Menstrual cycle - Knowledge

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produces progesterone. The increased progesterone starts to induce the production of estrogen. The hormones produced by the corpus luteum also suppress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself. The level of FSH and LH fall quickly, and the corpus luteum atrophies. Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle. From the time of ovulation until progesterone withdrawal has caused menstruation to begin, the process typically takes about two weeks. For an individual woman, the follicular phase often varies in length from cycle to cycle; by contrast, the length of her luteal phase will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle at 10 to 16 days (average 14 days).

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research is weak, but there appears to be a very small increase in mood fluctuations during the luteal and menstrual phases, and a corresponding decrease during the rest of the cycle. Changing levels of estrogen and progesterone across the menstrual cycle exert systemic effects on aspects of physiology including the brain, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. The result can be subtle physiological and observable changes to women's athletic performance including strength, aerobic, and anaerobic performance.

446:, about 10–12 hours after the peak in LH surge. Typically only one of the 15–20 stimulated follicles reaches full maturity, and just one egg is released. Ovulation only occurs in around 10% of cycles during the first two years following menarche, and by the age of 40–50, the number of ovarian follicles is depleted. LH initiates ovulation at around day 14 and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum. Following further stimulation by LH, the corpus luteum produces and releases estrogen, progesterone, 997:

new blood supply, hormones and tissue differentiation. In non-menstruating mammals, decidualization is driven by the embryo, not the mother. According to this theory, menstruation is an unintended consequence of the decidualization process and the body uses spontaneous decidualization to identify and reject defective embryos early on. This process happens because the decidual cells of the stroma can recognize and respond to defects in a developing embryo by stopping the secretion of

754: 5505: 6648: 736:) are common in girls who have just begun menstruating and in women around menopause. During the first two years following menarche, ovulation is absent in around half of cycles. Five years after menarche, ovulation occurs in around 75% of cycles and this reaches 80% in the following years. Anovulatory cycles are often overtly identical to normally ovulatory cycles. Any alteration to balance of hormones can lead to anovulation. Stress, anxiety and 46: 6672: 538: 6660: 4484: 6700: 431: 1008:. In the process leading to the formation of a placenta, maternal tissues are invaded. This hypothesis holds that menstruation was not evolutionary, rather the result of a coincidental pre-conditioning of the uterus to protect uterine tissue from the deeply rooting placenta, in which a thicker endometrium develops. Hypothesis 4 does not explain menstruation in non-primates. 372:(cell division) remains incomplete in the egg cells until the antral follicle is formed. During this phase usually only one ovarian follicle fully matures and gets ready to release an egg. The follicular phase shortens significantly with age, lasting around 14 days in women aged 18–24 compared with 10 days in women aged 40–44. 969:. The cycles are the same as in humans apart from the length, which ranges from 9 to 37 days. The lack of immediate relationship between these groups suggests that four distinct evolutionary events have caused menstruation to arise. There are four theories on the evolutionary significance of menstruation: 731:

Only two-thirds of overtly normal menstrual cycles are ovulatory, that is, cycles in which ovulation occurs. The other third lack ovulation or have a short luteal phase (less than ten days) in which progesterone production is insufficient for normal physiology and fertility. Cycles in which ovulation

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may be due to a drop in progesterone if it occurs during the luteal phase or around menstruation, or a surge in estrogen if it occurs at ovulation. Women who have regular periods can take medication just before and during menstruation. Options include progesterone supplements, increasing the dose of

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The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow and proliferate. The latter part of the follicular phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. As they mature, the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts

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in the follicular phase, discharges of blood flow stop and the uterine lining thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one, or occasionally two, become dominant, while non-dominant follicles shrink and die. About

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A theory based on spontaneous decidualization (a process that results in significant changes to cells of the endometrium in preparation for, and during, pregnancy). Decidualization leads to the differentiation of the endometrial stroma, which involves cells of the immune system, the formation of a

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There are common culturally communicated misbeliefs that the menstrual cycle affects women's moods, causes depression or irritability, or that menstruation is a painful, shameful or unclean experience. Often a woman's normal mood variation is falsely attributed to the menstrual cycle. Much of the

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Lasting about 14 days, the luteal phase is the final phase of the ovarian cycle and it corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. During the luteal phase, the pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which

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can cause a fall in GnRH, and a disruption of the menstrual cycle. Chronic anovulation occurs in 6–15% of women during their reproductive years. Around menopause, hormone feedback dysregulation leads to anovulatory cycles. Although anovulation is not considered a disease, it can be a sign of an

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some 7 million immature eggs have already formed in an ovary. This decreases to around 2 million by the time a girl is born, and 300,000 by the time she has her first period. On average, one egg matures and is released during ovulation each month after menarche. Beginning at puberty, these

183: 610:. Menstruation occurs on average once a month from menarche to menopause, which corresponds with a woman's fertile years. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, and it typically occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Menopause is preceded by a stage of hormonal changes called 587:, contract and break up. The blood supply to the endometrium is cut off and the cells of the top layer of the endometrium (the stratum functionalis) become deprived of oxygen and die. Later the whole layer is lost and only the bottom layer, the stratum basalis, is left in place. An 559:

Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses or a period) is the first and most evident phase of the uterine cycle and first occurs at puberty. Called menarche, the first period occurs at the age of around twelve or thirteen years. The average age is generally later in the

