2643:
472:
2697:
2717:
396:
41:
2707:
5833:
5857:
534:, a transitory class between type II and type Ib. The scientific results from this supernova suggested that type Ib and Ic supernovae were formed through the explosions of giant stars through processes similar to those taking place in type II supernovae. Despite the uncertainties in modeling the unusual supernova, it was also used to estimate a very approximate distance of 8.5 ± 1.3
5845:
488:
1249:; Appleton, P. N.; Calzetti, D.; Dale, D. A.; Draine, B. T.; Frayer, D. T.; Helou, G.; Hinz, J. L.; Hines, D. C.; Kelly, D. M.; Morrison, J. E.; Muzerolle, J.; Regan, M. W.; Stansberry, J. A.; Stolovy, S. R.; Storrie-Lombardi, L. J.; Su, K. Y. L.; Young, E. T. (2004). "Spatially Resolved Ultraviolet, Hα, Infrared, and Radio Star Formation in M81".
747:
1321:
Pérez-González, P. G.; Kennicutt Jr., R. C.; Gordon, K. D.; Misselt, K. A.; Gil De Paz, A.; Engelbracht, C. W.; Rieke, G. H.; Bendo, G. J.; Bianchi, L.; Boissier, S.; Calzetti, D.; Dale, D. A.; Draine, B. T.; Jarrett, T. H.; Hollenbach, D.; Prescott, M. K. M. (2006). "Ultraviolet through Far-Infrared
806:
Armando, Gil de Paz; Boissier, Samuel; Madore, Barry F.; Seibert, Mark; Joe, Young H.; Boselli, Alessandro; Wyder, Ted K.; Thilker, David; Bianchi, Luciana; Rey, Soo-Chang; Rich, R. Michael; Barlow, Tom A.; Conrow, Tim; Forster, Karl; Friedman, Peter G.; Martin, D. Christopher; Morrissey, Patrick;
1633:
Wheeler, J. C.; Barker, E.; Benjamin, R.; Boisseau, J.; Clocchiatti, A.; De
Vaucouleurs, G.; Gaffney, N.; Harkness, R. P.; Khokhlov, A. M.; Lester, D. F.; Smith, B. J.; Smith, V. V.; Tomkin, J. (1993). "Early Observations of SN 1993J in M81 at McDonald Observatory".
1461:
Ripero, J.; Garcia, F.; Rodriguez, D.; Pujol, P.; Filippenko, A. V.; Treffers, R. R.; Paik, Y.; Davis, M.; Schlegel, D.; Hartwick, F. D. A.; Balam, D. D.; Zurek, D.; Robb, R. M.; Garnavich, P.; Hong, B. A. (1993). "Supernova 1993J in NGC 3031".
529:
Moreover, the variations in SN 1993J's luminosity over time were not like the variations observed in other type II supernovae, but did resemble the variations observed in type Ib supernovae. Hence, the supernova has been classified as a
388:. The two objects are generally not observable to the unaided eye, although highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions with a very dark sky. Telescopes with
1185:; Dale, D. A.; Draine, B. T.; Regan, M. W.; Malhotra, S.; Thornley, M. D.; Appleton, P. N.; Frayer, D.; Helou, G.; Stolovy, S.; Storrie-Lombardi, L. (2004). "Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Observations of M81".
807:
Neff, Susan G.; Schiminovich, David; Small, Todd; Donas, José; Heckman, Timothy M.; Lee, Young-Wook; Milliard, Bruno; Szalay, Alex S.; Yi, Sukyoung (2007). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby
Galaxies".
1496:
Schmidt, B.P.; Kirshner, R.P.; Eastman, R.G.; Grashuis, R.; Dell'Antonio, I.; Caldwell, N.; Foltz, C.; Huchra, John P.; Milone, Alejandra A. E. (1993). "The unusual supernova SN1993J in the galaxy M81".
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of 10.7. The spectral characteristics of the supernova changed over time. Initially, it looked more like a type II supernova (a supernova formed by the explosion of a supergiant star) with strong
1590:
Benson, P. J.; Herbst, W.; Salzer, J. J.; Vinton, G.; Hanson, G. J.; Ratcliff, S. J.; Winkler, P. F.; Elmegreen, D. M.; Chromey, F.; Strom, C.; Balonek, T. J.; Elmegreen, B. G. (1994).
1245:
Gordon, K. D.; Pérez-González, P. G.; Misselt, K. A.; Murphy, E. J.; Bendo, G. J.; Walter, F.; Thornley, M. D.; Kennicutt Jr., R. C.; Rieke, G. H.; Engelbracht, C. W.; Smith, J.-D. T.;
2015:
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that are found within star formation regions are very effective at heating the dust and thus enhancing the infrared dust emission from these regions.
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Devereux, N.; Ford, H.; Tsvetanov, Z.; Jocoby, J. (2003). "STIS Spectroscopy of the
Central 10 Parsecs of M81: Evidence for a Massive Black Hole".
