40:
818:(NSAIDs) and hormonal contraceptives. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production. With long-term treatment, hormonal birth control reduces the amount of uterine fluid/tissue expelled from the uterus. Thus resulting in shorter, less painful menstruation. These drugs are typically more effective than treatments that do not target the source of the pain (e.g. acetaminophen). Regular physical activity may limit the severity of uterine cramps.
3065:
497:
must be passed through the cervix and vagina. It typically takes the shape of the uterus itself. Membranous dysmenorrhea is extremely rare and there are very few reported cases. The underlying cause is unknown, though some evidence suggests it may be associated with ectopic pregnancy or the use of hormonal contraception.
861:
may improve symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. A 2009 systematic review (updated in 2023) found evidence that the low or medium doses of estrogen contained in the birth control pill reduces pain associated with dysmenorrhea. In addition, no differences between different birth control pill preparations
664:
was found to be the gene most associated with primary dysmenorrhea in terms of its phenotypic impact. This gene encodes a protein essential for the regulation of immunity and inflammation.15 While the mechanism of how it influences PD has yet to be discovered, it is assumed that possible mutations in
769:
of menstrual pain that interferes with daily activities. However, there is no universally accepted standard technique for quantifying the severity of menstrual pains. There are various quantification models, called menstrual symptometrics, that can be used to estimate the severity of menstrual pains
496:
is a type of secondary dysmenorrhea in which the entire lining of the uterus is shed all at once rather than over the course of several days as is typical. Signs and symptoms include spotting, bleeding, abdominal pain, and menstrual cramps. The resulting uterine tissue is called a decidual cast and
432:
There are two types of dysmenorrhea, primary and secondary, based on the absence or presence of an underlying cause. Primary dysmenorrhea occurs without an associated underlying condition, while secondary dysmenorrhea has a specific underlying cause, typically a condition that affects the uterus or
641:
there was an associated increase in the likelihood of the individual experiencing PD. While a CC/GG genotype led to an increase in likelihood of the individual experiencing severe menstrual pain, a CC/GC genotype led to a more significant likelihood of the disorder impacting the individual overall
1100:
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems, regardless of age or race. It is one of the most frequently identified causes of pelvic pain in those who menstruate. Dysmenorrhea is estimated to affect between 50% and 90% of female adolescents and women of reproductive age. Another
608:
who have the ESR1 gene variation Xbal and possess the Xbal AA genotype are more susceptible to experiencing mild to severe menstrual pain resulting from their primary pathology. Commonly, genetic mutations which are a hallmark of or associated with specific disorders can produce dysmenorrhea as a
1101:
report states that estimates can vary between 16% and 91% of surveyed individuals, with severe pain observed in 2% to 29% of menstruating individuals. Reports of dysmenorrhea are greatest among individuals in their late teens and 20s, with reports usually declining with age. The prevalence in
569:
underlying each phenotype, the specific correlating genotypes have not yet been identified. These phenotypes are prevalent at different levels in different population demographics, suggesting different allelic frequencies across populations (in terms of race, ethnicity, and nationality).
684:, as well as pain response. The implication of these genes impacting Dysmenorrhea is significant as it suggests mutations which affect the immune system (specifically the inflammatory response) and pain response may also be a cause of primary dysmenorrhea.
400:. Symptoms of dysmenorrhea often begin immediately after ovulation and can last until the end of menstruation. This is because dysmenorrhea is often associated with changes in hormonal levels in the body that occur with ovulation. In particular,
612:
In contrast with secondary dysmenorrhea, primary dysmenorrhea (PD) has no underlying pathology. Genetic mutation and variations have therefore been thought to underlie this disorder and contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. There are multiple
741:
cause the uterus to contract and can result in systemic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, bloating and headaches or migraines. Prostaglandins are thought to be a major factor in primary dysmenorrhea. When the uterine muscles contract, they
1024:), and that they were inconsistent. There are conflicting reports in the literature, including one review which found that acupressure, topical heat, and behavioral interventions are likely effective. It found the effect of acupuncture and
665:
IL1A or genes which interact with it impact the regulation of inflammation during menstruation. These mutations may therefore affect pain responses during menstruation which lead to the differing phenotypes associated with dysmenorrhea.
782:
Once a diagnosis of dysmenorrhea is made, further workup is required to search for any secondary underlying cause of it, in order to be able to treat it specifically and to avoid the aggravation of a perhaps serious underlying cause.
1129:
showed that 14 percent of females between the ages of 20 to 35 experience symptoms so severe that they stay home from school or work. Among adolescent girls, dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent short-term school absence.
419:
For many, primary dysmenorrhea symptoms gradually subside after their mid-20s. Pregnancy has also been demonstrated to lessen the severity of dysmenorrhea, when menstruation resumes. However, dysmenorrhea can continue until
1109:
adolescent females indicated an elevated prevalence and impact in this group. Another study indicated that dysmenorrhea was present in 36.4% of participants, and was significantly associated with lower age and lower
404:
induce abdominal contractions that can cause pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. The use of certain types of birth control pills can prevent the symptoms of dysmenorrhea because they stop ovulation from occurring.
482:, certain cancers, and pelvic infections cause secondary dysmenorrhea. If the pain occurs between menstrual periods, lasts longer than the first few days of the period, or is not adequately relieved by the use of
3988:
3969:
1600:
642:
and increasing the likelihood of any of the three phenotypes. A second associated SNP was located 308 base pairs upstream from the start codon of the TNF-α gene, in which guanine was substituted for
1790:
Nabeshima H, Murakami T, Nishimoto M, Sugawara N, Sato N (2008). "Successful total laparoscopic cystic adenomyomectomy after unsuccessful open surgery using transtrocar ultrasonographic guiding".
1380:
1105:
females has been reported to be 67.2% by one study and 90% by another. It has been stated that there is no significant difference in prevalence or incidence between races, although one study of
3216:
Nagulapalli
Venkata KC, Swaroop A, Bagchi D, Bishayee A (June 2017). "A small plant with big benefits: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) for disease prevention and health promotion".
757:
Compared with non-dysmenorrheic individuals, those with primary dysmenorrhea have increased activity of the uterine muscle with increased contractility and increased frequency of contractions.
1031:
A 2007 systematic review found some scientific evidence that behavioral interventions may be effective, but that the results should be viewed with caution due to poor quality of the data.
290:
Dysmenorrhea occurs less often in those who exercise regularly and those who have children early in life. Treatment may include the use of a heating pad. Medications that may help include
4099:
668:
Two additionally well studied SNPs which are suspected to contribute to PD were found in ZM1Z1 (the mutant allele called rs76518691) and NGF (the mutant allele called rs7523831). Both
2303:
Erten S, Altunoglu A, Keskin HL, Ceylan GG, Yazıcı A, Dalgaci AF, et al. (September 2013). "Increased frequency of MEFV gene mutations in patients with primary dysmenorrhea".
3937:
2260:
Dogru HY, Ozsoy AZ, Karakus N, Delibas IB, Isguder CK, Yigit S (August 2016). "Association of
Genetic Polymorphisms in TNF and MIF Gene with the Risk of Primary Dysmenorrhea".
1282:
754:. These contractions, and the resulting temporary oxygen deprivation to nearby tissues, are thought to be responsible for the pain or cramps experienced during menstruation.
1845:
Acién P, Acién M, Fernández F, José Mayol M, Aranda I (November 2010). "The cavitated accessory uterine mass: a Müllerian anomaly in women with an otherwise normal uterus".
565:
have been identified for dysmenorrhea which include "multiple severe symptoms", "mild localized pain", and "severe localized pain". While there are likely differences in
746:
to the tissue of the endometrium, which, in turn, breaks down and dies. These uterine contractions continue as they squeeze the old, dead endometrial tissue through the
653:
and dysmenorrhea, which are considered to be causative. The phenotypes associated with these mutations in the MEFV genes have been better studied; individuals who are
2134:
Arslan HS, Nursal AF, Inanir A, Karakus N, Yigit S (2021-08-26). "Influence of ESR1 Variants on
Clinical Characteristics and Fibromyalgia Syndrome in Turkish Women".
