Metal - Knowledge

3435: 5891: 5236: 6033:, the first quasicrystal found in nature, was discovered in 2009. Most quasicrystals have ceramic-like properties including low electrical conductivity (approaching values seen in insulators) and low thermal conductivity, high hardness, brittleness, and resistance to corrosion, and non-stick properties. Quasicrystals have been used to develop heat insulation, LEDs, diesel engines, and new materials that convert heat to electricity. New applications may take advantage of the low coefficient of friction and the hardness of some quasicrystalline materials, for example embedding particles in plastic to make strong, hard-wearing, low-friction plastic gears. Other potential applications include selective solar absorbers for power conversion, broad-wavelength reflectors, and bone repair and prostheses applications where biocompatibility, low friction, and corrosion resistance are required. 1442: 1667: 5255: 3447: 5039: 5214: 5399: 5836: 5667: 5848: 5271: 3191: 5375: 1430: 3419: 3577: 1406: 1418: 44: 4817: 5626: 5683: 4583: 4465: 3145: 5415: 6013:

community's reaction, it took him two years to publish the results for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2011. Since this time, hundreds of quasicrystals have been reported and confirmed. They exist in many metallic alloys (and some polymers). Quasicrystals are found most often in aluminum alloys (Al-Li-Cu, Al-Mn-Si, Al-Ni-Co, Al-Pd-Mn, Al-Cu-Fe, Al-Cu-V, etc.), but numerous other compositions are also known (Cd-Yb, Ti-Zr-Ni, Zn-Mg-Ho, Zn-Mg-Sc, In-Ag-Yb, Pd-U-Si, etc.).

3693: 4936: 5994: 3459: 5614: 5027: 4982:, an alloy of copper and zinc made by concurrently smelting the ores of these metals, originate from this period (although pure zinc was not isolated until the 13th century). The malleability of the solid metals led to the first attempts to craft metal ornaments, tools, and weapons. Meteoric iron containing nickel was discovered from time to time and, in some respects this was superior to any industrial steel manufactured up to the 1880s when alloy steels become prominent. 5060: 5655: 5943: 5860: 1473: 1221: 5428: 3718: 10473: 5602: 4841:

alloys. Consequently, it is relatively rare. Some other (less) noble ones—molybdenum, rhenium, the platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum), germanium, and tin—can be counted as siderophiles but only in terms of their primary occurrence in the Earth (core, mantle, and crust), rather the crust. These otherwise occur in the crust, in small quantities, chiefly as chalcophiles (less so in their native form).

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alloy that research began in earnest, and another ten years before commercial applications emerged. SMA's have applications in robotics and automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries. There is another type of SMA, called a ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy (FSMA), that changes shape under strong magnetic fields. These materials are of interest as the magnetic response tends to be faster and more efficient than temperature-induced responses.

5436: 5015: 5772:. He noted their resistance against attack by some acids and suggested their use in cutlery. Metallurgists of the 19th century were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and high chromium found in most modern stainless steels, and the high-chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be practical. It was not until 1912 that the industrialization of stainless steel alloys occurred in England, Germany, and the United States. 5363: 5387: 4503: 4376: 5003: 1625: 59: 10485: 5451: 5076: 4989: 5202: 5951:

non-crystalline glass-like structure. But unlike common glasses, such as window glass, which are typically electrical insulators, amorphous metals have good electrical conductivity. Amorphous metals are produced in several ways, including extremely rapid cooling, physical vapor deposition, solid-state reaction, ion irradiation, and mechanical alloying. The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (Au

1283: 4771:, while in the r-process ("rapid"), captures happen faster than nuclei can decay. Therefore, the s-process takes a more-or-less clear path: for example, stable cadmium-110 nuclei are successively bombarded by free neutrons inside a star until they form cadmium-115 nuclei which are unstable and decay to form indium-115 (which is nearly stable, with a half-life 6261:. Such alloys have high electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance, damage tolerance, machinability, high elastic stiffness, and low thermal expansion coefficients. They can be polished to a metallic luster because of their excellent electrical conductivities. During mechanical testing, it has been found that polycrystalline Ti 4837:

silicate minerals. Chalcophile elements are mainly the less reactive d-block elements, and the period 4–6 p-block metals. They are usually found in (insoluble) sulfide minerals. Being denser than the lithophiles, hence sinking lower into the crust at the time of its solidification, the chalcophiles tend to be less abundant than the lithophiles.

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published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates. The authors of the report observed that the metal stocks in society can serve as huge mines above ground. They warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery

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times the age of the universe). These nuclei capture neutrons and form indium-116, which is unstable, and decays to form tin-116, and so on. In contrast, there is no such path in the r-process. The s-process stops at bismuth due to the short half-lives of the next two elements, polonium and astatine,

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The history of refined metals is thought to begin with the use of copper about 11,000 years ago. Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), lead, and brass were likewise in use before the first known appearance of bronze in the fifth millennium BCE. Subsequent developments include the production of early

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Complex metallic alloys (CMAs) are intermetallic compounds characterized by large unit cells comprising some tens up to thousands of atoms; the presence of well-defined clusters of atoms (frequently with icosahedral symmetry); and partial disorder within their crystalline lattices. They are composed

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By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well.

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All elemental metals discovered before 1809 had relatively high densities; their heaviness was regarded as a distinguishing criterion. From 1809 onward, light metals such as sodium, potassium, and strontium were isolated. Their low densities challenged conventional wisdom as to the nature of metals.

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Metal is a mineral body, by nature either liquid or somewhat hard. The latter may be melted by the heat of the fire, but when it has cooled down again and lost all heat, it becomes hard again and resumes its proper form. In this respect it differs from the stone which melts in the fire, for although

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The rotating fluid outer core of the Earth's interior, which is composed mostly of iron, is thought to be the source of Earth's protective magnetic field. The core lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. If it could be rearranged into a column having a 5 m (54 sq ft)

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Metallic elements are primarily found as lithophiles (rock-loving) or chalcophiles (ore-loving). Lithophile elements are mainly the s-block elements, the more reactive of the d-block elements, and the f-block elements. They have a strong affinity for oxygen and mostly exist as relatively low-density

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is any of a range of white-colored alloys with relatively low melting points used mainly for decorative purposes. In Britain, the fine art trade uses the term "white metal" in auction catalogues to describe foreign silver items which do not carry British Assay Office marks, but which are nonetheless

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Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle, or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals and other elements in alloys modifies the properties to produce desirable characteristics, for instance more ductile, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable

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structures (light blue), molecular covalent structures (dark blue), or remain as single atoms (violet). Astatine (At), francium (Fr), and the elements from fermium (Fm) onwards are shown in gray because they are extremely radioactive and have never been produced in bulk. Theoretical and experimental

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A shape-memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. While the shape memory effect had been first observed in 1932, in an Au-Cd alloy, it was not until 1962, with the accidental discovery of the effect in a Ni-Ti

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Superalloys composed of combinations of Fe, Ni, Co, and Cr, and lesser amounts of W, Mo, Ta, Nb, Ti, and Al were developed shortly after World War II for use in high performance engines, operating at elevated temperatures (above 650 °C (1,200 °F)). They retain most of their strength under

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nor Stannum is of itself a real metal, but rather an alloy of two metals. Electrum is an alloy of gold and silver, Stannum of lead and silver. And yet if silver be parted from the electrum, then gold remains and not electrum; if silver be taken away from Stannum, then lead remains and not Stannum.

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Demand for metals is closely linked to economic growth given their use in infrastructure, construction, manufacturing, and consumer goods. During the 20th century, the variety of metals used in society grew rapidly. Today, the development of major nations, such as China and India, and technological

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While pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 it was not used outside the laboratory until 1932. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications as part of programs related to the Cold War. Starting in the early 1950s,

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of the platinum alloy until the gold melted. After cooling, the resulting conglomeration was hammered and reheated repeatedly until it became homogenous, equivalent to melting all the metals (attaining the melting points of the platinum group metals concerned was beyond the technology of the day).

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which are composites of a non-conducting ceramic and a conducting metal.) One set, the transition metal nitrides has significant ionic character to the bonding, so can be classified as both ceramics and metals. They have partially filled states at the Fermi level so are good thermal and electrical

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Aluminium was discovered in 1824 but it was not until 1886 that an industrial large-scale production method was developed. Prices of aluminium dropped and aluminium became widely used in jewelry, everyday items, eyeglass frames, optical instruments, tableware, and foil in the 1890s and early 20th

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Platinum, the third precious metal after gold and silver, was discovered in Ecuador during the period 1736 to 1744 by the Spanish astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and his colleague the mathematician Jorge Juan y Santacilia. Ulloa was the first person to write a scientific description of the metal, in

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In 1984, Israeli metallurgist Dan Shechtman found an aluminum-manganese alloy having five-fold symmetry, in breach of crystallographic convention at the time which said that crystalline structures could only have two-, three-, four-, or six-fold symmetry. Due to reservation about the scientific

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In 1789, the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth isolated an oxide of uranium, which he thought was the metal itself. Klaproth was subsequently credited as the discoverer of uranium. It was not until 1841, that the French chemist Eugène-Melchior Péligot, prepared the first sample of uranium

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found in most laboratories. This theory reinforced the belief that all metals were destined to become gold in the bowels of the earth through the proper combinations of heat, digestion, time, and elimination of contaminants, all of which could be developed and hastened through the knowledge and

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to be discovered, in Bastnäs, Sweden by Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, and independently by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in Germany. The lanthanide metals were regarded as oddities until the 1960s when methods were developed to more efficiently separate them from one another. They have

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footprint it would have a height of nearly 700 light years. The magnetic field shields the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind, and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere (including the ozone layer that limits the transmission of ultraviolet radiation).

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On the other hand, gold is a siderophile, or iron-loving element. It does not readily form compounds with either oxygen or sulfur. At the time of the Earth's formation, and as the most noble (inert) of metallic elements, gold sank into the core due to its tendency to form high-density metallic

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there is an energy gap between the highest filled states of the electrons and the lowest unfilled, so no accessible states with slightly higher momenta. Consequently, semiconductors and nonmetals are poor conductors, although they can carry some current when doped with elements that introduce

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High entropy alloys (HEAs) such as AlLiMgScTi are composed of equal or nearly equal quantities of five or more metals. Compared to conventional alloys with only one or two base metals, HEAs have considerably better strength-to-weight ratios, higher tensile strength, and greater resistance to

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is made of approximately 25% of metallic elements by weight, of which 80% are light metals such as sodium, magnesium, and aluminium. Despite the overall scarcity of some heavier metals such as copper, they can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain

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A metallic glass (also known as an amorphous or glassy metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with a disordered atomic-scale structure. Most pure and alloyed metals, in their solid state, have atoms arranged in a highly ordered crystalline structure. In contrast these have a

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believed that all metals and matter were composed of the principle of sulfur, the father of all metals and carrying the combustible property, and the principle of mercury, the mother of all metals and carrier of the liquidity, fusibility, and volatility properties. These principles were not

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increases its electrical conductivity when heated in the temperature range of around −175 to +125 °C, with anomalously large thermal expansion coefficient and a phase change from monoclinic to face-centered cubic near 100 °C. There is evidence that this and comparable behavior in

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in 1960. More recently, batches of amorphous steel with three times the strength of conventional steel alloys have been produced. Currently, the most important applications rely on the special magnetic properties of some ferromagnetic metallic glasses. The low magnetization loss is used in

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A refractory metal is a metal that is very resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium as well as their alloys. They all have melting points above 2000 °C, and a high

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The situation changes with pressure: at extremely high pressures, all elements (and indeed all substances) are expected to metallize. Arsenic (As) has both a stable metallic allotrope and a metastable semiconducting allotrope at standard conditions. A similar situation affects carbon (C):

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when smelted in the crucible and refined has as much right to be regarded as a proper metal as is accorded to lead by writers. If when smelted, a certain portion be added to tin, a bookseller's alloy is produced from which the type is made that is used by those who print books on paper.

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Georges Urbain claimed to have found element 72 in rare-earth residues, while Vladimir Vernadsky independently found it in orthite. Neither claim was confirmed due to World War I, and neither could be confirmed later, as the chemistry they reported does not match that now known for

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At around the same time indigenous Ecuadorians were combining gold with a naturally-occurring platinum alloy containing small amounts of palladium, rhodium, and iridium, to produce miniatures and masks of a white gold-platinum alloy. The metal workers involved heated gold with

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these conditions, for prolonged periods, and combine good low-temperature ductility with resistance to corrosion or oxidation. Superalloys can now be found in a wide range of applications including land, maritime, and aerospace turbines, and chemical and petroleum plants.

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In the 1790s, Joseph Priestley and the Dutch chemist Martinus van Marum observed the effect of metal surfaces on the dehydrogenation of alcohol, a development which subsequently led, in 1831, to the industrial scale synthesis of sulphuric acid using a platinum catalyst.

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There are many polymers which have metallic electrical conduction, typically associated with extended aromatic components such as in the polymers indicated in the Figure. The conduction of the aromatic regions is similar to that of graphite, so is highly directional.

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was sourced from India, and contained one or more carbide-forming elements, such as V, Mo, Cr, Mn, and Nb. Modern analysis of these weapons has shown that these elements supported the catalytic formation of carbon nanotubes, which in turn promoted the formation of

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Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937. The first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was produced in 1960. Production of aluminium-scandium alloys began in 1971 following a U.S. patent. Aluminium-scandium alloys were also developed in the USSR.

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Metals are inherently recyclable, so in principle, can be used over and over again, minimizing these negative environmental impacts and saving energy. For example, 95% of the energy used to make aluminum from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material.

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fracturing, corrosion, and oxidation. Although HEAs were described as early as 1981, significant interest did not develop until the 2010s; they continue to be a focus of research in materials science and engineering because of their desirable properties.

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The successful development of the atomic bomb at the end of World War II sparked further efforts to synthesize new elements, nearly all of which are, or are expected to be, metals, and all of which are radioactive. It was not until 1949 that element 97

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of the dislocations are fairly small, which also means that the energy needed to produce one is small. In contrast, in an ionic compound like table salt the Burgers vectors are much larger and the energy to move a dislocation is far higher. Reversible

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and some chemical properties the term metal is often used to denote those elements which in pure form and at standard conditions are metals in the sense of electrical conduction mentioned above. The related term metallic may also be used for types of

6297:). Potential applications for MAX phase alloys include: as tough, machinable, thermal shock-resistant refractories; high-temperature heating elements; coatings for electrical contacts; and neutron irradiation resistant parts for nuclear applications. 5186:, an alloy of copper and gold, started being produced in Panama and Costa Rica between 300 and 500 CE. Small metal sculptures were common and an extensive range of tumbaga (and gold) ornaments comprised the usual regalia of persons of high status. 6060:

in 1923, but did not succeed until 1955. At first called "giant unit cell crystals", interest in CMAs, as they came to be called, did not pick up until 2002, with the publication of a paper called "Structurally Complex Alloy Phases", given at the

1399:(hcp). In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others. In fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature. 5871:

Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945. The bomb was based on the nuclear fission of uranium, a metal first thought to have been discovered nearly 150 years earlier.