509:(hCG), which is very similar to LH and preserves the corpus luteum. During the first few months of pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogens at slightly higher levels than those at ovulation. After this and for the rest of the pregnancy, the 911:(COCPs), stop the development of the dominant follicle and the mid-cycle LH surge and thus ovulation. Sequential dosing and discontinuation of the COCP can mimic the uterine cycle and produce bleeding that resembles a period. In some cases, this bleeding is lighter. 664:

than usual, rendering it more friendly to sperm. This increases the chances of fertilization, which occurs around day 11 to day 14. This cervical mucus can be detected as a vaginal discharge that is copious and resembles raw egg whites. For women who are practicing

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secretes high levels of these hormones – along with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete more progesterone and estrogens, blocking the menstrual cycle. These hormones also prepare the mammary glands for milk production.

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In an ovulatory menstrual cycle, the ovarian and uterine cycles are concurrent and coordinated and last between 21 and 35 days, with a population average of 27–29 days. Although the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the

745:. Anovulatory cycles or short luteal phases are normal when women are under stress or athletes increasing the intensity of training. These changes are reversible as the stressors decrease or, in the case of the athlete, as she adapts to the training. 305:(a mature ovarian follicle) into the blood circulation. Peak levels of estrogen are reached at around day thirteen of the cycle and coincide with ovulation. If implantation does not occur within about two weeks, the corpus luteum degenerates into the 992:

Energy conservation. This hypothesis claimed that it took less energy to rebuild a uterine lining than to maintain it if pregnancy did not occur. Hypothesis 2 does not explain other species that also do not maintain a uterine lining but do not

809:(menstrual cramps or period pain) is felt as painful cramps in the abdomen that can spread to the back and upper thighs during the first few days of menstruation. Debilitating period pain is not normal and can be a sign of something severe such as 147:; the uterine cycle consists of the menstrual, proliferative and secretory phases. Day one of the menstrual cycle is the first day of the period, which lasts for about five days. Around day fourteen, an egg is usually released from the ovary. 677:

The secretory phase is the final phase of the uterine cycle and it corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the endometrium

383:, compete with each other for dominance. All but one of these follicles will stop growing, while one dominant follicle – the one that has the most FSH receptors – will continue to maturity. The remaining follicles die in a process called 309:, which does not produce hormones, causing a sharp drop in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. This drop causes the uterus to lose its lining in menstruation; it is around this time that the lowest levels of estrogen are reached. 914:

Progestin-only methods of hormonal contraception do not always prevent ovulation but instead work by stopping the cervical mucus from becoming sperm-friendly. Hormonal contraception is available in a variety of forms such as pills,

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signal, which makes the pituitary secrete more FSH and LH. This surge of FSH and LH usually occurs one to two days before ovulation and is responsible for stimulating the rupture of the antral follicle and release of the oocyte.

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Changes to the brain have also been observed throughout the menstrual cycle but do not translate into measurable changes in intellectual achievement – including academic performance, problem-solving, and memory. Improvements in

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regulates levels of FSH and LH. The dominant follicle continues to secrete estrogen, and the rising estrogen levels make the pituitary more responsive to GnRH from the hypothalamus. As estrogen increases this becomes a

238:, GnRH is released in low steady quantities and at a steady rate. After puberty, GnRH is released in large pulses, and the frequency and magnitude of these determine how much FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary. 482:– a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. After about a day, an unfertilized egg disintegrates or dissolves in the fallopian tube, and a fertilized egg reaches the uterus in three to five days. 6514: 461:

The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the follicle wall in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its oocyte. If it is fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte promptly matures into an

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Which of the two ovaries – left or right – ovulates appears random; no left and right coordinating process is known. Occasionally both ovaries release an egg; if both eggs are fertilized, the result is

402:. At the same time the granulosa cells surrounding the maturing follicle develop receptors that bind FSH, and in response start secreting androstenedione, which is converted to estrogen by the enzyme 470:

and becomes a mature egg. If it is not fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte degenerates. The mature egg has a diameter of about 0.1 mm (0.0039 in), and is the largest human cell.

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Between menarche and menopause the ovaries regularly alternate between luteal and follicular phases during the monthly menstrual cycle. Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of

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length of 28 days. The cycle is often less regular at the beginning and end of a woman's reproductive life. At puberty, a child's body begins to mature into an adult body capable of

2124: 379:(FSH) during the first days of the cycle, a few ovarian follicles are stimulated. These follicles, which have been developing for the better part of a year in a process known as 1004:

Uterine pre-conditioning. This hypothesis claims that a monthly pre-conditioning of the uterus is needed in species, such as humans, that have deeply invasive (deep-rooted)

2610: 2062: 6519: 4517: 3625:"Altered exploratory behaviour and increased food intake in the spiny mouse before menstruation: a unique pre-clinical model for examining premenstrual syndrome" 907:

Hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the secretion of the hormones, FSH, LH and GnRH. Hormonal contraception that contains estrogen, such as

881:. If this is ineffective, or when a woman's menstrual cycle is irregular, then treatment is to stop the menstrual cycle occurring. This may be achieved using 4100:

Brosens JJ, Parker MG, McIndoe A, Pijnenborg R, Brosens IA (June 2009). "A role for menstruation in preconditioning the uterus for successful pregnancy".