1592:
3383:
Gao L, Jia C, Zhang H, Ma C (October 2017). "Wenjing decoction (herbal medicine) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4092:
1236:
4085:
546:
condition. There is strong evidence of familial predisposition and genetic factors increasing susceptibility to dysmenorrhea. There have been multiple
2827:"Subdermal implantable contraceptives versus other forms of reversible contraceptives or other implants as effective methods of preventing pregnancy"
2570:
Miller L, Notter KM (November 2001). "Menstrual reduction with extended use of combination oral contraceptive pills: randomized controlled trial".
912:
There is some evidence that exercises performed 3 times a week for about 45 to 60 minutes, without particular intensity, reduces menstrual pain.
5068:
3313:"Efficacy of Ginger for Alleviating the Symptoms of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"
983:. A 2016 review found that evidence of safety is insufficient for most dietary supplements. There is some evidence for the use of fenugreek.
236:. Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the
903:. Heat is effective compared to NSAIDs and is a preferred option by many patients, as it is easy to access and has no known side effects.
1077:
531:
Genetic factors, stress and depression are risk factors for dysmenorrhea. Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea include: early age at
4923:
585:
have been similarly been correlated with an increased risk of severe menstrual pain, but not with moderate or occasional phenotypes.
2736:
Archer DF (November 2006). "Menstrual-cycle-related symptoms: a review of the rationale for continuous use of oral contraceptives".
1274:
3691:
1710:"Prevalence of endometriosis diagnosed by laparoscopy in adolescents with dysmenorrhea or chronic pelvic pain: a systematic review"
604:
related to their diagnoses which produce dysmenorrhea as a symptom of their primary diagnosis. It has been found that those with
3352:
Zhu X, Proctor M, Bensoussan A, Wu E, Smith CA (April 2008). Zhu X (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea".
1456:
920:
There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of many herbal or dietary supplements for treating dysmenorrhea, including
634:
622:
646:. A GG genotype at the loci is associated with the disorder and has been proposed as a possible genetic marker to predict PD.
3536:
2927:
2894:
1656:
815:
5046:
5036:
5192:
4886:
826:
483:
4530:
3858:
1229:
3644:
Sharma P, Malhotra C, Taneja DK, Saha R (February 2008). "Problems related to menstruation amongst adolescent girls".
2943:
Gupta HP, Singh U, Sinha S (July 2007). "Laevonorgestrel intra-uterine system--a revolutionary intra-uterine device".
4700:
4219:
2724:
2487:
1833:
504:
is used for diagnosis, the most common cause of dysmenorrhea is endometriosis, in approximately 70% of adolescents.
263:, irregular periods, those whose periods started before twelve years of age and those who have a low body weight. A
5215:
4405:
862:
were found. The review did not determine if the estrogen in birth control pills was more effective than NSAIDs.
271:
in individuals who are sexually active may be useful for diagnosis. Conditions that should be ruled out include
5202:
4314:
614:
582:
1406:
577:
gene have been commonly associated with severe dysmenorrhea. Variant genotypes in the metabolic genes such as
4916:
2716:
3167:
Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, Sangkomkamhang US, Barnes J, Seyfoddin V, Marjoribanks J (March 2016).
1122:
individuals with primary dysmenorrhea, the severity of menstrual pain decreased significantly after age 40.
247:
Dysmenorrhea can occur without an underlying problem. Underlying issues that can cause dysmenorrhea include
5372:
5236:
5187:
1680:
4827:
4356:
3942:
798:
424:. 5–15% of women with dysmenorrhea experience symptoms severe enough to interfere with daily activities.
276:
147:
3807:"Natural progression of menstrual pain in nulliparous women at reproductive age: an observational study"
4822:
4555:
4252:
520:
657:
for these mutations are more likely to be affected by PD which presents as a severe pain phenotype.
5131:
5041:
4871:
4440:
2970:
Morgan PJ, Kung R, Tarshis J (May 2002). "Nitroglycerin as a uterine relaxant: a systematic review".
471:
4388:
2919:
5346:
5326:
5288:
4909:
4207:
4003:
2910:
Loose DS, Stancel GM (2006). "Estrogens and
Progestins". In Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (eds.).
952:, guava, and uzara. Further research is recommended to follow up on weak evidence of benefit for:
900:
413:
341:. When there is no underlying cause, often the pain improves with age or following having a child.
2395:
Harel Z (December 2006). "Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: etiology and management".
626:
4755:
4705:
4661:
4319:
1002:
574:
1005:
for primary dysmenorrhea, but that the evidence was limited by its poor methodological quality.
5116:
5073:
5005:
4733:
4309:
4148:
4108:
2531:"Menstrual symptometrics: a simple computer-aided method to quantify menstrual cycle disorders"
1614:
858:
588:
The occurrence and frequency of secondary dysmenorrhea (SD) has been associated with different
547:
487:
299:
183:
138:
4043:
2886:
2878:
5316:
5301:
5278:
5210:
5060:
4738:
4592:
4535:
4460:
4398:
4259:
4077:
1751:"Action of aromatase inhibitor for treatment of uterine leiomyoma in perimenopausal patients"
1118:
is said to relieve dysmenorrhea, but this does not always occur. One study indicated that in
1046:
may decrease symptoms, a 2006 systematic review found that overall no evidence suggests that
909:
has been used effectively to reduce uterine contractility and pain in dysmenorrhea patients.
280:
151:
2911:
1001:
powder may be effective for primary dysmenorrhea. Reviews have found promising evidence for
660:
Genes related to immunity have been identified as playing a significant role in PD as well.
4750:
4175:
2499:
Rosenwaks Z, Seegar-Jones G (October 1980). "Menstrual pain: its origin and pathogenesis".
1951:
1089:
1064:
479:
357:. It is also commonly felt in the right or left side of the abdomen. It may radiate to the
303:
187:
3478:
Proctor ML, Murphy PA, Pattison HM, Suckling J, Farquhar CM (July 2007). Proctor M (ed.).
8:
5251:
5220:
5182:
5031:
4861:
4800:
4656:
4054:
3992:
3115:
Armour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, Ayati Z, Chalmers KJ, Steel KA, et al. (September 2019).
2912:
2667:
Armour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, Ayati Z, Chalmers KJ, Steel KA, et al. (September 2019).
1536:"Experimental and procedural pain responses in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review"
1485:"Supportive therapy for dysmenorrhea: Time to look beyond mefenamic acid in primary care"
1186:
Osayande AS, Mehulic S (March 2014). "Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea".
1047:
877:
720:
693:
673:
618:
441:
284:
155:
3699:
3601:
Ramirez C, Donnellan N (August 2017). "Pelvic denervation procedures for dysmenorrhea".
2802:
2777:
2749:
1955:
1080:
may reduce pain compared with sham TENS, but seems to be less effective than ibuprofen.