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advances, are fueling ever more demand. The result is that mining activities are expanding, and more and more of the world's metal stocks are above ground in use, rather than below ground as unused reserves. An example is the in-use stock of

3227:) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low-, mid-, and high-carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness. The addition of 4977:

Copper, which occurs in native form, may have been the first metal discovered given its distinctive appearance, heaviness, and malleability. Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), and lead were likewise discovered in prehistory. Forms of

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conductors, and there is often significant charge transfer from the transition metal atoms to the nitrogen. However, unlike most elemental metals, ceramic metals are often not particularly ductile. Their uses are widespread, for instance

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of significant commercial importance. Their respective densities of 1.7, 2.7, and 4.5 g/cm can be compared to those of the older structural metals, like iron at 7.9 and copper at 8.9 g/cm. The most common lightweight metals are

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is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminum, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus, or

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C) nanowires. The malleability of the carbon nanotubes offset the brittle nature of the cementite, and endowed the resulting steel with a unique combination of strength and flexibility. Knowledge of how to make what came to called

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century. Aluminium's ability to form hard yet light alloys with other metals provided the metal many uses at the time. During World War I, major governments demanded large shipments of aluminium for light and strong airframes.

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In Damascus, Syria, blade-smiths forged knives and swords with a distinctive surface pattern composed of swirling patterns of light-etched regions on a nearly black background. These blades had legendary cutting abilities.

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While nearly all elemental metals are malleable or ductile, a few—beryllium, chromium, manganese, gallium, and bismuth—are brittle. Arsenic and antimony, if admitted as metals, are brittle. Low values of the ratio of bulk

5176:. It soon became the basis for the weaponry of Roman legions; such swords were, "stronger in composition than any existing sword and, because… would not break, provided a psychological advantage to the Roman soldier." 4754:

Heavier elements are not usually formed this way since fusion reactions involving such nuclei would consume rather than release energy. Rather, they are largely synthesised (from elements with a lower atomic number) by

3837:. Unlike a regular metal, semimetals have charge carriers of both types (holes and electrons), although the charge carriers typically occur in much smaller numbers than in a real metal. In this respect they resemble 9249:

Thornton, C.; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.; Liezers, M.; Young, S. M. M. (2002). "On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-based alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of Common-place items".

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its name—and have many applications today, most importantly in electrical wiring. The alloys of the other three metals have been developed relatively recently; due to their chemical reactivity they need

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cylinders can be repeatedly compressed at room temperature, up to stresses of 1 GPa, and fully recover upon the removal of the load. Some MAX phases are also highly resistant to chemical attack (e.g. Ti

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Whether brass, however, is found as a native metal or not, cannot be ascertained with any surety. We only know of the artificial brass, which consists of copper tinted with the colour of the mineral

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packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells are so low that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.

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alloys. An alloy may have a variable or fixed composition. For example, gold and silver form an alloy in which the proportions of gold or silver can be varied; titanium and silicon form an alloy

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Potential applications of CMAs include as heat insulation; solar heating; magnetic refrigerators; using waste heat to generate electricity; and coatings for turbine blades in military engines.

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is also. The ancient Greek writers seem to have been ignorant of bismuth, wherefore Ammonius rightly states that there are many species of metals, animals, and plants which are unknown to us.

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finds use in orthopedic devices and as a wear resistant coating. In many cases their utility depends upon there being effective deposition methods so they can be used as thin film coatings.

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states that in many metals the ratio between thermal and electrical conductivities is proportional to temperature, with a proportionality constant that is roughly the same for all metals.

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has delocalized states at the Fermi level. They have electrical conductivities similar to those of elemental metals. Liquid forms are also metallic conductors or electricity, for instance

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Density of states of TiN, with the occupied states shaded in blue and the Fermi level at the x origin. All the states, as well as those associated with the Ti and N atoms are shown.

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was used, becoming the major non-copper ingredient of bronze in the late third millennium BCE. Pure tin itself was first isolated in 1800 BCE by Chinese and Japanese metalworkers.

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The contribution of a metal's electrons to its heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and the electrical conductivity of the metal itself can be approximately calculated from the

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alloys are light metals of significant commercial importance. Their densities of 1.7, 2.7 and 4.5 g/cm range from 19 to 56% of the densities of other structural metals, such as

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in 1556, an account of the profession of mining, metallurgy, and the accessory arts and sciences, an extensive treatise on the chemical industry through the sixteenth century.

5107:(an alloy of copper with arsenic or tin) enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and 1644:

is a metallic conductor and the charged particles in a plasma have many properties in common with those of electrons in elemental metals, particularly for white dwarf stars.

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died out in the eighteenth century possibly due to exhausting ore sources with the right combination of impurities. The techniques involved were not rediscovered until 2009.

3922: 5920:) was found in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion; hydrogen, a nonmetal, had been identified as an element nearly 200 years earlier. Since 1952, elements 101 ( 3279:. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive applications. 5270: 1441: 8230: 8161: 6910:"Electronic structure and physical properties of early transition metal mononitrides: Density-functional theory LDA, GGA, and screened-exchange LDA FLAPW calculations" 7377:

Tsiovkin, Yu. Yu.; Lukoyanov, A. V.; Shorikov, A. O.; Tsiovkina, L. Yu.; Dyachenko, A. A.; Bystrushkin, V. B.; Korotin, M. A.; Anisimov, V. I.; Dremov, V. V. (2011).

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Li, Shuang–Shuang; Yue, Xin; Li, Qing–Yuan; Peng, He–Li; Dong, Bai–Xin; Liu, Tian–Shu; Yang, Hong–Yu; Fan, Jun; Shu, Shi–Li; Qiu, Feng; Jiang, Qi–Chuan (2023-11-01).

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The elements that form exclusively metallic structures under ordinary conditions are shown in yellow on the periodic table below. The remaining elements either form

3915: 1820: 3418: 5340:. Metallic zinc, which is brittle if impure, was isolated in India by 1300 AD. The first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the 1540 book 8870:

Wang, Yang; N. Mansour; A. Salem; K.F. Brennan & P.P. Ruden (1992). "Theoretical study of a potential low-noise semimetal-based avalanche photodetector".

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high-efficiency transformers. Theft control ID tags and other article surveillance schemes often use metallic glasses because of these magnetic properties.

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subsequently found uses in cell phones, magnets, lasers, lighting, batteries, catalytic converters, and in other applications enabling modern technologies.

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There are many ceramic compounds which have metallic electrical conduction, but are not simple combinations of metallic elements. (They are not the same as

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evidence suggests that these uninvestigated elements should be metals, except for oganesson (Og) which DFT calculations indicate would be a semiconductor.

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states (with the higher momenta) available at the highest occupied energies as sketched in the Figure. In a semiconductor like silicon or a nonmetal like

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are expected to be denser than osmium, but their known isotopes are too unstable for bulk production to be possible Magnesium, aluminium and titanium are

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becomes a nonmetal at pressure of just under two million times atmospheric pressure, and at even higher pressures it is expected to become a metal again.

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Arsenic, zinc, antimony, and bismuth became known, although these were at first called semimetals or bastard metals on account of their immalleability.

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extraction processes. The alloys of aluminum, titanium, and magnesium are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios; magnesium can also provide

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Akanuma, H. (2005). "The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey".

9159: 9117: 5613: 3670:. Palladium and platinum, as of summer 2024, were valued at slightly less than half the price of gold, while silver is substantially less expensive. 898: 9520: 9219: 5798:

proved this simultaneously, but his samples were very impure and only contained trace quantities of the new element. Despite this, his chosen name

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Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (

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In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction due to the formation of any insulating oxide later.

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which decay to bismuth or lead. The r-process is so fast it can skip this zone of instability and go on to create heavier elements such as

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Other metals discovered and prepared during this time were cobalt, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, and chromium; and some of the

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Metals can be categorised by their composition, physical or chemical properties. Categories described in the subsections below include

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topic. In colloquial use materials such as steel alloys are referred to as metals, while others such as polymers, wood or ceramics are

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Traditionally there are six different kinds of metals, namely gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead. There are really others, for

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has an electrical conductivity 1.5 × 10 S/cm. With one exception, metallic elements reduce their electrical conductivity when heated.

10417: 10397: 10184: 6462:, possible crustal disruption, and shock heating (which is what happens if you floor the accelerator in car when the engine is cold). 736: 207: 177: 5374: 5038: 4767:. In the s-process ("s" stands for "slow"), singular captures are separated by years or decades, allowing the less stable nuclei to 10253: 10217: 839: 8736: 1006: 3732: 1024: 5213: 4786:

Metals condense in planets as a result of stellar evolution and destruction processes. Stars lose much of their mass when it is

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Santecchia, Eleonora; Hamouda, A. M. S.; Musharavati, Farayi; Zalnezhad, Erfan; Cabibbo, Marcello; Spigarelli, Stefano (2015).

8142: 5092: 884: 834: 5811:. In 1925 Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke, and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name, 5527:. And yet if any should be dug up, it would be a proper metal. Black and white copper seem to be different from the red kind. 10515: 10343: 10268: 10179: 9685: 9671: 9653: 9638: 9624: 9609: 9591: 9576: 9554: 9510: 9494: 9361: 9229: 9194: 8294: 8267: 8240: 8171: 8076: 7985: 7952: 7661: 7633: 7601: 7566: 7541: 7472: 7320: 7265: 7215: 7188: 7018: 6766: 6741: 6723: 6666: 6634: 6594: 5264:, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East. 4867:

Metallic elements are often extracted from the Earth by mining ores that are rich sources of the requisite elements, such as

928: 854: 731: 8118: 5515:

Each metal has its own form which it preserves when separated from those metals which were mixed with it. Therefore neither

4883:. In some cases, the sale price of the metal(s) involved make it economically feasible to mine lower concentration sources. 4726: 4722: 9171: 9129: 8003:"Generalization of intrinsic ductile-to-brittle criteria by Pugh and Pettifor for materials with a cubic crystal structure" 4960: 4718: 974: 7905: 9777: 9732: 5179: 228: 8629:

Beygisangchin, Mahnoush; Abdul Rashid, Suraya; Shafie, Suhaidi; Sadrolhosseini, Amir Reza; Lim, Hong Ngee (2021-06-18).

5362: 3573:, and zinc. Copper is considered a base metal as it is oxidized relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. 1621:

transuranic elements is due to more complex relativistic and spin interactions which are not captured in simple models.

1163:

The strength and resilience of some metals has led to their frequent use in, for example, high-rise building and bridge

10212: 10169: 8774:

Zhai, Enzi; Liang, Tianyu; Liu, Ruizi; Cai, Mingyang; Li, Ran; Shao, Qiming; Su, Cong; Lin, Yuxuan Cosmi (2024-08-01).

5579:

titanium came into use in military aviation, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the

4811: 1632:

All of the metallic alloys as well as conducting ceramics and polymers are metals by the same definition; for instance

768: 719: 7207:

History of Strength of Materials: With a Brief Account of the History of Theory of Elasticity and Theory of Structures

1514:

is the energy level at which the electrons are in a position to interact with energy levels above them. In metals and

11818: 10385: 8216: 8195: 7240: 5710:

in 1855, the raw material for which was pig iron. His method let him produce steel in large quantities cheaply, thus

3776:

to those of the opposite spin. They were first described in 1983, as an explanation for the electrical properties of

156: 6968: 6445:, the subject nuclei may experience neutron loss or proton gain resulting in the production of (comparatively rare) 5138:

Mercury was known to ancient Chinese and Indians before 2000 BCE, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BCE.

10508: 6781:, in which he notes... I've thought a lot about 'What is a metal?' and I think one can only answer the question at 5859: 1568:. When a voltage is applied some move a little faster in a given direction, some a little slower so there is a net 1183:

have extended to at least 23 of the chemical elements. There is also extensive use of multi-element metals such as

309: 330: 288: 10333: 10207: 7531: 6557:. These theories retained the four classical elements as underlying the composition of sulfur, mercury, and salt. 967: 918: 302: 295: 5637: 4875:

techniques, followed by the exploration and examination of deposits. Mineral sources are generally divided into

1300:. The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding contributes to the ductility of most metallic solids, where the 323: 11843: 10488: 10370: 9725: 5686:

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in

5530:

Metal, therefore, is by nature either solid, as I have stated, or fluid, as in the unique case of quicksilver.

5440: 5356:(c. 1546); it had been confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements. 4880: 796: 165: 9944: 5141:

The earliest known production of steel, an iron-carbon alloy, is seen in pieces of ironware excavated from an

3168:

In the context of metals, an alloy is a substance having metallic properties which is composed of two or more

1435:

Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc

337: 316: 10362: 10283: 10173: 7848:"Electromagnetic Shielding Performance of Different Metallic Coatings Deposited by Arc Thermal Spray Process" 5336:

is believed to have been the first to isolate arsenic from a compound in 1250, by heating soap together with

4909:—heated with a reducing agent—to extract the pure metal. Many common metals, such as iron, are smelted using 3172:. Often at least one of these is a metallic element; the term "alloy" is sometimes used more generally as in 1741:, do not react with the atmosphere at all; gold can form compounds where it gains an electron (aurides, e.g. 1411:

Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten

870: 792: 723: 139: 5386: 105: 9167: 9125: 5829:

was thus the last stable element to be discovered, though rhenium was the last to be correctly recognized.

4956: 3611:. They tend to be precious metals, often due to perceived rarity. Examples include gold, platinum, silver, 1423:

Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold

1101:

states at the Fermi energy. Many elements and compounds become metallic under high pressures, for example,

9154: 9112: 8488:"Conducting polymers: a comprehensive review on recent advances in synthesis, properties and applications" 7005:, Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 79–113, 5825:. After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. 5625: 4751:

reactions inside stars, releasing light and heat and forming heavier elements with higher atomic numbers.

10392: 9235: 6998: 6824: 6550:

writer, added the third principle of salt, carrying the nonvolatile and incombustible properties, in his

3412:

at room temperature. Several compounds such as titanium nitride are also described as refractory metals.

