceramic coating technology brings zinc plating totally free of chromate and heavy metal ions
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200:, although silver, gold and copper layers can also be applied in this manner, as in the technique of
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The traditional solution used for industrial hard chrome plating is made up of about 250 g/L of CrO
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978:
Pushpavanam, M; Raman, V; Shenoi, B (1981). "Rhodium — Electrodeposition and applications".
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is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold on the surface of glass or metal, most often
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For applications in electronics, silver is sometimes used for plating copper, as its
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This bracelet has zircon gemstones. The metal is zinc alloy base with silver coating.
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139:. A common system involves a chemical solution with the ionic form of the metal, an
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1030:"Zinc Nickel Plating - Zinc Nickel Electroplating - Gatto Industrial Platers, Inc"
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in a glass, add glucose/dextrose, and shake the bottle to promote the reaction.
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industry since it is non-toxic, ductile and corrosion resistant. The excellent
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and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
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layers. The majority of hardware parts are zinc-plated, rather than
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1138:"Summary of Cadmium's Compatibility with Dissimilar Metal Finishes"
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plating method that involves several simultaneous reactions in an
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458:. The most common form of chrome plating is the thin, decorative
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237:-resistant electrically conductive layer on copper, typically in
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and copper developed as a base metal for plating with silver.
30:"Plated" redirects here. For the online meal kit company, see
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510:. In solution, the chrome exists as chromic acid, known as
73:
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Why use cadmium plated fasteners in the aeronautical field
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128:
233:
Gold plating is often used in electronics, to provide a
1072:"Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants"
602:-plating process is used extensively to protect both
1171:"Watts Nickel Bath: Basis for Modern Nickel Plating"
954:"Silver Saboteurs - Are Silver Audio Cables Better?"
165:
Electroplating § Alternatives to electroplating
109:. Recently, plating often refers to using liquids.
450:Chrome plating is a finishing treatment using the
113:refers to coating metal on non-metallic objects.
2265:
192:(Note: the hydrogen leaves as a hydride ion) or
495:and are used in industrial equipment to reduce
1009:Cadmium vs. Zinc vs. Nickel Plating Comparison
828:1 °C precision, typically at 91 °C.
759:are sometimes used instead of nickel sulfate.
393:Care should be used for parts exposed to high
1276:
762:
951:
378:); more so at higher frequencies due to the
1283:
1269:
816:Electroless nickel plating, also known as
555:is a fine white dust that (in contrast to
188:is released by a reducing agent, normally
693:plating is under scrutiny because of the
436:usually present in the bath composition.
158:
772:
610:surfaces. Tin is a useful metal for the
312:The earliest form of silver plating was
292:
281:
27:Surface covering of metal on a conductor
14:
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359:(usually glucose/dextrose) → Ag + 2 NH
1264:
1212:"Plating on Aluminum Base Materials"
766:
661:
572:
93:). Other plating techniques include
998:
890:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
842:
739:Nickel is electroplated by using a
24:
867:Organic solderability preservative
782:appears to contradict the article
685:
423:
59:is a finishing process in which a
25:
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1244:
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264:
207:
172:, also known as chemical or auto-
135:to form a non-ionic coating on a
116:
68:typically uses plating to give a
49:. For the term in philately, see
1107:from the original on 2016-03-05.
1040:from the original on 2016-02-07.
1028:Inc., Gatto Industrial Platers.
1027:
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376:Resistivity of various materials
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1185:
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960:from the original on 2012-01-30
626:Tin is also widely used in the
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212:
45:. For the term in geology, see
41:. For use in microbiology, see
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43:Petri dish § Microbiology
13:
1:
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1251:Electrochemistry Encyclopedia
1216:SPC Surface Treatment Experts
873:
755:. Other nickel salts such as
992:10.1016/0376-4583(81)90029-7
7:
952:Clint DeBoer (2009-07-23).
850:
648:solid solution strengthened
10:
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812:Electroless nickel plating
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784:Electroless nickel plating
763:Electroless nickel plating
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466:layer over an underlying
432:slightly dissolve in the
37:For use in cooking, see
1785:Nickel silver (alpacca)
833:polytetrafluoroethylene
757:nickel ammonium sulfate
717:thus allowing reliable
506:and about 2.5 g/L of SO
452:electrolytic deposition
131:metal is supplied with
1160:. Erie Plating Company
789:Please discuss at the
695:environmental toxicity
667:Metal matrix composite
652:precipitation hardened
298:
290:
243:printed circuit boards
170:Electroless deposition
159:Electroless deposition
127:In electroplating, an
2126:Other natural objects
928:Epner Technology, Inc
924:"Plating on Plastics"
735:Nickel electroplating
528:Hot-dip galvanization
415:Copper electroplating
372:electrical resistance
296:
285:
239:electrical connectors
2289:Thin film deposition
2279:Industrial processes
1601:Wire wrapped jewelry
1581:Repoussé and chasing
1034:www.gattoplaters.com
910:10.1143/JJAP.45.8972
705:Cadmium plating (or
532:Electrogalvanization
320:is an alloy of tin,
190:sodium hypophosphite
80:Thin-film deposition
2143:Ebonite (vulcanite)
902:2006JaJAP..45.8972K
579:Zinc-nickel plating
512:hexavalent chromium
384:Variable capacitors
51:Plating (philately)
1488:Jewellery designer
1230:"Materials Plated"
1197:2011-07-20 at the
1156:2008-10-01 at the
1123:2008-07-02 at the
1056:has generic name (
1014:2009-05-15 at the
980:Surface Technology
862:Mechanical plating
700:Amphenol Aerospace
484:galvanic corrosion
399:galvanic corrosion
338:+ KOH → AgOH + KNO
299:
291:
176:plating, is a non-
107:sputter deposition
32:Plated (meal kits)
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2048:Organic gemstones
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896:(11): 8972–8983.