945:
5083:
4728:
4685:
4651:
4587:
4550:
4455:
4346:
4247:
4202:
4158:
4153:
3904:
3836:
3669:
3626:
3578:
3553:
3504:
3479:
3455:
3430:
3408:
3288:
3271:
3241:
3193:
3168:
3141:
3116:
2851:
2826:
2693:
2668:
2644:
2619:
2595:
2456:
2431:
2328:
2285:
2234:
2209:
2159:
2116:
2062:
2037:
1972:
1939:
1870:
1694:
1662:
1562:
1535:
1511:
1484:
791:
771:
734:
681:
555:
334:
67:
3997:
3823:
3806:
2983:
2583:
2547:
2530:
2147:
1034:
Spinal manipulation does not appear to be helpful. Although claims have been made for
333:
and women of reproductive age affected are between 50% and 90%. It is the most common
4743:
4641:
4324:
4212:
4014:
3896:
3892:
3828:
3787:
3736:
3661:
3630:
3618:
3583:
3532:
3509:
3460:
3400:
3365:
3334:
3293:
3233:
3198:
3146:
3054:
3028:
2987:
2952:
2923:
2890:
2856:
2807:
2753:
2720:
2698:
2649:
2587:
2552:
2508:
2483:
2461:
2412:
2372:
2367:
2350:
2320:
2277:
2239:
2190:
2163:
2151:
2108:
2103:
2086:
2067:
2018:
1977:
1911:
1862:
1829:
1807:
1772:
1767:
1750:
1731:
1652:
1567:
1516:
1320:
1195:
794:. Based on results from these, additional exams and tests may be motivated, such as:
397:
272:
143:
122:
55:
3908:
3840:
3673:
3529:
The
Chiropractic Profession: Its Education, Practice, Research and Future Directions
3412:
3245:
2599:
2332:
2289:
2120:
1874:
723:
and there is no pregnancy, the built-up uterine tissue is not needed and thus shed.
5331:
5311:
5271:
5241:
5177:
5121:
4951:
4866:
4795:
4597:
4425:
4192:
4131:
3888:
3818:
3777:
3767:
3726:
3653:
3610:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3392:
3361:
3357:
3324:
3283:
3225:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3095:
3018:
2979:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2745:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2579:
2542:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2404:
2362:
2312:
2269:
2229:
2221:
2143:
2098:
2057:
2049:
2008:
1967:
1959:
1901:
1854:
1799:
1762:
1721:
1644:
1557:
1547:
1506:
1496:
1227:
1111:
1043:
899:
supplementation seemed to be effective. A review indicated the usefulness of using
743:
463:
326:
is insufficient. Surgery may be useful if certain underlying problems are present.
248:
107:
535:, long or heavy menstrual periods, smoking, and a family history of dysmenorrhea.
5321:
5306:
5156:
5141:
5101:
4932:
4673:
4616:
4525:
4489:
4430:
4371:
4229:
4140:
4008:
3932:
3731:
3714:
3614:
2053:
1858:
1681:"How to manage a decidual cast, aka shedding your entire uterus lining in one go"
1058:
1053:
961:
787:
766:
47:
654:
5341:
5151:
5146:
4848:
4710:
4602:
4562:
4540:
4376:
4239:
4224:
4168:
4019:
3069:
2408:
2178:
1803:
1501:
1021:
838:
600:
region or other areas of the body. Individuals with disorders may have genetic
401:
389:
5010:
3982:
3978:
3756:"Premenstrual symptoms and dysmenorrhoea among Muslim women in Zaria, Nigeria"
3657:
3396:
2316:
2273:
5366:
5266:
5261:
5246:
5161:
5111:
5015:
4856:
4381:
4366:
4329:
4264:
4182:
3927:
1940:"Common variants in ZMIZ1 and near NGF confer risk for primary dysmenorrhoea"
1431:
892:
726:
617:(SNP) associated with PD. Two of the most well studied include an SNP in the
459:
437:
256:
115:
4065:
3854:
3772:
3755:
2351:"The use of calcium channel blockers in obstetrics and gynecology; a review"
2013:
1996:
1906:
1889:
1726:
1709:
1666:
837:
are effective in relieving the pain of primary dysmenorrhea. They can have
5136:
4961:
4946:
4775:
4628:
4507:
4415:
4334:
4269:
4197:
4112:
3900:
3832:
3791:
3740:
3665:
3622:
3587:
3513:
3464:
3404:
3369:
3338:
3297:
3237:
3229:
3202:
3150:
3058:
3032:
2991:
2956:
2874:
2860:
2811:
2757:
2702:
2653:
2591:
2556:
2465:
2416:
2324:
2281:
2243:
2194:
2155:
2112:
2071:
2022:
1981:
1915:
1866:
1811:
1776:
1735:
1571:
1520:
1324:
1199:
1115:
1035:
990:
and vitamin E to be likely effective. It found the effects of fish oil and
969:
869:
846:
677:
605:
516:
475:
409:
233:
76:
3023:
3006:
2512:
2376:
2038:"Dysmenorrhea Symptom-Based Phenotypes: A Replication and Extension Study"
2036:
Chen CX, Carpenter JS, Ofner S, LaPradd M, Fortenberry JD (January 2021).
1708:
Janssen EB, Rijkers AC, Hoppenbrouwers K, Meuleman C, D'Hooghe TM (2013).
1345:
1020:
in study design and in publication, insufficient reporting (few looked at
5126:
5096:
4780:
4695:
4668:
4632:
4578:
4499:
4484:
4410:
4297:
4274:
4163:
4038:
3879:
French L (2008). "Dysmenorrhea in adolescents: diagnosis and treatment".
2225:
1648:
1119:
1039:
1013:
1009:
991:
889:
803:
730:
704:
512:
501:
467:
319:
264:
260:
252:
127:
111:
3805:
Juang CM, Yen MS, Horng HC, Cheng CY, Yuan CC, Chang CM (October 2006).
3552:
Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, Murphy PA (July 2006). Proctor M (ed.).
3215:
1963:
1552:
490:, this could indicate another condition causing secondary dysmenorrhea.
5351:
5091:
4881:
4765:
4715:
4637:
4545:
4476:
4361:
4187:
4060:
3166:
1387:. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 20 November 2018
1102:
873:
697:
362:
330:
307:
268:
170:
131:
60:
3961:
3782:
3715:"Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea on Hispanic female adolescents"
3329:
3312:
440:
released from the uterus. Prostaglandins cause the uterine muscles to
5296:
4982:
4956:
4770:
4760:
4646:
4116:
4049:
2529:
Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Hayes-Gill B, Crowe J, O'Brien PM (July 2002).
2210:"Risk factors for dysmenorrhea among Ghanaian undergraduate students"
953:
937:
925:
921:
906:
896:
842:
830:
712:
708:
593:
562:
508:
421:
385:
311:
295:
241:
194:
179:
39:
3100:
3083:
2432:"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding"
2355:
European
Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
1938:
Li Z, Chen J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Ji J, et al. (April 2017).
1707:
737:. Release of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators in the
4977:
4876:
4582:
3480:"Behavioural interventions for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea"
1106:
987:
977:
973:
941:
865:
834:
630:
601:
566:
543:
539:
532:
449:
393:
381:
377:
373:
349:
The main symptom of dysmenorrhea is pain concentrated in the lower
338:
88:
4901:
2617:
1789:
1483:
Gomathy N, Dhanasekar KR, Trayambak D, Amirtha R (November 2019).
1050:
is effective for treatment of primary and secondary dysmenorrhea.
448:. Primary dysmenorrhea usually begins in the teens soon after the
444:
causing the menstrual cramps. This type of dysmenorrhea is called
1482:
1025:
965:
949:
643:
638:
458:
is the type of dysmenorrhea caused by another condition such as
350:
323:
2914:
2085:
Wu D, Wang X, Chen D, Niu T, Ni J, Liu X, Xu X (November 2000).
1228:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (Jan 2015).
1012:
for dysmenorrhea concluded that it is unknown if acupuncture or
770:
as well as correlate them with pain in other parts of the body,
5336:
5256:
4517:
4288:
3973:
3946:
2618:
Marjoribanks J, Ayeleke RO, Farquhar C, Proctor M (July 2015).
2429:
1126:
998:
957:
929:
751:
747:
738:
597:
589:
578:
369:
354:
291:
237:
175:
4107:
3007:"Magnesium in the gynecological practice: a literature review"
2480:
The
Washington Manual Obstetrics and Gynecology Survival Guide
3554:"Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea"
3477:
3429:
Smith CA, Armour M, Zhu X, Li X, Lu ZY, Song J (April 2016).