173: 9954: 9949: 11828: 11823: 10227: 9568: 8286:

The Art of RF (Riba-Free) Islamic Banking and Finance: Tools and Techniques for Community-Based Banking

7679:"Oganesson is a Semiconductor: On the Relativistic Band-Gap Narrowing in the Heaviest Noble-Gas Solids" 6052:

added. They include, for example, NaCd2, with 348 sodium atoms and 768 cadmium atoms in the unit cell.

5807:

In 1908, Ogawa found element 75 in thorianite but assigned it as element 43 instead of 75 and named it

5687: 5654: 3458: 3440:

3D print of NASA meatball, made out of GRX-810, an oxide dispersion strengthened high temperature alloy

1690: 1652: 1545: 1489: 804: 395: 17: 8409: 7081: 5768:. The corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys had been recognized in 1821 by French metallurgist 5026: 11813: 10160: 9678:

The living rock: The story of metals since earliest times and their impact on developing civilization

9477:, Lehner L. & Pretorias F. 2015, "Probing strong-field gravity through numerical simulation", in 6977: 3826: 3276: 1694: 1682: 1581: 1477: 1318: 712: 9140: 8058: 3841:. This explains why the electrical properties of semimetals are partway between those of metals and 1160:

of an astronomical object is the proportion of its matter made up of the heavier chemical elements.

9762: 8312:"Mechanistic Aspects of the Self-Organization Process for Oxide Nanotube Formation on Valve Metals" 7939:. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 6829: 5715: 5201: 5059: 3838: 3090: 1800: 1773:

often have strictly acidic reactions; and oxides of the less electropositive metals such as BeO, Al

1369: 1188: 1075: 112: 10380: 8544: 6732:

Mutlu, H; Theato, P (2021). "Polymers with sulfur-nitrogen bonds". In Zhang, X; Theato, P (eds.).

151: 10476: 10445: 9939: 9896: 9767: 9431: 7378: 6778: 5784:

less than lead (#82), the heaviest stable metal, remained to be discovered: elements 71, 72, 75.

4740: 3243:

to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels with enhanced corrosion resistance.

1722: 1660: 1557: 1533: 1337: 1330: 947: 465: 407: 215: 122: 78: 8906: 7417: 6458:

The ejection of matter when two neutron stars collide is attributed to the interaction of their

1136:. In this sense the first four "metals" collecting in stellar cores through nucleosynthesis are 9966: 9793: 8631:"Preparations, Properties, and Applications of Polyaniline and Polyaniline Thin Films—A Review" 8092: 6042: 5787: 5124: 3184: 1461: 1396: 999: 781: 475: 245: 35: 10199: 7677:

Mewes, Jan-Michael; Smits, Odile Rosette; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (25 July 2019).

1666: 756: 100: 10440: 10021: 7625: 6392:

Trace elements having an abundance equalling or much less than one part per trillion (namely

5465: 5347: 4927:

ores are not reduced directly to the metal but are roasted in air to convert them to oxides.

4887: 4862: 3823: 3769: 3173: 1947: 1079: 540: 9411: 7488: 5790:, in 1906, proved that the old ytterbium also contained a new element (#71), which he named 5014: 3190: 1031:

relatively well. These properties are all associated with having electrons available at the

10551: 10122: 9806: 9430:

Hanaor, D.A.H.; Hu, L.; Kan, W.H.; Proust, G.; Foley, M.; Karaman, I.; Radovic, M. (2016).

9331: 9259: 8918: 8879: 8836: 8701: 8595: 8499: 8323: 7973: 7859: 7739: 7727: 7132: 6921: 6848: 6695: 5916:), was synthesized by firing alpha particles at an americium target. In 1952, element 100 ( 5764:

In 1872, the Englishmen Clark and Woods patented an alloy that would today be considered a

5444: 5404:

Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm bismuth cube

5150: 3954: 3757: 3659: 1938: 1849: 1648: 1585: 1106: 1098: 1087: 1028: 763: 671: 528: 270: 8448: 7783:"An overview of intermetallics research and application: Status of thermal spray coatings" 7337: 261: 8: 11833: 10039: 9546: 9398: 6438: 6342: 5486: 5352: 5142: 4795: 3885: 3177: 1678: 1453: 1392: 1388: 1373: 1309: 816: 9263: 8922: 8883: 8840: 8814: 8705: 8599: 8583: 8503: 8327: 7977: 7863: 7743: 7582:

Kelly, Robert G.; Scully, John R.; Shoesmith, David; Buchheit, Rudolph G. (2002-09-13).

7136: 6925: 6852: 6699: 3792:), most ferromagnets are not half-metals. Many of the known examples of half-metals are 10127: 10087: 9531: 9443: 8942: 8826: 8689: 8665: 8630: 8520: 8487: 8385: 8350: 8311: 8310:

Yasuda, Kouji; Macak, Jan M.; Berger, Steffen; Ghicov, Andrei; Schmuki, Patrik (2007).

8068: 8035: 7882: 7847: 7703: 7678: 6864: 6838: 6547: 6352: 6322: 6074: 5973: 5601: 5337: 5123:) by smelting naturally or artificially mixed ores of copper and arsenic. The earliest 4948:. Between 1932 and 1999, copper in use in the U.S. rose from 73 g to 238 g per person. 4799: 3726: 3630:, that is, those of high economic value. Most coins today are made of base metals with 3368:, but not exclusively. Non-ferrous metals and alloys lack appreciable amounts of iron. 3343: 3299: 3295: 1589: 1377: 1326: 1297: 1263: 1243:

transmits green light. This is due to the freely moving electrons which reflect light.

811: 687: 664: 659: 385: 365: 8349:

van Hove, Ruud P.; Sierevelt, Inger N.; van Royen, Barend J.; Nolte, Peter A. (2015).

7120: 6909: 6785:= 0 (the absolute zero of temperature). There a metal conducts and a nonmetal doesn't. 6471:

Iron, cobalt, nickel, and tin are also siderophiles from a whole of Earth perspective.

5002: 3587:, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet 358: 11402: 10222: 10092: 9681: 9667: 9649: 9634: 9620: 9605: 9587: 9572: 9560: 9550: 9506: 9490: 9357: 9225: 9200: 9190: 8946: 8934: 8852: 8795: 8775: 8756: 8717: 8670: 8652: 8611: 8564: 8525: 8468: 8429: 8390: 8372: 8290: 8263: 8236: 8212: 8191: 8167: 8072: 8040: 8022: 8002: 7981: 7948: 7934: 7887: 7804: 7763: 7755: 7708: 7657: 7629: 7597: 7562: 7537: 7468: 7464: 7437: 7433: 7398: 7316: 7281: 7261: 7236: 7211: 7184: 7156: 7148: 7101: 7062: 7014: 6762: 6737: 6719: 6707: 6662: 6630: 6590: 5723: 5580: 5571:

They behaved chemically as metals however, and were subsequently recognized as such.

5500: 5472: 5459: 5342: 5325: 5220: 5108: 5080: 4787: 4426: 3881: 3877: 3658:

currency code. Currently they have industrial uses such as platinum and palladium in

3558: 3347: 2716: 1726: 1637: 1577: 1485: 1384: 1156:

lighter atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, into heavier atoms over its lifetime. The

1083: 1071: 788: 776: 628: 375: 351: 31: 7583: 6868: 6484:, which enables the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. 5543:

metal. Henri Becquerel subsequently discovered radioactivity in 1896 using uranium.

5111:

such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone and copper ("

1452:

Many other metals with different elements have more complicated structures, such as

1207:; and, since the end of World War II, the development of more sophisticated alloys. 271: 11466: 11171: 11000: 10829: 10748: 10667: 10640: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10457: 10375: 10151: 10016: 9974: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9474: 9453: 9267: 8926: 8887: 8844: 8787: 8748: 8709: 8688:

de Groot, R. A.; Mueller, F. M.; Engen, P. G. van; Buschow, K. H. J. (1983-06-20).

8660: 8642: 8603: 8556: 8515: 8507: 8460: 8425: 8421: 8380: 8362: 8331: 8064: 8030: 8014: 7940: 7877: 7867: 7822: 7794: 7747: 7698: 7690: 7617: 7589: 7460: 7429: 7390: 7140: 7093: 7052: 7006: 6929: 6856: 6703: 6682:

Chiang, CK (1977). "Transport and optical properties of polythiazyl bromides: (SNBr

6372: 6367: 6357: 5730: 5707: 5304: 4829: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3850: 3706: 3452:

Rhenium single crystal, a remelted bar, and a 1 cm rhenium cube for comparison

3402: 3303: 3169: 3085: 2780: 2485: 2314: 2143: 2062: 1981: 1954: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1750: 1641: 1633: 1457: 1357: 1341: 1184: 1047: 954: 701: 535: 491: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 343: 336: 329: 146: 51: 7394: 7097: 6976:. Dai 2 Kai Hadoron Tataikei no Simulation Symposium, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan. 6551: 5722:) was an improvement to the Bessemer process, made by lining the converter with a 5168:, which contained tungsten and manganese, to iron ore (and carbon). The resulting 4994: 4988: 43: 11838: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10328: 10189: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9285:

Kaufman, Brett. "Metallurgy and Archaeological Change in the Ancient Near East".

9163: 9121: 8848: 8607: 8560: 7751: 6002: 5769: 5765: 5682: 5477: 5439:

A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the

5419: 5333: 5308: 5128: 4895: 4816: 4756: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3902: 3378: 3212: 3149: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1754: 1671: 1365: 1276: 1272: 1059: 913: 743: 322: 315: 308: 301: 294: 287: 280: 254: 9416:(1556) Tr. Herbert Clark Hoover & Lou Henry Hoover (1912); Footnote quoting 8713: 5714:

came to be used for most purposes for which wrought iron was formerly used. The

4794:

merger, thereby increasing the abundance of elements heavier than helium in the

3576: 1544:; however, in semiconductors the bands are near enough to the Fermi level to be 1074:; aspects of the electronic and thermal properties are also within the scope of 10531: 10137: 10132: 10102: 10097: 10082: 9748: 9482: 9478: 9457: 9393: 8791: 8018: 7799: 7782: 7057: 7040: 7010: 6933: 6522: 6332: 5937: 5795: 5738: 5703: 5559: 5496:

the latter regain its hardness, yet it loses its pristine form and properties.

5120: 4891: 4876: 4748: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3789: 3785: 3765: 3667: 3635: 3627: 3540: 3390: 3353: 3323: 3112: 1794: 1781:, and PbO, can display both basic and acidic properties. The latter are termed 1742: 1686: 1656: 1597: 1569: 1353: 1345: 1322: 1313: 1301: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1153: 1117: 683: 679: 623: 616: 611: 486: 466: 86: 8351:"Titanium-Nitride Coating of Orthopaedic Implants: A Review of the Literature" 8229:

Tunay, Olcay; Kabdasli, Isik; Arslan-Alaton, Idil; Olmez-Hanci, Tugba (2010).

7944: 5619:

Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.

3692: 11807: 11625: 9597: 9432:"Compressive performance and crack propagation in Al alloy/Ti2AlC composites" 9204: 8856: 8799: 8760: 8721: 8656: 8628: 8615: 8568: 8472: 8433: 8376: 8026: 7808: 7759: 7441: 7402: 7152: 7105: 7066: 6053: 6049: 5781: 5584: 5191: 5157: 3801: 3781: 3773: 3631: 3382: 3195: 3096: 2939: 1609: 1573: 1549: 1537: 1105:

gradually becomes a metal at a pressure of between 40 and 170 thousand times

1094: 8464: 7144: 6245:

is an A group element (mostly group IIIA and IVA, or groups 13 and 14), and

5414: 4798:. When gravitational attraction causes this matter to coalesce and collapse 1023:

that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts

344: 11679: 11508: 11213: 10613: 10546: 10452: 10117: 10112: 9866: 9801: 9271: 8938: 8674: 8529: 8394: 8044: 7891: 7767: 7712: 7694: 7160: 6417: 6347: 6312: 6018: 6014: 5998: 5988: 5691: 5169: 5112: 4918: 4791: 4518: 4016: 3949: 3830: 3679: 3498: 3494: 3357: 3307: 3272: 3144: 2993: 2822: 2527: 1911: 1844: 1670:

Battery demonstration unit for conducting polymers built by nobel laureate

1349: 1296:

Metals are typically malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without

1235:, at least when polished, or fractured. Sheets of metal thicker than a few 1164: 647: 635: 523: 357: 260: 8647: 8367: 7781:

Cinca, Nuria; Lima, Carlos Roberto Camello; Guilemany, Jose Maria (2013).

7593: 5503:

is a metal, although the Alchemists disagree with us on this subject, and

1596:

The elemental metals have electrical conductivity values of from 6.9 × 10

1308:

motion, and there are also many combinations of planes and directions for

11733: 11697: 11688: 11598: 11580: 11571: 10608: 10232: 10107: 9861: 9617:

Out of the fiery furnace: The impact of metals on the history of mankind,

7294: 6843: 6774: 6459: 6327: 6006: 5942: 5921: 5699: 5161: 4917:, have no commercially practical reducing agent, and are extracted using 4872: 4011: 3634:; in the past, coins frequently derived their value primarily from their 3623: 3592: 3584: 3536: 3481: 3475: 3319: 3311: 3224: 3203:

color and luster. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of

3047: 3011: 3002: 2912: 2894: 2885: 1906: 1572:

which leads to an electric current. This involves small changes in which

1519: 1505: 1476:

The energy states available to electrons in different kinds of solids at

1383:

The atoms of simple metallic substances are often in one of three common

1361: 1305: 1267: 1204: 1200: 1157: 1063: 1032: 652: 640: 350: 7119:

Ogawa, Yukiko; Ando, Daisuke; Sutou, Yuji; Koike, Junichi (2016-07-22).

7041:"Development and applications of aluminum alloys for aerospace industry" 11742: 11670: 11643: 11616: 11276: 11258: 11231: 11062: 11053: 10792: 10006: 8511: 7872: 6543: 6481: 6442: 6397: 6393: 6337: 6232: 5993: 5885: 5750: 5711: 5551: 5226: 5173: 5165: 4935: 4768: 4550: 4540: 4295: 4142: 3747: 3608: 3532: 3315: 3283: 3267: 3240: 3220: 3056: 2984: 2957: 2930: 2590: 2572: 2545: 2376: 2367: 2106: 1782: 1472: 1236: 1067: 547: 63: 9532:

Galactic 'Gold Mine' Explains the Origin of Nature's Heaviest Elements

8752: 8335: 6882:

Roe, J.; Roe, M. (1992). "World's coinage uses 24 chemical elements".

