2033:
2242:
2100:
1991:
2225:
2206:
2180:
2142:
2117:
2159:
2079:
2016:
2057:
124:
2259:
5844:
2572:
102:
2560:
278:
1059:
The genetic factors within
Menispermaceae are very narrow resulting in many genera with one or a few species. According to Kessler (1993) there wasn't sufficient data from genetic studies to evaluate subfamily and tribal division into five tribes (see Kessler, 1993, in the References section). As
887:
from
Siberia has been placed into Menispermaceae. The Paleocene fossil record for the family includes at least 11 genera identified from compression leaf fossils found in Alaska and 15 genera and approximately 22 different Menispermaceae species identified from the
943:
of central Oregon. Species belonging to thirteen different genera, mostly extinct, have been described based on cast or permineralized fruit and nut fossils from the beds, and four different foliage types are known from associated compression fossils.
2513:
Jacques, Frédéric M.B.; Gallut, Cyril; Vignes-Lebbe, Régine; Zaragüeta i Bagils, René (2007):Resolving phylogenetic reconstruction in
Menispermaceae (Ranunculales) using fossils and a novel statistical test. Taxon
2032:
1060:
such, division was fundamentally based on morphologic characteristics of the seeds with doubts as to whether the tribes are monophyletic. Further molecular research compiled and conducted by the
2241:
2099:
2116:
2523:
RODRIGUES, Eliana; CARLINI, Elisaldo L. de Araújo. Plants with possible psychoactive actions used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista
Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277- 82, 2006.
505:
numbering 0–6, in two whorls of three, rarely of six; free or fused, frequently holding the opposite stamen; sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Androecium of (1-)3-6(-40)
1990:
669:
The
Menispermaceae predominantly inhabit low elevation tropical forests (up to 2,100m), where they are climbers, but some genera and species have adapted to arid locations (
2158:
525:
2 per carpel, anatropous, hemianatropous to campilotropous, uni- or bitegmic, crassinucellate, the superior epitropous and fertile, the inferior apotropous and abortive,
2224:
2205:
1020:
families in a reasonably advanced clade of the order. Kinship with the
Berberidaceae is further borne out by similarities in phytochemistry e.g. in the presence of
2179:
2141:
933:
were later described by
Chandler (1961, 1978). Additional species from those genera were identified in the Clarno nut beds by Scott and Manchester respectively.
2015:
501:(1-)3-12 or more, usually in (1-)2(-many) whorls of three, rarely six; free to slightly fused; imbricate or valvate, sometimes less numerous in female flowers.
2056:
677:
256:. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and 'calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 78
1008:, although they differ from them in other important characteristics. The APW (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) considers that they form part of the Order
952:
929:
865:
and related alkaloids) was recently implicated in mass harvesting operations to prepare extracts usable as precursors in the manufacture of the drug
958:
2291:
Krassilov, Valentin; Golovneva, L.B. (2004). "A minute mid-Cretaceous flower from
Siberia and implications for the problem of basal angiosperms".
2078:
6093:
964:
903:
923:
917:
6119:
2619:
1975:
883:
513:
along longitudinal, oblique or transversal slits. Female flowers sometimes with staminodes. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior, of (1-)3-6(-32)
897:
827:. Tubocurarine and its synthetic derivatives are used to relax muscles during surgical interventions. The roots of "kalumba" or "colombo" (
2587:
779:
and drugs have been formulated from these plants that are of great use in modern medicine. These drugs are based on alkaloids and include
1131:
946:
6041:
2667:
2533:"The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29th July 2006"
6106:
6054:
5924:
2498:
6111:
2090:
2612:
2312:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
264:, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.
6222:
912:
6124:
6080:
2564:
6186:
2311:
2258:
6217:
2170:
2646:
5929:
787:, a poison used by indigenous South American tribes on their poison darts, that is obtained from species of
551:
woody to petrous, rough, tuberous, echinate or ribbed, often with a recess in the placenta called a condyle.
5847:
2672:
2662:
2605:
2439:
Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno
Formation, Oregon".
123:
642:
although there are no direct observations of this. Birds disperse the purple or black drupes, for example
5942:
5937:
5911:
2196:
2389:
2367:
6181:
6033:
6007:
2582:
2420:
See the documentary film: "Death in the Forest". Speculation on the potential drug use of yellow vine.
2374:
1061:
199:
6173:
2532:
6278:
6273:
6134:
6059:
2044:
2039:
793:
252:
2592:
5902:
2657:
2576:
747:
and other diverse types of alkaloid such as derivative of aza-fluoranthene. Sesquiterpenes such as
6268:
6028:
246:, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison
6160:
6002:
5864:
2489:
Kessler, P.J.A. (1993). "Menispermaceae.". In
Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J.G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.).