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in the menstrual fluid, which eases the flow of blood and broken down lining from the uterus. The flow of blood continues for 2–6 days and around 30–60

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women can experience complete suppression of follicular development, follicular development but no ovulation, or resumption of normal menstrual cycles.

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The flow of blood normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant, but this cannot be taken as certainty, as several factors can cause

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to establish a pregnancy. The thickness of the endometrium continues to increase in response to mounting levels of estrogen, which is released by the

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Each cycle occurs in phases based on events either in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle). The ovarian cycle consists of the

391:(LH) stimulates further development of the ovarian follicle. The follicle that reaches maturity is called an antral follicle, and it contains the 5178: 3774: 3735:"The evolution of menstruation: a new model for genetic assimilation: explaining molecular origins of maternal responses to fetal invasiveness" 3167:"The cycling brain: menstrual cycle related fluctuations in hippocampal and fronto-striatal activation and connectivity during cognitive tasks" 501:

stage at the time of implantation: this is when pregnancy begins. The loss of the corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg. The

497:. The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus, and another three days to implant into the endometrium. It has reached the 4888: 2093: 1204: 5494: 4883: 4510: 2307:"Women's reproductive system as balanced estradiol and progesterone actions—A revolutionary, paradigm-shifting concept in women's health" 702:

are secreted into the uterus and the cervical mucus thickens. In early pregnancy, progesterone also increases blood flow and reduces the

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During the menstrual cycle, levels of estradiol (an estrogen) vary by 200 percent. Levels of progesterone vary by over 1200 percent.

6629: 4032:"Natural Selection of Human Embryos: Decidualizing Endometrial Stromal Cells Serve as Sensors of Embryo Quality upon Implantation" 6676: 6552: 2638:

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364:, which cannot be fertilized. The follicular phase is the first part of the ovarian cycle and it ends with the completion of the 270:

mid-cycle, some 10–12 hours after the increase in luteinizing hormone, known as the LH surge, the dominant follicle releases an

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embryo. If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released. Triggered by falling progesterone levels,

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Measured from the first day of one menstruation to the first day of the next, the length of a menstrual cycle varies but has a

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This article is about biological aspects of the reproductive cycle in humans. For information specific to monthly periods, see

2561: 6720: 4458: 4431: 4400: 4365: 4334: 4303: 4272: 4234: 4211: 4180: 4153: 2655: 1121: 3313: 649:, an estrogen. The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus with the spiral arterioles. 505:(the outer layer of the resulting embryo-containing blastocyst that later becomes the outer layer of the placenta) produces 101:(the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of 12 years; menstrual cycles continue for about 30–45 years. 5156: 5146: 920: 845:

Even when normal, the changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle can increase the incidence of disorders such as

479: 3286: 2070: 1651: 6524: 5302: 2005:"Early menarche: A systematic review of its effect on sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries" 679: 132:(a "period", in common parlance) is the cyclical shedding of the lining, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred. 6664: 6634: 190:

The menstrual cycle encompasses the ovarian and uterine cycles. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the

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during the menstruation phase of the cycle are probably caused by decreases in levels of estrogen and progesterone.

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denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for around the first 5 days of the cycle. Women who experience

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6612: 6580: 6478: 5026: 442:, this occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the pelvic cavity and enters the 89:. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an 1279:

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6557: 6473: 5811: 5346: 5297: 4747: 3574: 506: 376: 227: 105: 6740: 6086: 6029: 5593: 842:). The cause of the pain is associated with the ruptured follicle, causing a small amount of blood loss. 494: 6745: 352:

mature to primary follicles independently of the menstrual cycle. The development of the egg is called

166:, and are experienced by 3–8% of women. During the first few days of menstruation some women experience 6690: 6652: 6617: 6607: 5647: 5529: 5480: 4954: 973:

Control of sperm-borne pathogens. This hypothesis held that menstruation protected the uterus against

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Menstruation is initiated each month by falling levels of estrogen and progesterone and the release of

478:. After release from the ovary into the pelvic cavity, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the 70: 3677:"Characteristics of the endometrium in menstruating species: lessons learned from the animal kingdom†" 170:

that can spread from the abdomen to the back and upper thighs. The menstrual cycle can be modified by

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of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into phases. The ovarian cycle consists of alternating

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The theca cells develop receptors that bind LH, and in response secrete large amounts of

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and quality of life and timely interventions can improve the lives of these women.

758: 561: 380: 365: 330: 203: 191: 136: 3116:"The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes' performance: a narrative review" 2356: 2339: 2266:"Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK" 2112: 6704: 6463: 6319: 6183: 6141: 6002: 5901: 5791: 5773: 5719: 5603: 5431: 5416: 5266: 5251: 5211: 4584: 4295: 4172: 4145: 4056: 3609: 2886: 2869: 2838: 2486:"The microenvironment of human implantation: determinant of reproductive success" 2029: 826: 737: 565: 399: 340: 306: 302: 104:

Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the

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Progression of the menstrual cycle and some of the hormones contributing to it

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If pregnancy does not occur the ovarian and uterine cycles start over again.

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Uncharacteristic mid-cycle pain may be caused by medical conditions such as

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Progesterone levels exceed those of estrogen (estradiol) by a hundred-fold.