3717: 1709:

through electron loss. Most will react with oxygen in the air to form

1132:

metal refers to all chemical elements in a star that are heavier than

1035:, as against nonmetallic materials which do not. Metals are typically 281: 11751: 11724: 11715: 11562: 11544: 11535: 11526: 11312: 11222: 11195: 11143: 11089: 11071: 11035: 11015: 10954: 10891: 10835: 10774: 10763: 10682: 10633: 10623: 10618: 10062: 10031: 9886: 9876: 9871: 9090: 9070: 8930: 8891: 8407: 8228: 7082:"Magnesium-based nanocomposites: Lightweight materials of the future" 6513: 6425: 6421: 6317: 5925: 5909: 4764: 4760: 4736: 4570: 4523: 4508: 4342: 4312: 4302: 4285: 4273: 4236: 4201: 4169: 4132: 4121: 4072: 4036: 4026: 4021: 3813: 3777: 3663: 3651: 3604: 3600: 3554: 3550: 3508: 3504: 3425: 3365: 3282:

Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as

3259: 3216: 3065: 3038: 3029: 2876: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2626: 2536: 2509: 2457: 2403: 2385: 2349: 2329: 2268: 2205: 2149: 2088: 2077: 1996: 1931: 1921: 1916: 1730: 1714: 1617: 1601: 1515: 1488:

for a certain energy in the material listed. The shading follows the

1240: 1129: 1040: 1012: 593: 560: 394: 374: 364: 30:

This article is about metallic materials. For the musical genre, see

9699: 7455:

Skośkiewicz, T. (2005). "Thermal Conductivity at Low Temperatures".

5427: 3822:

is a material with a small energy overlap between the bottom of the

3356:

word meaning "containing iron". This can include pure iron, such as

3183:

in which the ratio of the two components is fixed (also known as an

1640:. In normal conditions no gases are metallic conductors. However, a 1593:

additional partially occupied energy states at higher temperatures.

11706: 11607: 11490: 11472: 11447: 11438: 11411: 11384: 11348: 11339: 11321: 11249: 11240: 11134: 11006: 10972: 10882: 10873: 10864: 10855: 10810: 10729: 10711: 10646: 10054: 10011: 9448: 8831: 7379:"Electrical resistivity of pure transuranium metals under pressure" 6860: 6446: 6413: 6405: 6401: 5800: 5734: 5524: 5516: 5458:

The first systematic text on the arts of mining and metallurgy was

5146: 5084: 4906: 4821: 4790:

late in their lifetimes, and sometimes thereafter as a result of a

4535: 4530: 4454: 4431: 4416: 4396: 4391: 4381: 4359: 4337: 4268: 4263: 4246: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4164: 4152: 4111: 4099: 4089: 4062: 4048: 4043: 3873: 3861: 3761: 3655: 3647: 3562: 3512: 3409: 3251: 3247: 3232: 3157: 3123: 3020: 2921: 2804: 2786: 2761: 2752: 2725: 2698: 2662: 2653: 2635: 2563: 2554: 2448: 2320: 2286: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2124: 2043: 2025: 1960: 1734: 1580:

dictates that one can only have one electron in a given state, the

1561: 1541: 1251: 1232: 1220: 1141: 1020: 580: 552: 9631:

Chemistry in Space: From Interstellar Matter to the Origin of Life

8869: 8410:"Wear resistance investigation of titanium nitride-based coatings" 7376: 6734:

Sulfur-Containing Polymers: From Synthesis to Functional Materials

4905:

When a metallic ore is an ionic compound, the ore must usually be

4717:

Metals left of the dividing line occur (or are sourced) mainly as

1689:

of a metal. Various models are applicable, the simplest being the

1556:

The electronic structure of metals means they are relatively good

11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11661: 11652: 11634: 11589: 11517: 11499: 11429: 11375: 11357: 11330: 11303: 11285: 11267: 11177: 11107: 11080: 11044: 11026: 10990: 10981: 10963: 10945: 10844: 10783: 10673: 10628: 10500: 9881: 9717: 7513: 7315:(7th ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 6825:"A New Analysis of RR Lyrae Kinematics in the Solar Neighborhood" 6307: 5960: 5917: 5826: 5813: 5754: 5508: 5504: 5316: 5277: 5183: 5116: 4924: 4899: 4868: 4780: 4744: 4597: 4590: 4565: 4555: 4545: 4441: 4411: 4401: 4386: 4364: 4322: 4307: 4290: 4280: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4231: 4174: 4137: 4067: 4031: 3865: 3857: 3797: 3619: 3612: 3580: 3228: 3127: 2975: 2966: 2948: 2903: 2831: 2813: 2743: 2689: 2671: 2644: 2617: 2599: 2581: 2491: 2421: 2394: 2358: 2340: 2304: 2295: 2277: 2259: 2158: 2097: 1987: 1926: 1706: 1576:

the electrons are in, changing to those with the higher momenta.

1565: 1255: 1247: 1224: 1036: 588: 384: 255: 6534:

In ancient times, lead was regarded as the father of all metals.

3115:. If there are several, the most stable allotrope is considered. 11553: 11481: 11366: 11294: 11204: 11186: 11152: 11116: 11098: 10927: 10918: 10909: 10801: 10754: 10720: 10702: 10657: 9704:

of ASM International (formerly the American Society for Metals)

9324:"Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel" 8813:

Armitage, N. P.; Mele, E. J.; Vishwanath, Ashvin (2018-01-22).

8348: 7585:

Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering

6589:. Paul McEuen (Global edition, ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 6493: 6480:

Another life-enabling role for iron is as a key constituent of

6409: 6048:

of two or more metallic elements, sometimes with metalloids or

5913: 5758: 5468:, which treats the examination, fusion, and working of metals. 5321: 5261: 5104: 5096: 4945: 4914: 4910: 4858: 4759:, with the two main modes of this repetitive capture being the 4560: 4513: 4406: 4369: 4347: 4327: 4317: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4147: 4116: 4094: 4084: 4055: 3701: 3643: 3566: 3520: 3263: 3255: 3236: 3161: 2867: 2795: 2680: 2608: 2518: 2500: 2466: 2430: 2412: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2115: 2068: 2034: 2016: 1971: 1721:

over years) which depend upon whether the native oxide forms a

1605: 1286:

Schematic appearance of round metal bars after tensile testing.

1259: 1196: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1122: 1110: 1102: 9312:. Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology: 147–158. 7676: 6908:

Stampfl, C.; Mannstadt, W.; Asahi, R.; Freeman, A. J. (2001).

50:, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm cube, is an example of a 11767: 11456: 11161: 10819: 10693: 6508: 5588: 5435: 5045: 4979: 4894:

uses high temperatures to convert ore into raw metals, while

4352: 4157: 4079: 3793: 3361: 3208: 3139: 3080: 2770: 2475: 2133: 2007: 1746: 1710: 1613: 1312:. Due to their having close packed arrangements of atoms the 1055: 67: 58: 9487:

General Relativity and Gravitation: A Centennial Perspective

9224:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. 7581: 7003:

Materials, Design and Manufacturing for Lightweight Vehicles

6907: 5075: 3198:—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver 1282: 11420: 11393: 10936: 10900: 10738: 9543:

On Beyond Uranium: Journey to the End of the Periodic Table

9189:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. pp. 73–84. 8687: 7846:

Jang, J. M.; Lee, H. S.; Singh, J. K. (December 17, 2020).

6999:"3 - Aluminum alloys for lightweight automotive structures" 5997:

A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal

5746: 5742: 5172:

came to the attention of Rome when used by Hannibal in the

5088: 5048: 4879:, which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment, and 4436: 4421: 4226: 4206: 4104: 3906: 3639: 3570: 3516: 3204: 2734: 2707: 2250: 2214: 2052: 1806: 1738: 1718: 1176: 1149: 1051: 47: 9596:

Podosek F. A. 2011, "Noble gases", in H. D. Holland &

8232:

Chemical Oxidation Applications for Industrial Wastewaters

8144:

Prsctical guidance in relation to the hallmarking act 1973

5450: 5153:) which are nearly 4,000 years old, dating from 1800 BCE. 5115:") predecessors. Initially, bronze was made of copper and 1624: 11125: 10540: 8737:"Half-metallic ferromagnetism: Example of CrO2 (invited)" 5733:

and low cost, steel came to be a major component used in

5132: 4955:

Globally, metal recycling is generally low. In 2010, the

4854: 4332: 3869: 3153: 2439: 9356:. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 108. 7338:"Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure" 9709: 9602:

Isotope Geochemistry: From the Treatise on Geochemistry

9521:

Impossible alloys: How to make never-before-seen metals

9045: 8815:"Weyl and Dirac semimetals in three-dimensional solids" 8309: 7972:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. passim. 7932: 6823:

Martin, John C.; Morrison, Heather L. (May 18, 1998) .

4913:

as a reducing agent. Some metals, such as aluminum and

1447:

Arrangement of atoms in a rock salt crystal such as TiN

9503:

The elements: Their origin, abundance and distribution

8812: 8545:"Review on Conducting Polymers and Their Applications" 8209:

Light Alloys: From Traditional Alloys to Nanocrystals,

9381:. London: Time-Life International. pp. 133, 137. 4939:

A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling

4743:. In this process, lighter elements from hydrogen to 459: 8690:"New Class of Materials: Half-Metallic Ferromagnets" 7933:

Gialanella, Stefano; Malandruccolo, Alessio (2020).

6951: 5775: 5484:

He gave the following description of a metal in his

5368:

Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing

5131:

in the fifth millennium BCE. It was only later that

3485:

understood to be silver and are priced accordingly.

452: 445: 431: 9354:

The Culture of War: Invention and Early Development

7530:Gross, Eberhard K. U.; Dreizler, Reiner M. (2013). 7118: 6997:Benedyk, J. C. (2010-01-01), Mallick, P. K. (ed.), 3942:abundance and main occurrence or source, by weight 3526: 438: 424: 9646:Structure–property relations in nonferrous metals, 8905:Bubnova, Olga; Zia, Ullah Khan; Wang, Hui (2014). 7780: 6777:(1905–1996) wrote a letter to a fellow physicist, 6659:Materials science and engineering: an introduction 4833:building, erosion, or other geological processes. 1836:Bonding of simple substances in the periodic table 1564:, which average to zero when there is no external 9429: 7970:Structure–Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals 7651: 7616: 6956:(3rd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrad Company. 6713: 6661:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. 5874: 5562:metals, palladium, osmium, iridium, and rhodium. 4890:, usually by chemical or electrolytic reduction. 3337: 3262:. Copper alloys have been known since prehistory— 1336:A temperature change may lead to the movement of 1093:A metal conducts electricity at a temperature of 11805: 7415: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7170: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 4824:, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH) 3856:The classic elemental semimetallic elements are 1659:) and can pass on thermal energy. The empirical 1528:lies inside at least one band of energy states. 1254:, there is a wide variation in their densities, 417: 9714:of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 9397:, Sept. 1909. Reprinted as the introduction to 8773: 7329: 7306: 7304: 7179:Weertman, Johannes; Weertman, Julia R. (1992). 6736:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 191–234 (191). 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6443:very high temperature hydrogen rich environment 6363:Properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals 3599:. Noble metals are less reactive, resistant to 3246:Other significant metallic alloys are those of 3231:will produce cast irons, while the addition of 70:largely composed of iron, chromium and nickel 9242: 9145:Carolyn Fry, Guardian.co.uk, 22 February 2008. 9114:The Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report 8904: 8734: 7230: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6822: 6718:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 727. 6624: 6437:In some cases, for example in the presence of 6063:8th International Conference on Quasicrystals. 6017:effectively have infinitely large unit cells. 5294:Copper for the craftsman cunning at his trade. 1788: 1262:(22.59 g/cm) the most dense. Some of the 10516: 9733: 9156:Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis 8735:Coey, J. M. D.; Venkatesan, M. (2002-05-15). 8000: 7670: 7647: 7645: 7557:Bockris, J. O'M; Reddy, Amulya K. N. (1977). 7529: 7167: 6643: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6249:is either carbon or nitrogen. Examples are Hf 5292:Gold is for the mistress—silver for the maid— 5099:. The figure is more than 2 m in height. 4739:(in the periodic table) are largely made via 3923: 3503:A heavy metal is any relatively dense metal. 1821: 975: 9648:John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 9330:. Chennai, India. 2009-03-26. Archived from 8282: 8119:"A closer look at the world of white metals" 8001:Senkov, O. N.; Miracle, D. B. (2021-02-25). 7845: 7787:Journal of Materials Research and Technology 7556: 7310: 7301: 7121:"A lightweight shape-memory magnesium alloy" 7045:Journal of Materials Research and Technology 6837:(4) (published October 1, 1998): 1724–1735. 6625:Ashcroft, Neil W.; Mermin, N. David (1976). 6603: 5533:But enough now concerning the simple kinds. 5298:"But Iron—Cold Iron—is master of them all." 5296:"Good!" said the Baron, sitting in his hall, 5276:A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of 4886:Once the ore is mined, the elements must be 3845:. There are additional types, in particular 1705:The elements which form metals usually form 1258:being the least dense (0.534 g/cm) and 9108: 9106: 9091:"Los Alamos National Laboratory – Aluminum" 8998: 8549:Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 7725: 7454: 7038: 6970:Fission properties of the heaviest elements 6894: 6799:"What we learn from a star's metal content" 6731: 6277:) and high-temperature oxidation in air (Ti 6056:attempted to describe the structure of NaCd 4805: 1246:Although most elemental metals have higher 10523: 10509: 9740: 9726: 8486:K, Namsheer; Rout, Chandra Sekkha (2021). 7967: 7726:Liu, C. T.; Stiegler, J. O. (1984-11-09). 7642: 7561:(3. print ed.). New York: Plenum Pr. 7203: 6571: 6036: 5982: 5565: 3930: 3916: 3393:and only a limited number of slip planes. 3371: 3111:shows bonding of simple substances in the 1828: 1814: 1484:Here, height is energy while width is the 1066:. The general science of metals is called 982: 968: 9604:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 467–492, 9489:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 9447: 9071:"Los Alamos National Laboratory – Sodium" 8830: 8664: 8646: 8542: 8519: 8449:"Titanium Nitride PVD Coating Technology" 8384: 8366: 8034: 7881: 7871: 7798: 7702: 7536:. Springer Science & Business Media. 7079: 7056: 6966: 6842: 6656: 5865:Hafnium, in the form of a 1.7 kg bar 3626:, the term base metal is contrasted with 3488: 1467: 1043:(they can be hammered into thin sheets). 9485:, J. Isenberg & M. MacCallum (eds), 9217: 9103: 8446: 8211:4th ed., Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 7457:Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics 7258:Epitaxial growth of complex metal oxides 7080:Gupta, M.; Wong, W. L. E. (2015-07-01). 6947: 6945: 6943: 6756: 6629:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 5992: 5941: 5931: 5889: 5681: 5449: 5434: 5426: 5413: 5074: 4934: 4815: 3716: 3691: 3575: 3189: 3143: 1665: 1623: 1471: 1281: 1219: 57: 42: 11623: 9351: 9303: 9221:A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition 9182: 9034: 9022: 8986: 8255: 7448: 6996: 5894:Heat treating superalloy turbine blades 5350:. Bismuth was described by Agricola in 3352:The term "ferrous" is derived from the 2937: 14: 11806: 11677: 11506: 11211: 9376: 9010: 8958: 8956: 8581: 8316:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 8186:Brandes EA & Brook GB (eds) 1998, 7728:"Ductile Ordered Intermetallic Alloys" 7358:from the original on February 24, 2009 7335: 7280: 7255: 6881: 6681: 6584: 6068: 5967: 5392:Antimony, showing its brilliant lustre 3557:, such as reacting easily with dilute 3286:, may contain more than ten elements. 2991: 2820: 2525: 1655:. These have slightly higher momenta ( 11731: 11695: 11686: 11596: 11578: 11569: 10504: 9721: 9567:, vol. 2, Stars and Stellar Systems, 9538:, 10 May 2016, accessed 11 July 2016. 9063: 9046:Choptuik, Lehner & Pretorias 2015 8780:Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering 8543:Das, Tapan K.; Prusty, Smita (2012). 8485: 8116: 7511: 7183:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6940: 6790: 6761:. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 257. 6759:Physics of Metal-Nonmetal Transitions 5902: 5550:In 1803, cerium was the first of the 3666:and also a role as investments and a 3164:, used in bearings to reduce friction 3045: 3009: 3000: 2910: 2892: 2883: 1215: 1171:, tools, pipes, and railroad tracks. 11740: 11668: 11641: 11614: 11274: 11256: 11229: 11060: 11051: 9644:Russell A. M. & Lee K. L. 2005, 9436:Materials Science and Engineering: A 9172:United Nations Environment Programme 9130:United Nations Environment Programme 8776:"The rise of semi-metal electronics" 7652:Siekierski, S.; Burgess, J. (2002). 7231:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). 5841:Lutetium, including a 1 cm cube 5672:Scandium, including a 1 cm cube 5454:Ultrapure cerium under argon, 1.5 gm 4961:United Nations Environment Programme 3712: 3687: 3054: 2982: 2955: 2928: 2588: 2570: 2543: 2374: 2365: 2104: 1325:for the restoring forces, where the 11749: 11722: 11713: 11560: 11542: 11533: 11524: 11310: 11220: 11193: 11141: 11087: 11069: 11033: 11013: 10952: 10889: 10790: 10772: 10761: 10680: 10484: 9658:Street A. & Alexander W. 1998, 9505:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9500: 9284: 9248: 9186:Metallurgy for the non-metallurgist 9057: 8974: 8962: 8953: 8872:IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 8262:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 7968:Russell, A. M.; Lee, K. L. (2005). 7489:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000" 6714:Greenwood, NN; Earnshaw, A (1998). 6587:Introduction to solid state physics 5853:Rhenium, including a 1 cm cube 5677: 5380:Zinc fragments and a 1 cm cube 5156:From about 500 BCE sword-makers of 3733:Conductive metal−organic frameworks 3561:(HCl) to form a metal chloride and 3396: 3331: 3327: 3063: 3036: 3027: 2874: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2624: 2534: 2507: 2455: 2401: 2383: 2347: 2327: 2266: 2203: 2147: 2086: 2075: 1994: 1584:. Therefore there have to be empty 1560:. The electrons all have different 1321:in metals can be described well by 24: 11704: 11605: 11488: 11470: 11445: 11436: 11409: 11382: 11337: 11319: 11247: 11238: 11132: 11004: 10970: 10880: 10862: 10853: 10833: 10808: 10530: 9747: 9680:, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 9468: 8069:10.1016/b978-0-7506-4681-9.x5000-7 7313:Electrical properties of materials 7204:Timoshenko, Stephen (1983-01-01). 6796: 5409: 5320:necessarily the common substances 5207:A droplet of solidified molten tin 4812:Abundance of the chemical elements 3721:Several of the conducting polymers 3595:is commonly used in opposition to 3018: 2919: 2802: 2784: 2759: 2750: 2723: 2696: 2660: 2651: 2633: 2561: 2552: 2446: 2318: 2284: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2122: 2041: 2023: 1958: 1062:; or a molecular compound such as 1019: 'mine, quarry, metal') is a 25: 11855: 11659: 11650: 11632: 11587: 11497: 11427: 11400: 11373: 11355: 11346: 11328: 11301: 11283: 11265: 11175: 11105: 11078: 11042: 10988: 10979: 10961: 10943: 10871: 10842: 10781: 10727: 10709: 10671: 10644: 9691: 9252:Journal of Archaeological Science 8150:. Assay offices of Great Britain. 7654:Concise Chemistry of the Elements 7416:Koester, D; Chanmugam, G (1990). 5776:The last stable metallic elements 4635: Most abundant (up to 3549:refers to a metal that is easily 3424:Niobium crystals and a 1 cm 2973: 2964: 2946: 2901: 2829: 2811: 2741: 2714: 2687: 2669: 2642: 2615: 2597: 2579: 2489: 2419: 2392: 2356: 2338: 2302: 2293: 2275: 2257: 2156: 2095: 1985: 1753:. However, oxides with very high 1195:forms of steel; the discovery of 1167:, as well as most vehicles, many 11551: 11515: 11479: 11364: 11292: 11202: 11184: 11114: 11096: 11024: 10925: 10916: 10907: 10752: 10655: 10483: 10472: 10471: 9619:Macmillan Australia, Melbourne, 9379:The Metalsmiths, revised edition 9306:Anatolian Archaeological Studies 6954:Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach 5858: 5846: 5834: 5665: 5653: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5269: 5253: 5234: 5212: 5200: 5058: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4987: 4902:chemistry for the same purpose. 4800:new stars and planets are formed 4581: 4501: 4463: 4374: 3756:is any substance that acts as a 3527:Base, noble, and precious metals 3457: 3445: 3433: 3417: 3326:metals as well as both metallic 2865: 2793: 2678: 2606: 2516: 2498: 2464: 2428: 2410: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2113: 2066: 2032: 2014: 1969: 1440: 1428: 1416: 1404: 1329:is linearly proportional to the 11454: 11159: 11150: 10817: 10799: 10718: 10700: 9423: 9404: 9385: 9370: 9345: 9316: 9297: 9278: 9211: 9176: 9148: 9142:Tread lightly: Aluminium attack 9134: 9083: 9051: 9039: 9028: 9016: 9004: 8992: 8980: 8968: 8898: 8863: 8806: 8767: 8728: 8681: 8622: 8575: 8536: 8479: 8440: 8401: 8342: 8303: 8276: 8249: 8222: 8201: 8190:Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 8180: 8154: 8135: 8110: 8093:"Belmont Metals - White Metals" 8085: 8051: 7994: 7961: 7926: 7898: 7839: 7815: 7774: 7719: 7610: 7575: 7550: 7523: 7505: 7481: 7409: 7370: 7311:Solymar, L.; Walsh, D. (2004). 7274: 7249: 7224: 7197: 7112: 7073: 7032: 6990: 6967:Moller, P.; Nix, J. R. (1994). 6960: 6537: 6528: 6500: 6487: 6474: 6465: 6452: 6431: 6386: 5726:material to remove phosphorus. 5702:began with the introduction of 4670: Uncommon (1–99 ppm) 3784:. Although all half-metals are 3673: 2768: 2473: 2131: 2005: 1304:is relatively low allowing for 1292:(c) Completely ductile fracture 1191:in the semiconductor industry. 11418: 11391: 10934: 10898: 10736: 10691: 9802:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals) 8426:10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.04.152 8117:Roden, Arabella (2019-11-04). 7465:10.1016/b0-12-369401-9/01168-2 7459:. Elsevier. pp. 159–164. 7422:Reports on Progress in Physics 7418:"Physics of white dwarf stars" 6875: 6816: 6750: 6675: 6657:Callister, William D. (1997). 6509:The iron the smiths were using 6241:is an early transition metal, 5879: 5875:Post-World War II developments 5441:Y-12 National Security Complex 5285: 5093:National Archaeological Museum 3469: 3338:Ferrous and non-ferrous metals 2732: 2705: 2248: 2212: 2050: 1749:of elemental metals are often 1039:(can be drawn into wires) and 66:made from stainless steel, an 13: 1: 11123: 10344:Thermal expansion coefficient 10040:Lists of metalloids by source 9660:Metals in the service of man, 8355:BioMed Research International 7395:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.03.053 7336:Hecker, Siegfried S. (2000). 7235:. San Diego: Academic Press. 7181:Elementary dislocation theory 7098:10.1016/j.matchar.2015.04.015 6952:Mortimer, Charles E. (1975). 6564: 5280:, an alloy of gold and copper 5242: 5219: 5160:, were making early forms of 5044: 4972: 4848: 3833:, but they do not overlap in 3741: 3289: 2437: 1210: 1203:—in 1809; the rise of modern 571:dividing metals and nonmetals 9666:ed., Penguin Books, London, 9168:International Resource Panel 9126:International Resource Panel 8849:10.1103/RevModPhys.90.015001 8608:10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00582 8561:10.1080/03602559.2012.710697 8283:Abdul-Rahman, Yahia (2014). 8060:Introduction to Dislocations 7752:10.1126/science.226.4675.636 7383:Journal of Nuclear Materials 6708:10.1016/0038-1098(77)90530-0 6083: 5070: 4957:International Resource Panel 4930: 4735:Metallic elements up to the 3911:Metals in the Earth's crust: 3896: 3891: 3807: 1717:burns in seconds while iron 1540:the Fermi level is inside a 1125:atoms or alloying elements. 1097:, which is a consequence of 7: 10083:Platinum-group metals (PGM) 9786:By periodic table structure 9183:Reardon, Arthur C. (2011). 8714:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.2024 8582:Swager, Timothy M. (2017). 7656:. Horwood. pp. 60–66. 6300: 5164:by adding a mineral called 5127:so far known come from the 3428:niobium cube for comparison 3364:. Ferrous metals are often 3302:metals; brittle metals and 1789:Periodic table distribution 1700: 1647:Metals are relatively good 1486:density of available states 1350:line and screw dislocations 239:By periodic table structure 10: 11860: 11022: 10851: 10770: 10689: 10653: 10555: 10228:Goldschmidt classification 9569:Cambridge University Press 9458:10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.073 9060:, pp. 83, 91, 102–103 8792:10.1038/s44287-024-00068-z 8741:Journal of Applied Physics 8420:(9, Part A): 10349–10379. 8019:10.1038/s41598-021-83953-z 7800:10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.013 7559:Modern electrochemistry. 2 7434:10.1088/0034-4885/53/7/001 7086:Materials Characterization 7058:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.274 7011:10.1533/9781845697822.1.79 6934:10.1103/PhysRevB.63.155106 6688:Solid State Communications 6447:neutron deficient isotopes 6230: 6072: 6040: 5986: 5971: 5935: 5912:), next after element 96 ( 5883: 5780:By 1900 three metals with 5660:A bar of titanium crystals 5052:nodules and 1 cm cube 4967: 4852: 4809: 4729:) and tin (a lithophile). 