3068:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3064:
3004:
1844:
1749:
Hilário SG, Bozzini N, Borsari R, Baracat EC (January 2009).
1534:
Payne LA, Rapkin AJ, Seidman LC, Zeltzer LK, Tsao JC (2017).
669:
358:
33:
Dysmenorrhoea, period pain, painful periods, menstrual cramps
2778:"Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea"
2430:
Bofill
Rodriguez M, Lethaby A, Farquhar C (September 2019).
1824:
Hacker, Neville F., J. George Moore, and Joseph C. Gambone.
1748:
1068:
may be safe and effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhea.
2528:
1017:
933:
716:
661:
650:
551:
315:
229:
72:
2885:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. pp.
2302:
765:
The diagnosis of dysmenorrhea is usually made simply on a
3005:
Parazzini F, Di Martino M, Pellegrino P (February 2017).
2133:
2035:
1533:
733:
are released during menstruation, due to the build up of
649:
There has also been an association with mutations in the
3643:
3551:
2775:
2620:"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea"
2259:
2136:
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets
692:
The underlying mechanism of primary dysmenorrhea is the
368:
Symptoms often co-occurring with menstrual pain include
2825:
Power J, French R, Cowan F (July 2007). Power J (ed.).
2087:"Metabolic gene polymorphisms and risk of dysmenorrhea"
1638:
1311:
McKenna KA, Fogleman CD (August 2021). "Dysmenorrhea".
207:
50–90% female adolescents and women of reproductive age
3351:
3070:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2776:
Schroll JB, Black AY, Farquhar C, Chen I (July 2023).
436:
Painful menstrual cramps can result from an excess of
3712:
3269:
2719:
2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006.
2498:
997:
to be unknown. Reviews found tentative evidence that
872:
are also effective, since these methods often induce
814:
Treatments that target the mechanism of pain include
3951:
2613:
2611:
2609:
3713:Banikarim C, Chacko MR, Kelder SH (December 2000).
3690:Holder A, Edmundson LD, Mert E (31 December 2009).
3689:
3311:Daily JW, Zhang X, Kim DS, Park S (December 2015).
3270:Latthe PM, Champaneria R, Khan KS (February 2011).
3114:
3044:
3042:
2666:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
3804:
3088:Trends in Urology, Gynaecology & Sexual Health
2179:"Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea"
1381:"Dysmenorrhea and Endometriosis in the Adolescent"
774:and degree of interference with daily activities.
3310:
2969:
2918:(11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
2606:
1997:"The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea"
1890:"The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea"
1275:"Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet"
880:(Mirena IUD) may be useful in reducing symptoms.
5364:
3719:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
3600:
3428:
3039:
2824:
1826:Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4th ed.
1578:
609:symptom which accompanies the primary disorder.
3855:"Mozon: Sykemelder seg på grunn av menssmerter"
3526:
2942:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2176:
1310:
1185:
558:which have been associated with the disorder.
507:Other causes of secondary dysmenorrhea include
5069:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
3753:
3603:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
2397:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
1937:
1478:
1476:
4917:
4093:
3527:Chapman-Smith D (2000). "Scope of practice".
3424:
3422:
3382:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2255:
2253:
2084:
1994:
1887:
1639:Carlson KJ, Eisenstat SA, Ziporyn TD (2004).
1461:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
1352:. National Library of Medicine. March 1, 2018
240:or lower abdomen. Other symptoms may include
16:Pain during and sometimes before menstruation
3048:
2972:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
2909:
2764:
2569:
2524:
2522:
2348:
1615:"Period problems | Office on Women's Health"
703:During an individual's menstrual cycle, the
523:, and cavitated and accessory uterine mass.
337:. Typically, it starts within a year of the
3558:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3484:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3435:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3354:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3173:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3162:
3160:
3121:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3081:
3049:Nagy, H.; Khan MAB (2020). "Dysmenorrhea".
2831:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2782:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2729:
2673:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2624:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2436:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2207:
1489:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
1473:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1078:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
4924:
4910:
4100:
4086:
3811:Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
3419:
2383:
2344:
2342:
2250:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1881:
1593:"Dysmenorrhea - Gynecology and Obstetrics"
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1016:is effective. There were also concerns of
3822:
3781:
3771:
3754:Sule ST, Umar HS, Madugu NH (June 2007).
3730:
3706:
3685:
3683:
3577:
3503:
3454:
3328:
3287:
3192:
3140:
3099:
3022:
2945:Journal of the Indian Medical Association
2850:
2801:
2709:
2692:
2643:
2546:
2519:
2482:. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003.
2455:
2366:
2233:
2102:
2061:
2012:
1971:
1905:
1783:
1766:
1725:
1643:. Harvard University Press. p. 479.
1607:
1561:
1551:
1510:
1500:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1076:A 2011 review stated that high-frequency
852:
3936:) is being considered for deletion. See
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3157:
1792:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
1254:
888:A review indicated the effectiveness of
3218:Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
3169:"Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea"
2998:
2873:
2867:
2339:
1922:
1742:
1641:The New Harvard Guide to Women's Health
1603:from the original on 10 September 2017.
1364:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1230:"FAQ046 Dynsmenorrhea: Painful Periods"
1206:
915:
790:of symptoms and menstrual cycles and a
592:and genotypes of those with underlying
550:and genetic variants in both metabolic
98:Less than 5 days (primary dysmenorrhea)
5365:
3878:
3872:
3680:
3637:
3075:
2963:
2735:
1995:Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G (2014-01-01).
1838:
1818:
1331:
1140:
707:thickens in preparation for potential
635:macrophage migration inhibitory factor
329:Estimates of the percentage of female
4905:
4130:
4081:
3847:
3798:
3385:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
3252:
2936:
2903:
2394:
2177:Osayande AS, Mehulic S (March 2014).
1038:care, under the theory that treating
816:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
344:
259:. It is more common among those with
3747:
3084:"Modern management of dysmenorrhoea"
2501:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
2349:Fenakel K, Lurie S (December 1990).
1527:
1457:"Using Foods Against Menstrual Pain"
1297:
827:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
786:Further work-up includes a specific
484:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
4931:
4887:Persistent genital arousal disorder
2750:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.06.003
2208:Osonuga A, Ekor M (December 2019).
13:
2881:. In DeGroot LJ, Larry JJ (eds.).
1597:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
777:
14:
5384:
4701:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
4220:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
3940:to help reach a consensus. ›
3919:
2578:(5 Pt 1). LWW Journals: 771–778.
2478:Wright, Jason and Solange Wyatt.
2148:10.2174/1871530320666200910110915
1285:from the original on 26 June 2015
1242:from the original on 27 June 2015
637:(MIF) promoter was replaced by a
50:and changes in hormone production
3893:10.2165/00148581-200810010-00001
3063:
2104:10.1097/00001648-200011000-00006
1888:Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G (2014).
1768:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.006
1088:One treatment of last resort is
750:and out of the body through the
408:Dysmenorrhea is associated with
38:
5216:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
3861:from the original on 2007-03-17
3594:
3545:
3520:
3471:
3431:"Acupuncture for dysmenorrhoea"
3376:
3345:
3304:
3209:
3108:
2818:
2660:
2563:
2492:
2472:
2423:
2296:
2201:
2170:
2127:
2078:
2029:
1988:
1701:
1687:
1673:
1632:
1095:
700:which induce a local ischemia.
615:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
526:
4315:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
3570:10.1002/14651858.CD002119.pub3
3531:. West Des Moines, IA: NCMIC.