732:
6020:
6155:
6098:
2165:
2022:
1997:
857:
780:
110:
6147:
509:
free of the perianth, free or fused together in 2–5, fasciculate or monadelphous, introrse,
381:, parallelodromous, penninerved or frequently palmatinerved, bifacial, rarely isofacial; in
5963:
2266:
2085:
367:), frequently peltate, petiolated, petiole frequently pulvinate at both extremes, without
8:
2148:
752:
510:
490:
5994:
2597:
299:
6240:
6015:
5687:
4905:
4797:
4421:
2908:
2652:
2248:
2231:
829:
708:
690:
595:, tectum perreticulate columellate, endexine granular; or the pollen can be colporate (
588:
118:
6142:
5950:
5644:
5443:
4995:
4855:
4784:
4707:
4588:
4474:
4391:
3756:
2747:
2683:
2494:
2331:
2106:
1401:
908:
878:
845:
817:
649:
343:
6245:
5528:
5518:
5478:
5458:
5234:
5164:
5139:
5086:
4860:
4850:
4613:
4550:
4494:
4469:
4215:
4120:
4087:
3877:
3791:
3786:
3761:
3662:
3624:
3532:
3196:
3059:
3034:
3029:
2822:
2739:
2463:
2401:
2336:
2326:
1161:
940:
728:
573:
absent or present, totally or only ventrally ruminate or not ruminate, oleaginous,
232:
461:; multifloral, rarely single or paired flowers; axillary, or on sharp branches or
6232:
5955:
5916:
5809:
5596:
5463:
5448:
5028:
4915:
4895:
4890:
4880:
4845:
4661:
4656:
4456:
4426:
4396:
4280:
4245:
4205:
4180:
4170:
4130:
3882:
3771:
3654:
3629:
3524:
3496:
3486:
3279:
3249:
3191:
3176:
3039:
2865:
2772:
2629:
1644:
1013:
1001:
644:
518:
236:
161:
6209:
5801:
5791:
5773:
5745:
5707:
5697:
5649:
5616:
5606:
5601:
5523:
5473:
5420:
5405:
5290:
5204:
5144:
5134:
5038:
4940:
4875:
4865:
4825:
4807:
4608:
4535:
4323:
4285:
4240:
4175:
4150:
4125:
4069:
3983:
3751:
3698:
3491:
3383:
3360:
3322:
3299:
3289:
3092:
2954:
2893:
2757:
2491:
The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons
2406:
1965:
1842:
1296:
989:
148:
577:
straight or curved, with two cotyledons flat or cylindrical, leafy or fleshy,
6262:
5887:
5783:
5712:
5682:
5659:
5654:
5639:
5591:
5558:
5553:
5488:
5282:
5267:
5214:
5194:
5154:
5149:
5129:
5091:
5043:
4990:
4980:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4900:
4815:
4792:
4774:
4742:
4727:
4689:
4593:
4573:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4411:
4406:
4386:
4371:
4333:
4328:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4210:
4190:
4165:
4155:
4056:
3978:
3958:
3897:
3892:
3872:
3806:
3776:
3736:
3644:
3639:
3586:
3456:
3418:
3393:
3365:
3350:
3294:
3274:
3269:
3186:
3153:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3044:
3014:
2946:
2913:
2903:
2870:
2860:
2850:
2719:
2701:
2633:
2467:
1952:
1872:
1862:
1708:
1530:
1475:
1465:
1336:
1326:
1276:
1231:
1221:
1049:
1017:
1005:
985:
977:
937:
548:
544:
540:
454:
442:
59:
2421:
6199:
5722:
5717:
5702:
5692:
5631:
5513:
5498:
5468:
5425:
5415:
5369:
5346:
5336:
5308:
5209:
5189:
5159:
5101:
5048:
4970:
4925:
4885:
4840:
4830:
4820:
4712:
4681:
4646:
4631:
4545:
4540:
4446:
4200:
4195:
4160:
4140:
4115:
4102:
4092:
4064:
4021:
4016:
3973:
3940:
3925:
3887:
3864:
3801:
3796:
3781:
3746:
3728:
3680:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3481:
3441:
3375:
3355:
3345:
3337:
3304:
3264:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3143:
3138:
3102:
3019:
2898:
2855:
2752:
2729:
2693:
2123:
1785:
1775:
1560:
1540:
1490:
1435:
1391:
1316:
1201:
1120:
1110:
1009:
997:
889:
776:
662:
a lapse of 6–8 weeks has been observed between fertilization and the first
565:
526:
303:
243:
184:
6067:
5896:
5677:
5573:
5533:
5508:
5503:
5493:
5361:
5351:
5341:
5323:
5272:
5224:
5219:
5199:
5179:
5106:
5033:
4975:
4930:
4870:
4835:
4732:
4722:
4666:
4578:
4517:
4512:
4464:
4436:
4416:
4376:
4358:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4225:
4220:
4185:
4079:
4036:
4011:
3935:
3907:
3902:
3741:
3718:
3703:
3672:
3591:
3466:
3446:
3408:
3259:
3254:
3231:
3216:
3158:
3148:
3054:
3049:
3001:
2918:
2842:
2827:
2804:
2799:
2724:
2711:
2390:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
2211:
1922:
1902:
1892:
1822:
1755:
1661:
1597:
1570:
1550:
1455:
1346:
1306:
1256:
1241:
1181:
1171:
1141:
1080:
1038:
892:
803:
797:
756:
695:
682:
559:
485:
415:
324:
Twining, ever-growing and woody climbing plants, winding anti-clockwise (
34:
731:. The most notable are the wide variety of alkaloids derived from benzyl
5760:
5750:
5727:
5611:
5548:
5483:
5410:
5387:
5313:
5259:
5169:
5023:
5010:
4985:
4965:
4717:
4699:
4671:
4641:
4636:
4568:
4527:
4504:
4441:
4431:
4381:
4366:
4295:
4250:
4235:
4145:
4046:
4026:
3988:
3968:
3690:
3596:
3476:
3461:
3451:
3181:
3130:
3069:
3024:
2875:
2832:
2791:
2782:
2341:
2006:
2002:
1812:
1802:
1765:
1718:
1671:
1617:
1510:
1286:
1211:
1151:
981:
748:
610:
578:
462:
411:
79:
44:
807:. A similar poison was used in Asia that was obtained from species of
539:; more or less stipitate (rarely only one developed); non coalescing;
6072:
5989:
5976:
5768:
5737:
5669:
5538:
5397:
5379:
5331:
5300:
5229:
5174:
5111:
5096:
5081:
5018:
5000:
4935:
4910:
4747:
4651:
4603:
4583:
4230:
4135:
4110:
3581:
3573:
3471:
3436:
3413:
3403:
3388:
3327:
3284:
3244:
3221:
2991:
2923:
2814:
2187:
1942:
1932:
1912:
1738:
1627:
1520:
1445:
1356:
1266:
1191:
1090:
1021:
862:
851:
839:
834:
813:
744:
740:
736:
724:
603:
570:
494:
392:
326:
292:
84:
6085:
6046:
5858:
739:, which accumulate as dimers, as well as the alkaloids derived from
630:
It is thought that the cauliflorous species are pollinated by small
378:
6194:
5881:
5621:
5543:
5453:
5435:
5184:
5121:
5073:
5063:
4920:
4737:
4623:
4598:
4560:
4401:
4270:
4255:
4041:
4031:
4006:
3963:
3930:
3839:
3766:
3563:
3546:
3398:
3314:
3168:
2983:
2973:
2885:
2571:
2026:(Canada moonseed) : ripe fruit and crescent moon-shaped seeds.
1882:
1832:
1728:
1698:
1587:
1500:
1381:
1100:
1044:
1033:
1032:, mostly of climbing plants. The great majority of the genera are
993:
823:
809:
764:
760:
720:
712:
671:
654:
473:
400:
396:
387:
373:
363:
361:; simple, whole, dentate, lobed to palmatifid (bi- o trifoliate in
347:
288:
240:
174:
101:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
5981:
956:
were described by Scott (1954), while Manchester (1994) described
5583:
5249:
4348:
4303:
3998:
3950:
3917:
3831:
3555:
3501:
3009:
2387:
1852:
1688:
1029:
789:
686:
458:
450:
368:
261:
89:
64:
936:
Menispermaceae is one of the most diverse families found in the
489:); cyclic to irregularly spiral; hypogynous, basically trimers.
