836:. En route he inspected Singapore's defences – finding them alarmingly inadequate – and visited Australian troops in the field Mid-East. Menzies was well received by the British press. He at times clashed with Churchill in the War Cabinet, and sought assurances for Australian involvement in the Greek campaign. He was unable to achieve significant assurances for increased commitment to Singapore's defences, but undertook morale boosting excursions to war-affected cities and factories. He spent eight successive weekend at Chequers with Churchill, addressed Parliament, stayed with the King, visited Dublin to lobby Ireland to join the war effort and generally raised awareness in Britain of Australia's contribution to its war effort. He returned to Australia via Canada and the United States, addressing the Canadian parliament and lobbying President Roosevelt for more arms production. After four months, Menzies returned to Australia to face a lack of enthusiasm for his global travels and a war-time minority government under ever-increasing strain.
180:
470:
813:(CPA) opposed and sought to disrupt Australia's "imperialist" war effort against Nazism in the early stages of the War. Menzies banned the CPA after the Fall of France in 1940, but by 1941 Stalin was forced to join the Allied cause when Hitler reneged on the Pact and invaded the USSR. The USSR came to bear the brunt of the carnage of Hitler's war machine and the Communist Party in Australia lost its early war stigma as a result. In Menzies' later term of office, anti-communism became an important plank of his foreign policy.
477:
25:
710:
34:
852:
Cabinet – but this time the Labor caucus refused to support the plan. Menzies announced to his
Cabinet that he thought he should resign and advise the Governor General to invite John Curtin to form a government. The Cabinet instead insisted he approach Curtin again to form a war cabinet. Unable to secure Curtin's support, and with an unworkable parliamentary majority, Menzies then resigned as prime minister on 29 August 1941.
579:. Defence issues became increasingly dominant in public affairs with the rise of Fascism in Europe and militant Japan in Asia. Lyons negotiated a coalition with the Country Party, led by Earle Page, following the 1934 election, however the parties continued to differ on some questions of economic policy: the Country Party wanted low tariffs and opposed introduction of a national unemployment insurance scheme.
726:
639:
The growing threat of war dominated politics through 1939. Menzies supported
British policy against Hitler's Germany (negotiate for peace, but prepare for war) and – fearing Japanese intentions in the Pacific – established independent embassies in Tokyo and Washington to receive independent
763:
to
Washington as Australia's first "Minister to the United States". In a consequent by-election, the UAP suffered a heavy defeat and Menzies re-entered coalition negotiations with the Country Party. In March 1940, troubled negotiations were concluded with the Country Party to re-enter Coalition with
789:
stood alone against
Germany. Menzies called for an 'all in' war effort and with the support of Curtin, amended the National Security Act to extend government powers to tax, acquire property, control businesses and the labour force and allow for conscription of men for the "defence of Australia".
586:
gathering in Europe and the
Pacific, Joseph Lyons became the first Prime Minister of Australia to die in office, suffering a heart attack. The UAP's Deputy leader, Robert Menzies, now openly antipathetic to Country Party leader Earle Page, had resigned in March, citing the coalition's failure to
851:
campaigns, Menzies reorganised his ministry and announced multiple multi-party committees to advise on war and economic policy. Government critics however called for an all-party government. In August, Cabinet decided that
Menzies should travel back to Britain to represent Australia in the War
816:
Labor narrowly lost the
September 1940 Election. The UAP–Country Party coalition and the Labor parties won 36 seats each and the Menzies government was forced to rely upon the support of two independents, Alex Wilson and Arthur Coles, to continue in office.
636:. Menzies tried and failed to have the issue of national insurance examined by a committee of parliamentarians. Though no longer in formal coalition, his government survived because the Country Party preferred a UAP government to that of a Labor government.
678:, and a citizen militia organised for local defence. Troubled by Britain's failure to increase defences at Singapore, Menzies was cautious in committing troops to Europe. In 1940–41, Australian forces played prominent roles in the fighting in the
673:
as leader of the Labor Party both pledged support to the declaration of war. Australia was ill-prepared for war. A National
Security Act was passed. The recruitment of a volunteer military force for service at home and abroad was announced, the
820:
Menzies proposed an all-party unity government to break the impasse, but the Labor Party refused to join. John Curtin agreed instead to take a seat on a newly created
Advisory War Council in October 1940. New Country Party leader
621:
had temporarily been Prime
Minister after the death of Lyons, but he refused to serve in a government led by Menzies, and withdrew the support of the Country Party from coalition with the UAP.