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can take place weeks before menstruation and that potentially infectious

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The uterine cycle has three phases: menses, proliferative and secretory.

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occur more frequently at certain phases of their menstrual cycle. This

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As estrogen levels increase, cells in the cervix produce a type of

510: 336: 285:, while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a 266: 250: 121: 98: 82: 78: 77:

possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of

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of blood is lost, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred.

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Around day fourteen, the egg is released from the ovary. Called

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In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called

766: 588: 490: 298: 281:

After ovulation, the oocyte lives for 24 hours or less without

271: 242: 162:. More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as 109: 94: 90: 62: 4099: 4029: 1672: 1259: 1257: 537: 226:(GnRH), which causes the nearby anterior pituitary to release 6053: 5588: 5539: 4604: 1383: 1381: 1379: 986: 978: 785:

Although a normal and natural process, some women experience

720: 695: 584: 463: 195: 3572: 1791: 450:(which relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the 430: 6258: 4525: 3004: 2559: 2484:

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to await fertilization. The other cells are discarded as

120:

occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides

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2263: 1879: 1631: 1613: 1550: 1428: 1322: 849:, which might be caused by estrogen enhancement of the 657: 150:

The menstrual cycle can cause some women to experience

27:

Natural changes in the human female reproductive system

3488: 2340:"Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning" 2154: 2142: 1941: 1847:"Gonadal transactivation of STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B" 1770: 1758: 1734: 1601: 1589: 1562: 1535: 1504: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1349: 1334: 1307: 873:

drug, or temporarily adding an anticonvulsant such as

769:

stained red in the center is surrounded by a layer of

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at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases

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is not controlled by menstruation in other species.