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Filippenko, A. V.; Matheson, T.; Barth, A. J. (1994). "The peculiar type II supernova 1993J in M81: Transition to the nebular phase".
5915:
3107:
2844:
2057:
543:
2794:
1251:
1187:
865:
De
Vaucouleurs, Gerard; De Vaucouleurs, Antoinette; Corwin, Herold G.; Buta, Ronald J.; Paturel, Georges; Fouque, Pascal (1991).
612:
gas away from all three galaxies, forming gaseous filamentary structures in the group. Moreover, these interactions have allowed
2746:
455:
It is estimated M81 has 210 ± 30 globular clusters. In late
February 2022, astronomers reported that M81 may be the source of
2020:
1135:
1097:
957:
712:
5808:
3258:
1896:"The Hubble Space Telescope Extragalactic Distance Scale Project. I. The Discovery of Cepheids and a New Distance to M81"
231:
166:
1841:
Yun, M. S.; Ho, P. T. P.; Lo, K. Y. (1994). "A high-resolution image of atomic hydrogen in the M81 group of galaxies".
5880:
2739:
2710:
1752:
1671:
Richmond, M. W.; Treffers, R. R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Palik, Y.; Leibundgut, B.; Schulman, E.; Cox, C. V. (1994).
412:
3251:
1379:"The Globular Cluster Systems of Five Nearby Spiral Galaxies: New Insights from Hubble Space TelescopeImaging"
2682:
2050:
1553:
1152:
56:
2197:
235:
1181:
Willner, S. P.; Ashby, M. L. N.; Barmby, P.; Fazio, G. G.; Pahre, M.; Smith, H. A.; Kennicutt Jr., R. C.;
369:
and only rises very briefly and extremely low at its southernmost limit from Earth's surface, about the
5823:
1127:
1089:
949:
704:
700:
645:
641:
256:
227:
49:'s view of M81, with its open star clusters, globular star clusters, and regions of fluorescent gas.
5895:
2700:
2043:
1992:
419:. The red colors represent 24 μm emission originating from heated dust in the interstellar medium.
1984:
2074:
1976:
1246:
666:
511:. At the time, it was the second brightest supernova observed in the 20th century, peaking at an
456:
404:
318:
306:
294:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1968:
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129:
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2030:
1895:
3274:
2677:
1636:
1324:
809:
676:
223:
479:(right). M82 is one of two galaxies strongly influenced gravitationally by M81. The other,
313:. The galaxy's large size and relatively high brightness also makes it a popular target for
5905:
5900:
5798:
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1852:
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139:
20:
8:
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613:
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370:
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1911:
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1210:
1036:
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392:
of 8 inches (20 cm) or larger are needed to distinguish structures in the galaxy.
282:
183:
147:
337:
on 31 December 1774. Thus, it is sometimes referred to as "Bode's Galaxy". In 1779,
3243:
2716:
2242:
2132:
2107:
1868:
1822:
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1131:
1093:
1060:
1048:
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919:
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59:
2000:
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to fall into the centers of M82 and NGC 3077, leading to vigorous star formation or
338:
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3232:
3079:
2771:
2731:
2720:
2397:
2332:
2232:
1915:
1880:
1860:
1843:
1810:
1781:
Karachentsev, I. D. (2005). "The Local Group and Other
Neighboring Galaxy Groups".
1733:
1694:
1653:
1613:
1570:
1528:
1516:
1499:
1408:
1351:
1278:
1214:
1182:
1040:
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907:
836:
697:
The
Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters
661:
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551:
460:
362:
322:
201:
135:
274:
193:
3112:
3087:
2859:
2672:
2642:
2600:
2582:
2297:
2212:
628:
The distance to
Messier 81 has been measured by Freedman et al to be 3.63 ± 0.34
366:
342:
111:
79:
2025:
2010:
2763:
2066:
1549:"The "Type IIb" Supernova 1993J in M81: A Close Relative of Type Ib Supernovae"
1044:
671:
440:
346:
31:
5874:
5150:
3222:
3167:
3162:
2959:
2904:
2177:
2117:
1422:
1322:
Spatially
Resolved Analysis of the Recent Star Formation in M81 (NGC 3031)".
519:
267:
211:
67:
2005:
1996:
317:. In late February 2022, astronomers reported that M81 may be the source of
5849:
2874:
2287:
2162:
2157:
1953:
1464:
1052:
982:
571:
1872:
978:"Mysterious Repeating Fast Radio Burst Traced to Very Unexpected Location"
471:
5185:
3207:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2362:
2082:
1797:
1395:
1338:
1265:
1201:
823:
629:
583:
492:
91:
1320:
526:
spectral lines appeared, making the supernova look more like a type Ib.
5130:
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3202:
3197:
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2137:
2127:
1756:
1592:"Light curves of SN 1993J from the Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium"
1377:
Chandar, Rupali; Whitmore, Bradley; Lee, Myung Gyoon (10 August 2004).