556:(UAP) was formed in 1931 as a response to the more radical proposals of Labor Party members to deal with the Great Depression. Led by former Labor minister and fiscal conservative
859:
of the Country Party as prime minister, before the independents switched allegiance. On 3 October, the independents, Coles and Wilson, voted with Labor to defeat the government.
598:
The Country Party under Earle Page announced that they would refuse to work in coalition under a Menzies-led government. The UAP selected Menzies to succeed Lyons regardless.
805:, a minister who had resigned to join the army. The Labor Party meanwhile experienced a split along pro and anti Communist lines over policy towards the Soviet Union for its
277:
1037:
1159:
1186:
833:
1312:
1218:
839:
In Menzies' absence, John Curtin had co-operated with Deputy Prime Minister Arthur Fadden of the Country Party in preparing Australia for the expected
1020:
1082:
501:
290:
979:
961:
254:
249:
135:
315:
1545:
768:
allowed Menzies to reach accommodation. A new Coalition ministry was formed including the Country Party's Archie Cameron, Harold Thorby and
330:
1560:
744:
A special War Cabinet was created after war was declared – initially composed of Prime Minister Menzies and five senior ministers (
592:
1555:
652:
My fellow Australians. It is my melancholy duty to inform you, officially, that, in consequence of the persistence by Germany in her
310:
1234:
1305:
595:, appointed Country Party leader Earl Page as his temporary replacement, pending the selection of Lyons' successor by the UAP.
1121:
679:
217:
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1540:
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79:
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530:
from 1939 to 1941. Menzies served a later and longer term as prime minister as leader of a successor party, the
588:
1051:
675:
325:
810:
797:
With the 1940 election looming, Menzies lost his Chief of the General Staff and three loyal ministers in a
1017:
806:
733:
703:
610:
105:
63:
1215:
976:
958:
888:
760:
745:
531:
828:
In January 1941, Menzies flew to Britain to discuss the weakness of Singapore's defences and sat with
794:
was appointed Director-General of Munitions Supply to assist with mobilisation of national resources.
798:
740:
and Country Party operated in a troubled alliance during the terms of the first Menzies government.
373:
179:
1565:
934:
884:
476:
378:
358:
348:
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939:
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553:
523:
469:
388:
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243:
100:
1113:
1321:
879:. Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling
527:
51:
825:
became Treasurer and Menzies unhappily conceded to allow Earle Page back into his ministry.
613:
for the first time on 26 April 1939, following the death of Joseph Lyons. He led a minority
919:
656:, Great Britain has declared war upon her, and that, as a result, Australia is also at war.
460:
282:
238:
212:
8:
1495:
1490:
1485:
228:
121:
116:
843:. With the threat of Japan imminent and with the Australian Army suffering badly in the
591:
as the cause for his resignation. In the absence of a UAP deputy, the Governor-General,
1470:
1455:
1440:
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1242:
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653:
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1410:
1405:
1382:
1342:
1332:
1196:
1117:
829:
718:
683:
575:
Lyons served seven years as prime minister, overseeing Australia's recovery from the
163:
1450:
1395:
1387:
1192:
1140:
892:
844:
583:
576:
547:
1425:
1372:
1347:
1222:
1024:
983:
965:
848:
695:
687:
786:
765:
714:
644:
606:
519:
195:
84:
72:
518:
refers to the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister
1529:
1160:"Before office - John Curtin - Australia's PMS - Australia's Prime Ministers"
856:
822:
782:
729:
565:
320:
89:
709:
24:
1290:
863:
was sworn in as prime minister on 7 October 1941. Eight weeks later, Japan
753:
662:
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557:
1515:
1511:
907:
860:
840:
802:
769:
749:
670:
633:
624:
In addition to the office of Prime Minister, Menzies was Treasurer. The
1507:
1241:. Liberal Party of Australia – Queensland Division. Archived from
1018:
http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/lyons/after-office.aspx
777:
666:
618:
569:
153:
33:
1216:
http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/fadden/in-office.aspx
56:
977:
http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/lyons/in-office.aspx
959:
http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/lyons/elections.aspx
855:
The UAP-Country Party Coalition held office for another month with
781:
gave way to a succession of Allied defeats, as Germany overran the
732:
was Treasurer from October 1940 and was confirmed as leader of the
1058:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
759:
In January 1940, Menzies dispatched potential leadership rival
1005:
Brian Carroll; From Barton to Fraser; Cassell Australia; 1978
772:, as well as junior ministers Arthur Fadden and Horace Nock.
305:
910:, and the Coalition stayed in office for a record 23 years.
875:
The UAP disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the
725:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
887:
in December 1944. The formation of a new party – the
568:. Labor had split over the issue of economic policy, with
801:
crash at Canberra airport. In response, Menzies recalled
791:
1518:(1967–1968), see their respective biographical articles.