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This causes them to 579:, which constrict the 542: 435: 218:in the brain, and the 187: 172:hormonal birth control 50: 6469:Healthcare inequality 6271:Gender discrimination 6075:Human papilloma virus 5750:Vesicovaginal fistula 5427:Menstrual suppression 5389:Menstrual Hygiene Day 5321:Premenstrual syndrome 4996:Premature ejaculation 4991:Hard flaccid syndrome 4661:Human sexual activity 4491:at Wikimedia Commons 4169:Malden, Massachusetts 3775:BBC Earth lay summary 3642:10.1093/humrep/dey360 2272:(Comparative study). 1102:Vitamins and Hormones 937:Menstruation (mammal) 935:Further information: 787:premenstrual syndrome 756: 639: 540: 495:embryonic development 433: 274:, in an event called 185: 152:premenstrual syndrome 48: 38:menstruation (mammal) 6576:Nurses' Health Study 6484:Reproductive justice 6435:Urinary incontinence 6055:Sexually transmitted 5910:Intrauterine devices 5755:Rectovaginal fistula 5745:Obstetrical fistulae 5673:Gestational diabetes 5668:Obstetrical bleeding 5643:Adolescent pregnancy 5628:Gravidity and parity 5623:Unintended pregnancy 4986:Erectile dysfunction 1264:Rodriguez-Landa 2017 6489:Women's empowerment 6357:Alzheimer's disease 5988:Cloth menstrual pad 5945:Fertility awareness 5915:Oral contraceptives 5797:Perinatal mortality 5362:Cloth menstrual pad 5331:Menstrual psychosis 5293:Menstrual synchrony 5142:Fertility awareness 4765:reproductive system 4753:Vaginal lubrication 4531:sexual reproduction 4449:Watchman T (2020). 4422:. 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Philadelphia: 4317: 4286: 4259:(1st ed.). 4248: 4217: 4202:(5th ed.). 4194: 4159: 4126: 4125: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4077: 4059: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4007: 3989: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3808: 3784: 3778: 3777:, 20 April 2015. 3772: 3762: 3730: 3715: 3714: 3704: 3687:(6): 1160–1169. 3672: 3663: 3662: 3644: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3538: 3528: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3271:Am Fam Physician 3262: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3235: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3145: 3135: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2880:(5): 1047–1058. 2865: 2859: 2858: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2760:. Medscape LLC. 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2592: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2464: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2423: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2359: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2285: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2098: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2042: 2032: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1959: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1922: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1866: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1502: 1501: 1491: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1391: 1385: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1347: 1341: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1305: 1304: 1276: 1267: 1261: 1252: 1251: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1184: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1136: 1135: 1097: 1080: 1065: 1059: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1023: 963:Acomys cahirinus 860:find that their 759:ovarian follicle 757:A human primary 749:Menstrual health 738:eating disorders 732:does not occur ( 562:developing world 381:folliculogenesis 366:antral follicles 331:Follicular phase 325:Follicular phase 137:follicular phase 21: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6726:Menstrual cycle 6711: 6710: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6638: 6623:Family planning 6601: 6595: 6562: 6539: 6498: 6492: 6464:Gender equality 6447: 6441: 6387: 6338: 6320:Cervical cancer 6282: 6275: 6213: 6203: 6193: 6184:Sex differences 6142:Forced marriage 6091: 6056: 6046: 6036: 5978:Menstrual cycle 5949: 5902:Family planning 5900: 5891: 5844: 5833: 5792:Maternal deaths 5783: 5774:Postpartum care 5720:Multiple births 5696: 5605: 5598: 5531: 5522: 5519: 5511: 5501: 5471: 5466: 5432:Menstrual taboo 5417:Menstrual leave 5393: 5335: 5307: 5303:Sexual activity 5276: 5267:Polymenorrhagia 5252:Oligoamenorrhea 5212:Cryptomenorrhea 5188: 5161: 5157:Creighton Model 5130: 5097: 5076: 5045: 5043:Menstrual cycle 5040: 5010: 5005: 4959: 4936: 4903: 4876:and infertility 4875: 4868: 4845: 4764: 4757: 4655: 4585:Spermatogenesis 4571: 4539:Menstrual cycle 4533: 4524: 4489:Menstrual cycle 4480: 4475: 4461: 4434: 4403: 4368: 4337: 4306: 4296:Rijeka, Croatia 4275: 4237: 4214: 4183: 4173:Wiley-Blackwell 4156: 4146:SAGE Publishing 4135: 4130: 4129: 4108:(6): 615.e1–6. 4098: 4091: 4028: 4021: 3966: 3962: 3923: 3919: 3880: 3876: 3837: 3830: 3785: 3781: 3731: 3718: 3673: 3666: 3621: 3617: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3450: 3446: 3415:(9): CD013225. 3401: 3397: 3352: 3348: 3325: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3263: 3259: 3212: 3208: 3163: 3159: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3054: 3050: 3003: 2999: 2960: 2956: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2866: 2862: 2823: 2819: 2796: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2658: 2636: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2523: 2519: 2482: 2478: 2441: 2437: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2336: 2332: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2262: 2258: 2213: 2209: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2073:on 26 June 2015 2061: 2060: 2056: 2015:(6): e0178884. 