633:
601:
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535:
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436:
411:. The green colors represent 8 μm emission originating primarily from
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1954:
NASA Astronomy
Picture of the Day: Bright Galaxy M81 (20 June 2002)
1919:
1814:
1755:. supernovae.net (International Supernovae Network). Archived from
1737:
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1618:
1591:
1575:
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101:
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435:. This interstellar dust is found primarily within the galaxy's
365:. Its apparent magnitude due to its distance means it requires a
260:
40:
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780:
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of 34 in the constellation Ursa Major. At approximately 11.7
443:
regions. The general explanation is that the hot, short-lived
1632:
508:
431:
Most of the emission at infrared wavelengths originates from
407:. The blue colors represent stellar emission observed at 3.6
172:
805:
1009:"A repeating fast radio burst source in a globular cluster"
887:
547:
309:), Messier 81 has been studied extensively by professional
5844:
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1673:"UBVRI photometry of SN 1993J in M81: The first 120 days"
357:
The galaxy is to be found approximately 10° northwest of
1589:
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1314:
522:
emission, but later the hydrogen lines faded and strong
1713:
1180:
507:, was discovered on 28 March 1993 by F. García in
503:
has been detected in Messier 81. The supernova, named
3273:
487:
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1542:
1540:
1538:
1311:
2761:
1546:
1776:
1774:
1547:Filippenko, A. V.; Matheson, T.; Ho, L. C. (1993).
345:reidentified Bode's object, hence listed it in the
1707:
1535:
1491:
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1119:
941:
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361:(Dubhe) along with several other galaxies in the
5872:
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1171:
881:
695:Dreyer, J. L. E. (1988). Sinnott, R. W. (ed.).
1836:
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1583:
1233:
1002:
1000:
582:) from the Earth, it makes this group and the
439:, and it has been shown to be associated with
3259:
2747:
2051:
1113:
1111:
1109:
971:
969:
786:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg
16:Spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major
1780:
1441:Results for extended name search on NGC 3031
1079:
1077:
1007:Kirsten, F; et al. (23 February 2022).
935:
933:
931:
929:
867:Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies
770:
768:
483:, is located off the top edge of this image.
289:). Because of its relative proximity to the
1829:
997:
939:
423:The galaxy is best observed during April.
3266:
3252:
2754:
2740:
2663:Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars
2058:
2044:
1106:
1006:
966:
688:
1796:
1698:
1617:
1574:
1412:
1394:
1337:
1264:
1200:
1150:
1074:
1026:
926:
822:
765:
544:Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
1893:
1454:
566:Messier 81 is the largest galaxy in the
542:) to Messier 81. As a local galaxy, the
486:
470:
394:
205:
151:
5921:Astronomical objects discovered in 1774
1840:
1252:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
1188:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
380:are considered ideal for viewing using
5873:
1117:
694:
96:+69° 3′ 55″
3247:
2735:
2039:
1959:NightSkyInfo.com – M81, Bode's Galaxy
1922:– via Astrophysics Data System.
1429:
1144:
1083:
975:
860:
858:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
5911:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
2706:
2031:Bode's Galaxy at Constellation Guide
976:Starr, Michelle (23 February 2022).
799:
644:and measure their periods using the
450:
426:
2065:
1159:from the original on 19 August 2008
1086:Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters
333:Messier 81 was first discovered by
13:
1750:
1437:"NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database"
855:
748:"NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database"
721:
14:
5932:
2011:Galaxy Messier 81 (Bode's Galaxy)
1929:
403:image of Messier 81 taken by the
5916:Discoveries by Johann Elert Bode
5855:
5843:
5831:
2715:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2641:
413:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
39:
1887:
1370:
1297:
1122:The Universe from Your Backyard
194:25.0 mag/arcsec B-band isophote
561:
495:in the top center-right corner
1:
2683:Revised New General Catalogue
1554:Astrophysical Journal Letters
682:
466:
352:
590:, relative neighbors in the
328:
297:(which harbors a 70 million
112:Heliocentric radial velocity
7:
1305:"Messier 81 - NASA Science"
1153:"Farthest Naked Eye Object"
655:
642:classical Cepheid variables
623:
10:
5937:
2026:Deep image of the M81 Area
1128:Cambridge University Press
1090:Cambridge University Press
1045:10.1038/s41586-021-04354-w
950:Cambridge University Press
705:Cambridge University Press
701:Sky Publishing Corporation
646:period-luminosity relation
598:Gravitational interactions
491:M81 with satellite galaxy
257:grand design spiral galaxy
238: 28630, Bode's Galaxy
18:
5794:
3286:
3078:
2770:
2691:
2650:
2639:
2073:
1900:The Astrophysical Journal
1383:The Astrophysical Journal
222:
217:
200:
178:
165:
160:
146:
128:
120:
110:
100:
90:
78:
66:
54:
38:
30:
5881:Unbarred spiral galaxies
2006:ESA/Hubble images of M81
1894:Freedman, Wendy (1994).