4716: 4711: 4693: 4675: 4665: 4647: 4630: 4625: 4491: 4485: 4076: 4052: 3941: 3909: 3900: 3811: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3677: 3615:, iridium, and palladium. 3530: 3492: 3473: 3400: 3341: 3137: 2336: 2165: 2084: 2003: 1967: 1853: 1809: 1792: 1691:nearly free electron model 1231:Most metals are shiny and 1175:were historically used as 1005: 929:expansion coefficient 805:Goldschmidt classification 29: 11765: 11465: 11170: 10999: 10828: 10747: 10666: 10639: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10550: 10545: 10538: 10466: 10428: 10361: 10241: 10198: 10159: 10150: 10075: 10053: 10030: 9997: 9987: 9965: 9895: 9807:2 (Alkaline earth metals) 9792: 9785: 9776: 9755: 8819:Reviews of Modern Physics 8289:. John Wiley & Sons. 8259:Earth's Natural Resources 8256:Walther, John V. (2013). 7945:10.1007/978-3-030-24440-8 7906:"Metals Program Overview" 7622:Chemistry of the Elements 7620:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 7588:(0 ed.). CRC Press. 7533:Density Functional Theory 6978:University of North Texas 6803:John C. Martin's Homepage 6716:Chemistry of the Elements 6208: 6187: 6169: 6148: 6127: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 5928:) have been synthesized. 4721:; those to the right, as 4578: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4129: 4127: 4125: 3839:degenerate semiconductors 3565:. Examples include iron, 3277:electromagnetic shielding 3133: 1945: 1937: 1713:over various timescales ( 1695:density functional theory 1693:. Modern methods such as 1683:electronic band structure 1582:Pauli exclusion principle 1558:conductors of electricity 1478:thermodynamic equilibrium 1189:degenerate semiconductors 1179:, but in the modern era, 713:List of chemical elements 11819:Condensed matter physics 9565:Theoretical Astrophysics 9218:Tylecote, R. F. (1992). 8907:"Semi-Metallic Polymers" 7260:. Boston, MA: Elsevier. 6830:The Astronomical Journal 6585:Kittel, Charles (2018). 5946:Metallic Glass Vitreloy4 5716:Gilchrist-Thomas process 5180:In pre-Columbian America 5091:, c. 460 BCE, 5032:A slice of meteoric iron 4806:Abundance and occurrence 4507: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 1490:Fermi–Dirac distribution 1076:condensed matter physics 1064:polymeric sulfur nitride 606:By other characteristics 216:Systematic element names 10446:systematic element name 10418:in East Asian languages 9768:Extended periodic table 9633:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 9287:Backdirt: Annual Review 8694:Physical Review Letters 8465:10.1179/sur.1985.1.2.93 8166:. Editions Quae. 2006. 7210:. Courier Corporation. 7145:10.1126/science.aaf6524 6871:– via IOPscience. 6379: 6037:Complex metallic alloys 5983:Quasicrystalline alloys 5566:Light metallic elements 4741:stellar nucleosynthesis 4698: Very rare ( 3768:orientation, but as an 3464:Titanium nitride powder 3372:Brittle elemental metal 829:Data pages for elements 508:metallic classification 274:(alkaline earth metals) 62:Metal in the form of a 10289:Electron configuration 10279:Electrical resistivity 10218:Electron configuration 10022:Post-transition metals 9584:The metallic elements, 9272:10.1006/jasc.2002.0809 8414:Ceramics International 8188:Light Metals Handbook, 7695:10.1002/anie.201908327 7512:Burke, Kieron (2007). 6779:Prof. Peter P. Edwards 6439:high energy gamma rays 6043:Complex metallic alloy 6009: 5947: 5895: 5720:basic Bessemer process 5695: 5536: 5455: 5447: 5432: 5424: 5300: 5100: 4940: 4871:. Ores are located by 4825: 4652: Abundant ( 3722: 3697: 3588: 3489:Heavy and light metals 3360:, or an alloy such as 3199: 3185:intermetallic compound 3165: 1674: 1653:Fermi–Dirac statistics 1629: 1553: 1468:Electrical and thermal 1462:perovskite (structure) 1397:hexagonal close-packed 1293: 1228: 865:Electrical resistivity 757:Properties of elements 140:Periodic table history 71: 55: 36:Metal (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 11844:Solid-state chemistry 10123:Transuranium elements 8977:, pp. 32, 63, 85 8648:10.3390/polym13122003 8447:Matthews, A. (1985). 7823:"Steel use by sector" 7626:Butterworth-Heinemann 7618:Greenwood, Norman N. 7594:10.1201/9780203909133 6890:(4, 5): 24–25, 18–19. 6757:Yonezawa, F. (2017). 5996: 5945: 5932:Bulk metallic glasses 5893: 5685: 5492: 5471:Sixteen years later, 5466:Vannoccio Biringuccio 5453: 5438: 5430: 5417: 5348:Vannoccio Biringuccio 5290: 5078: 5065:A brass weight (35 g) 4938: 4863:Extractive metallurgy 4819: 3720: 3695: 3579: 3193: 3147: 1669: 1627: 1604:to 6.3 × 10 S/cm for 1475: 1340:in the metal such as 1285: 1223: 1088:nonmetallic materials 1080:solid-state chemistry 617:Platinum-group metals 166:Discovery of elements 61: 46: 10339:Thermal conductivity 10314:Heat of vaporization 9756:Periodic table forms 9547:Taylor & Francis 9352:Gabriel, RA (1990). 8123:jewellermagazine.com 5445:Oak Ridge, Tennessee 5329:methods of alchemy. 5315:Arabic and medieval 3696:TiN coated drill bit 3660:catalytic converters 3194:A sculpture cast in 1729:. Some others, like 1697:are typically used. 1586:delocalized electron 1496:=all states filled, 1464:in some nickelates. 1290:(b) Ductile fracture 1288:(a) Brittle fracture 1264:6d transition metals 1116:When discussing the 1107:atmospheric pressure 899:of vaporization 764:Relative atomic mass 737:by isotope stability 732:by atomic properties 95:Periodic table forms 10371:Element discoveries 10128:Superheavy elements 10088:Rare-earth elements 9676:Wilson A. J. 1994, 9582:Parish R. V. 1977, 9501:Cox, P. A. (1997). 9418:De Natura Fossilium 9410:Georgius Agricola, 9399:Rewards and Fairies 9377:Knauth, P. (1976). 9264:2002JArSc..29.1451T 8923:2014NatMa..13..190B 8884:1992IJQE...28..507W 8841:2018RvMP...90a5001A 8706:1983PhRvL..50.2024D 8600:2017MaMol..50.4867S 8504:2021RSCAd..11.5659K 8453:Surface Engineering 8368:10.1155/2015/485975 8328:2007JElS..154C.472Y 8163:Metal contamination 7978:2005srnm.book.....R 7864:2020Mate...13.5776J 7744:1984Sci...226..636L 7689:(40): 14260–14264. 7256:Koster, G. (2015). 7233:Inorganic Chemistry 7137:2016Sci...353..368O 6926:2001PhRvB..63o5106S 6853:1998AJ....116.1724M 6700:1977SSCom..23..607C 6627:Solid state physics 6343:Metals of antiquity 6092: 6069:High-entropy alloys 5968:Shape-memory alloys 5487:De Natura Fossilium 5353:De Natura Fossilium 5143:archaeological site 4796:interstellar medium 4747:undergo successive 3886:conductive polymers 3829:and the top of the 3632:low intrinsic value 1679:free electron model 1661:Wiedemann–Franz law 1546:thermally populated 1500:=no state filled). 1454:rock-salt structure 1393:face-centered cubic 1389:body-centered cubic 1319:elastic deformation 1310:plastic deformation 1239:appear opaque, but 665:Rare-earth elements 660:Main-group elements 9536:Science Spotlights 9530:Hadhazy A. 2016, " 9519:Crow J. M. 2016, " 9162:2016-01-01 at the 9120:2016-01-01 at the 8512:10.1039/D0RA07800J 8235:. IWA Publishing. 8063:. Elsevier. 2001. 8007:Scientific Reports 7873:10.3390/ma13245776 7345:Los Alamos Science 6884:World Coinage News 6548:German Renaissance 6353:Mineral (nutrient) 6323:Ferrous metallurgy 6088: 6075:High-entropy alloy 6010: 5974:Shape-memory alloy 5948: 5903:Transcurium metals 5896: 5757:, appliances, and 5698:The modern era in 5696: 5631:Strontium crystals 5456: 5448: 5433: 5425: 5338:arsenic trisulfide 5182:, objects made of 5109:building materials 5101: 5020:Crystalline silver 4941: 4826: 4680: Rare ( 3878:chemical compounds 3727:Conductive polymer 3723: 3698: 3589: 3344:Ferrous metallurgy 3200: 3166: 1675: 1649:conductors of heat 1630: 1612:metalloid such as 1590:strontium titanate 1554: 1548:with electrons or 1385:crystal structures 1338:structural defects 1294: 1229: 1216:Form and structure 72: 56: 11829:Metallic elements 11824:Materials science 11801: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11760: 11759: 10498: 10497: 10357: 10356: 10319:Ionization energy 10294:Electronegativity 10284:Electron affinity 10223:Electronegativity 10213:Crystal structure 10208:Aqueous chemistry 10185:Nuclear stability 10180:Atomic properties 10146: 10145: 10093:Refractory metals 10071: 10070: 10017:Transition metals 9983: 9982: 9686:978-1-85573-154-7 9672:978-0-14-025776-2 9654:978-0-471-64952-6 9639:978-3-527-32689-1 9625:978-0-333-38024-6 9615:Raymond R. 1984, 9610:978-0-08-096710-3 9592:978-0-582-44278-8 9586:Longman, London, 9577:978-0-521-56241-6 9555:978-0-415-28495-0 9541:Hofmann S. 2002, 9512:978-0-19-855298-7 9495:978-1-107-03731-1 9363:978-0-313-26664-5 9258:(12): 1451–1460. 9231:978-1-902653-79-2 9196:978-1-61503-845-9 9013:, pp. 32, 33 8753:10.1063/1.1447879 8747:(10): 8345–8350. 8700:(25): 2024–2027. 8594:(13): 4867–4886. 8555:(14): 1487–1500. 8498:(10): 5659–5697. 8336:10.1149/1.2749091 8296:978-1-118-77096-2 8269:978-1-4496-3234-2 8242:978-1-84339-307-8 8173:978-2-7592-0011-5 8078:978-0-7506-4681-9 7987:978-0-471-64952-6 7954:978-3-030-24439-2 7913:arpa-e.energy.gov 7738:(4675): 636–642. 7683:Angewandte Chemie 7663:978-1-898563-71-6 7635:978-0-08-037941-8 7603:978-0-203-90913-3 7568:978-0-306-25002-6 7543:978-1-4757-9975-0 7474:978-0-12-369401-0 7322:978-0-19-926793-4 7287:Quantum Mechanics 7267:978-1-78242-245-7 7217:978-0-486-61187-7 7190:978-0-19-506900-6 7131:(6297): 368–370. 7020:978-1-84569-463-0 6914:Physical Review B 6768:978-1-61499-786-3 6743:978-3-527-34670-7 6725:978-0-7506-3365-9 6668:978-0-471-13459-6 6636:978-0-03-083993-1 6596:978-1-119-45416-8 6519: 6229: 6228: 5581:F-100 Super Sabre 5552:lanthanide metals 5473:Georgius Agricola 5461:De la Pirotechnia 5431:Platinum crystals 5343:De la pirotechnia 5103:The discovery of 5081:Artemision Bronze 4733: 4732: 3884:(HgTe), and some 3882:mercury telluride 3876:. There are also 3713:Metallic polymers 3688:Metallic ceramics 3559:hydrochloric acid 3348:Non-ferrous metal 3304:refractory metals 3174:silicon–germanium 3126:is metallic, but 3079: 3078: 1727:diffusion barrier 1723:passivation layer 1608:. In contrast, a 1578:Quantum mechanics 1368:metals. Internal 1084:multidisciplinary 1072:materials science 1046:A metal may be a 992: 991: 904:Ionization energy 880:Electronegativity 789:Electronegativity 769:Crystal structure 629:Refractory metals 478:(s, p, d, f, ...) 32:Heavy metal music 16:(Redirected from 11851: 11814:Chemical physics 11770: 11769: 11756: 11754: 11747: 11745: 11738: 11736: 11729: 11727: 11720: 11718: 11711: 11709: 11702: 11700: 11693: 11691: 11684: 11682: 11675: 11673: 11666: 11664: 11657: 11655: 11648: 11646: 11639: 11637: 11630: 11628: 11621: 11619: 11612: 11610: 11603: 11601: 11594: 11592: 11585: 11583: 11576: 11574: 11567: 11565: 11558: 11556: 11549: 11547: 11540: 11538: 11531: 11529: 11522: 11520: 11513: 11511: 11504: 11502: 11495: 11493: 11486: 11484: 11477: 11475: 11461: 11459: 11452: 11450: 11443: 11441: 11434: 11432: 11425: 11423: 11416: 11414: 11407: 11405: 11398: 11396: 11389: 11387: 11380: 11378: 11371: 11369: 11362: 11360: 11353: 11351: 11344: 11342: 11335: 11333: 11326: 11324: 11317: 11315: 11308: 11306: 11299: 11297: 11290: 11288: 11281: 11279: 11272: 11270: 11263: 11261: 11254: 11252: 11245: 11243: 11236: 11234: 11227: 11225: 11218: 11216: 11209: 11207: 11200: 11198: 11191: 11189: 11182: 11180: 11166: 11164: 11157: 11155: 11148: 11146: 11139: 11137: 11130: 11128: 11121: 11119: 11112: 11110: 11103: 11101: 11094: 11092: 11085: 11083: 11076: 11074: 11067: 11065: 11058: 11056: 11049: 11047: 11040: 11038: 11031: 11029: 11020: 11018: 11011: 11009: 10995: 10993: 10986: 10984: 10977: 10975: 10968: 10966: 10959: 10957: 10950: 10948: 10941: 10939: 10932: 10930: 10923: 10921: 10914: 10912: 10905: 10903: 10896: 10894: 10887: 10885: 10878: 10876: 10869: 10867: 10860: 10858: 10849: 10847: 10840: 10838: 10824: 10822: 10815: 10813: 10806: 10804: 10797: 10795: 10788: 10786: 10779: 10777: 10768: 10766: 10759: 10757: 10743: 10741: 10734: 10732: 10725: 10723: 10716: 10714: 10707: 10705: 10698: 10696: 10687: 10685: 10678: 10676: 10662: 10660: 10651: 10649: 10541: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10502: 10501: 10487: 10486: 10475: 10474: 10458:Dmitri Mendeleev 10386:1869 predictions 10376:Dmitri Mendeleev 10157: 10156: 9995: 9994: 9975:Aufbau principle 9887:18 (Noble gases) 9790: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9778:Sets of elements 9742: 9735: 9728: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9712: 9710:Official website 9703: 9702: 9700:Official website 9629:Rehder D. 2010, 9516: 9462: 9461: 9451: 9427: 9421: 9408: 9402: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9234:. Archived from 9215: 9209: 9208: 9180: 9174: 9152: 9146: 9138: 9132: 9110: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9025:, pp. 23–24 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8999:Padmanabhan 2001 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8965:, pp. 73–89 8960: 8951: 8950: 8931:10.1038/nmat3824 8911:Nature Materials 8902: 8896: 8895: 8892:10.1109/3.123280 8867: 8861: 8860: 8834: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8668: 8650: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8388: 8370: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8226: 8220: 8207:Polmear I 2006, 8205: 8199: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8038: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7936:Aerospace Alloys 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7910: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7885: 7875: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7802: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7624:(2nd ed.). 7614: 7608: 7607: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7514:"The ABC of DFT" 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7357: 7342: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7308: 7299: 7298: 7292: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7176: 7165: 7164: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6975: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6949: 6938: 6937: 6905: 6892: 6891: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6846: 6844:astro-ph/9806258 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6797:Martin, John C. 6794: 6788: 6787: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6729: 6711: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6654: 6641: 6640: 6622: 6601: 6600: 6582: 6558: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6526: 6517: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6435: 6429: 6428:) are not shown. 