2001: 1997: 1940: 1936: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1880: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1648: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1505: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1394: 1386: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1350: 1342: 1335: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1308: 1277: 1270: 1262: 1255: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1185: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1139: 1124: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1066: 1062: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1015: 967:menstrual cycle 955:elephant shrews 939: 933: 905: 899: 771:granulosa cells 751: 729: 723: 675: 673:Secretory phase 634: 626:iron deficiency 581:spiral arteries 566:developed world 557: 551: 535: 526: 520: 476:fraternal twins 428: 422: 400:androstenedione 341:granulosa cells 333: 327: 307:corpus albicans 303:antral follicle 263: 180: 55:menstrual cycle 49:Menstrual cycle 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6764: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6746:Women's health 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6708: 6707: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6600:Women's health 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6507:United Nations 6500: 6499:& advocacy 6494: 6493: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6446:Sociocultural 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6334:Ovarian cancer 6331: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6310:Uterine cancer 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6254:Sexual assault 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6132:Child marriage 6129: 6127:Breast ironing 6124: 6119: 6117:Breast binding 6114: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6105:Clitoridectomy 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5983:Menstrual aids 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5767:Husband stitch 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5638:Antenatal care 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5584:Fallopian tube 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5536: 5534: 5530:Reproductive 5523: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5509:Women's health 5500: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5452:Period poverty 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5281:Related events 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Oligoovulation 5259: 5257:Oligomenorrhea 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5121:Cervical mucus 5118: 5112: 5110: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4769: 4767: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4669:Sexual arousal 4665: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4590:spermatogonium 4581: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4479: 4478:External links 4476: 4474: 4473: 4459: 4446: 4432: 4415: 4401: 4380: 4366: 4349: 4335: 4327:Wolters Kluwer 4318: 4304: 4298:: IntechOpen. 4287: 4273: 4261:Abingdon, Oxon 4249: 4235: 4218: 4212: 4204:Academic Press 4195: 4181: 4160: 4154: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4089: 4019: 3960: 3939:10.1086/419369 3933:(2): 181–220. 3917: 3896:10.1086/418170 3890:(3): 335–386. 3874: 3853:10.1086/420183 3847:(2): 163–173. 3828: 3799:(S45): 59–84. 3779: 3716: 3664: 3635:(2): 308–322. 3615: 3562: 3550: 3499: 3497:, p. 948. 3487: 3460:(9): 671–675. 3444: 3395: 3366:(2): 287–302. 3346: 3319: 3300: 3277:(2): 141–147. 3257: 3206: 3157: 3106: 3091: 3064:(3): 441–453. 3048: 2997: 2970:(3): 283–294. 2954: 2927: 2901: 2860: 2817: 2787: 2775: 2744: 2732: 2703:(3): 191–197. 2683: 2671: 2656: 2627: 2575:(3): 149–155. 2552: 2533:(5): 310–321. 2517: 2496:(3): 218–225. 2476: 2455:(4): 611–617. 2435: 2406:(3): 238–246. 2383: 2371: 2330: 2297: 2276:(4): 557–564. 2256: 2207: 2196:(5): 283–286. 2180: 2168: 2166:, p. 600. 2153: 2151:, p. 152. 2141: 2084: 2054: 1995: 1950:(6): 399–414. 1934: 1913:(6): F55–F67. 1893: 1891:, p. 117. 1878: 1857:(3): 824–846. 1837: 1825: 1804:(3): 253–261. 1784: 1782:, p. 976. 1769: 1767:, p. 959. 1757: 1745: 1743:, p. 192. 1733: 1721: 1719:, p. 283. 1706: 1685:(5): 550–558. 1665: 1646: 1624: 1622:, p. 746. 1612: 1610:, p. 920. 1600: 1598:, p. 953. 1588: 1576: 1574:, p. 943. 1561: 1559:, p. 745. 1549: 1547:, p. 942. 1534: 1522: 1520:, p. 945. 1503: 1454: 1439: 1437:, p. 115. 1427: 1411: 1392: 1375: 1363: 1361:, p. 929. 1348: 1346:, p. 957. 1333: 1331:, p. 747. 1321: 1319:, p. 741. 1306: 1287:(6): 527–530. 1268: 1253: 1230: 1218: 1166: 1154: 1152:, p. 944. 1137: 1122: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1060: 1039: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1002: 994: 990: 977:introduced by 943:female mammals 932: 929: 901:Main article: 898: 895: 871:anticonvulsant 869:their regular 815:woman's health 795:tender breasts 750: 747: 725:Main article: 722: 719: 674: 671: 654:cervical mucus 633: 630: 595:breaks up the 577:prostaglandins 553:Main article: 550: 547: 534: 531: 522:Main article: 519: 516: 491:fertilized egg 444:fallopian tube 424:Main article: 421: 418: 337:egg stem cells 329:Main article: 326: 323: 262: 259: 179: 176: 156:tender breasts 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6763: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6706: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6679: 6678: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6545:United States 6542: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Disadvantaged 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6420:Urinary tract 6418: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396:Mental health 6394: 6393: 6384: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305:Breast cancer 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6214:against women 6209: 6206: 6200: 6190: 6189:Sex education 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122:Breast health 6120: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6043: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Menstrual cup 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5897:Contraception 5894: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5858:Childlessness 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5843:Reproductive 5840: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5817:Sterilization 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Preterm birth 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5550:Clitoral hood 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518:Reproductive 5514: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5377:Menstrual pad 5375: 5373: 5372:Menstrual cup 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:Menstrual pad 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5313:Mental health 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Hypomenorrhea 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5126:Mittelschmerz 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4932:Breastfeeding 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724:Fertilization 4722: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4577:Gametogenesis 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042:(4): e10258. 