293:galaxy, large size, and
1944:M81, SEDS Messier pages
940:O'Meara, S. J. (1998).
752:Results for Messier 081
667:List of Messier objects
405:Spitzer Space Telescope
307:supermassive black hole
295:active galactic nucleus
121:Galactocentric velocity
2668:Herschel 400 Catalogue
1118:Eicher, D. J. (1988).
650:Henrietta Swan Leavitt
638:Hubble Space Telescope
496:
484:
420:
3275:New General Catalogue
2678:New General Catalogue
2016:Spitzer Image Gallery
1753:"Extragalactic Novae"
1637:Astrophysical Journal
1325:Astrophysical Journal
1084:Jones, K. G. (1991).
810:Astrophysical Journal
677:New General Catalogue
490:
474:
398:
5799:Astronomical catalog
1784:Astronomical Journal
1717:Astronomical Journal
1678:Astronomical Journal
1597:Astronomical Journal
891:Astronomical Journal
632:(11.8 ± 1.1 million
21:M81 (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
5804:List of NGC objects
2001:Articles and images
1912:1994ApJ...427..628F
1857:1994Natur.372..530Y
1807:2005AJ....129..178K
1730:1994AJ....108.2220F
1691:1994AJ....107.1022R
1650:1993ApJ...417L..71W
1610:1994AJ....107.1453B
1567:1993ApJ...415L.103F
1513:1993Natur.364..600S
1478:1993IAUC.5731....1R
1405:2004ApJ...611..220C
1348:2006ApJ...648..987P
1275:2004ApJS..154..215G
1211:2004ApJS..154..222W
1037:2022Natur.602..585K
944:The Messier Objects
904:2003AJ....125.1226D
875:1991rc3..book.....D
833:2007ApJS..173..185G
417:interstellar medium
371:20th parallel south
359:Alpha Ursae Majoris
315:amateur astronomers
2658:Caldwell catalogue
2021:Helkit Observatory
1247:Alonso-Herrero, A.
618:starburst activity
592:Virgo Supercluster
550:in M81 along with
513:apparent magnitude
497:
485:
421:
279:isophotal diameter
218:Other designations
148:Apparent magnitude
55:Observation data (
5819:
5818:
3281:
3241:
3240:
2729:
2728:
1906:(June): 628–655.
1851:(6506): 530–532.
1507:(6438): 600–602.
1137:978-0-521-36299-3
1099:978-0-521-37079-0
1021:(7898): 585–589.
959:978-0-521-55332-2
714:978-0-933346-51-2
586:, containing the
451:Globular clusters
433:interstellar dust
427:Interstellar dust
347:Messier Catalogue
335:Johann Elert Bode
242:
241:
207:
153:
5928:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5848:
5847:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5827:
3277:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3233:Whirlpool Galaxy
3158:Markarian 266 SW
3133:IRAS F01475-0740
2764:Seyfert galaxies
2762:List of notable
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2645:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2036:
1939:: M81 Fact Sheet
1924:
1923:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1865:10.1038/372530a0
1838:
1827:
1826:
1800:
1798:astro-ph/0410065
1778:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1521:10.1038/364600a0
1493:
1482:
1481:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1398:
1396:astro-ph/0407460
1374:
1368:
1367:
1341:
1339:astro-ph/0605605
1318:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1268:
1266:astro-ph/0406064
1242:
1231:
1230:
1204:
1202:astro-ph/0405626
1178:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1125:
1115:
1104:
1103:
1088:(2nd ed.).
1081:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1030:
1004:
995:
994:
992:
990:
973:
964:
963:
947:
937:
924:
923:
898:(3): 1226–1235.
885:
879:
878:
862:
853:
852:
826:
824:astro-ph/0606440
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
772:
763:
762:
760:
758:
744:
719:
718:
692:
662:List of galaxies
614:interstellar gas
461:fast radio burst
363:Messier 81 Group
323:fast radio burst
86:
43:
28:
27:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5896:Messier objects
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5856:
5854:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5822:
5820:
5815:
5790:
3282:
3272:
3242:
3237:
3128:IRAS 19014+4109
3123:IRAS 18325-5926
3118:IRAS 13197-1627
3113:IRAS 05189-2524
3088:Circinus Galaxy
3074:
2865:IRAS 13349+1428
2860:IRAS 13224-3809
2855:IRAS 07598+6508
2766:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2687:
2673:Index Catalogue
2646:
2637:
2069:
2067:Messier objects
2064:
1949:SST: Messier 81
1932:
1927:
1892:
1888:
1839:
1830:
1779:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1759:on 8 April 2010
1751:Bishop, David.
1749:
1745:
1712:
1708:
1669:
1665:
1631:
1627:
1588:
1584:
1545:
1536:
1494:
1485:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1375:
1371:
1332:(2): 987–1006.
1319:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1243:
1234:
1179:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1151:Stephen Uitti.