3496:10.1002/14651858.CD002248.pub3
3447:10.1002/14651858.CD007854.pub3
3362:10.1002/14651858.CD005288.pub3
3185:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2
3133:10.1002/14651858.CD004142.pub4
2843:10.1002/14651858.CD001326.pub2
2794:10.1002/14651858.CD002120.pub4
2685:10.1002/14651858.CD004142.pub4
2636:10.1002/14651858.CD001751.pub3
2448:10.1002/14651858.CD000400.pub4
1449:
1424:
1399:
1:
3925:
3824:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70313-2
2984:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)30403-0
2717:Australian Medicines Handbook
2584:10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01555-1
2548:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03161-8
1133:
809:
5237:Menstrual hygiene management
5188:Premenstrual water retention
5162:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
5127:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
4411:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
4382:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
3732:10.1001/archpedi.154.12.1226
3646:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
3615:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000379
3117:"Exercise for dysmenorrhoea"
2669:"Exercise for dysmenorrhoea"
2368:10.1016/0028-2243(90)90025-v
2054:10.1097/NNR.0000000000000477
1859:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f7e735
760:
687:
7:
4828:Pelvic inflammatory disease
799:Gynecologic ultrasonography
633:173 base pairs upstream of
433:other reproductive organs.
277:pelvic inflammatory disease
148:pelvic inflammatory disease
10:
5389:
4823:Pelvic congestion syndrome
4253:Fallopian tube obstruction
3760:Annals of African Medicine
3082:Thomas B, Magos A (2009).
2409:10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.001
1804:10.1016/j.jmig.2007.10.007
1695:"What is a Decidual Cast?"
1502:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_717_19
1083:
1008:A 2016 Cochrane review of
744:constrict the blood supply
554:and genes responsible for
410:increased pain sensitivity
5287:
5229:
5201:
5170:
5132:Metropathia haemorrhagica
5082:
5059:
5042:Billings Ovulation Method
5024:
4998:
4991:
4970:
4939:
4872:Vestibular papillomatosis
4847:
4840:
4815:
4791:
4724:
4682:
4624:
4615:
4571:
4516:
4498:
4475:
4451:
4441:Metropathia haemorrhagica
4343:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4238:
4139:
4123:
4029:
3955:
3658:10.1007/s12098-008-0018-5
3397:10.1007/s00404-017-4485-7
2572:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2317:10.3109/s10165-012-0779-6
2274:10.1007/s10528-016-9732-2
2183:American Family Physician
1847:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1828:Elsevier Saunders, 2004.
1714:Human Reproduction Update
1188:American Family Physician
821:
538:Dysmenorrhea is a highly
472:polycystic ovary syndrome
427:
203:
193:
169:
161:
137:
121:
102:
94:
83:
75:during first few days of
66:
54:
46:
37:
29:
24:
5347:Sustainable menstruation
5327:Menstruation celebration
4208:Follicular cyst of ovary
3938:templates for discussion
2951:(7): 380, 382–380, 385.
1540:Journal of Pain Research
1279:Office of Women's Health
901:calcium channel blockers
883:
561:Three distinct possible
414:heavy menstrual bleeding
5289:In culture and religion
4706:Sexual arousal disorder
4662:Candidal vulvovaginitis
4320:Endometrial hyperplasia
3773:10.4103/1596-3519.55713
2535:Fertility and Sterility
2214:African Health Sciences
1755:Fertility and Sterility
1411:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1071:
1003:Chinese herbal medicine
596:, which can affect the
494:Membranous dysmenorrhea
488:hormonal contraceptives
314:may help. Evidence for
199:Often improves with age
165:Heating pad, medication
106:No underlying problem,
5117:Irregular menstruation
5074:Lactational amenorrhea
5037:Calendar-based methods
5006:Basal body temperature
4149:Endometriosis of ovary
3230:10.1002/mnfr.201600950
859:hormonal birth control
853:Hormonal birth control
456:Secondary dysmenorrhea
339:first menstrual period
300:hormonal birth control
244:, diarrhea or nausea.
184:hormonal birth control
139:Differential diagnosis
89:first menstrual period
5317:Menstrual suppression
5279:Menstrual Hygiene Day
5211:Premenstrual syndrome
4593:Vesicouterine fistula
4536:Cervical incompetence
4461:Recurrent miscarriage
4399:Premenstrual syndrome
4260:Fallopian tube cancer
3857:. Mozon. 2004-10-25.
3276:BMJ Clinical Evidence
3024:10.1684/mrh.2017.0419
2014:10.1093/epirev/mxt009
2001:Epidemiologic Reviews
1944:Nature Communications
1907:10.1093/epirev/mxt009
1894:Epidemiologic Reviews
1727:10.1093/humupd/dmt016
1281:. December 23, 2014.
698:muscles of the uterus
629:(TNF-α) gene. When a
627:tumor necrosis factor
573:Polymorphisms in the
281:interstitial cystitis
255:, and most commonly,
152:interstitial cystitis
87:Within a year of the
4751:Rectovaginal fistula
4176:Poor ovarian reserve
2507:(4 Suppl): 207–212.
2262:Biochemical Genetics
2226:10.4314/ahs.v19i4.20
1649:10.2307/j.ctv1b9f66x
1619:www.womenshealth.gov
1090:presacral neurectomy
1065:Passiflora incarnata
916:Alternative medicine
895:. Reviews indicated
678:autoimmune responses
676:are associated with
480:intrauterine devices
446:primary dysmenorrhea
304:IUD with progestogen
188:IUD with progestogen
5373:Menstrual disorders
5252:Cloth menstrual pad
5221:Menstrual psychosis
5183:Menstrual synchrony
5032:Fertility awareness
4801:Postcoital bleeding
4729:Urogenital fistulas
4657:Bacterial vaginosis
4310:Asherman's syndrome
2305:Modern Rheumatology
1964:10.1038/ncomms14900
1956:2017NatCo...814900L
1553:10.2147/JPR.S143512
1048:spinal manipulation
878:intrauterine system
735:omega-6 fatty acids
285:chronic pelvic pain
156:chronic pelvic pain
4686:Sexual dysfunction
4652:Atrophic vaginitis
4588:Retroverted uterus
4551:Female infertility
4531:Cervical dysplasia
4456:Female infertility
4248:Female infertility
4203:Corpus luteum cyst
4159:Ovulatory disorder
4154:Female infertility
4030:External resources
3011:Magnesium Research
1683:. 3 November 2020.
792:pelvic examination
772:menstrual bleeding
625:and an SNP in the
345:Signs and symptoms
335:menstrual disorder
79:, diarrhea, nausea
5360:
5359:
5055:
5054:
4940:Events and phases
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4836:
4835:
4811:
4810:
4744:Obstetric fistula
4642:Vaginal discharge
4611:
4610:
4556:Cervical stenosis
4471:
4470:
4325:Endometrial polyp
4283:
4282:
4213:Theca lutein cyst
4075:
4074:
3725:(12): 1226–1229.
3538:978-1-892734-02-0
3330:10.1111/pme.12853
3323:(12): 2243–2255.
2929:978-0-07-142280-2
2896:978-0-7216-0376-6
2715:Rossi S, editor.
1658:978-0-674-01282-0
1495:(11): 3487–3491.
986:One review found
829:(NSAIDs) such as
521:pelvic congestion
442:tighten and relax
273:ectopic pregnancy
211:
210:
144:Ectopic pregnancy
123:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
5380:
5332:Menstruation hut
5312:Menstrual stigma
5272:Period underwear
5242:Feminine hygiene
5178:Folliculogenesis
5122:Menometrorrhagia
4996:
4995:
4952:Follicular phase
4926:
4919:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4867:Kraurosis vulvae
4862:Bartholin's cyst
4845:
4844:
4796:Vaginal bleeding
4689:
4622:
4621:
4598:Uterine prolapse
4426:Menometrorrhagia
4350:
4303:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4193:Ovarian apoplexy
4137:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4079:
4078:
3953:
3952:
3913:
3912:
3881:Paediatric Drugs
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3826:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3698:. Archived from
3687:
3678:
3677:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3267:
3250:
3249:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2773:
2762:
2761:
2733:
2727:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2615:
2604:
2603:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2490:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2392:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2220:(4): 2993–3000.