3854:
3821:
3428:
3239:
2559:
1607:
1012:, and that they are a sister group on the branch formed by the
784:
716:
663:
635:
584:
574:
535:
are compound; each unit in a straight or flattened, asymmetric
514:
506:
479:
468:
446:
425:
403:
present in five genera as pits or hair tufts. Various types of
247:
6168:
5968:
2064:
1425:
1025:
597:
536:
532:
522:
502:
498:
428:
404:
335:
257:
135:
1064:
has clarified many of the interrelationships of the family.
855:
are used to dye fabric yellow. The South East Asian species
767:
steroids have also been found. Some species are cyanogenic.
354:), perennial or deciduous, with simple to uni-serrate hairs.
1053:
866:
861:, a local Thai remedy for stomach ailments (which contains
554:
358:
339:
331:
2536:
2309:
529:
marginal ventral. Male flowers sometimes with carpelodes.
2627:
1024:
and related alkaloids. It is a medium-sized family of 78
915:(1933) from mineralized nuts and additional three genera
639:
631:
592:
2530:
971:
453:
or thyrse with partial inflorescences in a capituliform
2110: : illustration from Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen.
833:) are used in Africa for stomach problems and against
2072: : line drawing from Engler's Das Pflanzenreich.
1000:. Their trimerous flower structure is similar to the
675:
species have adapted to the South African deserts or
2381:
2214:
villagers harvesting large, medicinal root tuber of
607:), pororate or hexa-cryptoporate (with 6 apertures).
371:, sometimes with spines derived from the petioles (
2290:
849:is used to poison fish and birds and the stems of
2388:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016).
775:The Menispermaceae have been used in traditional
6260:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2152:: illustration from Blanco's Flora de Filipinas.
992:) recognizes this family and places it with the
843:are used in Asia as antipyretics, the fruit of
223:(botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek
3523:
2252:illustration from Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen.
2613:
2427:
685:have adapted to the climate on the island of
2945:
759:are scarce and where present are similar to
2286:
2284:
980:(2016; unchanged from the prior systems of
250:, is derived from the South American liana
2620:
2606:
2482:
2438:
100:
2422:https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fMXgaMwEejo
2405:
2340:
2330:
2303:
2235:in fruit, Mc.Kay Reserve, NSW, Australia.
1048:) reaching temperate climates in eastern
465:trunks; females frequently less branched.
2588:Menispermaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF
2531:Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M.J. (1992).
2458:
2456:
2454:
2319:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2281:
5061:
2488:
2462:
6261:
3830:
2363:
2361:
2359:
5863:
5862:
3819:
2601:
2451:
972:Phylogeny and internal classification
6223:22d057a9-f806-4856-9e92-a6430abcbffa
6174:7718FA68-C5EB-ECC3-500B-A3D9EE702B7E
6135:264037b4-d74c-4e30-aa92-13c94595f8b7
1067:
707:The family contains a wide range of
271:
2356:
2310:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
13:
6187:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002579-2
2131: : anatomical study from the
1412:
14:
6290:
2552:
702:
5843:
5842:
2570:
2558:
2332:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
2257:
2240:
2223:
2204:
2178:
2169:'yellow vine' : plate from
2157:
2140:
2115:
2098:
2077:
2055:
2031:
2014:
1989:
872:
689:) and other temperate climates.
276:
122:
32:
2517:
471:small, regular to zygomorphic (
431:, sometimes perfect flowers in
2507:
2414:
2091:Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid
543:sub-coriaceous or membranous,
291:format but may read better as
267:
1:
2275:
2469:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
2378:. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
2043: : Coloured plate from
755:are also present, while the
517:, usually oppositipetalous,
7:
2493:. Springer-Verlag: Berlín.
2441:Palaeontographica Americana
2424:Retrieved 11.42 on 10/11/18
2197:Gothenburg Botanical Garden
2171:Curtis's Botanical Magazine
2135:of von Martius and Eichler.
557:slightly curved or spiral (
10:
6295:
2407:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
2375:Plants of the World Online
1982:
1947:Bentham & J. D. Hooker
1917:Bentham & J. D. Hooker
1897:J. D. Hooker & Thomson
1351:J. D. Hooker & Thomson
1085:J. D. Hooker & Thomson
1062:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
1036:, but with a few (notably
625:
547:pulpy, fleshy or fibrous,
16:Family of flowering plants
5871:
5838:
5800:
5782:
5759:
5736:
5668:
5630:
5582:
5571:
5434:
5396:
5378:
5360:
5322:
5299:
5281:
5258:
5247:
5120:
5072:
5009:
4806:
4783:
4772:
4698:
4680:
4622:
4559:
4526:
4503:
4455:
4357:
4346:
4294:
4101:
4078:
4055:
3997:
3949:
3916:
3863:
3852:
3848:
3727:
3716:
3689:
3671:
3653:
3605:
3572:
3554:
3545:
3514:
3427:
3374:
3336:
3313:
3230:
3167:
3129:
3101:
3083:
3000:
2982:
2967:
2936:
2884:
2841:
2813:
2790:
2781:
2770:
2738:
2710:
2692:
2681:
2641:
2040:Chondrodendron tomentosum
895:. The London Clay genera
493:sometimes with developed
253:Chondrodendron tomentosum
211:
206:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
521:apical, dry, papillous,
407:, frequently cyclocytic.
6230:Watson & Dallwitz:
2001:, foliage and flowers.
1555:Wei Wang & R. Ortiz
770:
751:and diterpenes such as
414:with trilacunar nodes.
300:converting this article
733:tetrahydroisoquinoline
6156:Paleobiology Database
2166:Coscinium fenestratum
2023:Menispermum canadense
1998:Menispermum canadense
1857:Barneby & Krukoff
1525:Barneby & Krukoff
1480:Barneby & Krukoff
1450:Barneby & Krukoff
858:Coscinium fenestratum
693:has been recorded in
330:winds clockwise) and
111:Menispermum canadense
2567:at Wikimedia Commons
2267:Tinospora cordifolia
2086:Cocculus orbiculatus
1156:Exell & Mendonça
1115:Torrey & A. Gray
1028:totaling 420 extant
660:Tinospora cordifolia
652:) eats the fruit of
587:tricolpate, without
357:Alternating, spiral
227:'crescent moon' and
2149:Cissampelos pareira
753:clerodane diterpene
719:such as furofuran,
433:Tiliacora acuminata
352:Stephania cyanantha
5688:Pentaphragmataceae
4906:Stegnospermataceae
4798:Berberidopsidaceae
4422:Pentadiplandraceae
2909:Atherospermataceae
2249:Jateorhiza palmata
2232:Stephania japonica
2133:Flora Brasiliensis
830:Jateorhiza palmata
709:benzylisoquinoline
617:= 11, 13, 19, 25.