1149:
1145:
1138:
1116:
1107:
1100:
1082:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1005:
998:
988:
986:
974:
967:
960:
938:
927:
886:
882:
863:
856:
804:
800:
790:
788:
774:
773:
766:
756:
754:
746:
745:
722:
715:
693:
689:
685:
658:
636:) by using the
626:
564:
475:M81 (left) and
469:
453:
429:
376:Messier 81 and
355:
343:Charles Messier
331:
304:
301:
278:
247:(also known as
191:
161:Characteristics
84:
80:Right ascension
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5934:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5865:
5864:
5852:
5840:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Markarian 1210
3185:
3183:Markarian 1066
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:PMN J0948+0022
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Markarian 1239
2987:
2985:Markarian 1044
2982:
2980:Markarian 1018
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1963:Messier 81 on
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:External links
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:10.1086/174172
1886:
1828:
1815:10.1086/426368
1791:(1): 178–188.
1770:
1743:
1738:10.1086/117234
1706:
1700:10.1086/116915
1663:
1658:10.1086/187097
1625:
1619:10.1086/116958
1582:
1576:10.1086/187043
1534:
1483:
1453:
1428:
1414:10.1086/421934
1389:(1): 220–244.
1369:
1356:10.1086/506196
1310:
1296:
1283:10.1086/422714
1259:(1): 215–221.
1232:
1219:10.1086/422913
1195:(1): 222–228.
1170:
1143:
1136:
1105:
1098:
1073:
996:
965:
958:
925:
912:10.1086/367595
880:
854:
841:10.1086/516636
817:(2): 185–255.
798:
764:
720:
713:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
674:
672:Messier object
669:
664:
657:
654:
648:discovered by
625:
622:
608:have stripped
563:
560:
546:(CBAT) tracks
468:
465:
459:, a repeating
452:
449:
441:star formation
428:
425:
367:good night sky
354:
351:
339:Pierre Méchain
330:
327:
321:, a repeating
302:
299:
276:
240:
239:
220:
219:
215:
214:
208:
198:
197:
180:
176:
175:
169:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
144:
143:
132:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
52:
51:
44:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5933:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5869:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Markarian 573
3176:
3174:
3173:Markarian 477
3171:
3169:
3168:Markarian 463
3166:
3164:
3163:Markarian 273
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Markarian 176
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Markarian 993
2973:
2971:
2970:Markarian 896
2968:
2966:
2965:Markarian 841
2963:
2961:
2960:Markarian 817
2958:
2956:
2955:Markarian 705
2953:
2951:
2950:Markarian 704
2948:
2946:
2945:Markarian 618
2943:
2941:
2940:Markarian 609
2938:
2936:
2935:Markarian 509
2933:
2931:
2930:Markarian 507
2928:
2926:
2925:Markarian 478
2923:
2921:
2920:Markarian 423
2918:
2916:
2915:Markarian 376
2913:
2911:
2910:Markarian 359
2908:
2906:
2905:Markarian 335
2903:
2901:
2900:Markarian 334
2898:
2896:
2895:Markarian 315
2893:
2891:
2890:Markarian 279
2888:
2886:
2885:Markarian 110
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Arakelian 564
2783:
2781:
2780:Arakelian 120
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
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1934:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
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1846:
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1799:
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1790:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:: 2220–2225.
1723:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:: 1022–1040.
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:: 1453–1460.
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:: L103–L106.
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
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1471:
1467:
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1432:
1424:
1420:
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1397:
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1317:
1315:
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1262:
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1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
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1177:
1175:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1001:
985:
984:
979:
972:
970:
961:
955:
951:
946:
945:
936:
934:
932:
930:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
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884:
876:
872:
868:
861:
859:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
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820:
816:
812:
811:
802:
787:
783:
782:
777:
771:
769:
753:
749:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
716:
710:
706:
702:
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673:
670:
668:
665:
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659:
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647:
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639:
635:
631:
621:
619:
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607:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
525:
521:
520:spectral line
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
489:
482:
478:
473:
464:
462:
458:
457:FRB 20200120E
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
424:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
320:
319:FRB 20200120E
316:
312:
308:
305:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
269:
268:constellation
265:
262:
258:
254:
253:Bode's Galaxy
250:
246:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
213:
209:
203:
202:Apparent size
199:
195:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
168:
164:
159:
155:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
68:Constellation
65:
61:
58:
53:
48:
42:
37:
33:
29:
26:
22:
5867:
3445:
3279:3000 to 3499
3278:
3148:Markarian 78
3143:Markarian 34
3050:SBS 0846+513
3045:RE J0134+396
3035:PKS 0558-504
3009:
3005:MGC +8-11-11
2995:MCG -2-58-22
2880:Markarian 79
2875:Markarian 50
2810:ESO 323-G077
2482:
1936:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1848:
1842:
1788:
1782:
1763:11 September
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1746:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1601:
1595:
1585:
1558:
1552:
1504:
1498:
1469:
1465:IAU Circular
1463:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1329:
1323:
1299:
1256:
1250:
1192:
1186:
1183:Calzetti, D.