2205:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2142:(7): 1326–1332.
2131:
2125:
2124:
2106:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2042:Nursing Research
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1935:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1853:(5): 1101–1109.
1842:
1836:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1377:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1313:Am Fam Physician
1308:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1271:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1204:
1203:
1183:
849:, and diarrhea.
464:uterine fibroids
249:uterine fibroids
226:menstrual cramps
216:, also known as
108:uterine fibroids
42:
22:
21:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5322:Menstrual taboo
5307:Menstrual leave
5283:
5225:
5197:
5193:Sexual activity
5166:
5157:Polymenorrhagia
5142:Oligoamenorrhea
5102:Cryptomenorrhea
5078:
5051:
5047:Creighton Model
5020:
4987:
4966:
4935:
4933:Menstrual cycle
4930:
4900:
4891:
4832:
4807:
4787:
4720:
4683:
4678:
4674:Vaginal atresia
4607:
4567:
4526:Cervical cancer
4512:
4494:
4490:Uterine fibroid
4467:
4447:
4431:Polymenorrhagia
4372:Oligoamenorrhea
4344:
4339:
4279:
4234:
4230:Ovarian torsion
4119:
4109:Female diseases
4106:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4025:
4024:
3964:
3941:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3817:(10): 484–488.
3803:
3799:
3752:
3748:
3711:
3707:
3688:
3681:
3642:
3638:
3599:
3595:
3564:(3): CD002119.
3550:
3546:
3539:
3525:
3521:
3490:(3): CD002248.
3476:
3472:
3441:(4): CD007854.
3427:
3420:
3381:
3377:
3356:(2): CD005288.
3350:
3346:
3309:
3305:
3272:"Dysmenorrhoea"
3268:
3253:
3214:
3210:
3179:(3): CD002124.
3165:
3158:
3127:(9): CD004142.
3113:
3109:
3101:10.1002/tre.120
3080:
3076:
3047:
3040:
3003:
2999:
2968:
2964:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2879:"Contraception"
2872:
2868:
2837:(3): CD001326.
2823:
2819:
2788:(7): CD002120.
2774:
2765:
2734:
2730:
2714:
2710:
2679:(9): CD004142.
2665:
2661:
2630:(7): CD001751.
2616:
2607:
2568:
2564:
2527:
2520:
2497:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2442:(9): CD000400.
2428:
2424:
2393:
2384:
2347:
2340:
2301:
2297:
2258:
2251:
2206:
2202:
2175:
2171:
2132:
2128:
2083:
2079:
2034:
2030:
1993:
1989:
1936:
1923:
1886:
1882:
1843:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1788:
1784:
1747:
1743:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1659:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1532:
1528:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1309:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1207:
1184:
1141:
1136:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1059:Humulus lupulus
1028:to be unknown.
1022:adverse effects
995:
981:
918:
886:
855:
824:
812:
788:medical history
780:
778:Further work-up
767:medical history
763:
690:
529:
430:
347:
222:painful periods
48:Menstrual cycle
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:Period poverty
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5171:Related events
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Oligoovulation
5149:
5147:Oligomenorrhea
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5011:Cervical mucus
5008:
5002:
5000:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Ureterovaginal
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4711:Vaginal cancer
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4644:
4635:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4603:Uterine cancer
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4563:Nabothian cyst
4560:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4541:Cervical polyp
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:Oligomenorrhea
4374:
4369:
4364:
4353:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4242:
4240:Fallopian tube
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4225:Ovarian cancer
4222:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4169:Oligoovulation
4166:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4055:article/253812
4046:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4011:
4000:
3985:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:Classification
3950:
3949:
3921:
3920:External links
3918:
3915:
3914:
3871:
3846:
3797:
3746:
3705:
3702:on 2011-02-22.
3692:"Dysmenorrhea"
3679:
3652:(2): 125–129.
3636:
3609:(4): 225–230.
3593:
3544:
3537:
3519:
3470:
3418:
3391:(4): 679–689.
3375:
3344:
3303:
3251:
3224:(6): 1600950.
3208:
3156:
3107:
3074:
3038:
2997:
2978:(5): 403–409.
2962:
2935:
2928:
2902:
2895:
2866:
2817:
2763:
2744:(5): 359–366.
2728:
2708:
2659:
2605:
2562:
2518:
2491:
2471:
2422:
2403:(6): 363–371.
2382:
2361:(3): 199–203.
2338:
2311:(5): 959–962.
2295:
2268:(4): 457–466.
2249:
2200:
2189:(5): 341–346.
2169:
2126:
2097:(6): 648–653.
2077:
2028:
2007:(1): 104–113.
1987:
1921:
1880:
1837:
1817:
1798:(2): 227–230.
1782:
1761:(1): 240–243.
1741:
1720:(5): 570–582.
1700:
1686:
1672:
1657:
1631:
1606:
1577:
1526:
1472:
1448:
1423:
1407:"Dysmenorrhea"
1398:
1363:
1330:
1319:(2): 164–170.
1296:
1253:
1205:
1194:(5): 341–346.
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1070:
993:
979:
917:
914:
885:
882:
854:
851:
823:
820:
811:
808:
807:
806:
801:
779:
776:
762:
759:
727:Prostaglandins
689:
686:
528:
525:
438:prostaglandins
429:
426:
402:prostaglandins
390:disorientation
346:
343:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
173:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
141:
135:
134:
125:
119:
118:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
70:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5385:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Menstrual pad
5265:
5263:
5262:Menstrual cup
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:Menstrual pad
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5203:Mental health
5200:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Hypomenorrhea
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5016:Mittelschmerz
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Vulvar cancer
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Vesicovaginal
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Hypomenorrhea
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Endometriosis
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:Hematosalpinx
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Mittelschmerz
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:Pain Medicine
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:Endocrinology
2880:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:Contraception
2732:
2726:
2725:0-9757919-2-3
2722:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2541:(1): 96–101.
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2488:0-7817-4363-X
2485:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1834:0-7216-0179-0
1831:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:: 2233–2246.
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1437:
1433:
1432:"Period pain"
1427:
1413:. 13 May 2019
1412:
1408:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1351:
1347:
1346:"Period Pain"
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
984:
982:
975:
971:
970:zinc sulphate
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
910:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:nitroglycerin
891:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
819:
817:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
793:
789:
784:
775:
773:
768:
758:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
548:polymorphisms
545:
541:
536:
534:
524:
522:
518:
517:ovarian cysts
514:
510:
505:
503:
498:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:birth defects
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:endometriosis
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
425:
423:
417:
415:
411:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:heavy periods
258:
257:endometriosis
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
124:
120:
117:
116:endometriosis
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
5137:Metrorrhagia
5107:Dysmenorrhea
5106:
4962:Luteal phase
4947:Menstruation
4776:Sigmoidocele
4684:
4629:Hematocolpos
4508:Parametritis
4416:Metrorrhagia
4394:Dysmenorrhea
4393:
4347:Menstruation
4345:
4335:Endometritis
4270:Hydrosalpinx
4198:Ovarian cyst
4066:Dysmenorrhea
4059:
4048:
4037:
4013:
4002:
3987:
3968:
3943:Dysmenorrhea
3931:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3863:. Retrieved
3849:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3766:(2): 68–72.
3763:
3759:
3749:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3700:the original
3695:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3528:
3522:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3438:
3434:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3353:
3347:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3279:
3275:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3176:
3172:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3094:(5): 25–29.