1062:
1506:
For information about the caretaker governments led by
883:
which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944, and again in
870:
560:, the new party swept into office in 1931 against the
764:the UAP. The replacement of Earl Page as leader by
1105:
1527:
1141:Newcastle Morning Herald & Miner's Advocate
1052:"Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)"
906:against the incumbent Labor government led by
582:On 7 April 1939, with the storm clouds of the
1306:
1235:"Formation of the Liberal Party of Australia"
1154:
1152:
1150:
902:, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the
495:
1320:
1013:
1011:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
748:, GA Street, Senator McLeay, HS Gullet and
572:seeking to cease overseas debt repayments.
1313:
1299:
1147:
628:included the ageing former Prime Minister
502:
488:
1269:"The Origins of the Modern Liberal Party"
1227:
1008:
988:
643:On 3 September 1939, the prime minister,
1184:
724:
708:
1266:
1108:Modern Australia in Documents 1939–1970
1103:
785:, Norway and France. By June 1940, the
617:government – Country Party leader
1528:
1262:
1260:
898:After an initial loss to Labor at the
1294:
299:Second term of government (1949–1966)
871:Demise of the United Australia Party
632:and the young future Prime Minister
271:First term of government (1939–1941)
1561:1941 disestablishments in Australia
1257:
647:, made a national radio broadcast:
316:1951 Communist Party ban referendum
13:
1056:Australian Dictionary of Biography
891: – was formally announced at
601:
14:
1577:
1556:1939 establishments in Australia
1546:History of Australia (1901–1945)
475:
468:
178:
32:
23:
1275:. National Library of Australia
1209:
1178:
925:History of Australia since 1945
809:in the invasion of Poland. The
669:, as leader of the Country and
1130:
1097:
1044:
1029:
970:
952:
807:co-operation with Nazi Germany
536:Menzies government (1949–1966)
516:Menzies government (1939–1941)
46:26 April 1939 – 26 August 1941
1:
945:
790:Essington Lewis, the head of
676:2nd Australian Imperial Force
589:a plan for national insurance
541:
326:Royal Commission on Espionage
1083:"In office - Robert Menzies"
811:Communist Party of Australia
136:1939 UAP leadership election
7:
1112:. Melbourne: Wren. p.
913:
717:and British Prime Minister
704:Second Battle of El Alamein
640:advice about developments.
611:Prime Minister of Australia
264:Prime Minister of Australia
10:
1582:
1541:Liberal Party of Australia
889:Liberal Party of Australia
545:
532:Liberal Party of Australia
1504:
1328:
1188:Australia's war 1939–1945
1087:primeministers.naa.gov.au
1041:; Cassell Australia; 1978
982:26 September 2011 at the
799:Royal Australian Airforce
159:
149:
141:
130:
126:Minority (from Sep. 1940)
112:
96:
78:
62:
50:
45:
40:
31:
20:
1536:Governments of Australia
1322:Governments of Australia
1273:Harold White Fellowships
1023:27 February 2012 at the
291:Liberal Party foundation
187:This article is part of
1185:Beaumont, John (1996).
1104:Crowley, Frank (1973).
935:Second Menzies Ministry
534:from 1949 to 1966 (see
1551:United Australia Party
1221:24 August 2011 at the
940:Third Menzies Ministry
930:First Menzies Ministry
881:Australian Labor Party
741:
738:United Australia Party
722:
700:Syria-Lebanon campaign
661:Australia had entered
659:
658:
626:First Menzies Ministry
615:United Australia Party
562:Australian Labor Party
554:United Australia Party
524:United Australia Party
331:Entry into Vietnam War
244:United Australia Party
21:Menzies government (I)
1038:From Barton to Fraser
964:11 March 2019 at the
865:attacked Pearl Harbor
736:from March 1941. The
728:
712:
680:Mediterranean theatre
650:
649:
528:Australian Parliament
1093:on 13 November 2013.
920:History of Australia
461:The Forgotten People
283:Advisory War Council
239:1938 Dalfram dispute
145:Menzies' resignation
895:on 31 August 1945.
834:British War Cabinet
311:Communist Party ban
1195:. pp. 94–95.