6390: 6373:Transition metal 6368:Structural steel 6358:Polymetallic ore 6237:In a Max phase, 6093: 6087: 5862: 5850: 5838: 5731:tensile strength 5729:Due to its high 5708:Bessemer process 5678:The age of steel 5669: 5657: 5648: 5645:2.6 grams, 5643:Aluminium chunk, 5640: 5628: 5616: 5607:Chunks of sodium 5604: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5311: 5273: 5260:A plate made of 5257: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5216: 5204: 5062: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4991: 4959:, hosted by the 4881:subsurface mines 4777: 4776: 4737:vicinity of iron 4705: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4585: 4584: 4505: 4504: 4467: 4466: 4378: 4377: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3907: 3851:Dirac semimetals 3707:titanium nitride 3461: 3449: 3437: 3421: 3403:Refractory metal 3397:Refractory metal 3387:Pugh's criterion 3306:; white metals; 3116: 3109:Background color 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3091:Network covalent 3088: 3070: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3043: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3007: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2971: 2969: 2962: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2775: 2773: 2766: 2764: 2757: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2541: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2480: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2417: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2363: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2325: 2323: 2309: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2273: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2255: 2253: 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11852: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11761: 11752: 11750: 11743: 11741: 11734: 11732: 11725: 11723: 11716: 11714: 11707: 11705: 11698: 11696: 11689: 11687: 11680: 11678: 11671: 11669: 11662: 11660: 11653: 11651: 11644: 11642: 11635: 11633: 11626: 11624: 11617: 11615: 11608: 11606: 11599: 11597: 11590: 11588: 11581: 11579: 11572: 11570: 11563: 11561: 11554: 11552: 11545: 11543: 11536: 11534: 11527: 11525: 11518: 11516: 11509: 11507: 11500: 11498: 11491: 11489: 11482: 11480: 11473: 11471: 11457: 11455: 11448: 11446: 11439: 11437: 11430: 11428: 11421: 11419: 11412: 11410: 11403: 11401: 11394: 11392: 11385: 11383: 11376: 11374: 11367: 11365: 11358: 11356: 11349: 11347: 11340: 11338: 11331: 11329: 11322: 11320: 11313: 11311: 11304: 11302: 11295: 11293: 11286: 11284: 11277: 11275: 11268: 11266: 11259: 11257: 11250: 11248: 11241: 11239: 11232: 11230: 11223: 11221: 11214: 11212: 11205: 11203: 11196: 11194: 11187: 11185: 11178: 11176: 11162: 11160: 11153: 11151: 11144: 11142: 11135: 11133: 11126: 11124: 11117: 11115: 11108: 11106: 11099: 11097: 11090: 11088: 11081: 11079: 11072: 11070: 11063: 11061: 11054: 11052: 11045: 11043: 11036: 11034: 11027: 11025: 11016: 11014: 11007: 11005: 10991: 10989: 10982: 10980: 10973: 10971: 10964: 10962: 10955: 10953: 10946: 10944: 10937: 10935: 10928: 10926: 10919: 10917: 10910: 10908: 10901: 10899: 10892: 10890: 10883: 10881: 10874: 10872: 10865: 10863: 10856: 10854: 10845: 10843: 10836: 10834: 10820: 10818: 10811: 10809: 10802: 10800: 10793: 10791: 10784: 10782: 10775: 10773: 10764: 10762: 10755: 10753: 10739: 10737: 10730: 10728: 10721: 10719: 10712: 10710: 10703: 10701: 10694: 10692: 10683: 10681: 10674: 10672: 10658: 10656: 10647: 10645: 10534: 10529: 10499: 10494: 10462: 10424: 10353: 10329:Oxidation state 10237: 10194: 10142: 10138:Minor actinides 10133:Major actinides 10098:Precious metals 10067: 10049: 10026: 9979: 9961: 9891: 9877:16 (Chalcogens) 9872:15 (Pnictogens) 9772: 9751: 9746: 9708: 9707: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9665: 9513: 9471: 9469:Further reading 9466: 9465: 9428: 9424: 9413:De Re Metallica 9409: 9405: 9390: 9386: 9375: 9371: 9364: 9350: 9346: 9337: 9335: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9302: 9298: 9283: 9279: 9247: 9243: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9197: 9181: 9177: 9164:Wayback Machine 9153: 9149: 9139: 9135: 9122:Wayback Machine 9111: 9104: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9029: 9021: 9017: 9009: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8961: 8954: 8903: 8899: 8868: 8864: 8811: 8807: 8772: 8768: 8733: 8729: 8686: 8682: 8627: 8623: 8580: 8576: 8541: 8537: 8484: 8480: 8445: 8441: 8406: 8402: 8347: 8343: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8206: 8202: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8127: 8125: 8115: 8111: 8102: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8057: 8056: 8052: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7844: 7840: 7831: 7829: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7779: 7775: 7724: 7720: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7453: 7449: 7414: 7410: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7309: 7302: 7290: 7282:Schiff, Leonard 7279: 7275: 7268: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7177: 7168: 7117: 7113: 7078: 7074: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7023: 7021: 6995: 6991: 6982: 6980: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6950: 6941: 6906: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6795: 6791: 6769: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6726: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6655: 6644: 6637: 6623: 6604: 6597: 6583: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6505: 6501: 6492: 6488: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6457: 6453: 6436: 6432: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6303: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6235: 6216: 6212: 6195: 6191: 6173: 6156: 6152: 6135: 6131: 6113: 6091:alloy examples 6090: 6086: 6077: 6071: 6059: 6045: 6039: 6032: 6028: 6024: 5991: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5958: 5954: 5940: 5934: 5905: 5888: 5882: 5877: 5866: 5863: 5854: 5851: 5842: 5839: 5778: 5770:Pierre Berthier 5766:stainless steel 5680: 5673: 5670: 5661: 5658: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5632: 5629: 5620: 5617: 5608: 5605: 5568: 5535: 5478:De Re Metallica 5420:De re metallica 5412: 5410:The Renaissance 5405: 5402: 5393: 5390: 5381: 5378: 5369: 5366: 5334:Albertus Magnus 5313: 5309:Rudyard Kipling 5302: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5265: 5258: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5205: 5151:Kaman-Kalehöyük 5129:Iranian plateau 5083:showing either 5073: 5066: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5030: 5021: 5018: 5009: 5006: 4997: 4992: 4975: 4970: 4933: 4896:hydrometallurgy 4865: 4853:Main articles: 4851: 4814: 4808: 4774: 4772: 4757:neutron capture 4725:except gold (a 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4582: 4502: 4464: 4375: 4348: I 3937: 3936: 3905: 3903:Nucleosynthesis 3899: 3894: 3872:(gray tin) and 3816: 3810: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3715: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3543: 3531:Main articles: 3529: 3501: 3493:Main articles: 3491: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3453: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3429: 3422: 3405: 3399: 3391:Burgers vectors 3379:elastic modulus 3374: 3350: 3342:Main articles: 3340: 3292: 3213:stainless steel 3181: 3142: 3136: 3119: 3118: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3012: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2949: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2931: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2904: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2886: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2771: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2708: 2706: 2699: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2645: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2618: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2564: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2476: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2413: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2321: 2319: 2305: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2287: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2188: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2134: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2053: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2008: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1837: 1834: 1797: 1791: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1725:that acts as a 1703: 1672:Alan MacDiarmid 1531: 1527: 1513: 1503: 1483: 1470: 1448: 1445: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1366:non-crystalline 1354:stacking faults 1346:point vacancies 1291: 1289: 1287: 1218: 1213: 1173:Precious metals 1169:home appliances 1060:stainless steel 988: 939: 938: 914:Oxidation state 830: 822: 821: 759: 749: 748: 715: 705: 694: 693: 624:Precious metals 607: 599: 598: 541:post-transition 510: 499: 498: 487:Atomic orbitals 240: 232: 221: 220: 142: 132: 131: 125: 119: 115: 96: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11857: 11847: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11799: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11758: 11757: 11748: 11739: 11730: 11721: 11712: 11703: 11694: 11685: 11676: 11667: 11658: 11649: 11640: 11631: 11622: 11613: 11604: 11595: 11586: 11577: 11568: 11559: 11550: 11541: 11532: 11523: 11514: 11505: 11496: 11487: 11478: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11453: 11444: 11435: 11426: 11417: 11408: 11399: 11390: 11381: 11372: 11363: 11354: 11345: 11336: 11327: 11318: 11309: 11300: 11291: 11282: 11273: 11264: 11255: 11246: 11237: 11228: 11219: 11210: 11201: 11192: 11183: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11158: 11149: 11140: 11131: 11122: 11113: 11104: 11095: 11086: 11077: 11068: 11059: 11050: 11041: 11032: 11023: 11021: 11012: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10987: 10978: 10969: 10960: 10951: 10942: 10933: 10924: 10915: 10906: 10897: 10888: 10879: 10870: 10861: 10852: 10850: 10841: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10816: 10807: 10798: 10789: 10780: 10771: 10769: 10760: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10735: 10726: 10717: 10708: 10699: 10690: 10688: 10679: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10654: 10652: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10532:Periodic table 10528: 10527: 10520: 10513: 10505: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10480: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10367: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10351: 10349:Vapor pressure 10346: 10341: 10336: 10334:Speed of sound 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10309:Heat of fusion 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10264:Critical point 10261: 10256: 10251: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10204: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10165: 10163: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10103:Coinage metals 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10059: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10036: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10003: 10001: 9992: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9787: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9752: 9749:Periodic table 9745: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9705: 9693: 9692:External links 9690: 9689: 9688: 9674: 9663: 9656: 9642: 9627: 9613: 9598:K. K. Turekian 9594: 9580: 9561:Padmanabhan T. 9558: 9539: 9528: 9525:New Scientist, 9517: 9511: 9498: 9475:Choptuik M. W. 9470: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9422: 9420:(1546), p. 180 9403: 9394:The Delineator 9384: 9369: 9362: 9344: 9315: 9296: 9277: 9241: 9238:on 2015-04-02. 9230: 9210: 9195: 9175: 9147: 9133: 9102: 9082: 9062: 9050: 9038: 9027: 9015: 9003: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8952: 8897: 8878:(2): 507–513. 8862: 8805: 8786:(8): 497–515. 8766: 8727: 8680: 8621: 8588:Macromolecules 8574: 8535: 8478: 8439: 8400: 8341: 8302: 8295: 8275: 8268: 8248: 8241: 8221: 8200: 8198:, p. viii 8179: 8172: 8153: 8134: 8109: 8097:Belmont Metals 8084: 8077: 8050: 7993: 7986: 7960: 7953: 7925: 7897: 7838: 7827:worldsteel.org 7814: 7773: 7718: 7669: 7662: 7641: 7634: 7609: 7602: 7574: 7567: 7549: 7542: 7522: 7504: 7493:NobelPrize.org 7480: 7473: 7447: 7428:(7): 837–915. 7408: 7369: 7328: 7321: 7300: 7273: 7266: 7248: 7241: 7223: 7216: 7196: 7189: 7166: 7111: 7072: 7031: 7019: 6989: 6959: 6939: 6920:(15): 155106. 6893: 6874: 6861:10.1086/300568 6815: 6789: 6767: 6749: 6742: 6724: 6694:(9): 607–612. 6683: 6674: 6667: 6642: 6635: 6602: 6595: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6536: 6527: 6523:Damascus steel 6499: 6486: 6473: 6464: 6451: 6430: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6333:Metal toxicity 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6231:Main article: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6085: 6082: 6073:Main article: 6070: 6067: 6057: 6041:Main article: 6038: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 5987:Main article: 5984: 5981: 5972:Main article: 5969: 5966: 5959:) produced at 5956: 5952: 5938:Metallic Glass 5936:Main article: 5933: 5930: 5904: 5901: 5884:Main article: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5833: 5782:atomic numbers 5777: 5774: 5739:infrastructure 5704:Henry Bessemer 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5599: 5567: 5564: 5560:platinum group 5493: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5360: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5240: 5233: 5231: 5225:poured into a 5218: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5199: 5121:arsenic bronze 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5057: 5055: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4932: 4929: 4892:Pyrometallurgy 4850: 4847: 4807: 4804: 4731: 4730: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3910: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3843:semiconductors 3835:momentum space 3812:Main article: 3809: 3806: 3802:Heusler alloys 3782:Heusler alloys 3746:Main article: 3743: 3740: 3725:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3689: 3686: 3678:Main article: 3675: 3672: 3668:store of value 3662:, are used in 3636:precious metal 3628:precious metal 3607:, unlike most 3541:precious metal 3528: 3525: 3490: 3487: 3474:Main article: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3401:Main article: 3398: 3395: 3373: 3370: 3339: 3336: 3291: 3288: 3179: 3152:, an alloy of 3138:Main article: 3135: 3132: 3113:periodic table 3081: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2004: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1810: 1795:Periodic table 1790: 1787: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1743:caesium auride 1702: 1699: 1687:binding energy 1657:kinetic energy 1610:semiconducting 1570:drift velocity 1538:semiconductors 1529: 1525: 1511: 1501: 1481: 1469: 1466: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1314:Burgers vector 1302:Peierls stress 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1181:coinage metals 1118:periodic table 990: 989: 987: 986: 979: 972: 964: 961: 960: 959: 958: 951: 941: 940: 937: 936: 934:Vapor pressure 931: 921: 919:Speed of sound 916: 911: 906: 901: 895:of fusion 887: 882: 877: 869:Electron 867: 862: 857: 852: 850:Critical point 847: 842: 837: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 808: 807: 801: 800: 785: 784: 779: 772: 771: 766: 760: 755: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 740: 739: 734: 728: 727: 716: 711: 710: 707: 706: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 676: 675: 668: 667: 662: 656: 655: 650: 644: 643: 638: 632: 631: 626: 620: 619: 614: 612:Coinage metals 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 591: 585: 584: 576: 575: 574: 573: 565: 564: 556: 555: 550: 544: 543: 538: 532: 531: 529:alkaline earth 526: 520: 519: 511: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 495: 494: 489: 481: 480: 471: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 413: 412: 403: 402: 392: 382: 372: 362: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 292: 285: 278: 268: 251: 250: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 212: 211: 203: 202: 201: 200: 195: 190: 182: 181: 169: 168: 162: 161: 160: 159: 154: 143: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129: 109: 108: 103: 97: 94: 93: 90: 89: 87:Periodic table 83: 82: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11856: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11764: 11755: 11746: 11737: 11728: 11719: 11710: 11701: 11692: 11683: 11674: 11665: 11656: 11647: 11638: 11629: 11620: 11611: 11602: 11593: 11584: 11575: 11566: 11557: 11548: 11539: 11530: 11521: 11512: 11503: 11494: 11485: 11476: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11451: 11442: 11433: 11424: 11415: 11406: 11397: 11388: 11379: 11370: 11361: 11352: 11343: 11334: 11325: 11316: 11307: 11298: 11289: 11280: 11271: 11262: 11253: 11244: 11235: 11226: 11217: 11208: 11199: 11190: 11181: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11156: 11147: 11138: 11129: 11120: 11111: 11102: 11093: 11084: 11075: 11066: 11057: 11048: 11039: 11030: 11019: 11010: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10985: 10976: 10967: 10958: 10949: 10940: 10931: 10922: 10913: 10904: 10895: 10886: 10877: 10868: 10859: 10848: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10814: 10805: 10796: 10787: 10778: 10767: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10733: 10724: 10715: 10706: 10697: 10686: 10677: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10521: 10519: 10514: 10512: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10491: 10490: 10481: 10479: 10478: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10403:controversies 10401: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10324:Melting point 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10304:Heat capacity 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10259:Boiling point 10257: 10255: 10254:Atomic radius 10252: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10240: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10118:Native metals 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10045:Dividing line 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9986: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9882:17 (Halogens) 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9729: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9661: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571:, Cambridge, 9570: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9415: 9414: 9407: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9391:Published in 9388: 9380: 9373: 9365: 9359: 9355: 9348: 9334:on 2009-03-29 9333: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9281: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9214: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9179: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9151: 9144: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9092: 9086: 9072: 9066: 9059: 9054: 9048:, p. 383 9047: 9042: 9036: 9031: 9024: 9019: 9012: 9007: 9001:, p. 234 9000: 8995: 8989:, p. 482 8988: 8983: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8959: 8957: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8825:(1): 015001. 