1161:. Retrieved
1146:
1121:
1085:
1064:. Retrieved
1018:
1012:
987:. Retrieved
983:ScienceAlert
981:
943:
895:
889:
883:
866:
814:
808:
801:
789:. Retrieved
779:
755:. Retrieved
751:
696:
690:
640:to identify
627:
600:of M81 with
596:
565:
528:
498:
454:
430:
422:
375:
356:
332:
266:away in the
252:
248:
244:
243:
234:+12-10-010,
210:26.9 × 14.1
25:
5906:UGC objects
5901:NGC objects
5862:Outer space
3208:Messier 106
3193:MCG-5-23-16
3138:Markarian 3
3098:ESO 428-G14
3093:ESO 103-G35
3030:PG 1404+226
3025:PG 1402+261
3020:PG 1244+026
3015:PG 1211+143
3000:MCG-6-30-15
2870:Markarian 6
2840:1H 1707-495
2835:1H 0419-577
2805:ESO 198-G24
2800:ESO 141-055
1644:: L71–L74.
1446:27 February
1066:24 February
989:24 February
791:28 November
634:light years
630:Megaparsecs
584:Local Group
562:Environment
538:(2.6 ± 0.4
493:Holmberg IX
437:spiral arms
311:astronomers
287:light-years
283:kiloparsecs
273:. It has a
264:light-years
192:(diameter;
188:light-years
184:kiloparsecs
92:Declination
5891:Ursa Major
5875:Categories
3203:Messier 88
3198:Messier 77
3010:Messier 81
2825:Fairall 51
2815:ESO 362-18
1993:Astrophoto
1985:Hydrogen α
1163:1 November
1028:2105.11445
757:6 November
683:References
467:Supernovae
445:blue stars
386:telescopes
384:and small
382:binoculars
378:Messier 82
353:Visibility
271:Ursa Major
261:12 million
245:Messier 81
138:(3.6
134:11.8
85:09 55 33.2
73:Ursa Major
5886:M81 Group
5838:Astronomy
5809:3001–4000
3228:NGC 4922N
3223:NGC 4676B
3218:NGC 2788A
3080:Seyfert 2
3070:III Zw 77
2830:H0557-385
2820:Fairall 9
2772:Seyfert 1
1823:119385141
1423:0004-637X
1061:235166402
920:121093306
849:119085482
588:Milky Way
568:M81 Group
501:supernova
499:Only one
390:apertures
329:Discovery
291:Milky Way
281:of 29.44
171:SA(s)ab,
106:−0.000113
3213:NGC 454E
3065:III Zw 2
3055:Ton S180
2850:IC 4329A
2790:Arp 102B
2701:Category
2651:See also
1937:StarDate
1364:13901458
1291:17283721
1227:16609000
1157:Archived
1053:35197615
656:See also
624:Distance
610:hydrogen
606:NGC 3077
532:type IIb
517:hydrogen
505:SN 1993J
481:NGC 3077
401:infrared
303:☉
285:(96,000
249:NGC 3031
186:(96,000
130:Distance
102:Redshift
5824:Portals
3108:IC 3639
3103:IC 2560
2845:IC 3599
2711:Commons
1997:Sky Map
1965:WikiSky
1908:Bibcode
1881:4369085
1873:7990925
1853:Bibcode
1803:Bibcode
1726:Bibcode
1687:Bibcode
1646:Bibcode
1606:Bibcode
1563:Bibcode
1529:4304547
1509:Bibcode
1474:Bibcode
1401:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1207:Bibcode
1033:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
871:Bibcode
829:Bibcode
620:there.
415:in the
255:) is a
32:Messier
3060:I Zw 1
2721:Portal
2597:Added
1879:
1871:
1844:Nature
1821:
1527:
1500:Nature
1421:
1362:
1289:
1225:
1134:
1096:
1059:
1051:
1014:Nature
956:
918:
847:
781:SIMBAD
776:"M 81"
711:
524:helium
259:about
230:5318,
226:3031,
204:
182:29.44
150:
5850:Stars
2795:3C 59
1989:X-Ray
1977:GALEX
1877:S2CID
1819:S2CID
1793:arXiv
1525:S2CID
1472:: 1.