742:
723:
654:invasion of Poland
522:. Menzies led the
452:1964 (Half-Senate)
422:1953 (Half-Senate)
1523:
1522:
1193:Allen & Unwin
1137:Released from BHP
1123:978-0-85885-032-3
830:Winston Churchill
719:Winston Churchill
684:Operation Compass
512:
511:
233:
205:
204:
169:
168:
164:Fadden government
1573:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1285:
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1280:
1264:
1255:
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1252:
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1245:on 26 April 2007
1231:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1162:. Archived from
1156:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:. Archived from
1079:
1060:
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1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1015:
1006:
1003:
986:
974:
968:
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893:Sydney Town Hall
609:was sworn in as
584:Second World War
577:Great Depression
548:Lyons government
504:
497:
490:
479:
472:
225:
201:
200:
198:
191:
190:
182:
175:
174:
171:
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124:(Mar.–Sep. 1940)
67:
36:
27:
18:
17:
1581:
1580:
1576:
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1233:
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1228:
1223:Wayback Machine
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1169:
1167:
1166:on 13 July 2017
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1148:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1102:
1098:
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1080:
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1050:
1049:
1045:
1035:Brian Carroll;
1034:
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1025:Wayback Machine
1016:
1009:
1004:
989:
984:Wayback Machine
975:
971:
966:Wayback Machine
957:
953:
948:
916:
873:
775:In Europe, the
752:Prime Minister
713:Prime Minister
696:Battle of Crete
688:Siege of Tobruk
604:
602:Terms in office
550:
544:
508:
473:
466:
456:
393:
335:
295:
287:
267:
261:
222:
196:
194:
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154:Page government
125:
120:
104:
88:
65:
22:
12:
11:
5:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1566:Robert Menzies
1563:
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932:
927:
922:
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869:
787:British Empire
766:Archie Cameron
715:Robert Menzies
692:Greek campaign
645:Robert Menzies
607:Robert Menzies
603:
600:
546:Main article:
543:
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520:Robert Menzies
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278:Entry into WW2
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218:State politics
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197:Robert Menzies
189:a series about
183:
167:
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147:
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143:
139:
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132:
128:
127:
119:(to Mar. 1940)
114:
110:
109:
98:
94:
93:
85:Archie Cameron
82:
76:
75:
73:Robert Menzies
70:
60:
59:
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1297:
1296:
1293:
1274:
1270:
1267:Ian Hancock.
1263:
1261:
1244:
1240:
1239:Party History
1236:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1202:9781864480399
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911:
909:
905:
904:1949 election
901:
900:1946 election
896:
894:
890:
886:
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877:1943 election
868:
866:
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858:
857:Arthur Fadden
853:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
826:
824:
823:Arthur Fadden
818:
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783:Low Countries
780:
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773:
771:
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761:Richard Casey
757:
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747:
739:
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734:Country Party
731:
730:Arthur Fadden
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566:James Scullin
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1277:. Retrieved
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1243:the original
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1516:John McEwen
1514:(1945) and
1512:Frank Forde
1144:25 May 1940
908:Ben Chifley
861:John Curtin
841:Pacific War
803:Harold Holt
770:John McEwen
750:World War I
671:John Curtin
634:Harold Holt
593:Lord Gowrie
231:(1934–1966)
227:Member for
150:Predecessor
108:(1940–1941)
103:(1939–1941)
92:(1940-1941)
1530:Categories
1508:Earle Page
1421:Menzies II
1378:Fisher III
1363:Deakin III
946:References
778:Phoney War
667:Earle Page
619:Earle Page
587:implement
570:Lang Labor
542:Background
338:Ministries
213:Early life
1401:Menzies I
1368:Fisher II
1353:Deakin II
396:Elections
160:Successor
57:George VI
41:In office
1510:(1939),
1496:Albanese
1491:Morrison
1486:Turnbull
1358:Fisher I
1338:Deakin I
1279:11 April
1249:11 April
1219:Archived
1170:24 April
1021:Archived
980:Archived
962:Archived
914:See also
746:RG Casey
721:in 1941.
702:and the
122:Majority
117:Minority
68:Minister
1476:Rudd II
1471:Gillard
1456:Keating
1441:Whitlam
1436:McMahon
1416:Chifley
1392:Scullin
564:led by
526:in the
374:Seventh
246:spills
229:Kooyong
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52:Monarch
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1466:Rudd I
1461:Howard
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1383:Hughes
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359:Fourth
349:Second
142:Demise
131:Origin
113:Status
87:(1940)
80:Deputy
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1451:Hawke
1396:Lyons
1388:Bruce
849:Crete
845:Greek
389:Tenth
384:Ninth
369:Sixth
364:Fifth
354:Third
344:First
306:ANZUS
64:Prime
1426:Holt
1373:Cook
1348:Reid
1281:2007
1251:2007
1197:ISBN
1172:2011
1118:ISBN
847:and
552:The
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832:'s
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101:UAP
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