611:Chromosomal number
437:Parabaena denudata
420:Cocculus balfourii
302:, if appropriate.
30:Cenomanian–Present
6256:
6255:
6143:Open Tree of Life
5865:Taxon identifiers
5856:
5855:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5645:Cardiopteridaceae
5567:
5566:
5444:Plocospermataceae
5243:
5242:
5057:
5056:
4996:Anacampserotaceae
4856:Ancistrocladaceae
4785:Berberidopsidales
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4708:Biebersteiniaceae
4589:Sphaerosepalaceae
4475:Strasburgeriaceae
4392:Setchellanthaceae
4342:
4341:
3815:
3814:
3757:Cercidiphyllaceae
3712:
3711:
3541:
3540:
3510:
3509:
2963:
2962:
2932:
2931:
2766:
2765:
2748:Austrobaileyaceae
2563:Media related to
2539:on 3 January 2007
2500:978-3-540-55509-4
2107:Anamirta cocculus
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1677:
1667:
1650:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1369:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1068:Chasmantheroideae
879:Middle Cretaceous
846:Anamirta cocculus
729:proanthocyanidins
691:C3 photosynthesis
678:Cebatha balfourii
650:tyrant flycatcher
601:), syncolporate (
344:herbaceous plants
334:; rarely upright
321:
320:
218:
217:
202:
6286:
6279:Dioecious plants
6274:Eudicot families
6249:
6248:
6236:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6213:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6176:
6164:
6163:
6151:
6150:
6138:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6115:
6114:
6102:
6101:
6089:
6088:
6076:
6075:
6063:
6062:
6050:
6049:
6037:
6036:
6024:
6023:
6011:
6010:
5998:
5997:
5985:
5984:
5972:
5971:
5959:
5958:
5946:
5945:
5933:
5932:
5920:
5919:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5860:
5859:
5846:
5845:
5580:
5579:
5529:Thomandersiaceae
5519:Lentibulariaceae
5479:Scrophulariaceae
5459:Tetrachondraceae
5256:
5255:
5245:
5244:
5235:Mitrastemonaceae
5165:Pentaphylacaceae
5140:Tetrameristaceae
5087:Hydrostachyaceae
5070:
5069:
5059:
5058:
4861:Rhabdodendraceae
4851:Dioncophyllaceae
4781:
4780:
4614:Dipterocarpaceae
4551:Dipentodontaceae
4495:Crossosomataceae
4470:Geissolomataceae
4355:
4354:
4216:Chrysobalanaceae
4121:Ctenolophonaceae
4088:Lepidobotryaceae
3878:Anisophylleaceae
3861:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3792:Tetracarpaeaceae
3787:Aphanopetalaceae
3762:Daphniphyllaceae
3725:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3663:Trochodendraceae
3625:Circaeasteraceae
3552:
3551:
3533:Ceratophyllaceae
3521:
3520:
3197:Alstroemeriaceae
3060:Potamogetonaceae
3035:Scheuchzeriaceae
3030:Hydrocharitaceae
2980:
2979:
2943:
2942:
2823:Aristolochiaceae
2788:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2740:Austrobaileyales
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:Basalangiosperms
2668:Acrogymnospermae
2630:flowering plants
2622:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2575:Data related to
2574:
2562:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2535:. Archived from
2524:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2460:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2385:
2379:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2261:
2244:
2227:
2216:Stephania venosa
2208:
2182:
2161:
2144:
2119:
2102:
2081:
2059:
2049:Medicinal Plants
2035:
2018:
1993:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1847:Ruiz & Pavón
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1694:
1675:
1665:
1648:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1367:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1162:Dioscoreophyllum
1155:
1145:
1135:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
953:Odontocaryoideae
930:Palaeosinomenium
621:can be up to 52.
410:Rapidly-growing
316:
313:
307:
298:You can help by
280:
279:
272:
237:flowering plants
198:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6244:
6239:
6231:
6229:
6221:
6216:
6208:
6206:
6198:
6193:
6185:
6180:
6172:
6167:
6159:
6154:
6146:
6141:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6110:
6105:
6097:
6092:
6084:
6079:
6071:
6066:
6058:
6053:
6045:
6040:
6032:
6027:
6019:
6014:
6006:
6001:
5993:
5988:
5980:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5954:
5949:
5941:
5936:
5928:
5923:
5915:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5867:
5857:
5852:
5814:
5810:Paracryphiaceae
5796:
5778:
5755:
5732:
5664:
5626:
5597:Torricelliaceae
5576:
5563:
5464:Calceolariaceae
5449:Carlemanniaceae
5430:
5392:
5374:
5356:
5318:
5295:
5277:
5252:
5239:
5116:
5066:
5053:
5029:Balanophoraceae
5005:
4916:Lophiocarpaceae
4896:Achatocarpaceae
4891:Caryophyllaceae
4881:Macarthuriaceae
4846:Drosophyllaceae
4802:
4777:
4752:
4694:
4676:
4662:Crypteroniaceae
4657:Melastomataceae
4618:
4555:
4522:
4499:
4457:Crossosomatales
4451:
4427:Gyrostemonaceae
4397:Koeberliniaceae
4351:
4338:
4290:
4281:Picrodendraceae
4246:Lacistemataceae
4206:Dichapetalaceae
4181:Centroplacaceae
4171:Lophopyxidaceae
4131:Erythroxylaceae
4097:
4074:
4051:
3993:
3945:
3912:
3883:Corynocarpaceae
3857:
3844:
3824:
3811:
3772:Grossulariaceae
3721:
3708:
3685:
3667:
3655:Trochodendrales
3649:
3630:Lardizabalaceae
3601:
3568:
3537:
3525:Ceratophyllales
3516:Ceratophyllidae
3506:
3497:Ecdeiocoleaceae
3487:Flagellariaceae
3423:
3370:
3332:
3309:
3280:Tecophilaeaceae
3250:Blandfordiaceae
3226:
3192:Petermanniaceae
3177:Campynemataceae
3163:
3125:
3097:
3079:
3040:Aponogetonaceae
2996:
2971:
2959:
2928:
2880:
2866:Himantandraceae
2837:
2809:
2775:
2773:Mesangiospermae
2762:
2734:
2706:
2682:
2677:
2658:Marchantiophyta
2637:
2626:
2555:
2542:
2540:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2461:
2452:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2386:
2382:
2366:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2209:
2200:
2183:
2174:
2162:
2153:
2145:
2136:
2129:A. schomburgkii
2120:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2060:
2051:
2036:
2027:
2019:
2010:
1994:
1985:
1961:
1692:
1524:
1415:
1413:Menispermoideae
1410:
1070:
1014:Lardizabalaceae
1002:Lardizabalaceae
974:
941:Clarno nut beds
875:
773:
705:
666:cell division.