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2915: 2911: 2910:"Period pain" 2905: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2785:, p. 50. 2784: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754:"Anovulation" 2748: 2742:, p. 44. 2741: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2681:, p. 46. 2680: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Contraception 2521: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2178:, p. 99. 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2145: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1889:Ugwumadu 2014 1885: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1835:, p. 91. 1834: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Contraception 1795: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1761: 1755:, p. 36. 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1653: 1649: 1647:0-8153-3218-1 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1620:Sherwood 2016 1616: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1586:, p. 48. 1585: 1580: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1558: 1557:Sherwood 2016 1553: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1532:, p. 86. 1531: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1451: 1450:Watchman 2020 1446: 1444: 1436: 1435:Ugwumadu 2014 1431: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1409:, p. 45. 1408: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1373:, p. 41. 1372: 1367: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1330: 1329:Sherwood 2016 1325: 1318: 1317:Sherwood 2016 1313: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1228:, p. 40. 1227: 1222: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1164:, p. 42. 1163: 1158: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1096: 1092: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1036: 1035:Breastfeeding 1031: 1022: 1018: 1007: 1003: 1000: 995: 991: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 953:species, the 952: 948: 947:estrous cycle 944: 938: 928: 926: 922: 921:skin implants 918: 912: 910: 904: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:acetazolamide 876: 872: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 851:immune system 848: 843: 841: 837: 836: 835:mittelschmerz 830: 828: 822: 818: 816: 812: 811:endometriosis 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 779:H&E stain 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 746: 744: 739: 735: 728: 718: 715: 713: 709: 708:smooth muscle 705: 704:contractility 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 670: 668: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 638: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 613: 612:perimenopause 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 556: 546: 539: 533:Uterine cycle 530: 525: 515: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 471: 469: 465: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 432: 427: 417: 414: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 332: 322: 320: 316: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287:corpus luteum 284: 283:fertilization 279: 277: 273: 268: 261:Ovarian cycle 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 234:(LH). Before 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 208:luteal phases 205: 201: 197: 193: 184: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 118:fertilization 115: 111: 107: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6374:Hip fracture 6369:Osteoporosis 6110:Infibulation 6010:Dysmenorrhea 6003:Sanitary pad 5977: 5955:Menstruation 5683:Preeclampsia 5678:Hypertension 5562:Labia majora 5557:Labia minora 5247:Metrorrhagia 5217:Dysmenorrhea 5072:Luteal phase 5057:Menstruation 5042: 4836:Paternal age 4832:Maternal age 4805:Tanner scale 4788:Virilization 4783:Feminization 4733:Implantation 4719:Insemination 4703:Ejaculation 4679:Masturbation 4595:spermatocyte 4567:Luteal phase 4552:Menstruation 4538: 4493: 4481: 4450: 4419: 4384: 4353: 4322: 4291: 4256: 4222: 4199: 4164: 4141: 4133:Book sources 4105: 4101: 4039: 4035: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3844: 3840: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3745:(1): 26–35. 3742: 3738: 3684: 3680: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3585: 3581: 3558:Tortora 2017 3553: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3495:Tortora 2017 3490: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3328: 3322: 3309: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3274: 3270: 3260: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2936: 2930: 2918:. Retrieved 2913: 2904: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2833:(1): 52–61. 2830: 2826: 2820: 2799: 2778: 2766:. Retrieved 2757: 2747: 2735: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2674: 2639: 2618:. Retrieved 2572: 2568: 2555: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2403: 2399: 2379:Tortora 2017 2374: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2176:Johnson 2007 2171: 2164:Tortora 2017 2149:Johnson 2007 2144: 2132:. Retrieved 2104: 2100: 2087: 2075:. Retrieved 2071:the original 2066: 2057: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1910: 1907:Reproduction 1906: 1896: 1864:10.2741/3959 1854: 1850: 1840: 1833:Johnson 2007 1828: 1801: 1797: 1787: 1780:Tortora 2017 1765:Tortora 2017 1760: 1748: 1741:Johnson 2007 1736: 1729:Johnson 2007 1724: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1656:. Retrieved 1637: 1627: 1615: 1608:Tortora 2017 1603: 1596:Tortora 2017 1591: 1579: 1572:Tortora 2017 1552: 1545:Tortora 2017 1530:Johnson 2007 1525: 1518:Tortora 2017 1471: 1467: 1457: 1452:, p. 8. 1430: 1414: 1388:Tortora 2017 1366: 1359:Tortora 2017 1344:Tortora 2017 1324: 1284: 1280: 1266:, p. 8. 1239: 1233: 1221: 1209:. Retrieved 1192: 1157: 1150:Tortora 2017 1105: 1101: 1095: 1077:appendicitis 1073:ovarian cyst 1071:or ruptured 1063: 1056:pregnenolone 1042: 1030: 1021: 962: 940: 913: 906: 855: 844: 839: 833: 831: 823: 819: 807:Dysmenorrhea 784: 765:. The round 730: 716: 684:implantation 676: 660:and is less 651: 643: 617: 616: 605: 574: 558: 555:Menstruation 549:Menstruation 544: 527: 524:Luteal phase 518:Luteal phase 484: 472: 460: 437: 397: 395:(egg cell). 