3091:
3087:
3077:
3050:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2913:
2905:
2882:
2869:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2785:
2781:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2711:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2627:
2623:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2538:
2534:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2479:
2474:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2400:
2396:
2358:
2354:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2265:
2261:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2094:
2091:Epidemiology
2090:
2080:
2048:(1): 24–33.
2045:
2041:
2031:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1950:(1): 14900.
1947:
1943:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1825:
1820:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1689:
1675:
1667:j.ctv1b9f66x
1640:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1596:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1492:
1488:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1438:. 2017-10-19
1435:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1384:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1316:
1312:
1287:. Retrieved
1278:
1244:. Retrieved
1191:
1187:
1125:A survey in
1124:
1116:Childbearing
1099:
1096:Epidemiology
1087:
1075:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1040:subluxations
1036:chiropractic
1033:
1030:
1007:
985:
919:
911:
905:
887:
870:Depo-provera
864:
856:
847:peptic ulcer
839:side effects
825:
813:
785:
781:
764:
756:
731:leukotrienes
725:
702:
694:contractions
691:
667:
659:
655:heterozygous
648:
611:
606:fibromyalgia
587:
572:
560:
537:
530:
527:Risk factors
506:
499:
493:
492:
486:(NSAIDs) or
455:
454:
450:first period
445:
435:
431:
418:
407:
367:
348:
328:
289:
246:
234:menstruation
225:
221:
217:
214:Dysmenorrhea
213:
212:
77:menstruation
25:Dysmenorrhea
5097:Anovulation
5061:Suppression
4971:Life stages
4781:Urethrocele
4696:Dyspareunia
4669:Hydrocolpos
4633:Hydrocolpos
4579:Hematometra
4500:Parametrium
4485:Adenomyosis
4298:Endometrium
4275:Salpingitis
4164:Anovulation
4039:MedlinePlus
3926:‹ The
1900:: 104–113.
1624:14 November
1391:21 November
1356:November 7,
1350:MedlinePlus
1120:nulliparous
1014:acupressure
1010:acupuncture
946:damask rose
890:transdermal
841:of nausea,
804:Laparoscopy
705:endometrium
594:pathologies
513:adenomyosis
502:laparoscopy
468:adenomyosis
331:adolescents
320:acupuncture
265:pelvic exam
253:adenomyosis
218:period pain
128:Pelvic exam
112:adenomyosis
84:Usual onset
30:Other names
5352:Tampon tax
5092:Amenorrhea
4882:Vulvodynia
4766:Enterocele
4716:Vaginismus
4638:Leukorrhea
4546:Cervicitis
4477:Myometrium
4362:Amenorrhea
4188:Oophoritis
4061:Patient UK
4015:DiseasesDB
3887:(1): 1–7.
3865:2007-02-02
3783:1807/44286
3051:StatPearls
3017:(1): 1–7.
1466:2019-10-04
1442:2019-10-04
1417:2019-10-04
1134:References
1103:adolescent
874:amenorrhea
810:Management
721:fertilized
563:phenotypes
474:. Rarely,
466:, uterine
361:and lower
308:vitamin B1
269:ultrasound
171:Medication
132:ultrasound
61:Gynecology
5297:Chhaupadi
5084:Disorders
4983:Menopause
4957:Ovulation
4771:Rectocele
4761:Cystocele
4647:Vaginitis
4050:eMedicine
3696:eMedicine
3631:205607600
2887:2993–3003
2875:Glasier A
2164:221623106
992:vitamin B
978:vitamin B
954:fenugreek
938:chamomile
926:vitamin E
922:melatonin
907:Tamoxifen
897:magnesium
843:dyspepsia
831:ibuprofen
761:Diagnosis
715:, if the
713:ovulation
709:pregnancy
688:Mechanism
651:MEFV gene
602:mutations
567:genotypes
544:heritable
540:polygenic
509:leiomyoma
422:menopause
386:dizziness
312:magnesium
306:. Taking
296:ibuprofen
242:back pain
204:Frequency
195:Prognosis
180:ibuprofen
162:Treatment
56:Specialty
5367:Category
5302:In Islam
4992:Tracking
4978:Menarche
4877:Vulvitis
4841:External
4756:Prolapse
4583:Pyometra
4124:Internal
4117:genitals
3928:template
3909:33563026
3901:18162003
3859:Archived
3841:24518670
3833:17098673
3792:18240706
3741:11115307
3674:58327516
3666:18334791
3623:28683027
3588:16855988
3514:17636702
3465:27087494
3413:32573698
3405:28791471
3370:18425916
3339:26177393
3298:21718556
3246:23539394
3238:28266134
3203:27000311
3151:31538328
3059:32809669
3033:28392498
2992:12196860
2957:18178990
2877:(2006).
2861:17636668
2812:37523477
2803:10388393
2758:17046376
2703:31538328
2654:26224322
2600:23668483
2592:11704167
2557:12095497
2466:31535715
2417:17174824
2333:75848809
2325:23053724
2290:86975436
2282:27105877
2244:32127874
2195:24695505
2156:32914729
2121:27774699
2113:11055624
2072:32956256
2023:24284871
1982:28447608
1916:24284871
1875:20532705
1867:20966695
1812:18312998
1777:18249392
1736:23727940
1601:Archived
1572:29066929
1521:31803641
1325:34383437
1283:Archived
1237:Archived
1200:24695505
1107:Hispanic
1054:Valerian
988:thiamine
974:fish oil
962:valerian
942:cinnamon
866:Norplant
835:naproxen
711:. After
682:diseases
631:cytosine
619:promoter
556:immunity
533:menarche
394:fainting
382:headache
378:diarrhea
374:vomiting
302:and the
294:such as
178:such as
95:Duration
68:Symptoms
5230:Hygiene
5025:Systems
4572:General
4111:of the
4009:D004412
3930:below (
3579:6718213
3505:7137212
3456:8406933
3289:3275141
3194:7387104
3142:6753056
2922:–1571.