645:Sayornis phoebe
628:
418:are present in
317:
311:
308:
297:
281:
277:
270:
197:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6292:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6269:Menispermaceae
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6246:wfo-7000000375
6237:
6227:
6214:
6204:
6191:
6178:
6165:
6152:
6139:
6129:
6116:
6103:
6090:
6077:
6064:
6051:
6038:
6025:
6021:Menispermaceae
6012:
5999:
5986:
5973:
5960:
5947:
5934:
5930:Menispermaceae
5921:
5908:
5903:Menispermaceae
5893:
5877:
5875:
5873:Menispermaceae
5869:
5868:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5802:Paracryphiales
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5792:Escalloniaceae
5788:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5774:Caprifoliaceae
5771:
5765:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5746:Columelliaceae
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5708:Argophyllaceae
5705:
5700:
5698:Alseuosmiaceae
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5650:Phyllonomaceae
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5617:Myodocarpaceae
5614:
5609:
5607:Pittosporaceae
5604:
5602:Griseliniaceae
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5577:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5524:Schlegeliaceae
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5474:Plantaginaceae
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5421:Sphenocleaceae
5418:
5413:
5408:
5406:Convolvulaceae
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5291:Metteniusaceae
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5248:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5205:Sarraceniaceae
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5145:Fouquieriaceae
5142:
5137:
5135:Marcgraviaceae
5132:
5126:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Misodendraceae
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4941:Phytolaccaceae
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Asteropeiaceae
4873:
4868:
4866:Simmondsiaceae
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4826:Plumbaginaceae
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4808:Caryophyllales
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4609:Sarcolaenaceae
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:Gerrardinaceae
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4324:Elaeocarpaceae
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4286:Phyllanthaceae
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:Passifloraceae
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:Putranjivaceae
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:Calophyllaceae
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:Rhizophoraceae
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4070:Zygophyllaceae
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3984:Ticodendraceae
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Hamamelidaceae
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3699:Myrothamnaceae
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Menispermaceae
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
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3560:
3558:
3549:
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3529:
3527:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3492:Joinvilleaceae
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3384:Strelitziaceae
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3361:Pontederiaceae
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3323:Dasypogonaceae
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3300:Amaryllidaceae
3297:
3292:
3290:Xeronemataceae
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
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3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3093:Petrosaviaceae
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2955:Chloranthaceae
2951:
2949:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Calycanthaceae
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
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2819:
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2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2758:Schisandraceae
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Polypodiophyta
2660:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:at Wikispecies
2577:Menispermaceae
2568:
2565:Menispermaceae
2554:
2553:External links
2551:
2550:
2549:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2514:56(2):379-392.
2506:
2499:
2481:
2450:
2426:
2413:
2400:(3): 201–217.
2380:
2369:Menispermaceae
2355:
2325:(2): 105–121.
2302:
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2020:
2013:
2011:
1995:
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1980:
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1966:Incertae sedis
1960:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
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1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1843:Chondrodendron
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1303:
1301:(Engler) Diels
1297:Platytinospora
1293:
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1273:
1263:
1253:
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1218:
1208:
1198:
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1127:
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1097:
1087:
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1069:
1066:
973:
970:
959:Curvitinospora
874:
871:
794:Chondrodendron
772:
769:
704:
703:Phytochemistry
701:
627:
624:
623:
622:
608:
582:
552:
530:
466:
443:Inflorescences
440:
423:
408:
355:
342:. Rarer still
319:
318:
312:September 2013
284:
282:
275:
269:
266:
260:with some 440
221:Menispermaceae
216:
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195:Menispermaceae
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24:Menispermaceae
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6291:
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5807:
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5793:
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5784:Escalloniales
5781:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
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5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
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5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Menyanthaceae
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5683:Campanulaceae
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5660:Aquifoliaceae
5658:
5656:
5655:Helwingiaceae
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Stemonuraceae
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Pennantiaceae
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5570:
5560:
5559:Orobanchaceae
5557:
5555:
5554:Paulowniaceae
5552:
5550:
5547:
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5542:
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5537:
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5510:
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5502:
5500:
5497:
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5489:Linderniaceae
5487:
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5482:
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5472:
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5310:
5307:
5306:
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5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5283:Metteniusales
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Oncothecaceae
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Actinidiaceae
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Diapensiaceae
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Lecythidaceae
5153:
5151:
5150:Polemoniaceae
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Balsaminaceae
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
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5092:Hydrangeaceae
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Schoepfiaceae
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Portulacaceae
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Halophytaceae
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Molluginaceae
4959:
4957:
4956:Nyctaginaceae
4954:
4952:
4951:Sarcobataceae
4949:
4947:
4946:Petiveriaceae
4944:
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4927:
4924:
4922:
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4912:
4909:
4907:
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4902:
4901:Amaranthaceae
4899:
4897:
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4892:
4889:
4887:
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4882:
4879:
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4819:
4817:
4816:Frankeniaceae
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Aextoxicaceae
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4775:Superasterids
4771:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Simaroubaceae
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Anacardiaceae
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4690:Picramniaceae
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
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4648:
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4643:
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4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:Thymelaeaceae
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Muntingiaceae
4572:
4570:
4567:
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4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Stachyuraceae
4488:
4486:
4485:Guamatelaceae
4483:
4481:
4480:Staphyleaceae
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
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4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Emblingiaceae
4410:
4408:
4407:Salvadoraceae
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Limnanthaceae
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Tropaeolaceae
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4334:Brunelliaceae
4332:
4330:
4329:Cephalotaceae
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Ixonanthaceae
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Euphorbiaceae
4264:
4262:
4261:Rafflesiaceae
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Euphroniaceae
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:Malpighiaceae
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Caryocaraceae
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Podostemaceae
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:Zygophyllales
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Casuarinaceae
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Nothofagaceae
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Tetramelaceae
3896:
3894:
3893:Cucurbitaceae
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Apodanthaceae
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3808:
3807:Cynomoriaceae
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Saxifragaceae
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Peridiscaceae
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3645:Ranunculaceae
3643:
3641:
3640:Berberidaceae
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Nelumbonaceae
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
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3460:
3458:
3457:Eriocaulaceae
3455:
3453:
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3419:Zingiberaceae
3417:
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3405:
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3397:
3395:
3394:Heliconiaceae
3392:
3390:
3387:
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3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3366:Haemodoraceae
3364:
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3351:Commelinaceae
3349:
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3275:Ixioliriaceae
3273:
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3270:Doryanthaceae
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3208:
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3200:
3198:
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3190:
3188:
3187:Melanthiaceae
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
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3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Cyclanthaceae
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
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3121:Dioscoreaceae
3119:
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3116:Burmanniaceae
3114:
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3111:Nartheciaceae
3109:
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3094:
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3085:Petrosaviales
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3065:Posidoniaceae
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3046:
3045:Juncaginaceae
3043:
3041:
3038:
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3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Tofieldiaceae
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2947:Chloranthales
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Chloranthidae
2935:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Hernandiaceae
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Gomortegaceae
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Eupomatiaceae
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Degeneriaceae
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Myristicaceae
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
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2749:
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2745:
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2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Hydatellaceae
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2702:Amborellaceae
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:
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2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
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2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:links at CSDL
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
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2538:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2520:
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2470:
2465:
2464:Stevens, P.F.