1391:arXiv
1360:S2CID
1334:arXiv
1287:S2CID
1261:arXiv
1223:S2CID
1197:arXiv
1057:S2CID
1023:arXiv
916:S2CID
845:S2CID
819:arXiv
578:(3.6
572:group
548:novae
509:Spain
173:LINER
60:epoch
57:J2000
5786:3499
5781:3498
5776:3497
5771:3496
5766:3495
5761:3494
5756:3493
5751:3492
5746:3491
5741:3490
5736:3489
5731:3488
5726:3487
5721:3486
5716:3485
5711:3484
5706:3483
5701:3482
5696:3481
5691:3480
5686:3479
5681:3478
5676:3477
5671:3476
5666:3475
5661:3474
5656:3473
5651:3472
5646:3471
5641:3470
5636:3469
5631:3468
5626:3467
5621:3466
5616:3465
5611:3464
5606:3463
5601:3462
5596:3461
5591:3460
5586:3459
5581:3458
5576:3457
5571:3456
5566:3455
5561:3454
5556:3453
5551:3452
5546:3451
5541:3450
5536:3449
5531:3448
5526:3447
5521:3446
5516:3445
5511:3444
5506:3443
5501:3442
5496:3441
5491:3440
5486:3439
5481:3438
5476:3437
5471:3436
5466:3435
5461:3434
5456:3433
5451:3432
5446:3431
5441:3430
5436:3429
5431:3428
5426:3427
5421:3426
5416:3425
5411:3424
5406:3423
5401:3422
5396:3421
5391:3420
5386:3419
5381:3418
5376:3417
5371:3416
5366:3415
5361:3414
5356:3413
5351:3412
5346:3411
5341:3410
5336:3409
5331:3408
5326:3407
5321:3406
5316:3405
5311:3404
5306:3403
5301:3402
5296:3401
5291:3400
5286:3399
5281:3398
5276:3397
5271:3396
5266:3395
5261:3394
5256:3393
5251:3392
5246:3391
5241:3390
5236:3389
5231:3388
5226:3387
5221:3386
5216:3385
5211:3384
5206:3383
5201:3382
5196:3381
5191:3380
5186:3379
5181:3378
5176:3377
5171:3376
5166:3375
5161:3374
5156:3373
5151:3372
5146:3371
5141:3370
5136:3369
5131:3368
5126:3367
5121:3366
5116:3365
5111:3364
5106:3363
5101:3362
5096:3361
5091:3360
5086:3359
5081:3358
5076:3357
5071:3356
5066:3355
5061:3354
5056:3353
5051:3352
5046:3351
5041:3350
5036:3349
5031:3348
5026:3347
5021:3346
5016:3345
5011:3344
5006:3343
5001:3342
4996:3341
4991:3340
4986:3339
4981:3338
4976:3337
4971:3336
4966:3335
4961:3334
4956:3333
4951:3332
4946:3331
4941:3330
4936:3329
4931:3328
4926:3327
4921:3326
4916:3325
4911:3324
4906:3323
4901:3322
4896:3321
4891:3320
4886:3319
4881:3318
4876:3317
4871:3316
4866:3315
4861:3314
4856:3313
4851:3312
4846:3311
4841:3310
4836:3309
4831:3308
4826:3307
4821:3306
4816:3305
4811:3304
4806:3303
4801:3302
4796:3301
4791:3300
4786:3299
4781:3298
4776:3297
4771:3296
4766:3295
4761:3294
4756:3293
4751:3292
4746:3291
4741:3290
4736:3289
4731:3288
4726:3287
4721:3286
4716:3285
4711:3284
4706:3283
4701:3282
4696:3281
4691:3280
4686:3279
4681:3278
4676:3277
4671:3276
4666:3275
4661:3274
4656:3273
4651:3272
4646:3271
4641:3270
4636:3269
4631:3268
4626:3267
4621:3266
4616:3265
4611:3264
4606:3263
4601:3262
4596:3261
4591:3260
4586:3259
4581:3258
4576:3257
4571:3256
4566:3255
4561:3254
4556:3253
4551:3252
4546:3251
4541:3250
4536:3249
4531:3248
4526:3247
4521:3246
4516:3245
4511:3244
4506:3243
4501:3242
4496:3241
4491:3240
4486:3239
4481:3238
4476:3237
4471:3236
4466:3235
4461:3234
4456:3233
4451:3232
4446:3231
4441:3230
4436:3229
4431:3228
4426:3227
4421:3226
4416:3225
4411:3224
4406:3223
4401:3222
4396:3221
4391:3220
4386:3219
4381:3218
4376:3217
4371:3216
4366:3215
4361:3214
4356:3213
4351:3212
4346:3211
4341:3210
4336:3209
4331:3208
4326:3207
4321:3206
4316:3205
4311:3204
4306:3203
4301:3202
4296:3201
4291:3200
4286:3199
4281:3198
4276:3197
4271:3196
4266:3195
4261:3194
4256:3193
4251:3192
4246:3191
4241:3190
4236:3189
4231:3188
4226:3187
4221:3186
4216:3185
4211:3184
4206:3183
4201:3182
4196:3181
4191:3180
4186:3179
4181:3178
4176:3177
4171:3176
4166:3175
4161:3174
4156:3173
4151:3172
4146:3171