374: 362:polar bodies 334: 311: 295:implantation 291:progesterone 280: 264: 240: 216:hypothalamus 212:menstruation 189: 149: 145:luteal phase 134: 130:menstruation 103: 87:progesterone 54: 52: 42: 34:menstruation 29: 6677:WikiProject 6364:Bone health 6300:Lung cancer 6137:Dyspareunia 6080:HPV vaccine 6020:Amenorrhoea 6015:Menorrhagia 5853:Infertility 5802:Stillbirths 5663:Miscarriage 5207:Anovulation 5171:Suppression 5081:Life stages 4981:Dyspareunia 4976:Dysorgasmia 4922:Development 3126:(4): 1667. 2920:12 November 2620:27 February 2134:27 February 1753:Sadler 2019 1717:Parker 2019 1658:25 February 1584:Sadler 2019 1052:cholesterol 993:menstruate. 887:triptorelin 840:middle pain 775:theca cells 734:anovulation 727:Anovulation 622:menorrhagia 618:Eumenorrhea 601:milliliters 597:blood clots 468:sperm cells 345:theca cells 317:, there is 315:lunar cycle 168:period pain 114:endometrium 73:that makes 6715:Categories 6602:by country 6406:Depression 6057:infections 5762:Episiotomy 5702:Childbirth 5633:Obstetrics 5462:Tampon tax 5202:Amenorrhea 5001:Vaginismus 4971:Anorgasmia 4825:Adrenarche 4820:Spermarche 4800:Gonadarche 4469:1233034578 4360:Learning. 4345:1042400100 4314:1193045564 4283:1121130010 4245:1091644711 4225:. London: 3929:(Review). 3886:(Review). 3843:(Review). 3795:(Review). 3519:(1): 114. 3362:(Review). 3329:StatPearls 3273:(Review). 3226:(4): 198. 3222:(Review). 3122:(Review). 3060:(Review). 3017:: 590823. 2966:(Review). 2937:StatPearls 2829:(Review). 2800:StatPearls 2783:Prior 2020 2740:Prior 2020 2679:Prior 2020 2571:(Review). 2529:(Review). 2492:(Review). 2451:(Review). 2402:(Review). 2346:(Review). 2223:(Review). 2192:(Review). 2103:(Review). 2011:(Review). 1957:1704.08590 1946:(Review). 1909:(Review). 1800:(Review). 1681:(Review). 1474:(1): 3–8. 1470:(Review). 1421:, p. 1407:Prior 2020 1371:Prior 2020 1283:(Review). 1242:(Review). 1226:Prior 2020 1195:(Review). 1162:Prior 2020 1104:(Review). 1087:References 983:copulation 763:microscopy 761:viewed by 688:blastocyst 499:blastocyst 452:myometrium 230:(FSH) and 204:follicular 143:, and the 6736:Midwifery 6232:Pregnancy 6212:Violence 6152:Vaginitis 6025:Menopause 5885:Fostering 5875:Parenting 5845:life plan 5710:Midwifery 5688:Eclampsia 5615:Pregnancy 5604:Maternal 5407:Chhaupadi 5194:Disorders 5093:Menopause 5067:Ovulation 4927:Lactation 4917:Thelarche 4894:Andrology 4841:Menopause 4738:Pregnancy 4728:Fertility 4683:Erection 4639:Germ cell 4612:Oogenesis 4600:spermatid 4562:Ovulation 4442:889303297 4411:990424568 4376:905848832 4265:Routledge 4066:1932-6203 3996:2673-3153 3739:BioEssays 3651:0268-1161 3341:NBK549822 3220:Brain Sci 3086:199437314 2949:NBK560834 2812:NBK560698 2666:243129220 2350:: 68–82. 2107:: 62–89. 1211:8 January 1050:converts 1006:placentas 999:cytokines 975:pathogens 965:) have a 891:goserelin 799:tiredness 680:receptive 647:estradiol 440:ovulation 426:Ovulation 420:Ovulation 404:aromatase 358:divisions 354:oogenesis 349:gestation 276:ovulation 255:menopause 192:follicles 160:tiredness 141:ovulation 126:implanted 122:nutrients 75:pregnancy 18:Menstrual 6705:Medicine 6653:Category 6613:Ethiopia 6535:UN Women 6352:Dementia 6283:diseases 6266:Femicide 6244:Misogyny 6164:Polygamy 6065:Safe sex 5973:Menarche 5880:Adoption 5807:Abortion 5725:Oxytocin 5545:Clitoris 5412:In Islam 5102:Tracking 5088:Menarche 4864:Vivipary 4834: / 4815:Menarche 4810:Pubarche 4692:Clitoral 4644:gonocyte 4617:oogonium 4547:Menarche 4253:Prior JC 4191:76074156 4122:19136085 4084:20422011 4036:PLOS ONE 4014:36303960 3912:23738569 3869:25135630 3823:44416632 3815:18046752 3769:22057551 3711:32129461 3659:30561655 3602:27503621 3545:29940996 3482:21166687 3474:25079452 3439:34528245 3390:28390570 3337:31747229 3287:Archived 3283:20642266 3252:32230889 3201:31195407 3152:33572406 3078:31378287 3043:33132854 2992:51968811 2984:30098748 2945:32809669 2896:33030880 2855:28184066 2847:29298169 2808:32809533 2768:30 March 2762:Archived 2758:Medscape 2727:29537383 2611:Archived 2599:28488202 2547:28801053 2512:26661899 2471:30929718 2430:29313033 2366:32169418 2292:16197581 2251:27022074 2202:27166462 2125:Archived 2121:29422239 2049:28591132 2009:PLOS ONE 1982:29778270 1929:30521482 1873:22201776 1820:25869631 1701:30739329 1652:Archived 1498:21268179 1301:26703478 1248:29261991 1205:Archived 1201:25905282 1193:Endotext 1132:29544627 1108:: 1–25. 957:and the 945:have an 927:(IUDs). 875:clobazam 862:seizures 858:epilepsy 700:proteins 692:Glycogen 511:placenta 267:estrogen 251:menarche 99:Menarche 83:estrogen 6665:Commons 6454:Poverty 6448:factors 6425:Urethra 6401:Anxiety 6383:Anaemia 6179:Puberty 6159:Leblouh 6045:Sexual 5920:Condoms 5340:Hygiene 5135:Systems 4899:Hormone 4795:Puberty 4358:Cengage 4075:2858159 4044:Bibcode 4005:9580781 3955:6207295 3947:8693059 3904:8210311 3861:9618925 3760:3528014 3702:7253787 3536:6020216 3430:8444032 3381:5385852 3293:4 March 3243:7226433 3192:6785086 3143:7916245 3034:7573391 2718:6083466 2607:3773043 2421:5689497 2242:4822427 2077:25 June 2040:5462398 2017:Bibcode 1990:4581833 1962:Bibcode 1489:3164815 917:patches 706:of the 682:to the 662:viscous 593:plasmin 591:called 487:ampulla 480:fimbria 456:inhibin 454:), and 448:relaxin 370:Meiosis 236:puberty 194:of the 110:oocytes 69:of the 67:ovaries 59:hormone 6691:Portal 6630:Russia 6292:Cancer 6204:health 6174:Orgasm 6047:health 5998:Tampon 5606:health 5579:Uterus 5574:Cervix 5569:Vagina 5520:health 5447:Niddah 5367:Tampon 4955:Female 4909:Breast 4712:Female 4699:Orgasm 4687:Penile 4649:gamete 4622:oocyte 4467: 4457: 4440: 4430: 4409: 4399: 4374: 4364: 4343: 4333: 4312: 4302: 4281: 4271: 4243: 4233: 4210: 4189: 4179: 4152: 4120: 4082: 4072: 4064: 4012: 4002: 3994: 3953: 3945: 3910: 3902: 3867: 3859: 3821: 3813: 3767: 3757: 3709: 3699: 3657: 3649: 3608: 3600: 3543: 3533: 3480: 3472: 3437: 3427: 3388: 3378: 3335: 3281: 3250: 3240: 3199: 3189: 3150: 3140: 3084: 3076: 3041: 3031: 2990: 2982: 2943: 2914:nhs.uk 2894: 2853: 2845: 2806: 2725: 2715: 2664: 2654: 2605: 2597: 2545: 2510: 2469: 2428: 2418: 2364: 2290: 2249: 2239: 2200: 2119: 2047: 2037: 1988: 1980: 1927: 1871: 1818: 1699: 1644: 1634:"Eggs" 1496: 1486: 1299: 1246: 1199: 1130: 1120: 797:, and 767:oocyte 698:, and 696:lipids 589:enzyme 568:. 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