2459:
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2293:Geodiversitas
2287:
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2250:
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2058:
2053:
2050:
2047:and Trimen's
2046:
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2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
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1999:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1978:
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1971:
1968:
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1963:
1962:
1955:
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1953:Ungulipetalum
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
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1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:Macrococculus
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:Eleutharrhena
1860:
1855:
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1845:
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1773:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:Spirospermeae
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:Haematocarpus
1706:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1673:
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1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:Cissampelidae
1573:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:Parapachygone
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1476:Elephantomene
1473:
1470:(Diels) Domin
1468:
1467:
1466:Echinostephia
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:Anomospermeae
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:Syntriandrium
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:Sphenocentrum
1324:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:Paratinospora
1274:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:Leptoterantha
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:Kolobopetalum
1219:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1159:
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1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:North America
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Berberidaceae
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Berberidaceae
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:APG IV system
969:
967:
966:
965:Thanikaimonia
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
948:
942:
939:
938:Middle Eocene
934:
932:
931:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
910:
906:
905:
904:Tinomiscoidea
900:
899:
894:
891:
886:
885:
880:
873:Fossil record
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
841:
837:. Species of
836:
832:
831:
826:
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820:
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815:
811:
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805:
800:
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448:
444:
441:
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427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
398:
395:derived from
394:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
322:
315:
306:is available.
305:
301:
295:
294:
290:
285:This article
283:
274:
273:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
231:'seed') is a
230:
226:
222:
214:
213:78, see text
210:
205:
201:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:Tracheophytes
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
5872:
5723:Calyceraceae
5718:Goodeniaceae
5703:Phellinaceae
5693:Stylidiaceae
5632:Aquifoliales
5514:Bignoniaceae
5499:Martyniaceae
5469:Gesneriaceae
5426:Hydroleaceae
5416:Montiniaceae
5370:Boraginaceae
5347:Gelsemiaceae
5337:Gentianaceae
5309:Eucommiaceae
5210:Roridulaceae
5190:Symplocaceae
5160:Sladeniaceae
5102:Curtisiaceae
5049:Loranthaceae
4971:Didiereaceae
4926:Barbeuiaceae
4886:Microteaceae
4841:Nepenthaceae
4831:Polygonaceae
4821:Tamaricaceae
4713:Nitrariaceae
4682:Picramniales
4647:Vochysiaceae
4632:Combretaceae
4546:Tapisciaceae
4541:Petenaeaceae
4447:Brassicaceae
4201:Trigoniaceae
4196:Balanopaceae
4161:Hypericaceae
4141:Bonnetiaceae
4116:Irvingiaceae
4103:Malpighiales
4093:Celastraceae
4065:Krameriaceae
4022:Elaeagnaceae
4017:Dirachmaceae
3974:Juglandaceae
3941:Polygalaceae
3926:Quillajaceae
3888:Coriariaceae
3865:Cucurbitales
3802:Haloragaceae
3797:Penthoraceae
3782:Crassulaceae
3747:Altingiaceae
3729:Saxifragales
3681:Dilleniaceae
3634:
3620:Papaveraceae
3615:Eupteleaceae
3607:Ranunculales
3515:
3482:Restionaceae
3442:Bromeliaceae
3376:Zingiberales
3356:Philydraceae
3346:Hanguanaceae
3338:Commelinales
3305:Asparagaceae
3265:Hypoxidaceae
3212:Ripogonaceae
3207:Philesiaceae
3202:Colchicaceae
3144:Velloziaceae
3139:Triuridaceae
3103:Dioscoreales
3020:Alismataceae
2968:
2937:
2899:Siparunaceae
2856:Magnoliaceae
2753:Trimeniaceae
2730:Nymphaeaceae
2694:Amborellales
2673:Angiospermae
2628:Families of
2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2519:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2473:, retrieved
2468:
2444:
2440:
2416:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2346:. Retrieved
2322:
2318:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2265:
2247:
2230:
2215:
2192:
2186:
2164:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2124:Anomospermum
2122:
2105:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2038:
2021:
1996:
1974:
1964:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1786:Strychnopsis
1784:
1776:Spirospermum
1774:
1764:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1655:Menispermeae
1654:
1653:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1561:Sarcopetalum
1559:
1549:
1541:Pericampylus
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1491:Elissarrhena
1489:
1483:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1436:Anomospermum
1434:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1400:
1392:Arcangelisia
1390:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1317:Sarcolophium
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1202:Hyalosepalum
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1121:Chasmanthera
1119:
1111:Calycocarpum
1109:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1058:
1052:and eastern
1043:
1037:
1010:Ranunculales
998:Ranunculales
975:
963:
957:
951:
945:
935:
928:
924:Davisicarpum
922:
918:Atriaecarpum
916:
902:
896:
890:Early Eocene
882:
876:
856:
850:
844:
838:
828:
822:
808:
802:
788:
781:tubocurarine
777:pharmacopeia
774:
706:
694:
683:phylloclades
676:
670:
668:
659:
653:
643:
629:
618:
614:
602:
596:
566:Spirospermum
564:
558:
527:placentation
484:
478:
472:
463:cauliflorous
459:pseudo-umbel
436:
432:
419:
416:Phylloclades
386:
382:
372:
362:
351:
325:
309:
304:Editing help
286:
251:
244:tubocurarine
228:
224:
220:
219:
212:
194:
185:Ranunculales
168:
155:
142:
109:
18:
6068:iNaturalist
5897:Wikispecies
5678:Rousseaceae
5574:Campanulids
5534:Verbenaceae
5509:Acanthaceae
5504:Pedaliaceae
5494:Byblidaceae
5362:Boraginales
5352:Apocynaceae
5342:Loganiaceae
5324:Gentianales
5273:Icacinaceae
5225:Cyrillaceae
5220:Clethraceae
5200:Styracaceae
5180:Primulaceae
5107:Grubbiaceae
5034:Santalaceae
4976:Basellaceae
4931:Gisekiaceae
4871:Physenaceae
4836:Droseraceae
4733:Sapindaceae
4723:Burseraceae
4667:Alzateaceae
4579:Neuradaceae
4518:Francoaceae
4513:Geraniaceae
4465:Aphloiaceae
4437:Capparaceae
4417:Tovariaceae
4377:Moringaceae
4359:Brassicales
4319:Cunoniaceae
4314:Oxalidaceae
4309:Connaraceae
4226:Achariaceae
4221:Humiriaceae
4186:Elatinaceae
4080:Celastrales
4037:Cannabaceae
4012:Barbeyaceae
3936:Surianaceae
3908:Begoniaceae
3903:Datiscaceae
3742:Paeoniaceae
3719:Superrosids
3704:Gunneraceae
3673:Dilleniales
3592:Platanaceae
3467:Thurniaceae
3447:Rapateaceae
3409:Marantaceae
3260:Lanariaceae
3255:Asteliaceae
3240:Orchidaceae
3232:Asparagales
3217:Smilacaceae
3159:Pandanaceae
3149:Stemonaceae
3055:Zosteraceae
3050:Maundiaceae
3002:Alismatales
2919:Monimiaceae
2843:Magnoliales
2828:Saururaceae
2805:Winteraceae
2800:Canellaceae
2783:Magnoliidae
2725:Cabombaceae
2712:Nymphaeales
2645:Supergroup
2342:10654/18083
2264:Foliage of
2195:in flower,
2070:A. selloana
1976:Callicrypta
1923:Syrrheonema
1903:Sciadotenia
1893:Pycnarrhena
1823:Beirnaertia
1796:Tiliacoreae
1756:Limaciopsis
1703:de Candolle
1682:Pachygoneae
1662:Menispermum
1598:Cissampelos
1571:Telitoxicum
1551:Rupertiella
1482:(including
1456:Diploclisia
1363:(including
1347:Tinomiscium
1307:Rhigiocarya
1257:Orthogynium
1250:Synandropus
1248:(including
1242:Odontocarya
1182:Disciphania
1172:Diploclisia
1142:Chlaenandra
1081:Aspidocarya
1039:Menispermum
893:London Clay
884:Callicrypta
804:Telitoxicum
798:Sciadotenia
757:triterpenes
711:compounds (
696:Menispermum
581:or applied.
560:Limaciopsis
486:Cissampelos
268:Description
162:Angiosperms
6263:Categories
6086:30002579-2
5761:Dipsacales
5751:Bruniaceae
5728:Asteraceae
5612:Araliaceae
5549:Phrymaceae
5484:Stilbaceae
5411:Solanaceae
5388:Vahliaceae
5314:Garryaceae
5260:Icacinales
5170:Sapotaceae
5024:Opiliaceae
5011:Santalales
4986:Talinaceae
4966:Montiaceae
4718:Kirkiaceae
4700:Sapindales
4672:Penaeaceae
4642:Onagraceae
4637:Lythraceae
4569:Cytinaceae
4528:Huerteales
4505:Geraniales
4442:Cleomaceae
4432:Resedaceae
4382:Caricaceae
4367:Akaniaceae
4296:Oxalidales
4251:Salicaceae
4236:Goupiaceae
4146:Clusiaceae
4047:Urticaceae
4027:Rhamnaceae
3989:Betulaceae
3969:Myricaceae
3691:Gunnerales
3597:Proteaceae
3477:Cyperaceae
3462:Mayacaceae
3452:Xyridaceae
3182:Corsiaceae
3131:Pandanales
3070:Ruppiaceae
3025:Butomaceae
2876:Annonaceae
2833:Piperaceae
2792:Canellales
2543:9 December
2475:28 January
2276:References
2089:in fruit.
2007:Pittsburgh
2003:Frick Park
1937:Colebrooke
1837:F. Mueller
1813:Anisocycla
1803:Albertisia
1766:Rhaptonema
1719:Hyperbaena
1672:Sinomenium
1618:Perichasma
1565:F. Mueller
1511:Legnephora
1406:Colebrooke
1386:Colebrooke
1375:Coscinieae
1287:Penianthus
1212:Jateorhiza
1152:Dialytheca
1074:Burasaieae
898:Eohypserpa
749:picrotoxin
579:divaricate
511:dehiscence
491:Receptacle
451:paniculate
447:racemiform
393:hydathodes
5990:FloraBase
5769:Adoxaceae
5738:Bruniales
5670:Asterales
5539:Lamiaceae
5398:Solanales
5380:Vahliales
5332:Rubiaceae
5301:Garryales
5230:Ericaceae
5175:Ebenaceae
5112:Cornaceae
5097:Loasaceae
5082:Nyssaceae
5019:Olacaceae
5001:Cactaceae
4936:Aizoaceae
4911:Limeaceae
4748:Meliaceae
4652:Myrtaceae
4604:Cistaceae
4584:Malvaceae
4231:Violaceae
4136:Ochnaceae
4111:Pandaceae
3582:Sabiaceae
3574:Proteales
3472:Juncaceae
3437:Typhaceae
3414:Costaceae
3404:Cannaceae
3389:Lowiaceae
3328:Arecaceae
3285:Iridaceae
3245:Boryaceae
3222:Liliaceae
2992:Acoraceae
2924:Lauraceae
2815:Piperales
2653:Bryophyta
2466:(2015) ,
2394:Phytotaxa
2193:S. venosa
2188:Stephania
1943:Triclisia
1933:Tiliacora
1913:Synclisia
1739:Pachygone
1638:Limacieae
1628:Stephania
1521:Orthomene
1484:Cionomene
1446:Caryomene
1402:Coscinium
1368:F. Muell.