4141:3170
4136:3169
4131:3168
4126:3167
4121:3166
4116:3165
4111:3164
4106:3163
4101:3162
4096:3161
4091:3160
4086:3159
4081:3158
4076:3157
4071:3156
4066:3155
4061:3154
4056:3153
4051:3152
4046:3151
4041:3150
4036:3149
4031:3148
4026:3147
4021:3146
4016:3145
4011:3144
4006:3143
4001:3142
3996:3141
3991:3140
3986:3139
3981:3138
3976:3137
3971:3136
3966:3135
3961:3134
3956:3133
3951:3132
3946:3131
3941:3130
3936:3129
3931:3128
3926:3127
3921:3126
3916:3125
3911:3124
3906:3123
3901:3122
3896:3121
3891:3120
3886:3119
3881:3118
3876:3117
3871:3116
3866:3115
3861:3114
3856:3113
3851:3112
3846:3111
3841:3110
3836:3109
3831:3108
3826:3107
3821:3106
3816:3105
3811:3104
3806:3103
3801:3102
3796:3101
3791:3100
3786:3099
3781:3098
3776:3097
3771:3096
3766:3095
3761:3094
3756:3093
3751:3092
3746:3091
3741:3090
3736:3089
3731:3088
3726:3087
3721:3086
3716:3085
3711:3084
3706:3083
3701:3082
3696:3081
3691:3080
3686:3079
3681:3078
3676:3077
3671:3076
3666:3075
3661:3074
3656:3073
3651:3072
3646:3071
3641:3070
3636:3069
3631:3068
3626:3067
3621:3066
3616:3065
3611:3064
3606:3063
3601:3062
3596:3061
3591:3060
3586:3059
3581:3058
3576:3057
3571:3056
3566:3055
3561:3054
3556:3053
3551:3052
3546:3051
3541:3050
3536:3049
3531:3048
3526:3047
3521:3046
3516:3045
3511:3044
3506:3043
3501:3042
3496:3041
3491:3040
3486:3039
3481:3038
3476:3037
3471:3036
3466:3035
3461:3034
3456:3033
3451:3032
3446:3031
3441:3030
3436:3029
3431:3028
3426:3027
3421:3026
3416:3025
3411:3024
3406:3023
3401:3022
3396:3021
3391:3020
3386:3019
3381:3018
3376:3017
3371:3016
3366:3015
3361:3014
3356:3013
3351:3012
3346:3011
3341:3010
3336:3009
3331:3008
3326:3007
3321:3006
3316:3005
3311:3004
3306:3003
3301:3002
3296:3001
3291:3000
2631:M110
2626:M109
2621:M108
2616:M107
2611:M106
2606:M105
2601:M104
2593:M103
2588:M102
2583:M101
2578:M100
2075:List
1981:IRAS
1973:SDSS
1969:DSS2
1869:PMID
1765:2010
1470:5731
1448:2007
1419:ISSN
1165:2008
1132:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1068:2022
1049:PMID
991:2022
954:ISBN
793:2009
759:2022
709:ISBN
604:and
570:, a
554:and
341:and
179:Size
167:Type
156:6.94
45:The
2573:M99
2568:M98
2563:M97
2558:M96
2553:M95
2548:M94
2543:M93
2538:M92
2533:M91
2528:M90
2523:M89
2518:M88
2513:M87
2508:M86
2503:M85
2498:M84
2493:M83
2488:M82
2483:M81
2478:M80
2473:M79
2468:M78
2463:M77
2458:M76
2453:M75
2448:M74
2443:M73
2438:M72
2433:M71
2428:M70
2423:M69
2418:M68
2413:M67
2408:M66
2403:M65
2398:M64
2393:M63
2388:M62
2383:M61
2378:M60
2373:M59
2368:M58
2363:M57
2358:M56
2353:M55
2348:M54
2343:M53
2338:M52
2333:M51
2328:M50
2323:M49
2318:M48
2313:M47
2308:M46
2303:M45
2298:M44
2293:M43
2288:M42
2283:M41
2278:M40
2273:M39
2268:M38
2263:M37
2258:M36
2253:M35
2248:M34
2243:M33
2238:M32
2233:M31
2228:M30
2223:M29
2218:M28
2213:M27
2208:M26
2203:M25
2198:M24
2193:M23
2188:M22
2183:M21
2178:M20
2173:M19
2168:M18
2163:M17
2158:M16
2153:M15
2148:M14
2143:M13
2138:M12
2133:M11
2128:M10
1916:doi
1904:427
1861:doi
1849:372
1811:doi
1789:129
1734:doi
1722:108
1695:doi
1683:107
1654:doi
1642:417
1614:doi
1602:107
1571:doi
1559:415
1517:doi
1505:364
1409:doi
1387:611
1352:doi
1330:648
1279:doi
1257:154
1215:doi
1193:154
1041:doi
1019:602
908:doi
896:125
837:doi
815:173
602:M82
580:Mpc
576:Mly
556:M33
552:M31
540:Mpc
536:Mly
477:M82
399:An
251:or
236:PGC
232:MCG
228:UGC
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212:moa
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140:Mpc
136:Mly
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