2852:7025801
2694:6753056
2645:6953236
2513:7001019
2457:6751587
2377:2227064
2235:7040311
2063:7736149
1973:5414039
1952:Bibcode
1563:5604431
1512:6881953
1289:25 June
1246:26 June
1084:Surgery
1042:in the
1026:magnets
966:zataria
950:rhubarb
857:Use of
719:is not
696:of the
644:adenine
639:guanine
590:alleles
398:fatigue
351:abdomen
324:massage
232:during
5337:Niddah
5257:Tampon
4617:Vagina
4518:Cervix
4437:Other
4422:Mixed
4406:Timing
4289:Uterus
4132:Adnexa
4113:pelvis
4044:003150
3947:Curlie
3933:Curlie
3907:
3899:
3839:
3831:
3790:
3739:
3672:
3664:
3629:
3621:
3586:
3576:
3535:
3512:
3502:
3463:
3453:
3411:
3403:
3368:
3337:
3296:
3286:
3244:
3236:
3201:
3191:
3149:
3139:
3057:
3031:
2990:
2955:
2926:
2893:
2859:
2849:
2810:
2800:
2756:
2723:
2701:
2691:
2652:
2642:
2598:
2590:
2555:
2511:
2486:
2464:
2454:
2415:
2375:
2331:
2323:
2288:
2280:
2242:
2232:
2193:
2162:
2154:
2119:
2111:
2070:
2060:
2021:
1980:
1970:
1914:
1873:
1865:
1832:
1810:
1775:
1734:
1665:
1655:
1570:
1560:
1519:
1509:
1436:nhs.uk
1323:
1198:
1127:Norway
1112:parity
999:ginger
976:, and
958:ginger
930:fennel
876:. The
822:NSAIDs
752:vagina
748:cervix
739:uterus
598:pelvic
579:CYP2D6
470:, and
428:Causes
370:nausea
359:thighs
355:pelvis
292:NSAIDs
238:pelvis
176:NSAIDs
103:Causes
4999:Signs
4849:Vulva
4816:Other
4141:Ovary
4020:10634
3998:625.3
3983:N94.6
3979:N94.4
3905:S2CID
3837:S2CID
3670:S2CID
3627:S2CID
3409:S2CID
3242:S2CID
2596:S2CID
2329:S2CID
2286:S2CID
2160:S2CID
2117:S2CID
1871:S2CID
1663:JSTOR
1240:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
1044:spine
884:Other
670:ZMIZ1
583:GSTM1
552:genes
500:When
228:, is
4389:Pain
4357:Flow
4115:and
4004:MeSH
3993:9-CM
3897:PMID
3829:PMID
3788:PMID
3737:PMID
3662:PMID
3619:PMID
3584:PMID
3533:ISBN
3510:PMID
3488:2007
3461:PMID
3439:2016
3401:PMID
3366:PMID
3335:PMID
3294:PMID
3280:2011
3234:PMID
3199:PMID
3177:2016
3147:PMID
3125:2019
3055:PMID
3029:PMID
2988:PMID
2953:PMID
2924:ISBN
2920:1541
2891:ISBN
2857:PMID
2835:2007
2808:PMID
2786:2023
2754:PMID
2721:ISBN
2699:PMID
2677:2019
2650:PMID
2628:2015
2588:PMID
2553:PMID
2509:PMID
2484:ISBN
2462:PMID
2440:2019
2413:PMID
2373:PMID
2321:PMID
2278:PMID
2240:PMID
2191:PMID
2152:PMID
2109:PMID
2068:PMID
2019:PMID
1978:PMID
1912:PMID
1863:PMID
1830:ISBN
1808:PMID
1773:PMID
1732:PMID
1653:ISBN
1626:2022
1568:PMID
1517:PMID
1393:2018
1385:ACOG
1358:2018
1321:PMID
1291:2015
1248:2015
1196:PMID
1072:TENS
1062:and
1018:bias
934:dill
868:and
833:and
729:and
717:ovum
680:and
672:and
662:IL1A
581:and
575:ESR1
542:and
412:and
396:and
372:and
363:back
322:and
316:yoga
283:and
267:and
230:pain
73:Pain
3989:ICD
3970:ICD
3945:at
3889:doi
3819:doi
3778:hdl
3768:doi
3727:doi
3723:154
3654:doi
3611:doi
3574:PMC
3566:doi
3500:PMC
3492:doi
3451:PMC
3443:doi
3393:doi
3389:296
3358:doi
3325:doi
3284:PMC
3226:doi
3189:PMC
3181:doi
3137:PMC
3129:doi
3096:doi
3019:doi
2980:doi
2949:105
2847:PMC
2839:doi
2798:PMC
2790:doi
2746:doi
2689:PMC
2681:doi
2640:PMC
2632:doi
2580:doi
2543:doi
2452:PMC
2444:doi
2405:doi
2363:doi
2313:doi
2270:doi
2230:PMC
2222:doi
2144:doi
2099:doi
2058:PMC
2050:doi
2009:doi
1968:PMC
1960:doi
1902:doi
1855:doi
1851:116
1800:doi
1763:doi
1722:doi
1645:doi
1558:PMC
1548:doi
1507:PMC
1497:doi
1317:104
674:NGF
623:MIF
621:of
353:or
310:or
224:or
5369::
4640:/
4631:/
4581:/
4064::
4053::
4042::
4018::
4007::
3996::
3977::
3974:10
3903:.
3895:.
3885:10
3883:.
3835:.
3827:.
3815:69
3813:.
3809:.
3786:.
3776:.
3762:.
3758:.
3735:.
3721:.
3717:.
3694:.
3682:^
3668:.
3660:.
3650:75
3648:.
3625:.
3617:.
3607:29
3605:.
3582:.
3572:.
3560:.
3556:.
3508:.
3498:.
3486:.
3482:.
3459:.
3449:.
3437:.
3433:.
3421:^
3407:.
3399:.
3387:.
3364:.
3333:.
3321:16
3319:.
3315:.
3292:.
3282:.
3278:.
3274:.
3254:^
3240:.
3232:.
3222:61
3220:.
3197:.
3187:.
3175:.
3171:.
3159:^
3145:.
3135:.
3123:.
3119:.
3092:14
3090:.
3086:.
3053:.
3041:^
3027:.
3015:30
3013:.
3009:.
2986:.
2976:24
2974:.
2947:.
2889:.
2855:.
2845:.
2833:.
2829:.
2806:.
2796:.
2784:.
2780:.
2766:^
2752:.
2742:74
2740:.
2697:.
2687:.
2675:.
2671:.
2648:.
2638:.
2626:.
2622:.
2608:^
2594:.
2586:.
2576:98
2574:.
2551:.
2539:78
2537:.
2533:.
2521:^
2505:25
2503:.
2460:.
2450:.
2438:.
2434:.
2411:.
2401:19
2399:.
2385:^
2371:.
2359:37
2357:.
2353:.
2341:^
2327:.
2319:.
2309:23
2307:.
2284:.
2276:.
2266:54
2264:.
2252:^
2238:.
2228:.
2218:19
2216:.
2212:.
2187:89
2185:.
2181:.
2158:.
2150:.
2140:21
2138:.
2115:.
2107:.
2095:11
2093:.
2089:.
2066:.
2056:.
2046:70
2044:.
2040:.
2017:.
2005:36
2003:.
1999:.
1976:.
1966:.
1958:.
1946:.
1942:.
1924:^
1910:.
1898:36
1896:.
1892:.
1869:.
1861:.
1849:.
1806:.
1796:15
1794:.
1771:.
1759:91
1757:.
1753:.
1730:.
1718:19
1716:.
1712:.
1661:.
1651:.
1617:.
1599:.
1595:.
1580:^
1566:.
1556:.
1544:10
1542:.
1538:.
1515:.
1505:.
1491:.
1487:.
1475:^
1459:.
1434:.
1409:.
1383:.
1366:^
1348:.
1333:^
1315:.
1299:^
1277:.
1256:^
1235:.
1208:^
1192:89
1190:.
1142:^
1114:.
1092:.
1056:,
994:12
972:,
968:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
948:,
944:,
940:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
924:,
845:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
478:,
462:,
452:.
416:.
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
365:.
318:,
298:,
287:.
279:,
275:,
251:,
220:,
186:,
182:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
130:,
114:,
110:,
4925:e
4918:t
4911:v
4101:e
4094:t
4087:v
3991:-
3981:-
3972:-
3962:D
3911:.
3891::
3868:.
3843:.
3821::
3794:.
3780::
3770::
3764:6
3743:.
3729::
3676:.
3656::
3633:.
3613::
3590:.
3568::
3562:3
3541:.
3516:.
3494::
3467:.
3445::
3415:.
3395::
3372:.
3360::
3341:.
3327::
3300:.
3248:.
3228::
3205:.
3183::
3153:.
3131::
3104:.
3098::
3072:.
3061:.
3035:.
3021::
2994:.
2982::
2959:.
2932:.
2899:.
2863:.
2841::
2814:.
2792::
2760:.
2748::
2705:.
2683::
2656:.
2634::
2602:.
2582::
2559:.
2545::
2515:.
2468:.
2446::
2419:.
2407::
2379:.
2365::
2335:.
2315::
2292:.
2272::
2246:.
2224::
2197:.
2166:.
2146::
2123:.
2101::
2074:.
2052::
2025:.
2011::
1984:.
1962::
1954::
1948:8
1918:.
1904::
1877:.
1857::
1814:.
1802::
1779:.
1765::
1738:.
1724::
1697:.
1669:.
1647::
1628:.
1574:.
1550::
1523:.
1499::
1493:8
1469:.
1445:.
1420:.
1395:.
1360:.
1327:.
1293:.
1250:.
1202:.
980:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