1365:Fawcettia
1357:Tinospora
1267:Parabaena
1192:Fibraurea
1132:Chandlera
1091:Borismene
1022:berberine
947:Chandlera
907:named by
863:berberine
852:Fibraurea
840:Tinospora
835:dysentery
818:Coscinium
814:Tinospora
745:hasubanan
743:and from
741:morphinan
737:aporphine
727:and some
725:flavonols
713:alkaloids
604:Tinospora
589:operculum
571:endosperm
495:gynophore
426:Dioecious
397:trichomes
383:Angelisia
348:epiphytes
338:or small
327:Stephania
132:Kingdom:
6233:menisper
6218:VicFlora
6207:VASCAN:
6200:42000034
6195:Tropicos
5882:Wikidata
5848:Category
5622:Apiaceae
5544:Mazaceae
5454:Oleaceae
5436:Lamiales
5185:Theaceae
5122:Ericales
5074:Cornales
5064:Asterids
4921:Kewaceae
4738:Rutaceae
4624:Myrtales
4599:Bixaceae
4561:Malvales
4402:Bataceae
4271:Linaceae
4256:Peraceae
4042:Moraceae
4032:Ulmaceae
4007:Rosaceae
3964:Fagaceae
3931:Fabaceae
3840:Vitaceae
3767:Iteaceae
3564:Buxaceae
3547:Eudicots
3399:Musaceae
3315:Arecales
3169:Liliales
2984:Acorales
2974:Monocots
2886:Laurales
2447:: 30–31.
2191:species
2127: :
2068:species
1957:Moldenke
1883:Pleogyne
1833:Carronia
1729:Nephroia
1699:Cocculus
1649:Loureiro
1632:Loureiro
1588:Antizoma
1575:Moldenke
1501:Hypserpa
1382:Anamirta
1281:Wei Wang
1196:Loureiro
1101:Burasaia
1045:Cocculus
1034:tropical
994:eudicots
913:Chandler
824:Cocculus
810:Anamirta
765:Ecdysone
761:oleanane
721:flavones
681:and its
672:Antizoma
655:Cocculus
569:), with
549:endocarp
545:mesocarp
474:Antizoma
388:Anamirta
379:venation
374:Antizoma
369:stipules
364:Burasaia
241:alkaloid
191:Family:
175:Eudicots
5888:Q855116
5584:Apiales
5250:Lamiids
4349:Malvids
4304:Huaceae
3999:Rosales
3951:Fagales
3918:Fabales
3832:Vitales
3556:Buxales
3502:Poaceae
3010:Araceae
2969:Lilidae
2299:: 5–15.
2045:Bentley
1983:Gallery
1877:Beccari
1853:Curarea
1827:Troupin
1817:Baillon
1807:Beccari
1790:Baillon
1780:Thouars
1723:Bentham
1693:Forssk.
1689:Cebatha
1645:Limacia
1396:Beccari
1321:Troupin
1261:Baillon
1236:Troupin
1206:Troupin
1186:Eichler
1125:Hochst.
1105:Thouars
1095:Barneby
1030:species
790:Curarea
717:lignans
687:Socotra
664:zygotic
636:beetles
626:Ecology
541:exocarp
515:carpels
507:stamens
469:Flowers
405:stomata
401:Domatia
391:, with
262:species
207:Genera
181:Order:
136:Plantae
6148:964065
6132:NZOR:
6099:113882
5943:195006
3855:Fabids
3822:Rosids
3429:Poales
2634:APG IV
2497:
2348:6 July
1867:Forman
1760:Engler
1608:Cyclea
1535:Forman
1430:Aublet
1341:Engler
1331:Pierre
1226:Engler
1166:Engler
1146:Miquel
1026:genera
996:order
988:, and
927:, and
911:&
881:genus
821:, and
801:, and
785:curare
715:) and
585:Pollen
575:embryo
533:Fruits
523:ovules
519:stigma
503:Petals
499:Sepals
480:Cyclea
429:plants
359:leaves
336:shrubs
287:is in
258:genera
248:curare
239:. The
233:family
229:sperma
6169:Plazi
6161:54612
6112:18858
6094:IRMNG
6073:62992
6034:10561
6016:FoAO2
6008:10561
5995:22814
5982:1MENF
5917:54680
2647:Plant
2371:Juss.
2315:(PDF)
2065:Abuta
1927:Miers
1907:Miers
1887:Miers
1770:Miers
1743:Miers
1733:Lour.
1713:Miers
1676:Diels
1622:Miers
1612:Wight
1592:Miers
1545:Miers
1515:Miers
1505:Miers
1495:Miers
1460:Miers
1440:Miers
1426:Abuta
1361:Miers
1311:Miers
1291:Miers
1271:Miers
1246:Miers
1216:Miers
1176:Miers
1136:Scott
783:from
658:. In
640:flies
598:Abuta
555:Seeds
537:drupe
412:stems
340:trees
332:vines
293:prose
200:Juss.
169:Clade
156:Clade
143:Clade
6182:POWO
6125:3455
6120:NCBI
6107:ITIS
6081:IPNI
6055:GRIN
6047:2411
6042:GBIF
5977:EPPO
5969:4376
5938:BOLD
5925:ATRF
5912:APNI
2545:2006
2495:ISBN
2477:2021
2350:2013
2212:Thai
2185:The
2062:The
1054:Asia
1042:and
1016:and
1004:and
990:2009
986:2003
982:1998
976:The
962:and
950:and
909:Reid
901:and
877:The
867:MDMA
771:Uses
735:and
723:and
632:bees
593:ribs
591:nor
455:cyme
435:and
385:and
289:list
225:mene
35:PreꞒ
6241:WFO
6210:168
6060:710
6029:FoC
6003:FNA
5964:EoL
5956:CLG
5951:CoL
2593:Map
2402:doi
2398:261
2337:hdl
2327:doi
2323:161
648:(a
638:or
457:or
445:in
377:),
346:or
235:of
6265::
6243::
6220::
6197::
6184::
6171::
6158::
6145::
6122::
6109::
6096::
6083::
6070::
6057::
6044::
6031::
6018::
6005::
5992::
5979::
5966::
5953::
5940::
5927::
5914::
5899::
5884::
2453:^
2445:58
2443:.
2429:^
2396:.
2392:.
2358:^
2335:.
2321:.
2317:.
2297:26
2295:.
2283:^
2005:,
1666:L.
1602:L.
1056:.
984:,
968:.
921:,
869:.
816:,
812:,
796:,
792:,
763:.
699:.
634:,
619:2n
613::
563:,
497:.
483:,
477:,
449:,
399:.
171::
158::
145::
85:Pg
2976:)
2972:(
2649::
2636:)
2632:(
2621:e
2614:t
2607:v
2547:.
2503:.
2410:.
2404::
2352:.
2339::
2329::
2270:.
2218:.
2199:.
2173:.
2093:.
2009:.
1973:†
1486:)
1370:)
1252:)
1129:†
615:x
439:.
422:.
350:(
314:)
310:(
296:.
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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