808:
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662:Composite plating
547:coatings prevent
482:that accelerates
476:passivation layer
472:thermal expansion
348:→ + (Note: see
278:Weighted sterling
47:Plating (geology)
39:Food presentation
16:(Redirected from
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18:Metal plating
2253:Wearable art
2248:Phaleristics
2243:Metalworking
2148:Gutta-percha
1924:Lapis lazuli
1710:Colored gold
1591:Stonesetting
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1201:. schnarr.eu
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1175:. Retrieved
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2190:Art jewelry
2014:Tiger's eye
1919:Labradorite
1869:Chrysocolla
1864:Chrysoberyl
1780:Mokume-gane
1757:Base metals
1529:centrifugal
1498:Silversmith
1373:Ferronnière
1323:Belt buckle
1318:Belly chain
1054:|last=
857:Anodization
628:electronics
588:Tin plating
493:hard chrome
380:skin effect
344:AgOH + 2 NH
271:Silverplate
230:or silver.
111:Metallizing
2268:Categories
2024:Tourmaline
1969:Prasiolite
1844:Aventurine
1715:Crown gold
1617:Draw plate
1566:Metal clay
1503:Watchmaker
1493:Lapidarist
1478:Clockmaker
1353:Collar pin
1348:Chatelaine
1234:AlumiPlate
1082:2020-03-03
986:(4): 351.
964:2011-12-11
938:2013-10-30
874:References
753:boric acid
741:Watts bath
715:stick-slip
608:nonferrous
592:See also:
557:iron oxide
553:Zinc oxide
522:See also:
499:and wear.
403:red plague
388:audiophile
276:See also:
2170:Toadstone
2107:Operculum
2034:Variscite
2029:Turquoise
2009:Tanzanite
1944:Moonstone
1939:Marcasite
1934:Malachite
1859:Carnelian
1834:Amazonite
1821:gemstones
1795:Pinchbeck
1740:Argentium
1730:Shibuichi
1671:Palladium
1650:Materials
1586:Soldering
1576:Polishing
1551:Engraving
1546:Enameling
1512:Processes
1483:Goldsmith
1418:Tie chain
1393:Neck ring
1383:Lapel pin
1292:Jewellery
799:June 2010
791:talk page
616:ductility
567:by their
549:oxidation
235:corrosion
174:catalytic
149:insoluble
137:substrate
133:electrons
2274:Coatings
2238:Gemology
2212:Fineness
2203:(purity)
2138:Bog-wood
2085:Precious
2065:Ammolite
2004:Sunstone
1994:Sodalite
1989:Sapphire
1949:Obsidian
1889:Fluorite
1879:Diopside
1839:Amethyst
1819:Mineral
1810:Tungsten
1805:Titanium
1720:Electrum
1676:Platinum
1561:Kazaziye
1556:Filigree
1534:lost-wax
1433:Toe ring
1423:Tie clip
1398:Pectoral
1388:Necklace
1363:Cufflink
1338:Bracelet
1333:Bolo tie
1313:Barrette
1195:Archived
1154:Archived
1121:Archived
1105:Archived
1046:cite web
1038:Archived
1012:Archived
958:Archived
851:See also
719:torquing
594:Tinplate
561:aluminum
497:friction
456:chromium
395:humidity
357:aldehyde
322:antimony
194:thiourea
186:hydrogen
178:galvanic
76:finish.
2233:Fashion
2207:Finding
2055:Abalone
1964:Peridot
1929:Larimar
1914:Kyanite
1899:Howlite
1884:Emerald
1874:Diamond
1747:Tumbaga
1725:ShakudĹŤ
1681:Rhodium
1632:Mandrel
1571:Plating
1524:Casting
1519:Carving
1428:Tie pin
1403:Pendant
1378:Genital
1368:Earring
1192:Kanigen
1076:EPA.gov
898:Bibcode
869:plating
818:enickel
691:Cadmium
604:ferrous
429:Rhodium
303:cutlery
255:gilding
153:cathode
145:soluble
66:Jewelry
57:Plating
2197:(mass)
2133:Bezoar
2039:Zircon
1999:Spinel
1974:Quartz
1909:Jasper
1894:Garnet
1790:Pewter
1775:Copper
1770:Bronze
1697:alloys
1686:Silver
1637:Pliers
1627:Hammer
1539:vacuum
1466:People
1459:Making
1443:pocket
1343:Brooch
1308:Anklet
1177:6 July
751:, and
538:, and
489:mirror
468:nickel
228:copper
103:vacuum
101:under
70:silver
2201:Carat
2195:Carat
2183:Terms
2158:Shell
2112:Pearl
2102:Nacre
2092:Ivory
2080:Black
2075:Coral
2070:Copal
2060:Amber
2019:Topaz
1978:smoky
1849:Beryl
1829:Agate
1765:Brass
1610:Tools
1448:strap
1438:Watch
1413:Tiara
1358:Crown
1328:Bindi
1300:Forms
621:steel
569:oxide
355:+ +
141:anode
129:ionic
61:metal
2153:Hair
1984:Ruby
1959:Opal
1954:Onyx
1904:Jade
1666:Gold
1622:File
1408:Ring
1179:2022
1058:help
820:and
636:RoHS
632:lead
606:and
598:The
563:and
545:Zinc
334:AgNO
241:and
105:and
74:gold
2097:Jet
1853:red
988:doi
906:doi
822:NiP
654:by
650:or
600:tin
454:of
363:+ H
72:or
2270::
1232:.
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1103:.
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1048:}}
1044:{{
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1000:^
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464:ÎĽm
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