8824: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8459:(2): 93–104. 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8306: 8298: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8252: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8217:0-7506-6371-5 8214: 8210: 8204: 8197: 8196:0-7506-3625-4 8193: 8189: 8183: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8157: 8146: 8145: 8138: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8080: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7929: 7914: 7907: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7646: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7526: 7515: 7508: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7305: 7296: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7242:0-12-352651-5 7238: 7234: 7227: 7219: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7200: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6979: 6972: 6971: 6963: 6955: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6678: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6556: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6531: 6524: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6468: 6461: 6455: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6108: 6094: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6055: 6054:Linus Pauling 6051: 6050:chalcogenides 6044: 6034: 6020: 6016: 6015:Quasicrystals 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5980: 5975: 5965: 5962: 5944: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5900: 5892: 5887: 5872: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5804:was adopted. 5803: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5585:Lockheed A-12 5582: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158:Toledo, Spain 5154: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5008:Gold crystals 5004: 4999: 4996: 4995:Native copper 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4877:surface mines 4874: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830:Earth's crust 4823: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4783:and uranium. 4782: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4692: 4674: 4664: 4646: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4500: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790:ferrimagnetic 3787: 3786:ferromagnetic 3783: 3779: 3775: 3774:semiconductor 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654:each have an 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383:shear modulus 3380: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3196:nickel silver 3192: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150:babbitt metal 3146: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3092: 3087: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2333: 2324: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2162: 2153: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2081: 2072: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2000: 1991: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:wavefunctions 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1378:metal fatigue 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:absolute zero 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1008: 1004: 1001: 1000:Ancient Greek 997: 985: 980: 978: 973: 971: 966: 965: 963: 962: 957: 956: 952: 950: 949: 945: 944: 943: 942: 935: 932: 930: 927: / 926: 923:Thermal 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:Melting point 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: / 896: 893: / 892: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 875:configuration 873: / 872: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 845:Boiling point 843: 841: 840:Atomic radius 838: 836: 833: 832: 826: 825: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 806: 803: 802: 798: 794: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782:configuration 780: 778: 774: 773: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 758: 753: 752: 745: 742: 741: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 725: 724:in human body 721: 718: 717: 714: 709: 708: 704: 703: 698: 697: 689: 685: 681: 678: 677: 673: 670: 669: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 654: 651: 649: 648:Native metals 646: 645: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 603: 602: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 578: 577: 572: 569: 568: 567: 566: 563: 562: 558: 557: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482: 479: 477: 473: 472: 469: 464: 462: 457: 455: 450: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 427: 422: 420: 415: 414: 411: 409: 405: 404: 401: 399: 398:(noble gases) 393: 391: 389: 383: 381: 379: 373: 371: 369: 363: 361: 356: 354: 349: 347: 342: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 312: 307: 305: 300: 298: 293: 291: 286: 284: 279: 277: 275: 269: 266: 264: 263:alkali metals 258: 253: 252: 249: 247: 243: 242: 236: 235: 231: 230: 225: 224: 217: 214: 213: 209: 205: 204: 199: 198:controversies 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 184: 183: 180: 179: 175: 171: 170: 167: 164: 163: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 136: 135: 124: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 92: 91: 88: 85: 84: 80: 76: 75: 69: 65: 60: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10482: 10470: 10453:Trivial name 10441:nomenclature 10113:Heavy metals 10108:Noble metals 9998: 9867:14 (Tetrels) 9763:Alternatives 9677: 9659: 9645: 9630: 9616: 9601: 9583: 9564: 9542: 9535: 9524: 9502: 9486: 9483:B. K. Berger 9439: 9435: 9425: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9392: 9387: 9378: 9372: 9353: 9347: 9336:. Retrieved 9332:the original 9327: 9318: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9236:the original 9220: 9213: 9185: 9178: 9155: 9150: 9141: 9136: 9113: 9094:. Retrieved 9085: 9074:. Retrieved 9065: 9053: 9041: 9035:Hadhazy 2016 9030: 9023:Hofmann 2002 9018: 9006: 8994: 8987:Podosek 2011 8982: 8970: 8917:(2): 190–4. 8914: 8910: 8900: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8822: 8818: 8808: 8783: 8779: 8769: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8641:(12): 2003. 8638: 8634: 8624: 8591: 8587: 8577: 8552: 8548: 8538: 8495: 8492:RSC Advances 8491: 8481: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8358: 8354: 8344: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8285: 8278: 8258: 8251: 8231: 8224: 8208: 8203: 8187: 8182: 8162: 8156: 8143: 8137: 8126:. Retrieved 8122: 8112: 8101:. Retrieved 8099:. 2019-04-17 8096: 8087: 8059: 8053: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7969: 7963: 7935: 7928: 7916:. Retrieved 7912: 7900: 7858:(24): 5776. 7855: 7851: 7841: 7830:. 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Retrieved 6802: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6758: 6752: 6733: 6715: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6658: 6626: 6586: 6552: 6539: 6530: 6502: 6489: 6476: 6467: 6460:tidal forces 6454: 6433: 6388: 6348:Metalworking 6313:Colored gold 6246: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6078: 6062: 6046: 6019:Icosahedrite 6011: 5999:dodecahedron 5989:Quasicrystal 5977: 5949: 5906: 5897: 5869: 5822: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5788:Von Welsbach 5786: 5779: 5763: 5728: 5719: 5697: 5692:Pennsylvania 5688:Brackenridge 5593: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5460: 5457: 5418: 5351: 5341: 5331: 5314: 5301: 5291: 5188: 5178: 5170:Toledo steel 5155: 5140: 5137: 5113:Chalcolithic 5102: 4976: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4923: 4919:electrolysis 4904: 4885: 4866: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4820:A sample of 4792:neutron star 4785: 4753: 4734: 4723:chalcophiles 3855: 3831:valence band 3819: 3817: 3753: 3751: 3736: 3699: 3683: 3680:Valve metals 3674:Valve metals 3617: 3596: 3590: 3546: 3544: 3502: 3499:Light metals 3495:Heavy metals 3479: 3406: 3375: 3358:wrought iron 3351: 3293: 3281: 3273:electrolytic 3245: 3201: 3167: 3120: 3108: 3101:Single atoms 3082: 1798: 1704: 1676: 1646: 1631: 1595: 1555: 1522: 1508: 1497: 1493: 1451: 1382: 1335: 1295: 1268:light metals 1245: 1230: 1205:alloy steels 1193: 1165:construction 1162: 1127: 1115: 1092: 1045: 1013: 1010: 1003: 995: 993: 953: 946: 925:conductivity 720:by abundance 700: 672:Transuranium 653:Noble metals 641:Light metals 636:Heavy metals 579: 559: 515: 514: 474: 406: 397: 387: 378:(chalcogens) 377: 368:(pnictogens) 367: 273: 262: 244: 227: 208:in East Asia 172: 147:D. Mendeleev 40: 10489:WikiProject 10233:Term symbol 10063:Noble gases 10007:Lanthanides 9990:metallicity 9862:13 (Triels) 9479:A. Ashtekar 9442:: 247–256. 9011:Rehder 2010 8322:(9): C472. 8219:, p. 1 7351:: 290–335. 7295:McGraw-Hill 7051:: 944–983. 6775:Nevill Mott 6328:Metal theft 6007:icosahedron 5922:Mendelevium 5880:Superalloys 5792:cassiopeium 5751:automobiles 5700:steelmaking 5501:quicksilver 5286:Middle Ages 5162:alloy steel 4873:prospecting 4727:siderophile 4719:lithophiles 3624:numismatics 3609:base metals 3593:noble metal 3585:noble metal 3537:noble metal 3482:white metal 3476:White metal 3470:White metal 3300:non-ferrous 3284:jet engines 3225:alloy steel 3148:Samples of 1757:such as CrO 1520:Fermi level 1506:Fermi level 1395:(fcc), and 1362:crystalline 1323:Hooke's Law 1306:dislocation 1237:micrometres 1201:light metal 1199:—the first 1158:metallicity 1099:delocalized 1033:Fermi level 1025:electricity 113:Alternative 11834:Metallurgy 11808:Categories 10413:for people 10408:for places 10381:1871 table 10274:Elasticity 10242:Data pages 10200:Properties 10076:Other sets 10032:Metalloids 9549:, London, 9527:12 October 9449:1908.08757 9338:2009-03-27 9096:2007-06-08 9076:2007-06-08 8832:1705.01111 8128:2024-07-08 8103:2024-07-08 7832:2024-09-18 7498:2024-07-23 7026:2024-07-23 6983:2020-02-16 6565:References 6553:tria prima 6546:, a later 6544:Paracelsus 6482:hemoglobin 6338:Metallurgy 6253:SnC and Ti 6233:MAX phases 5924:) to 118 ( 5886:Superalloy 5712:mild steel 5475:published 5464:(1540) by 5317:alchemists 5248:–305 BCE). 5246: 310 5227:petri dish 5174:Punic Wars 5166:wolframite 4973:Prehistory 4849:Extraction 4810:See also: 4769:beta decay 3901:See also: 3880:, such as 3824:conduction 3754:half-metal 3748:Half-metal 3742:Half metal 3731:See also: 3597:base metal 3547:base metal 3533:Base metal 3519:(7.9) and 3290:Categories 3268:Bronze Age 3241:molybdenum 3221:tool steel 3095:Molecular 1793:See also: 1783:amphoteric 1534:insulators 1516:semimetals 1211:Properties 1082:, it is a 1068:metallurgy 998:(from 889:Heat 860:Elasticity 561:Metalloids 548:lanthanide 536:transition 410:(1–7, ...) 388:(halogens) 193:for places 188:for people 152:1871 table 64:gravy boat 18:Metal ions 10398:etymology 10249:Abundance 10174:in humans 10170:Abundance 10055:Nonmetals 10012:Actinides 9328:The Hindu 9205:780082219 8947:205409397 8857:0034-6861 8800:2948-1201 8761:0021-8979 8722:0031-9007 8657:2073-4360 8616:0024-9297 8569:0360-2559 8473:0267-0844 8434:0272-8842 8377:2314-6133 8027:2045-2322 7852:Materials 7809:2238-7854 7760:0036-8075 7442:0034-4885 7403:0022-3115 7153:0036-8075 7106:1044-5803 7092:: 30–46. 7067:2238-7854 6808:March 25, 6514:cementite 6318:Ductility 6089:MAX phase 6084:MAX phase 5926:Oganesson 5910:Berkelium 5809:nipponium 5735:buildings 5305:Cold Iron 5125:artifacts 5119:(forming 5071:Antiquity 4931:Recycling 4921:instead. 4888:extracted 4765:r-process 4761:s-process 3897:Formation 3892:Lifecycle 3820:semimetal 3814:Semimetal 3808:Semimetal 3778:manganese 3770:insulator 3762:electrons 3758:conductor 3664:jewellery 3652:palladium 3638:content; 3605:oxidation 3601:corrosion 3591:The term 3545:The term 3509:aluminium 3505:Magnesium 3266:gave the 3260:magnesium 3217:cast iron 1769:, and OsO 1731:palladium 1715:potassium 1618:Plutonium 1602:manganese 1387:, namely 1277:magnesium 1273:aluminium 1252:nonmetals 1248:densities 1241:gold leaf 1152:. A star 1130:astronomy 1041:malleable 835:Abundance 812:Nutrition 775:Electron 744:by symbol 690:actinides 594:noble gas 581:Nonmetals 178:etymology 106:32-column 101:18-column 10477:Category 10429:See also 10299:Hardness 10152:Elements 9401:in 1910. 9160:Archived 9118:Archived 9058:Cox 1997 8975:Cox 1997 8963:Cox 1997 8939:24317188 8675:34207392 8635:Polymers 8530:35686160 8395:26583113 8045:33633140 7892:33348891 7768:17774926 7713:31343819 7353:Archived 7284:(1959). 7161:27463668 6869:18530430 6555:doctrine 6497:silicon. 6441:or in a 6301:See also 6289:, and Ti 5801:lutetium 5755:machines 5647:1 x 2 cm 5525:calamine 5517:electrum 5490:(1546): 5147:Anatolia 5085:Poseidon 5046:oxidised 4898:employs 4822:diaspore 4763:and the 3874:graphite 3862:antimony 3798:sulfides 3656:ISO 4217 3648:platinum 3563:hydrogen 3555:corroded 3551:oxidized 3513:titanium 3426:anodized 3410:hardness 3366:magnetic 3332:polymers 3328:ceramics 3324:precious 3314:metals; 3252:titanium 3248:aluminum 3233:chromium 3170:elements 3158:antimony 3130:is not. 3124:graphite 3097:covalent 3086:Metallic 1941: → 1785:oxides. 1735:platinum 1701:Chemical 1600:/cm for 1542:band gap 1360:in both 1298:cleaving 1279:alloys. 1233:lustrous 1227:crystals 1142:nitrogen 1058:such as 1050:such as 1021:material 1014:métallon 1007:μέταλλον 948:Category 891:capacity 885:Hardness 871:affinity 777:affinity 702:Elements 674:elements 553:actinide 123:extended 79:a series 77:Part of 11789:p-block 11784:d-block 11779:f-block 11774:s-block 10363:History 10269:Density 9897:Periods 9600:(eds), 9260:Bibcode 8919:Bibcode 8880:Bibcode 8837:Bibcode 8702:Bibcode 8666:8234317 8596:Bibcode 8521:9133880 8500:Bibcode 8386:4637053 8361:: 1–9. 8324:Bibcode 8036:7907099 7974:Bibcode 7918:June 4, 7883:7767199 7860:Bibcode 7740:Bibcode 7732:Science 7704:6790653 7133:Bibcode 7125:Science 6922:Bibcode 6849:Bibcode 6696:Bibcode 6308:Bimetal 6281:AlC, Cr 6005:of the 5961:Caltech 5918:Fermium 5827:Hafnium 5823:hafnium 5814:rhenium 5759:weapons 5509:Stibium 5505:bismuth 5326:mercury 5278:tumbaga 5221:Mercury 5184:tumbaga 5117:arsenic 4968:History 4925:Sulfide 4907:smelted 4900:aqueous 4869:bauxite 4788:ejected 4781:thorium 4745:silicon 4712: 4626: 4494: 3866:bismuth 3858:arsenic 3780:-based 3764:of one 3702:cermets 3620:alchemy 3613:rhodium 3581:Rhodium 3523:(8.9). 3296:ferrous 3229:silicon 3128:diamond 3104:Unknown 1946:↓ 1745:). 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